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title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK7242_"><span class="label">Chapter 13</span><span class="title" itemprop="name">Letters and Other Personal Communication</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK7242_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text">
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<a href="#A44373">Sample Citation and Introduction</a>
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</div></li><li id="A44371" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="#A44374">Citation Rules with Examples</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44372" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="#A44511">Examples</a>
|
|
</div></li></ul>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>See also:</b>
|
|
</p><p>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/citmed/A44980/?report=reader">Chapter 14 Manuscripts and Preprints</a>
|
|
</p><p>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/citmed/A60586/?report=reader">Chapter 26 Electronic Mail and Discussion Forums</a>
|
|
</p><div id="A44373"><h2 id="_A44373_">Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Letters and Other Personal Communication</h2><p>The general format for a reference to a letter or other type of personal communication, including punctuation:</p><p>
|
|
<b>- letter:</b>
|
|
</p><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK7242/bin/ch13e1.jpg" alt="Illustration for the general format for a reference to a letter." /></div><p>
|
|
<b>- other personal communication:</b>
|
|
</p><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK7242/bin/ch13e2.jpg" alt="Illustration for the general format for a reference to other type of personal communication." /></div><p>
|
|
<a href="#A44511">Examples of Citations to Letters and Other Personal Communication</a>
|
|
</p><p>Documents generally available to scholars in an archive or a depository can usually be included in a reference list. However, many publishers do not permit placing any form of unpublished material in the end references. Most authorities recommend placing references to personal communications such as letters and conversations within the running text, not as formal end references. Include the nature and source of the cited information, using a term or terms to indicate clearly that no corresponding citation is in the reference list. Place the source information in parentheses. For example:</p><blockquote><p>… and most of these meningiomas proved to be inoperable (2003 letter from RS Grant to me; unreferenced, see "Notes") while the few that …</p></blockquote><p>Unless the letter resides in a library or other public archive, the author of a publication citing a letter must provide written permission from the cited person (if living) to the publisher or from the cited organization if it is carried in a document such as in internal memorandum that is not accessible to scholars. Acknowledge such permission in an "Acknowledgments" or a "Notes" section following the text of an article or at the end of a book's main text. Such statements may include additional details, such as the reason for the communication.</p><p>The rules below apply when a letter is included in a reference list rather than within the text as described above. Letters are similar to manuscripts in that they contain little information from which to construct a citation. They lack titles, and have no place of publication or publisher. References to letters differ from manuscripts in that they have a formal structure applied to clearly identify the author (initiator) and the recipient (receiver) of the communication. Because of the lack of other information to include in a citation to a letter, providing the full names for both author and recipient is recommended as well as any clarifying notes on its content.</p><p>For information on citing collections of letters, see <a href="/books/n/citmed/A44980/?report=reader">Chapter 14 Manuscripts and Preprints</a>. For information on citing letters to the editors of journals, see <a href="/books/n/citmed/A32352/?report=reader#A32362">Chapter 1A Journal Articles</a>.</p><p>Most examples for citations to letters provided in this chapter are taken from the Modern Manuscripts Collection of the National Library of Medicine. Since the Collection is housed organizationally within the Library's History of Medicine Division, many items are historical in nature. However, the rules provided are applicable to contemporary material. Other types of personal communication, such as conversations, are not included in the examples for this chapter because they are so rarely seen in a reference list.</p><p>Continue to <a href="#A44374">Citation Rules with Examples for Letters and Other Personal Communication</a>.</p><p>Continue to <a href="#A44511">Examples of Citations to Letters and Other Personal Communication</a>.</p></div><div id="A44374"><h2 id="_A44374_">Citation Rules with Examples for Letters and Other Personal Communication</h2><p>Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.</p><p><a href="#A44375">Author (R)</a> | <a href="#A44397">Author Affiliation (O)</a> | <a href="#A44418">Connective Phrase (R)</a> | <a href="#A44422">Recipient (R)</a> | <a href="#A44443">Recipient Affiliation (O)</a> | <a href="#A44463">Date (R)</a> | <a href="#A44480">Pagination (O)</a> | <a href="#A44492">Language (R)</a> | <a href="#A44499">Notes (O)</a></p><div id="A44375"><h3>Author for Personal Communication (required)</h3><div id="A44376"><h4>General Rules for Author</h4>
|
|
<ul><li id="A44377" class="half_rhythm"><div>Enter surname (family or last name) first for the person initiating the communication</div></li><li id="A44378" class="half_rhythm"><div>Capitalize surnames and enter spaces in surnames as they appear in the document cited. For example: Van Der Horn <i>or</i> van der Horn; De Wolf <i>or</i> de Wolf <i>or</i> DeWolf.</div></li><li id="A44379" class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow the surname with a comma and a space</div></li><li id="A44380" class="half_rhythm"><div>Enter the given (first) name and any middle name or initials; follow initials with periods</div></li><li id="A44381" class="half_rhythm"><div>End author information with a period unless the <a href="#A44397">Author Affiliation</a> is given, then use a space</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div><div id="A44382"><h4>Specific Rules for Author</h4>
|
|
<ul><li id="A44383" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44527/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44527">Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44384" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44537/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44537">Other surname rules</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44385" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44559/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44559">Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44386" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44573/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44573">Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44387" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44585/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44585">Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44388" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44593/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44593">Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44389" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44611/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44611">Organization as author</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44390" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44645/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44645">Title of author given</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44391" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44652/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44652">Options for author names</a>
|
|
</div></li></ul>
|
|
<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44527"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44527/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 1" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44527"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44527"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44527/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44527">Box 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44537"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44537/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 2" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44537"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44537"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44537/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44537">Box 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Other surname rules. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44559"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44559/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 3" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44559"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44559"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44559/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44559">Box 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44573"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44573/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 4" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44573"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44573"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44573/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44573">Box 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44585"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44585/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 5" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44585"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44585"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44585/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44585">Box 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44593"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44593/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 6" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44593"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44593"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44593/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44593">Box 6</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44611"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44611/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 7" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44611"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44611"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44611/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44611">Box 7</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Organization as author. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44645"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44645/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 8" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44645"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44645"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44645/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44645">Box 8</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Title of author given. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44652"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44652/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 9" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44652"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44652"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44652/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44652">Box 9</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Options for author names. </p></div></div></div><div id="A44392"><h4>Examples for Author</h4>
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44393" class="half_rhythm"><div>1. <a href="#A44512">Standard citation to a letter</a></div></li><li id="A44394" class="half_rhythm"><div>2. <a href="#A44513">Letter with optional initials for author and recipient</a></div></li><li id="A44395" class="half_rhythm"><div>3. <a href="#A44514">Letter providing only initials for author and recipient</a></div></li><li id="A44396" class="half_rhythm"><div>5. <a href="#A44514">Letter with organization as author</a></div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></div><div id="A44397"><h3>Author Affiliation for Personal Communication (optional)</h3><div id="A44398"><h4>General Rules for Author Affiliation</h4>
|
|
<ul><li id="A44399" class="half_rhythm"><div>Begin with the department and name of the institution, followed by city and state/Canadian province/country</div></li><li id="A44400" class="half_rhythm"><div>Use commas to separate parts of the affiliation</div></li><li id="A44401" class="half_rhythm"><div>Place the affiliation in parentheses, such as (Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)</div></li><li id="A44402" class="half_rhythm"><div>Separate the affiliation from its author by a space</div></li><li id="A44403" class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow the affiliation with a period placed outside the parentheses</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div><div id="A44404"><h4>Specific Rules for Author Affiliation</h4>
|
|
