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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Library of Medicine (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2015/08/11" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Karen Patrias" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Dan Wendling" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7243/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Library of Medicine (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Karen Patrias" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Dan Wendling" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2015/08/11" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7243/" /><meta name="description" content="Citing Medicine rules follow the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) recommendations. NLM practice does not always follow NISO standards in MEDLINE/PubMed citations for a variety of reasons." /><meta name="og:title" content="Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Citing Medicine rules follow the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) recommendations. NLM practice does not always follow NISO standards in MEDLINE/PubMed citations for a variety of reasons." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7243/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-citmed-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/citmed/appf/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7243/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script>
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007-. </p></div></div></div>
<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK7243_"><span class="label">Appendix F</span><span class="title" itemprop="name">Notes for Citing MEDLINE&#x000ae; /PubMed&#x000ae;</span></h1><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">October 10, 2007</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">August 11, 2015</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><p>
<i>Citing Medicine</i> rules follow the National Information Standards
Organization (NISO) recommendations. NLM practice does not always follow NISO standards
in MEDLINE/PubMed citations for a variety of reasons.</p><p>The following are exceptions to NISO standards and <i>Citing Medicine</i> for
ten citation elements found in <a href="/books/n/citmed/A32352/#A32362">Chapter 1A Journal
Articles</a> and <a href="/books/n/citmed/A55580/#A55587">Chapter 23A Journal Articles
on the Internet</a>.</p><div id="appf.I1_For_Author"><h2 id="_appf_I1_For_Author_">1. For Author</h2><p>
<b>MEDLINE/PubMed:</b>
</p><ul><li id="A32333" class="half_rhythm"><div>also shows the full names of authors, when available, in MEDLINE and XML
displays (since 2002)</div></li><li id="A32334" class="half_rhythm"><div>records the organization names as given in the journal article. There are no
standardization rules</div></li><li id="A32335" class="half_rhythm"><div>places editor or translator names in the author position of a citation when
an author name can't be found. However, the role of "editor" or "translator"
does not follow the name</div></li><li id="A64469" class="half_rhythm"><div>makes a distinction between authorship and investigators (also known as
collaborators). The latter were implemented in journal citations created in
late March 2008 forward; they are individuals who contributed to the
research study but are not necessarily authors.</div></li></ul><p>
<b>MEDLINE/PubMed does not:</b>
</p><ul><li id="A32336" class="half_rhythm"><div>display ISO country codes following organization names of national bodies
that don't include nationality in the name </div></li><li id="A32337" class="half_rhythm"><div>translate non-English organizational names</div></li></ul><p>Return to <a href="/books/n/citmed/A32352/#A32371">Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles
/ Author</a>, or</p><p>
<a href="/books/n/citmed/A55580/#A55597">Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal
Articles on the Internet / Author</a>
</p></div><div id="appf.I2_For_Author_Affili"><h2 id="_appf_I2_For_Author_Affili_">2. For Author Affiliation</h2><p>
<b>MEDLINE/PubMed:</b>
</p><ul><li id="A32338" class="half_rhythm"><div>includes the affiliation of the first author only; took the affiliation as given in the article (1988-2013)</div></li><li id="A32339" class="half_rhythm"><div>includes "USA" at the end of the affiliation for all US authors (1995-2013)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>includes affiliation for each author if supplied by publisher (December 2013&#x000a0;-&#x000a0;&#x000a0;&#x000a0;)</div></li><li id="A32340" class="half_rhythm"><div>includes multiple affiliations for each author or contributor if supplied by publisher (December 2014&#x000a0;-&#x000a0;&#x000a0;&#x000a0;)</div></li></ul><p>
<b>MEDLINE/PubMed does not:</b>