<ul><li id="A44405" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44656/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44656">Abbreviations in affiliations</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44406" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44673/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44673">E-mail address included</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44407" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44679/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44679">Titles in affiliations</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44408" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44686/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44686">Organizational names for affiliations not in English</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44409" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44709/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44709">Names for cities and countries not in English</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44410" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44715/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44715">No affiliation found</a>
|
|
</div></li></ul>
|
|
<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44656"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44656/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 10" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44656"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44656"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44656/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44656">Box 10</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Abbreviations in affiliations. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44673"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44673/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 11" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44673"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44673"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44673/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44673">Box 11</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">E-mail address included. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44679"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44679/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 12" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44679"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44679"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44679/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44679">Box 12</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Titles in affiliations. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44686"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44686/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 13" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44686"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44686"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44686/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44686">Box 13</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Organizational names for affiliations not in English. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44709"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44709/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 14" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44709"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44709"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44709/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44709">Box 14</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Names for cities and countries not in English. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44715"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44715/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 15" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44715"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44715"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44715/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44715">Box 15</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">No affiliation found. </p></div></div></div><div id="A44411"><h4>Examples for Author Affiliation</h4>
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44412" class="half_rhythm"><div>1. <a href="#A44512">Standard citation to a letter</a></div></li><li id="A44413" class="half_rhythm"><div>2. <a href="#A44513">Letter with optional initials for author and recipient</a></div></li><li id="A44414" class="half_rhythm"><div>3. <a href="#A44514">Letter providing only initials for author and recipient</a></div></li><li id="A44415" class="half_rhythm"><div>5. <a href="#A44516">Letter with organization as author</a></div></li><li id="A44416" class="half_rhythm"><div>6. <a href="#A44517">Letter with author's title included in affiliation</a></div></li><li id="A44417" class="half_rhythm"><div>7. <a href="#A44518">Letter with place inferred</a></div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></div><div id="A44418"><h3>Connective Phrase for Personal Communication (required)</h3><div id="A44419"><h4>General Rules for Connective Phrase</h4>
|
|
<ul><li id="A44420" class="half_rhythm"><div>Use the phrase "Letter to", "Conversation with", or "Telephone conversation with" as appropriate</div></li><li id="A44421" class="half_rhythm"><div>End the phrase with a colon and a space</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></div><div id="A44422"><h3>Recipient for Personal Communication (required)</h3><div id="A44423"><h4>General Rules for Recipient</h4>
|
|
<ul><li id="A44424" class="half_rhythm"><div>Enter the given (first) name and any middle name or initials of the person receiving the communication; follow initials with periods</div></li><li id="A44425" class="half_rhythm"><div>Give the surname (family or last name)</div></li><li id="A44426" class="half_rhythm"><div>Capitalize surnames and enter spaces in surnames as they appear in the document cited. For example: Van Der Horn <i>or</i> van der Horn; De Wolf <i>or</i> de Wolf <i>or</i> DeWolf.</div></li><li id="A44427" class="half_rhythm"><div>End recipient information with a period unless the <a href="#A44443">Recipient Affiliation</a> is given, then use a space</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div><div id="A44428"><h4>Specific Rules for Recipient</h4>
|
|
<ul><li id="A44429" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44719/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44719">Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44430" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44729/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44729">Other surname rules</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44431" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44751/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44751">Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44432" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44765/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44765">Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44433" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44777/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44777">Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44434" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44786/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44786">Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44435" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44804/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44804">Titles in recipient names</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44436" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44814/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44814">Organization as recipient</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44437" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44847/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44847">Options for recipient names</a>
|
|
</div></li></ul>
|
|
<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44719"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44719/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 16" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44719"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44719"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44719/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44719">Box 16</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44729"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44729/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 17" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44729"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44729"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44729/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44729">Box 17</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Other surname rules. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44751"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44751/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 18" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44751"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44751"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44751/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44751">Box 18</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44765"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44765/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 19" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44765"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44765"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44765/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44765">Box 19</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44777"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44777/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 20" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44777"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44777"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44777/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44777">Box 20</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44786"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44786/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 21" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44786"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44786"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44786/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44786">Box 21</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44804"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44804/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 22" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44804"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44804"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44804/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44804">Box 22</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Titles in recipient names. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44814"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44814/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 23" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44814"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44814"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44814/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44814">Box 23</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Organization as recipient. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44847"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44847/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 24" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44847"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44847"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44847/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44847">Box 24</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Options for recipient names. </p></div></div></div><div id="A44438"><h4>Examples for Recipient</h4>
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|
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44439" class="half_rhythm"><div>1. <a href="#A44512">Standard citation to a letter</a></div></li><li id="A44440" class="half_rhythm"><div>2. <a href="#A44513">Letter with optional initials for author and recipient</a></div></li><li id="A44441" class="half_rhythm"><div>3. <a href="#A44514">Letter providing only initials for author and recipient</a></div></li><li id="A44442" class="half_rhythm"><div>4. <a href="#A44515">Letter with a title for the recipient rather than a name</a></div></li></ul>
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|
</div></div><div id="A44443"><h3>Recipient Affiliation for Personal Communication (optional)</h3><div id="A44444"><h4>General Rules for Recipient Affiliation</h4>
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|
<ul><li id="A44445" class="half_rhythm"><div>Begin with the department and name of the institution, followed by city and state/Canadian province/country</div></li><li id="A44446" class="half_rhythm"><div>Use commas to separate parts of the address</div></li><li id="A44447" class="half_rhythm"><div>Place the affiliation in parentheses, such as (Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)</div></li><li id="A44448" class="half_rhythm"><div>Separate the affiliation from the recipient by a space</div></li><li id="A44449" class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow the affiliation with a period placed outside the parentheses</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div><div id="A44450"><h4>Specific Rules for Recipient Affiliation</h4>
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|
<ul><li id="A44451" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44851/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44851">Abbreviations in affiliations</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44452" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44866/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44866">E-mail address included</a>
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|
</div></li><li id="A44453" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44872/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44872">Titles in affiliations</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44454" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44882/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44882">Organizational names for affiliations not in English</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44455" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44905/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44905">Names for cities and countries not in English</a>
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|
</div></li><li id="A44456" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44911/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44911">No affiliation found</a>
|
|
</div></li></ul>
|
|
<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44851"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44851/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 25" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44851"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44851"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44851/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44851">Box 25</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Abbreviations in affiliations. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44866"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44866/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 26" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44866"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44866"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44866/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44866">Box 26</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">E-mail address included. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44872"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44872/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 27" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44872"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44872"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44872/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44872">Box 27</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Title in affiliations. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44882"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44882/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 28" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44882"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44882"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44882/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44882">Box 28</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Organizational names for affiliations not in English. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44905"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44905/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 29" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44905"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44905"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44905/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44905">Box 29</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Names for cities and countries not in English. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44911"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44911/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 30" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44911"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44911"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44911/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44911">Box 30</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">No affiliation found. </p></div></div></div><div id="A44457"><h4>Examples for Recipient Affiliation</h4>
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|
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44458" class="half_rhythm"><div>1. <a href="#A44512">Standard citation to a letter</a></div></li><li id="A44459" class="half_rhythm"><div>2. <a href="#A44513">Letter with optional initials for author and recipient</a></div></li><li id="A44460" class="half_rhythm"><div>3. <a href="#A44514">Letter providing only initials for author and recipient</a></div></li><li id="A44461" class="half_rhythm"><div>4. <a href="#A44515">Letter with a title for the recipient rather than a name</a></div></li><li id="A44462" class="half_rhythm"><div>7. <a href="#A44518">Letter with place inferred</a></div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></div><div id="A44463"><h3>Date for Personal Communication (required)</h3><div id="A44464"><h4>General Rules for Date</h4>
|
|
<ul><li id="A44465" class="half_rhythm"><div>Begin with the year</div></li><li id="A44466" class="half_rhythm"><div>Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MM to 2000.</div></li><li id="A44467" class="half_rhythm"><div>Include the month after the year, such as 2004 Mar</div></li><li id="A44468" class="half_rhythm"><div>Use English names for months and abbreviate them to the first three letters</div></li><li id="A44469" class="half_rhythm"><div>Include the day after the month, such as 2004 Mar 3</div></li><li id="A44470" class="half_rhythm"><div>End date information with a period</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div><div id="A44471"><h4>Specific Rules for Date</h4>
|
|
<ul><li id="A44472" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44915/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44915">Non-US forms for dates</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44473" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44934/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44934">Non-English names for months</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44474" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44941/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44941">Seasons instead of months</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44475" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44949/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44949">No date can be found</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44476" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44954/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44954">Options for date</a>
|
|
</div></li></ul>
|
|
<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44915"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44915/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 31" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44915"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44915"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44915/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44915">Box 31</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Non-US forms for dates. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44934"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44934/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 32" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44934"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44934"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44934/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44934">Box 32</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Non-English names for months. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44941"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44941/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 33" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44941"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44941"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44941/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44941">Box 33</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Seasons instead of months. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44949"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44949/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 34" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44949"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44949"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44949/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44949">Box 34</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">No date can be found. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44954"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44954/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 34a" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44954"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44954"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44954/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44954">Box 34a</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Options for date. </p></div></div></div><div id="A44477"><h4>Examples for Date</h4>
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44478" class="half_rhythm"><div>8. <a href="#A44519">Letter with standard date</a></div></li><li id="A44479" class="half_rhythm"><div>9. <a href="#A44520">Letter with date estimated</a></div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></div><div id="A44480"><h3>Pagination for Personal Communication (optional)</h3><div id="A44481"><h4>General Rules for Pagination</h4>
|
|
<ul><li id="A44482" class="half_rhythm"><div>If the pages of a letter are numbered, provide the total number of pages</div></li><li id="A44483" class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow the page total with a space and the letter p</div></li><li id="A44484" class="half_rhythm"><div>If the pages of a letter are not numbered, provide the total number of sheets of paper on which the letter appears</div></li><li id="A44485" class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow the page total with the word leaf or leaves</div></li><li id="A44486" class="half_rhythm"><div>End pagination information in both cases with a period</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div><div id="A44487"><h4>Specific Rules for Pagination</h4>
|
|
<ul><li id="A44488" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44959/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44959">Roman numerals used as page numbers</a>
|
|
</div></li></ul>
|
|
<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44959"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44959/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 35" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44959"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44959"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44959/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44959">Box 35</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Roman numerals used as page numbers. </p></div></div></div><div id="A44489"><h4>Examples for Pagination</h4>
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44490" class="half_rhythm"><div>10. <a href="#A44521">Letter with unnumbered pages</a></div></li><li id="A44491" class="half_rhythm"><div>11. <a href="#A44522">Letter with numbered pages</a></div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></div><div id="A44492"><h3>Language for Personal Communication (required)</h3><div id="A44493"><h4>General Rules for Language</h4>
|
|
<ul><li id="A44494" class="half_rhythm"><div>Give the language of communication if not English</div></li><li id="A44495" class="half_rhythm"><div>Capitalize the language name</div></li><li id="A44496" class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow the language name with a period</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div><div id="A44497"><h4>Examples for Language</h4>
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44498" class="half_rhythm"><div>12. <a href="#A44523">Letter in a language other than English</a></div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></div><div id="A44499"><h3>Notes for Personal Communication (optional)</h3><div id="A44500"><h4>General Rules for Notes</h4>
|
|
<ul><li id="A44501" class="half_rhythm"><div>Notes is a collective term for any type of useful information given after the citation itself</div></li><li id="A44502" class="half_rhythm"><div>Complete sentences are not required</div></li><li id="A44503" class="half_rhythm"><div>Be brief</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div><div id="A44504"><h4>Specific Rules for Notes</h4>
|
|
<ul><li id="A44505" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44964/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44964">Name and location of a public archive</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44506" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44971/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44971">Restrictions on use</a>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44507" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44975/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44975">Other types of material to include in notes</a>
|
|
</div></li></ul>
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<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44964"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44964/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 36" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44964"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44964"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44964/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44964">Box 36</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Name and location of a public archive. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44971"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44971/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 37" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44971"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44971"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44971/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44971">Box 37</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Restrictions on use. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col boxed-text" id="figA44975"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44975/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Box 38" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobA44975"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/box-icon.gif" alt="Box Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="A44975"><a href="/books/NBK7242/box/A44975/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobA44975">Box 38</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Other types of material to include in notes. </p></div></div></div><div id="A44508"><h4>Examples for Notes</h4>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44509" class="half_rhythm"><div>13. <a href="#A44524">Letter with an accompaniment</a></div></li><li id="A44510" class="half_rhythm"><div>14. <a href="#A44525">Letter with note</a></div></li></ul>