</p><ul><li id="A32341" class="half_rhythm"><div>standardize the author affiliation field</div></li><li id="A32342" class="half_rhythm"><div>add information about the city, state or country of an organization</div></li><li id="A32343" class="half_rhythm"><div>change the order of the organization and department. The order is as the
publisher gives it in the article.</div></li></ul><p>Return to <a href="/books/n/citmed/A32352/#A32407">Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles
/ Author Affiliation</a>, or </p><p>Chapter <a href="/books/n/citmed/A55580/#A55627">23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal
Articles on the Internet / Author Affiliation</a></p></div><div id="appf.I3_For_Article_Title"><h2 id="_appf_I3_For_Article_Title_">3. For Article Title</h2><p>
<b>MEDLINE/PubMed:</b>
</p><ul><li id="A32344" class="half_rhythm"><div>displays only the English language title for two or more equal languages, but
indicates all languages of publication. Displays the transliterated or vernacular title submitted by the publisher in place of an English translation provided by the human indexer when that English translation is not yet available.</div></li><li id="A32345" class="half_rhythm"><div>omits the fonts of superscripts and subscripts when they cannot be reproduced
and the meaning is not compromised. For example, H20 is commonly recognized
as water; however, 10<sup>6</sup> will be displayed as 10(6).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>displays the article title in the case style used by the journal itself, effective June 15, 2015. Prior to this date, NLM edited the journal article title case to be sentence style (capitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms) for citations dating from about 1966 forward. Pre-1966 citations were converted from the original print indexes (Cumulated Index Medicus and Current List of Medical Literature) and use the case from the print index.</div></li></ul><p>Return to <a href="/books/n/citmed/A32352/#A32422">Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles
/ Article Title</a>, or </p><p>Chapter <a href="/books/n/citmed/A55580/#A55642">23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal
Articles on the Internet / Article Title</a></p></div><div id="appf.I4_For_Article_Type"><h2 id="_appf_I4_For_Article_Type_">4. For Article Type</h2><ul><li id="A32346" class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE/PubMed does not index individual meeting abstracts or book reviews</div></li><li id="A32347" class="half_rhythm"><div>Letters to the editor and editorials are indicated only under publication type in the Abstract display, and in the PT field in the MEDLINE view</div></li><li id="A64445" class="half_rhythm"><div>Interviews are indicated by publication type in the Abstract display, and in the PT field in the MEDLINE view</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The interviewer&#x02019;s name was included after the article title and introduced with the phrase "Interview by" through 2014. Effective 2015, the interviewee is the first author and the interviewer is the second author.</div></li></ul><p>Return to <a href="/books/n/citmed/A32352/#A32443">Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles
/ Article Type</a>, or</p><p>Chapter <a href="/books/n/citmed/A55580/#A55661">23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal
Articles on the Internet / Article Type</a></p></div><div id="appf.I5_For_Journal_Title"><h2 id="_appf_I5_For_Journal_Title_">5. For Journal Title (Journal Title Abbreviation)</h2><p>After NLM establishes an abbreviation for a title, it usually stays that way in
MEDLINE/PubMed, even if the rules change. You may see contradictory abbreviations
for some words in titles; for example:</p>
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A64394" class="half_rhythm"><div>Academy of Management Journal abbreviated as Acad Manage J in 1963</div></li><li id="A64395" class="half_rhythm"><div>
<i>but</i>
</div></li><li id="A64396" class="half_rhythm"><div>Access Management Journal abbreviated as Access Manag J in 2003</div></li></ul>
<p>Return to <a href="/books/n/citmed/A32352/#A32453">Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles
/ Journal Title</a>, or </p><p>Chapter <a href="/books/n/citmed/A55580/#A55671">23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal
Articles on the Internet / Journal Title</a></p></div><div id="appf.I6_For_Edition"><h2 id="_appf_I6_For_Edition_">6. For Edition</h2><p>After NLM establishes an abbreviation for a title with an edition, the abbreviation
usually stays that way in MEDLINE/PubMed, even if the rules change. You may see
contradictory abbreviations for some titles with editions; for example:</p>
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A64397" class="half_rhythm"><div>Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. was