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</div></div></div><div id="A44511"><h2 id="_A44511_">Examples of Citations to Letters and Other Personal Communication</h2><div id="A44512"><h3>1. Standard citation to a letter</h3><p>Anfinsen, Christian B. (Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD). Letter to: Cyril Ponnamperuma (University of Maryland, College Park, MD). 1991 Apr 23. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 496, Box 8, Folder 3.</p><p>Reed, Walter (Army Medical Museum, Washington, DC). Letter to: W.S. Halstead (Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD). 1985 Apr 10. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 200.</p></div><div id="A44513"><h3>2. Letter with optional initials for author and recipient</h3><p><span class="bk_hlight">Reed W.</span> (Army Medical Museum, Washington, DC). Letter to: <span class="bk_hlight">W.S. Halstead</span> (Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD). 1985 Apr 10. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 200.</p></div><div id="A44514"><h3>3. Letter providing only initials for author and recipient</h3><p><span class="bk_hlight">Colt, P.</span> (Rome, NY). Letter to: <span class="bk_hlight">M. Goshall</span> (Hartford, CT). 1809 Mar 4. 4 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 312.</p></div><div id="A44515"><h3>4. Letter with a title for the recipient rather than a name</h3><p>Mayard, T.F. (Department of State, Washington, DC). Letter to: <span class="bk_hlight">Secretary of War</span> (Washington, DC). 1888 Feb 16. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 269.</p><p>Wells, Horace (Hartford, CT). Letter to: <span class="bk_hlight">Dr. Morton</span> ([Boston, MA]). 1846 Oct 20. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 176.</p><p>
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<i>with name added as title</i>
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</p><p>Mayard, T.F. (Department of State, Washington, DC). Letter to: Secretary of War <span class="bk_hlight">[William Endicott]</span> (Washington, DC). 1888 Feb 16. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 269.</p><p>Wells, Horace (Hartford, CT). Letter to: Dr. Morton <span class="bk_hlight">[William Thomas Morton]</span> ([Boston, MA]). 1846 Oct 20. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 176.</p></div><div id="A44516"><h3>5. Letter with organization as author</h3><p><span class="bk_hlight">Mason Chemical Company (Philadelphia, PA).</span> Letter to: Abram Claude (Annapolis, MD). 1897 Dec 24. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 283.</p><p><span class="bk_hlight">Joseph Eastman Sanitorium (Indianapolis, IN).</span> Letter to: Wm. E. Lybrook (Young America, IN). 1904 Nov 17. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 358.</p></div><div id="A44517"><h3>6. Letter with author's title included in affiliation</h3><p>Blue, Rupert (<span class="bk_hlight">Surgeon General,</span> Bureau of the Public Health Service, Treasury Department, Washington, DC). Letter to: Wm. H. Welch (American Red Cross, Paris, FR). 1919 Mar 18. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 211.</p><p>Loper, Richard L. (<span class="bk_hlight">General Manager,</span> Guarantors Liability Indemnity Company of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA). Letter to: Dear Sirs. 1 leaf. [1895?]. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 274.</p></div><div id="A44518"><h3>7. Letter with place inferred</h3><p>Nightingale, Florence (115 Park Street, W, <span class="bk_hlight">[London, GB]).</span> Letter to: Marquis Townshend. 1864 Jul 27. 4 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 179.</p><p>Pina, Luciano (Santiago, Chile). Letter to: D.M. Arroyo de Veracruz <span class="bk_hlight">([Mexico]).</span> 1845 Jun 26. 4 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 196. Spanish.</p></div><div id="A44519"><h3>8. Letter with standard date</h3><p>Wheaton, Levi (Providence, RI). Letter to: Moses Younglove (Cornwall, CT). <span class="bk_hlight">1800 Dec 18.</span> 3 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 293.</p></div><div id="A44520"><h3>9. Letter with date estimated</h3><p>Bell, John ([Edinburgh, Scotland]). Letter to: Cadell and Davies, Book Sellers ([London, England]). <span class="bk_hlight">[1793?].</span> 8 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 291.</p><p>Loper, Richard L. (General Manager, Guarantors Liability Indemnity Company of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA). Letter to: Dear Sirs. 1 leaf. <span class="bk_hlight">[1895?].</span> Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 274.</p></div><div id="A44521"><h3>10. Letter with unnumbered pages</h3><p>Wheaton, Levi (Providence, RI). Letter to: Moses Younglove (Cornwall, CT). 1800 Dec 18. <span class="bk_hlight">3 leaves.</span> Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 293.</p></div><div id="A44522"><h3>11. Letter with numbered pages</h3><p>Kerr, J. Auston (Chevy Chase, MD). Letter to: Ramon Cordoba Palacio (Medellin, Colombia). 1974 Nov 11. <span class="bk_hlight">11 p.</span> Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 456.</p></div><div id="A44523"><h3>12. Letter in a language other than English</h3><p>de Lucretiis, Gaetano (San Severo, Italy). Letter to: D. Biagio Michetelli (Puglia, Italy). 1807 Nov 13. 9 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 214. <span class="bk_hlight">Italian.</span></p><p>Pina, Luciano (Santiago, Chile). Letter to: D.M. Arroyo de Veracruz ([Mexico]). 1845 Jun 26. 4 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 196. <span class="bk_hlight">Spanish.</span></p></div><div id="A44524"><h3>13. Letter with an accompaniment</h3><p>Blue, Rupert (Surgeon General, US Public Health Service, Washington, DC). Letter to: Wm. H. Welch (American Red Cross, Paris, FR). 1919 Mar 18. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 211. <span class="bk_hlight">Accompanied by: Blue's "Memorandum Relative to the Development of National and International Programs of Public Health."</span></p><p>Mayard, T.F. (Department of State, Washington, DC). Letter to: Secretary of War [William Endicott] (Washington, DC). 1888 Feb 16. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 269. <span class="bk_hlight">Accompanied by: <i>El Comerrio</i> newsclipping written by Dr. David Matto.</span></p></div><div id="A44525"><h3>14. Letter with note</h3><p>Reed, Walter (Army Medical Museum, Washington, DC). Letter to: W.S. Halstead (Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD). 1985 Apr 10. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 200. <span class="bk_hlight">Letter asking if Halsted could perform a hernia operation on the carpenter of the Army Medical Museum.</span></p><p>Wheaton, Levi (Providence, RI). Letter to: Moses Younglove (Cornwall, CT). 1800 Dec 18. 3 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 293. <span class="bk_hlight">Wheaton thanks Younglove for a cowpox sample and describes his experiments with smallpox.</span></p><p>Kerr, J. Auston (Chevy Chase, MD). Letter to: Ramon Cordoba Palacio (Medellin, Colombia). 1974 Nov 11. 11 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 456. <span class="bk_hlight">Contains reminiscences of Kerr's experiences in Colombia studying yellow fever for the Rockefeller Foundation in its laboratories from 1932 to 1938.</span></p><p>Nightingale, Florence (115 Park Street, W, [London, GB]). Letter to: Marquis Townshend. 1864 Jul 27. 4 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 179. <span class="bk_hlight">Nightingale responds to Townshend's request on behalf of a Mrs. Montague for funds to support old nurses.</span></p><p>Wells, Horace (Hartford, CT). Letter to: Dr. Morton [William Thomas Morton] ([Boston, MA]). 1846 Oct 20. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 176. <span class="bk_hlight">Comments on the first use of Morton's anesthesia device.</span></p><p>Hennen, John (Edinburgh, Scotland). Letter to: Dr. Duncan. [date unknown]. 9 p. Located at: History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W6 P3 v.1575. <span class="bk_hlight">Observations on the cure of syphilis without mercury.</span></p></div></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK7242_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">October 10, 2007</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">March 17, 2017</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Library of Medicine (US)</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007-. Chapter 13, Letters and Other Personal Communication. 2007 Oct 10 [Updated 2017 Mar 17].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/citmed/A44069/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/citmed/A44980/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44527"><div id="A44527" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 1</span><span class="title">Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them</span></h3>
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<ul><li id="A44528" class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep hyphens in surnames<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44529" class="half_rhythm"><div>Estelle Palmer-Canton   <i>becomes</i>   Palmer-Canton, Estelle</div></li><li id="A44530" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ahmed El-Assmy   <i>becomes</i>   El-Assmy, Ahmed</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44531" class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep particles, such as O', D', and L'<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44532" class="half_rhythm"><div>Alan D. O'Brien   <i>becomes</i>   O'Brien, Alan D.</div></li><li id="A44533" class="half_rhythm"><div>James O. L'Esperance   <i>becomes</i>   L'Esperance, James O.</div></li><li id="A44534" class="half_rhythm"><div>U. S'adeh   <i>becomes</i>   S'adeh, U.</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44535" class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep all other punctuation in surnames<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44536" class="half_rhythm"><div>Charles A. St. James   <i>becomes</i>   St. James, Charles A.</div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44537"><div id="A44537" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 2</span><span class="title">Other surname rules</span></h3>
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<ul><li id="A44538" class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep prefixes in surnames<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44539" class="half_rhythm"><div>Lama Al Bassit   <i>becomes</i>   Al Bassit, Lama</div></li><li id="A44540" class="half_rhythm"><div>Jiddeke M. van de Kamp   <i>becomes</i>   van de Kamp, Jiddeke M.</div></li><li id="A44541" class="half_rhythm"><div>Gerard de Pouvourville   <i>becomes</i>   de Pouvourville, Gerard</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44542" class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep compound surnames even if no hyphen appears<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44543" class="half_rhythm"><div>Sergio Lopez Moreno   <i>becomes</i>   Lopez Moreno, Sergio</div></li><li id="A44544" class="half_rhythm"><div>Jaime Mier y Teran   <i>becomes</i>   Mier y Teran, Jaime</div></li><li id="A44545" class="half_rhythm"><div>Virginie Halley des Fontaines   <i>becomes</i>   Halley des Fontaines, Virginie</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44546" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.<ul><li id="A44547" class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44548" class="half_rhythm"><div>Å   <i>treated as</i>   A</div></li><li id="A44549" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ø   <i>treated as</i>   O</div></li><li id="A44550" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ç   <i>treated as</i>   C</div></li><li id="A44551" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ł   <i>treated as</i>   L</div></li><li id="A44552" class="half_rhythm"><div>à   <i>treated as</i>   a</div></li><li id="A44553" class="half_rhythm"><div>ĝ   <i>treated as</i>   g</div></li><li id="A44554" class="half_rhythm"><div>ñ   <i>treated as</i>   n</div></li><li id="A44555" class="half_rhythm"><div>ü   <i>treated as</i>   u</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44556" class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44557" class="half_rhythm"><div>æ   <i>treated as</i>   ae</div></li><li id="A44558" class="half_rhythm"><div>œ   <i>treated as</i>   oe</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44559"><div id="A44559" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 3</span><span class="title">Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle</span></h3>
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<ul><li id="A44560" class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep hyphens joining given (first or middle) names<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44561" class="half_rhythm"><div>Jean-Louis Lagrot   <i>becomes</i>   Lagrot, Jean-Louis</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44562" class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep prefixes, prepositions, and other particles<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44563" class="half_rhythm"><div>D'Arcy Hart   <i>becomes</i>   Hart, D'Arcy</div></li><li id="A44564" class="half_rhythm"><div>William St. John Patterson   <i>becomes</i>   Patterson, William St. John</div></li><li id="A44565" class="half_rhythm"><div>De la Broquerie Fortier   <i>becomes</i>   Fortier, De la Broquerie</div></li><li id="A44566" class="half_rhythm"><div>Craig McC. Brooks   <i>becomes</i>   Brooks, Craig McC.</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44567" class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US publications use abbreviations of conventional given names rather than single initials, such as St. for Stefan.<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44568" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ch. Wunderly   <i>becomes</i>   Wunderly, Ch.</div></li><li id="A44569" class="half_rhythm"><div>Charles Fr. Erdman   <i>becomes</i>   Erdman, Charles Fr.</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44570" class="half_rhythm"><div>For non-English names that have been romanized (written in the roman alphabet), capitalize only the first letter if an initial is represented by more than one letter<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44571" class="half_rhythm"><div>Iu. A. Iakontov   <i>becomes</i>   Iakontov, Iu.A.</div></li><li id="A44572" class="half_rhythm"><div>Georgios Th. Tsakalos   <i>becomes</i>   Tsakalos, Georgios Th.</div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44573"><div id="A44573" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 4</span><span class="title">Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name</span></h3>
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<ul><li id="A44574" class="half_rhythm"><div>Omit degrees, titles, and honors such as M.D. following a personal name<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44575" class="half_rhythm"><div>James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S.   <i>becomes</i>   Reed, James A.</div></li><li id="A44576" class="half_rhythm"><div>Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D.   <i>becomes</i>   Schmidt, Kristine</div></li><li id="A44577" class="half_rhythm"><div>Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army   <i>becomes</i>   Lang, Robert V.</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44578" class="half_rhythm"><div>Omit rank and honors such as Colonel or Sir that precede a name, unless no given name is provided<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44579" class="half_rhythm"><div>Sir Frances Hildebrand   <i>becomes</i>   Hildebrand, Frances</div></li><li id="A44580" class="half_rhythm"><div>Dr. Jane Eberhard   <i>becomes</i>   Eberhard, Jane</div></li><li id="A44581" class="half_rhythm"><div>Captain R.C. Williams   <i>becomes</i>   Williams, R.C.</div></li><li id="A44582" class="half_rhythm"><div><i>but</i></div></li><li id="A44583" class="half_rhythm"><div>Dr. Morton   <i>becomes</i>   Morton, Dr.</div></li><li id="A44584" class="half_rhythm"><div>Major Robertson   <i>becomes</i>   Robertson, Major.</div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44585"><div id="A44585" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 5</span><span class="title">Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III</span></h3>
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<ul><li id="A44586" class="half_rhythm"><div>Place family designations of rank after the given (first) name and any middle name or initials</div></li><li id="A44587" class="half_rhythm"><div>End initials and Jr or Sr with periods</div></li><li id="A44588" class="half_rhythm"><div>Convert roman numerals to arabic ordinals</div><div>
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<i>Examples:</i>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44589" class="half_rhythm"><div>Vincent T. DeVita, Jr.   <i>becomes</i>   DeVita, Vincent T. Jr.</div></li><li id="A44590" class="half_rhythm"><div>James G. Jones II   <i>becomes</i>   Jones, James G. 2nd</div></li><li id="A44591" class="half_rhythm"><div>John A. Adams III   <i>becomes</i>   Adams, John A. 3rd</div></li><li id="A44592" class="half_rhythm"><div>Henry B. Cooper IV   <i>becomes</i>   Cooper, Henry B. 4th</div></li></ul>
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</div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44593"><div id="A44593" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 6</span><span class="title">Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)</span></h3><p>Romanization, a form of transliteration, means using the roman (Latin) alphabet to represent the letters or characters of another alphabet. A good authority for romanization is the <i><a href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ALA-LC Romanization Tables</a></i>.</p>
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<ul><li id="A44594" class="half_rhythm"><div>Romanize names in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.), Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or character-based languages, such as Chinese and Japanese</div></li><li id="A44595" class="half_rhythm"><div>Capitalize only the first letter of romanized names if the original initial is represented by more than one letter<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44596" class="half_rhythm"><div>Iu. A. Iakontov   <i>becomes</i>   Iakontov, Iu.A.</div></li><li id="A44597" class="half_rhythm"><div>Georgios Th. Tsakalos   <i>becomes</i>   Tsakalos, Georgios Th.</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44598" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.<ul><li id="A44599" class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44600" class="half_rhythm"><div>Å   <i>treated as</i>   A</div></li><li id="A44601" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ø   <i>treated as</i>   O</div></li><li id="A44602" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ç   <i>treated as</i>   C</div></li><li id="A44603" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ł   <i>treated as</i>   L</div></li><li id="A44604" class="half_rhythm"><div>à   <i>treated as</i>   a</div></li><li id="A44605" class="half_rhythm"><div>ĝ   <i>treated as</i>   g</div></li><li id="A44606" class="half_rhythm"><div>ñ   <i>treated as</i>   n</div></li><li id="A44607" class="half_rhythm"><div>ü   <i>treated as</i>   u</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44608" class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they were two letters<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44609" class="half_rhythm"><div>æ   <i>treated as</i>   ae</div></li><li id="A44610" class="half_rhythm"><div>œ   <i>treated as</i>   oe</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44611"><div id="A44611" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 7</span><span class="title">Organization as author</span></h3><p>An organization such as a university, society, association, corporation, or governmental body may serve as an author.</p>
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|
<ul><li id="A44612" class="half_rhythm"><div>Omit "The" preceding an organizational name<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44613" class="half_rhythm"><div>The American Cancer Society   <i>becomes</i>   American Cancer Society</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44614" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a division or another part of an organization is included in the publication, give the parts of the name in descending hierarchical order, separated by commas<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44615" class="half_rhythm"><div>American Medical Association, Committee on Ethics.</div></li><li id="A44616" class="half_rhythm"><div>International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division.</div></li><li id="A44617" class="half_rhythm"><div>American College of Surgeons, Committee on Trauma, Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Outcomes, Working Group.</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44618" class="half_rhythm"><div>When citing organizations that are national bodies such as government agencies, if a nationality is not part of the name, place the country in parentheses after the name, using the two-letter ISO country code (see <a href="/books/n/citmed/appd/?report=reader">Appendix D</a>)<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44619" class="half_rhythm"><div>National Academy of Sciences (US).</div></li><li id="A44620" class="half_rhythm"><div>Royal Marsden Hospital (GB).</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44621" class="half_rhythm"><div>For names of organizations in languages other than English:<ul><li id="A44622" class="half_rhythm"><div>Give names in languages using the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear in the publication. Whenever possible follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44623" class="half_rhythm"><div>Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica del CNR.</div></li><li id="A44624" class="half_rhythm"><div>Universitatsmedizin Berlin.</div></li><li id="A44625" class="half_rhythm"><div>Nordisk Anaestesiologisk Forening [Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiologists].</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44626" class="half_rhythm"><div>Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate names of organizations in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the <i><a href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ALA-LC Romanization Tables</a></i>. Whenever possible follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44627" class="half_rhythm"><div>Rossiiskoe Respiratornoe Obshchestvo [Russian Respiratory Society].</div></li><li id="A44628" class="half_rhythm"><div><i>or</i></div></li><li id="A44629" class="half_rhythm"><div>[Russian Respiratory Society].</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44630" class="half_rhythm"><div>Translate names of organizations in character-based languages such as Chinese and Japanese. Place all translations in square brackets.<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44631" class="half_rhythm"><div>[Chinese Medical Society].</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44632" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.<ul><li id="A44633" class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44634" class="half_rhythm"><div>Å   <i>treated as</i>   A</div></li><li id="A44635" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ø   <i>treated as</i>   O</div></li><li id="A44636" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ç   <i>treated as</i>   C</div></li><li id="A44637" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ł   <i>treated as</i>   L</div></li><li id="A44638" class="half_rhythm"><div>à   <i>treated as</i>   a</div></li><li id="A44639" class="half_rhythm"><div>ĝ   <i>treated as</i>   g</div></li><li id="A44640" class="half_rhythm"><div>ñ   <i>treated as</i>   n</div></li><li id="A44641" class="half_rhythm"><div>ü   <i>treated as</i>   u</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44642" class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they were two letters<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44643" class="half_rhythm"><div>æ   <i>treated as</i>   ae</div></li><li id="A44644" class="half_rhythm"><div>œ   <i>treated as</i>   oe</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44645"><div id="A44645" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 8</span><span class="title">Title of author given</span></h3>
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|
<ul><li id="A44646" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">If the author's title is given, place it at the beginning of the affiliation</div><div class="half_rhythm">
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|
<i>Example:</i>
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44647" class="half_rhythm"><div>Blue, Rupert (Surgeon General, Bureau of the Public Health Service, Treasury Department, Washington, DC). Letter to: Wm. H. Welch (American Red Cross, Paris, FR). 1919 Mar 18. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 211.</div></li></ul>
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</div></li><li id="A44648" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">If the author's title is given in place of a name, put the title in the author position. If the actual name is located elsewhere, add it surname first in square brackets after the title.</div><div class="half_rhythm">
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|
<i>Example:</i>
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44649" class="half_rhythm"><div>Secretary of War (Washington, DC). Letter to: Commander, Fort Dearborn (Illinois). 1846 Mar 7. 15 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W6 P3 v.7481 box 916 no.1.</div></li><li id="A44650" class="half_rhythm"><div>
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|
<i>or</i>
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|
</div></li><li id="A44651" class="half_rhythm"><div>Secretary of War [Marcy, William L.] (Washington, DC). Letter to: Commander, Fort Dearborn (Illinois). 1846 Mar 7. 15 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W6 P3 v.7481 box 916 no.1.</div></li></ul>
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|
</div></li></ul>
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|
</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44652"><div id="A44652" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 9</span><span class="title">Options for author names</span></h3><p>The following format is not NLM practice for citing authors of letters, but is an acceptable option:</p>
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<ul><li id="A44653" class="half_rhythm"><div>Given (first) and middle names of authors may be reduced to initials. See <a href="/books/n/citmed/A32352/?report=reader">Chapter 1</a> for instructions on handling names in this format. <ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44654" class="half_rhythm"><div>Takagi Y.</div></li><li id="A44655" class="half_rhythm"><div>Moskowitz MA.</div></li></ul>
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</div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44656"><div id="A44656" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 10</span><span class="title">Abbreviations in affiliations</span></h3>