established as </div></li><li id="A64398" class="half_rhythm"><div>Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed</div></li><li id="A64399" class="half_rhythm"><div>
<i>not</i>
</div></li><li id="A64400" class="half_rhythm"><div>Arch Dis Child (Fetal Neonatal Ed)</div></li><li id="A64401" class="half_rhythm"><div>
<i>but</i>
</div></li><li id="A64402" class="half_rhythm"><div>British Medical Journal. Clinical Research Edition. was established as Br
Med J (Clin Res Ed)</div></li></ul>
<p>Return to <a href="/books/n/citmed/A32352/#A32472">Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles
/ Edition</a>, or </p><p>Chapter <a href="/books/n/citmed/A55580/#A55687">23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal
Articles on the Internet / Edition</a></p></div><div id="appf.I7_For_Type_of_Mediu"><h2 id="_appf_I7_For_Type_of_Mediu_">7. For Type of Medium</h2><ul><li id="A32348" class="half_rhythm"><div>NLM indexes Internet journals, but does not currently display a type of
medium for them in most PubMed displays; however, users may determine the
type of medium that NLM used for creating the citation and indexing the
article by viewing the PubMed XML format display. The version used is in the
XML element &#x0003c;Journal Issue CitedMedium=&#x0003e;. Valid values after
the equals sign are Print for the hard copy of a journal, and Internet for
the Web-based version.</div></li><li id="A32349" class="half_rhythm"><div>NLM does not currently index journals in microform, CD-ROM, DVD, or
audiovisual format</div></li></ul><p>Return to <a href="/books/n/citmed/A32352/#A32484">Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles
/ Type of Medium</a>, or </p><p>Chapter <a href="/books/n/citmed/A55580/#A55707">23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal
Articles on the Internet / Type of Medium</a></p></div><div id="appf.I8_For_Physical_Desc"><h2 id="_appf_I8_For_Physical_Desc_">8. For Physical Description</h2><ul><li id="A32350" class="half_rhythm"><div>NLM does not currently index journals in microform, CD-ROM, DVD, or audiovisual format</div></li></ul><p>Return to <a href="/books/n/citmed/A32352/#A32638">Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles
/ Physical Description</a></p></div><div id="appf.I9_For_Language"><h2 id="_appf_I9_For_Language_">9. For Language</h2><ul><li id="A32351" class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE/PubMed displays citation information only in English, but indicates
all languages of publication. Translated article titles are shown in
brackets to indicate a translation.</div></li></ul><p>Return to <a href="/books/n/citmed/A32352/#A32645">Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles
/ Language</a>, or </p><p>Chapter <a href="/books/n/citmed/A55580/#A55843">23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal
Articles on the Internet / Language</a></p></div><div id="appf.I10_For_Location"><h2 id="_appf_I10_For_Location_">10. For Location (Pagination or Notes)</h2><ul><li id="A64470" class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE/PubMed permits publishers to choose between using traditional
pagination or electronic article numbers, or using both. In cases where
publishers supply article numbers as electronic location data only (not as
pagination), these numbers appear as notes and pagination is absent. The
unique identifiers for a citation may also appear as notes. <ul><li id="A64471" class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE/PubMed example, a publisher-supplied
article number for pagination: <ul class="simple-list"><li id="A64472" class="half_rhythm"><div>J Med Internet Res. 2008 Apr
18;10(2):e11. PubMed PMID: 18440918; PubMed Central
PMCID: PMC2483923.</div></li></ul>
</div></li><li id="A64473" class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE/PubMed example,
publisher-supplied article number as a locator without calling
it pagination, no pagination (pii means Publisher Item
Identifier): <ul class="simple-list"><li id="A64474" class="half_rhythm"><div>Euro Surveill. 2008 May 8;13(19). pii: 18863.
PubMed PMID: 18761981.</div></li></ul>
</div></li><li id="A64475" class="half_rhythm"><div>MEDLINE/PubMed example
showing the use of article number as both pagination and a note
(doi means Digital Object Identifier): <ul class="simple-list"><li id="A64476" class="half_rhythm"><div>BMJ. 2008 Jul 1;337:a295.
doi: 10.1136/bmj.a295. PubMed PMID: 18595903; PubMed
Central PMCID: PMC2453298.</div></li></ul>
</div></li></ul>
</div></li></ul><p>Return to <a href="/books/n/citmed/A55580/#A55804">Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A.
Journal Articles on the Internet / Location (Pagination)</a>, or</p><p>Chapter <a href="/books/n/citmed/A55580/#A55853"> 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal
Articles on the Internet / Notes</a>.</p></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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