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<ul><li id="A44657" class="half_rhythm"><div>Abbreviate commonly used words in affiliations, if desired. Follow all abbreviated words with a period. <ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44658" class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Examples:</i>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44659" class="half_rhythm"><div>Acad. for Academy</div></li><li id="A44660" class="half_rhythm"><div>Assoc. for Association</div></li><li id="A44661" class="half_rhythm"><div>Co. for Company</div></li><li id="A44662" class="half_rhythm"><div>Coll. for College</div></li><li id="A44663" class="half_rhythm"><div>Corp. for Corporation</div></li><li id="A44664" class="half_rhythm"><div>Dept. for Department</div></li><li id="A44665" class="half_rhythm"><div>Div. for Division</div></li><li id="A44666" class="half_rhythm"><div>Inst. for Institute or Institution</div></li><li id="A44667" class="half_rhythm"><div>Soc. for Society</div></li><li id="A44668" class="half_rhythm"><div>Univ. for University</div></li></ul>
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</div></li><li id="A44669" class="half_rhythm"><div>See <a href="/books/n/citmed/appc/?report=reader">Appendix C</a> for more abbreviations of commonly used English words.</div></li></ul>
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</div></li><li id="A44670" class="half_rhythm"><div>Abbreviate names of US states and Canadian provinces using their official two-letter abbreviations. See <a href="/books/n/citmed/appe/?report=reader">Appendix E</a> for a list of these.</div></li><li id="A44671" class="half_rhythm"><div>Abbreviate names of countries outside of the US and Canada using the two-letter ISO country code, if desired. See <a href="/books/n/citmed/appd/?report=reader">Appendix D</a> for codes of selected countries.</div></li><li id="A44672" class="half_rhythm"><div>Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference in a list of references, abbreviate the same word in all references.</div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44673"><div id="A44673" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 11</span><span class="title">E-mail address included</span></h3>
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<ul><li id="A44674" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Follow the US state, Canadian province, or country of the author with a period and a space</div></li><li id="A44675" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Insert the e-mail address as it appears in the letter</div></li><li id="A44676" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Place the e-mail address inside the closing parenthesis for the author affiliation</div></li><li id="A44677" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Do not end an e-mail address with a period</div><div class="half_rhythm">
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<i>Example:</i>
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|
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44678" class="half_rhythm"><div>Patrias, Karen (Public Services Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD. patrias@nlm.nih.gov).</div></li></ul>
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|
</div></li></ul>
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|
</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44679"><div id="A44679" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 12</span><span class="title">Titles in affiliations</span></h3>
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|
<ul><li id="A44680" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">If the author's title is given, place it at the beginning of the affiliation</div><div class="half_rhythm">
|
|
<i>Example:</i>
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44681" class="half_rhythm"><div>Blue, Rupert (Surgeon General, Bureau of the Public Health Service, Treasury Department, Washington, DC). Letter to: Wm. H. Welch (American Red Cross, Paris, FR). 1919 Mar 18. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 211.</div></li></ul>
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|
</div></li><li id="A44682" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">If the author's title is given in place of a name, put the title in the author position. If the actual name is located elsewhere, add it surname first in square brackets after the title.</div><div class="half_rhythm">
|
|
<i>Example:</i>
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44683" class="half_rhythm"><div>Secretary of War (Washington, DC). Letter to: Commander, Fort Dearborn (Illinois). 1846 Mar 7. 15 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W6 P3 v.7481 box 916 no.1.</div></li><li id="A44684" class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<i>or</i>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44685" class="half_rhythm"><div>Secretary of War [Marcy, William L.] (Washington, DC). Letter to: Commander, Fort Dearborn (Illinois). 1846 Mar 7. 15 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W6 P3 v.7481 box 916 no.1.</div></li></ul>
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|
</div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44686"><div id="A44686" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 13</span><span class="title">Organizational names for affiliations not in English</span></h3>
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<ul><li id="A44687" class="half_rhythm"><div>Begin with the department and name of the organization, followed by the city, the two-letter abbreviation for the US state or Canadian province (see <a href="/books/n/citmed/appe/?report=reader">Appendix E</a>), and the country name or ISO country code (see <a href="/books/n/citmed/appd/?report=reader">Appendix D</a>) if non-US. Place the affiliation in parentheses.</div></li><li id="A44688" class="half_rhythm"><div>Provide the name in the original language for non-English organization names found in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44689" class="half_rhythm"><div>Carpentier, Antoine F. (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris, France).</div></li><li id="A44690" class="half_rhythm"><div>Marubini, Ettore (Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy).</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44691" class="half_rhythm"><div>Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate organizational names in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the <i><a href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ALA-LC Romanization Tables</a></i>.<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44692" class="half_rhythm"><div>Barbulescu, Mihai (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea, Bucarest, Romania).</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44693" class="half_rhythm"><div>Translate organizational names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44694" class="half_rhythm"><div>Susaki, Kanako (First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan).</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44695" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.<ul><li id="A44696" class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44697" class="half_rhythm"><div>Å   <i>treated as</i>   A</div></li><li id="A44698" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ø   <i>treated as</i>   O</div></li><li id="A44699" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ç   <i>treated as</i>   C</div></li><li id="A44700" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ł   <i>treated as</i>   L</div></li><li id="A44701" class="half_rhythm"><div>à   <i>treated as</i>   a</div></li><li id="A44702" class="half_rhythm"><div>ĝ   <i>treated as</i>   g</div></li><li id="A44703" class="half_rhythm"><div>ñ   <i>treated as</i>   n</div></li><li id="A44704" class="half_rhythm"><div>ü   <i>treated as</i>   u</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44705" class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they were two letters<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44706" class="half_rhythm"><div>æ   <i>treated as</i>   ae</div></li><li id="A44707" class="half_rhythm"><div>œ   <i>treated as</i>   oe</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44708" class="half_rhythm"><div>Use the English form of names for cities and countries whenever possible. For example, Vienna for Wien and Spain for Espana. However, the name found on the publication may always be used.</div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44709"><div id="A44709" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 14</span><span class="title">Names for cities and countries not in English</span></h3>
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<ul><li id="A44710" class="half_rhythm"><div>Use the English form for names of cities and countries whenever possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44711" class="half_rhythm"><div>Moskva   <i>becomes</i>   Moscow</div></li><li id="A44712" class="half_rhythm"><div>Wien   <i>becomes</i>   Vienna</div></li><li id="A44713" class="half_rhythm"><div>Italia   <i>becomes</i>   Italy</div></li><li id="A44714" class="half_rhythm"><div>Espana   <i>becomes</i>   Spain</div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44715"><div id="A44715" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 15</span><span class="title">No affiliation found</span></h3>
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<ul><li id="A44716" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">If no affiliation is found or the affiliation is incomplete but it can be determined from elsewhere in the letter or from knowledge of the writer, put the place name in square brackets</div><div class="half_rhythm">
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|
<i>Examples:</i>
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44717" class="half_rhythm"><div>Nightingale, Florence (115 Park Street, W, [London, GB]). Letter to: Marquis Townshend. 1864 Jul 27. 4 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 179.</div></li><li id="A44718" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pina, Luciano (Santiago, Chile). Letter to: D.M. Arroyo de Veracruz ([Mexico]). 1845 Jun 26. 4 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 196. Spanish.</div></li></ul>
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</div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44719"><div id="A44719" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 16</span><span class="title">Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them</span></h3>
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<ul><li id="A44720" class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep hyphens in surnames<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44721" class="half_rhythm"><div>Estelle Palmer-Canton</div></li><li id="A44722" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ahmed El-Assmy</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44723" class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep particles, such as O', D', and L'<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44724" class="half_rhythm"><div>Alan D. O'Brien</div></li><li id="A44725" class="half_rhythm"><div>James O. L'Esperance</div></li><li id="A44726" class="half_rhythm"><div>U. S'adeh</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44727" class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep all other punctuation in surnames<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44728" class="half_rhythm"><div>Charles A. St. James</div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44729"><div id="A44729" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 17</span><span class="title">Other surname rules</span></h3>
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<ul><li id="A44730" class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep prefixes in surnames<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44731" class="half_rhythm"><div>Lama Al Bassit</div></li><li id="A44732" class="half_rhythm"><div>Jiddeke M. van de Kamp</div></li><li id="A44733" class="half_rhythm"><div>Gerard de Pouvourville</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44734" class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep compound surnames even if no hyphen appears<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44735" class="half_rhythm"><div>Sergio Lopez Moreno</div></li><li id="A44736" class="half_rhythm"><div>Jaime Mier y Teran</div></li><li id="A44737" class="half_rhythm"><div>Virginie Halley des Fontaines</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44738" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.<ul><li id="A44739" class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44740" class="half_rhythm"><div>Å   <i>treated as</i>   A</div></li><li id="A44741" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ø   <i>treated as</i>   O</div></li><li id="A44742" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ç   <i>treated as</i>   C</div></li><li id="A44743" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ł   <i>treated as</i>   L</div></li><li id="A44744" class="half_rhythm"><div>à   <i>treated as</i>   a</div></li><li id="A44745" class="half_rhythm"><div>ĝ   <i>treated as</i>   g</div></li><li id="A44746" class="half_rhythm"><div>ñ   <i>treated as</i>   n</div></li><li id="A44747" class="half_rhythm"><div>ü   <i>treated as</i>   u</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44748" class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44749" class="half_rhythm"><div>æ   <i>treated as</i>   ae</div></li><li id="A44750" class="half_rhythm"><div>œ   <i>treated as</i>   oe</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44751"><div id="A44751" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 18</span><span class="title">Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle</span></h3>
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|
<ul><li id="A44752" class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep hyphens joining given (first or middle) names<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44753" class="half_rhythm"><div>Jean-Louis Lagrot</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44754" class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep prefixes, prepositions, or other particles<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44755" class="half_rhythm"><div>D'Arcy Hart</div></li><li id="A44756" class="half_rhythm"><div>W. St. John Patterson</div></li><li id="A44757" class="half_rhythm"><div>De la Broquerie Fortier</div></li><li id="A44758" class="half_rhythm"><div>Craig McC. Brooks</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44759" class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US publications use abbreviations of conventional given names rather than single initials, such as St. for Stefan.<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44760" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ch. Wunderly</div></li><li id="A44761" class="half_rhythm"><div>Charles Fr. Erdman</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44762" class="half_rhythm"><div>For non-English names that have been romanized (written in the roman alphabet), capitalize only the first letter if an initial is represented by more than one letter<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44763" class="half_rhythm"><div>Iu. A. Iakontov</div></li><li id="A44764" class="half_rhythm"><div>Georgios Th. Tsakalos</div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44765"><div id="A44765" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 19</span><span class="title">Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name</span></h3>
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|
<ul><li id="A44766" class="half_rhythm"><div>Omit degrees, titles, and honors such as M.D. following a personal name<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44767" class="half_rhythm"><div>James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S.   <i>becomes</i>   James A. Reed</div></li><li id="A44768" class="half_rhythm"><div>Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D.   <i>becomes</i>   Kristine Schmidt</div></li><li id="A44769" class="half_rhythm"><div>Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army   <i>becomes</i>   Robert V. Lang</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44770" class="half_rhythm"><div>Omit rank and honors such as Colonel or Sir that precede a name, unless no given name is provided<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44771" class="half_rhythm"><div>Sir Frances Hildebrand   <i>becomes</i>   Frances Hildebrand</div></li><li id="A44772" class="half_rhythm"><div>Dr. Jane Eberhard   <i>becomes</i>   Jane Eberhard</div></li><li id="A44773" class="half_rhythm"><div>Captain R.C. Williams   <i>becomes</i>   R.C. Williams</div></li><li id="A44774" class="half_rhythm"><div><i>but</i></div></li><li id="A44775" class="half_rhythm"><div>Dr. Morton   <i>remains</i>   Dr. Morton</div></li><li id="A44776" class="half_rhythm"><div>Major Robertson   <i>remains</i>   Major Robertson</div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44777"><div id="A44777" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 20</span><span class="title">Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III</span></h3>
|
|
<ul><li id="A44778" class="half_rhythm"><div>Place family designations of rank after the surname</div></li><li id="A44779" class="half_rhythm"><div>Omit any commas between the surname and the designation</div></li><li id="A44780" class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow Jr or Sr with a period</div></li><li id="A44781" class="half_rhythm"><div>Convert roman numerals to arabic ordinals</div><div>
|
|
<i>Examples:</i>
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44782" class="half_rhythm"><div>Vincent T. DeVita, Jr.   <i>becomes</i>   Vincent T. DeVita Jr.</div></li><li id="A44783" class="half_rhythm"><div>James G. Jones, II   <i>becomes</i>   James G. Jones 2nd</div></li><li id="A44784" class="half_rhythm"><div>John A. Adams III   <i>becomes</i>   John A. Adams 3rd</div></li><li id="A44785" class="half_rhythm"><div>Henry B. Cooper IV   <i>becomes</i>   Henry B. Cooper 4th</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44786"><div id="A44786" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 21</span><span class="title">Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)</span></h3><p>Romanization, a form of transliteration, means using the roman (Latin) alphabet to represent the letters or characters of another alphabet. A good authority for romanization is the <i><a href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ALA-LC Romanization Tables</a></i>.</p>
|
|
<ul><li id="A44787" class="half_rhythm"><div>Romanize names in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.), Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or character-based languages, such as Chinese and Japanese</div></li><li id="A44788" class="half_rhythm"><div>Capitalize only the first letter of romanized names if the original initial is represented by more than one letter<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44789" class="half_rhythm"><div>Iu. A. Iakontov</div></li><li id="A44790" class="half_rhythm"><div>Georgios Th. Tsakalos</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44791" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.<ul><li id="A44792" class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44793" class="half_rhythm"><div>Å   <i>treated as</i>   A</div></li><li id="A44794" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ø   <i>treated as</i>   O</div></li><li id="A44795" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ç   <i>treated as</i>   C</div></li><li id="A44796" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ł   <i>treated as</i>   L</div></li><li id="A44797" class="half_rhythm"><div>à   <i>treated as</i>   a</div></li><li id="A44798" class="half_rhythm"><div>ĝ   <i>treated as</i>   g</div></li><li id="A44799" class="half_rhythm"><div>ñ   <i>treated as</i>   n</div></li><li id="A44800" class="half_rhythm"><div>ü   <i>treated as</i>   u</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44801" class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they were two letters<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44802" class="half_rhythm"><div>æ   <i>treated as</i>   ae</div></li><li id="A44803" class="half_rhythm"><div>œ   <i>treated as</i>   oe</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
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|
</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44804"><div id="A44804" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 22</span><span class="title">Titles in recipient names</span></h3>
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|
<ul><li id="A44805" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">If the recipient's title is given, place it at the beginning of the affiliation<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44806" class="half_rhythm"><div>Letter to: Rupert Blue (Surgeon General, Bureau of the Public Health Service, Treasury Department, Washington, DC).</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44807" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">If the recipient's title is given in place of a name, put the title in the recipient position. If the actual name is located elsewhere, add it in square brackets following the title.</div><div class="half_rhythm">
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|
<i>Examples:</i>
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44808" class="half_rhythm"><div>Letter to: Secretary of War (Washington, DC).</div></li><li id="A44809" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<i>or</i>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44810" class="half_rhythm"><div>Letter to: Secretary of War [William Endicott] (Washington, DC).</div></li><li id="A44811" class="half_rhythm"><div>Letter to: Dr. Morton ([Boston, MA]).</div></li><li id="A44812" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<i>or</i>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44813" class="half_rhythm"><div>Letter to: Dr. Morton [William Thomas Morton] ([Boston, MA]).</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44814"><div id="A44814" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 23</span><span class="title">Organization as recipient</span></h3><p>An organization such as a university, society, association, corporation, or governmental body may serve as the recipient of a letter.</p>
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|
<ul><li id="A44815" class="half_rhythm"><div>Omit "The" preceding an organizational name<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44816" class="half_rhythm"><div>The American Cancer Society   <i>becomes</i>   American Cancer Society</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44817" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a division or another part of an organization is included in the publication, give the parts of the name in hierarchical order, separated by commas<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44818" class="half_rhythm"><div>Committee on Ethics, American Medical Association.</div></li><li id="A44819" class="half_rhythm"><div>Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44820" class="half_rhythm"><div>When citing organizations that are national bodies such as government agencies, if a nationality is not part of the name, place the country in parentheses after the name, using the two-letter ISO country code (see <a href="/books/n/citmed/appd/?report=reader">Appendix D</a>)<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44821" class="half_rhythm"><div>National Academy of Sciences (US).</div></li><li id="A44822" class="half_rhythm"><div>Royal Marsden Hospital (GB).</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44823" class="half_rhythm"><div>For names of organizations in languages other than English:<ul><li id="A44824" class="half_rhythm"><div>Give names in languages using the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear in the publication. Whenever possible follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44825" class="half_rhythm"><div>Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica del CNR.</div></li><li id="A44826" class="half_rhythm"><div>Universitatsmedizin Berlin.</div></li><li id="A44827" class="half_rhythm"><div>Nordisk Anaestesiologisk Forening [Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiologists].</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44828" class="half_rhythm"><div>Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate names of organizations in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the <i><a href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ALA-LC Romanization Tables</a></i>. Whenever possible follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44829" class="half_rhythm"><div>Rossiiskoe Respiratornoe Obshchestvo [Russian Respiratory Society].</div></li><li id="A44830" class="half_rhythm"><div><i>or</i></div></li><li id="A44831" class="half_rhythm"><div>[Russian Respiratory Society].</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44832" class="half_rhythm"><div>Translate names of organizations in character-based languages such as Chinese and Japanese. Place all translations in square brackets.<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44833" class="half_rhythm"><div>[Chinese Medical Society].</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44834" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.<ul><li id="A44835" class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44836" class="half_rhythm"><div>Å   <i>treated as</i>   A</div></li><li id="A44837" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ø   <i>treated as</i>   O</div></li><li id="A44838" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ç   <i>treated as</i>   C</div></li><li id="A44839" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ł   <i>treated as</i>   L</div></li><li id="A44840" class="half_rhythm"><div>à   <i>treated as</i>   a</div></li><li id="A44841" class="half_rhythm"><div>ĝ   <i>treated as</i>   g</div></li><li id="A44842" class="half_rhythm"><div>ñ   <i>treated as</i>   n</div></li><li id="A44843" class="half_rhythm"><div>ü   <i>treated as</i>   u</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44844" class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they were two letters<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44845" class="half_rhythm"><div>æ   <i>treated as</i>   ae</div></li><li id="A44846" class="half_rhythm"><div>œ   <i>treated as</i>   oe</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
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|
</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44847"><div id="A44847" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 24</span><span class="title">Options for recipient names</span></h3><p>The following format is not NLM practice for citing recipients, but is an acceptable option:</p>
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|
<ul><li id="A44848" class="half_rhythm"><div>Given (first) and middle names of recipients may be reduced to initials. See <a href="/books/n/citmed/A32352/?report=reader">Chapter 1</a> for instructions on converting names to initials. <ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44849" class="half_rhythm"><div>Y Takagi</div></li><li id="A44850" class="half_rhythm"><div>MA Moskowitz</div></li></ul>
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|
</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44851"><div id="A44851" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 25</span><span class="title">Abbreviations in affiliations</span></h3>
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|
<ul><li id="A44852" class="half_rhythm"><div>Abbreviate commonly used words in affiliations, if desired. Follow all abbreviated words with a period. <ul class="simple-list"><li id="A63403" class="half_rhythm"><div><i>Examples:</i>
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|
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44853" class="half_rhythm"><div>Acad. for Academy</div></li><li id="A44854" class="half_rhythm"><div>Assoc. for Association</div></li><li id="A44855" class="half_rhythm"><div>Co. for Company</div></li><li id="A44856" class="half_rhythm"><div>Coll. for College</div></li><li id="A44857" class="half_rhythm"><div>Corp. for Corporation</div></li><li id="A44858" class="half_rhythm"><div>Dept. for Department</div></li><li id="A44859" class="half_rhythm"><div>Div. for Division</div></li><li id="A44860" class="half_rhythm"><div>Inst. for Institute or Institution</div></li><li id="A44861" class="half_rhythm"><div>Soc. for Society</div></li><li id="A44862" class="half_rhythm"><div>Univ. for University</div></li></ul>
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|
</div></li><li id="A63404" class="half_rhythm"><div>See <a href="/books/n/citmed/appc/?report=reader">Appendix C</a> for more abbreviations of commonly used English words.</div></li></ul>
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|
</div></li><li id="A44863" class="half_rhythm"><div>Abbreviate names of US states and Canadian provinces using their official two-letter abbreviations. See <a href="/books/n/citmed/appe/?report=reader">Appendix E</a> for a list of these.</div></li><li id="A44864" class="half_rhythm"><div>Abbreviate names of countries outside of the US and Canada using the two-letter ISO country code, if desired. See <a href="/books/n/citmed/appd/?report=reader">Appendix D</a> for codes of selected countries.</div></li><li id="A44865" class="half_rhythm"><div>Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference in a list of references, abbreviate the same word in all references.</div></li></ul>
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|
</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44866"><div id="A44866" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 26</span><span class="title">E-mail address included</span></h3>
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|
<ul><li id="A44867" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Follow the US state, Canadian province, or country of the author with a period and a space</div></li><li id="A44868" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Insert the e-mail address as it appears in the letter</div></li><li id="A44869" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Place the e-mail address within the closing parenthesis for the author affiliation</div></li><li id="A44870" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Do not end an e-mail address with a period</div><div class="half_rhythm">
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|
<i>Example:</i>
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44871" class="half_rhythm"><div>Karen Patrias (Public Services Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD. patrias@nlm.nih.gov).</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44872"><div id="A44872" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 27</span><span class="title">Title in affiliations</span></h3>
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|
<ul><li id="A44873" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">If the recipient's title is given, place it at the beginning of the affiliation<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44874" class="half_rhythm"><div>Letter to: Rupert Blue (Surgeon General, Bureau of the Public Health Service, Treasury Department, Washington, DC).</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44875" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">If the recipient's title is given in place of a name, put the title in the recipient position. If the actual name is located elsewhere, add it in square brackets following the title.</div><div class="half_rhythm">
|
|
<i>Examples:</i>
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44876" class="half_rhythm"><div>Letter to: Secretary of War (Washington, DC).</div></li><li id="A44877" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<i>or</i>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44878" class="half_rhythm"><div>Letter to: Secretary of War [William Endicott] (Washington, DC).</div></li><li id="A44879" class="half_rhythm"><div>Letter to: Dr. Morton ([Boston, MA]).</div></li><li id="A44880" class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<i>or</i>
|
|
</div></li><li id="A44881" class="half_rhythm"><div>Letter to: Dr. Morton [William Thomas Morton] ([Boston, MA]).</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44882"><div id="A44882" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 28</span><span class="title">Organizational names for affiliations not in English</span></h3>
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<ul><li id="A44883" class="half_rhythm"><div>Begin with the department and name of the organization, followed by the city, the two-letter abbreviation for the US state or Canadian province (see <a href="/books/n/citmed/appe/?report=reader">Appendix E</a>), and the country name or ISO country code (see <a href="/books/n/citmed/appd/?report=reader">Appendix D</a>) if non-US. Place the affiliation in parentheses.</div></li><li id="A44884" class="half_rhythm"><div>Provide the name in the original language for non-English organization names found in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44885" class="half_rhythm"><div>Letter to: Antoine F. Carpentier (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris, France).</div></li><li id="A44886" class="half_rhythm"><div>Letter to: Ettore Marubini (Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy).</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44887" class="half_rhythm"><div>Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate organizational names if they are in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the <i><a href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ALA-LC Romanization Tables</a></i>.<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44888" class="half_rhythm"><div>Letter to: Mihai Barbulescu (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea, Bucarest, Romania).</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44889" class="half_rhythm"><div>Translate organizational names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44890" class="half_rhythm"><div>Letter to: Kanako Susaki (First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan).</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44891" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.<ul><li id="A44892" class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44893" class="half_rhythm"><div>Å   <i>treated as</i>   A</div></li><li id="A44894" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ø   <i>treated as</i>   O</div></li><li id="A44895" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ç   <i>treated as</i>   C</div></li><li id="A44896" class="half_rhythm"><div>Ł   <i>treated as</i>   L</div></li><li id="A44897" class="half_rhythm"><div>à   <i>treated as</i>   a</div></li><li id="A44898" class="half_rhythm"><div>ĝ   <i>treated as</i>   g</div></li><li id="A44899" class="half_rhythm"><div>ñ   <i>treated as</i>   n</div></li><li id="A44900" class="half_rhythm"><div>ü   <i>treated as</i>   u</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44901" class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they were two letters<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44902" class="half_rhythm"><div>æ   <i>treated as</i>   ae</div></li><li id="A44903" class="half_rhythm"><div>œ   <i>treated as</i>   oe</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44904" class="half_rhythm"><div>Use the English form of names for cities and countries whenever possible. For example, Vienna for Wien and Spain for Espana. However, the name found on the publication may always be used.</div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44905"><div id="A44905" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 29</span><span class="title">Names for cities and countries not in English</span></h3>
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|
<ul><li id="A44906" class="half_rhythm"><div>Use the English form for names of cities and countries whenever possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44907" class="half_rhythm"><div>Moskva   <i>becomes</i>   Moscow</div></li><li id="A44908" class="half_rhythm"><div>Wien   <i>becomes</i>   Vienna</div></li><li id="A44909" class="half_rhythm"><div>Italia   <i>becomes</i>   Italy</div></li><li id="A44910" class="half_rhythm"><div>Espana   <i>becomes</i>   Spain</div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
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|
</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44911"><div id="A44911" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 30</span><span class="title">No affiliation found</span></h3>
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|
<ul><li id="A44912" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">If no affiliation is found or the affiliation is incomplete but it can be determined from elsewhere in the letter or from knowledge of the recipient, put the place name in square brackets</div><div class="half_rhythm">
|
|
<i>Examples:</i>
|
|
<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44913" class="half_rhythm"><div>Wells, Horace (Hartford, CT). Letter to: Dr. Morton ([Boston, MA]). 1846 Oct 20. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 176.</div></li><li id="A44914" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pina, Luciano (Santiago, Chile). Letter to: D.M. Arroyo de Veracruz ([Mexico]). 1845 Jun 26. 4 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 196. Spanish.</div></li></ul>
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|
</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44915"><div id="A44915" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 31</span><span class="title">Non-US forms for dates</span></h3>
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<ul><li id="A44916" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Dates in US letters usually appear in the format month day, year. For example: August 23, 2005.</div></li><li id="A44917" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Dates in other countries may appear in a variety of formats<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44918" class="half_rhythm"><div>2004/12/02</div></li><li id="A44919" class="half_rhythm"><div>30.07.2004</div></li><li id="A44920" class="half_rhythm"><div>2004-10-02</div></li><li id="A44921" class="half_rhythm"><div>14 June 2004</div></li><li id="A44922" class="half_rhythm"><div>15/06/2005</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44923" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Enter the year first, then the month and the day, regardless of the format found<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44924" class="half_rhythm"><div>2004/12/02   <i>becomes</i>   2004 Dec 2</div></li><li id="A44925" class="half_rhythm"><div>30.07.2004   <i>becomes</i>   2004 Jul 30</div></li><li id="A44926" class="half_rhythm"><div>2004-10-02   <i>becomes</i>   2004 Oct 2</div></li><li id="A44927" class="half_rhythm"><div>14 June 2004   <i>becomes</i>   2004 Jun 14</div></li><li id="A44928" class="half_rhythm"><div>15/06/2005   <i>becomes</i>   2005 Jun 15</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44929" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Translate names of months into English and abbreviate them using the first three letters<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44930" class="half_rhythm"><div>mayo = May</div></li><li id="A44931" class="half_rhythm"><div>luty = Feb</div></li><li id="A44932" class="half_rhythm"><div>brezen = Mar</div></li></ul></div><div class="half_rhythm">
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<i>Example:</i>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44933" class="half_rhythm"><div>22 Marz 2002   <i>becomes</i>   2002 Mar 22</div></li></ul>
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</div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44934"><div id="A44934" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 32</span><span class="title">Non-English names for months</span></h3>
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<ul><li id="A44935" class="half_rhythm"><div>Translate names of months into English</div></li><li id="A44936" class="half_rhythm"><div>Abbreviate them using the first three letters</div></li><li id="A44937" class="half_rhythm"><div>Capitalize them</div><div>
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<i>Examples:</i>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44938" class="half_rhythm"><div>mayo = May</div></li><li id="A44939" class="half_rhythm"><div>luty = Feb</div></li><li id="A44940" class="half_rhythm"><div>brezen = Mar</div></li></ul>
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</div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44941"><div id="A44941" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 33</span><span class="title">Seasons instead of months</span></h3>
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<ul><li id="A44942" class="half_rhythm"><div>Translate names of seasons into English</div></li><li id="A44943" class="half_rhythm"><div>Capitalize them</div></li><li id="A44944" class="half_rhythm"><div>Do not abbreviate them</div><div>
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<i>For example:</i>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44945" class="half_rhythm"><div>balvan = Summer</div></li><li id="A44946" class="half_rhythm"><div>outomno = Fall</div></li><li id="A44947" class="half_rhythm"><div>hiver = Winter</div></li><li id="A44948" class="half_rhythm"><div>pomlad = Spring</div></li></ul>
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</div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44949"><div id="A44949" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 34</span><span class="title">No date can be found</span></h3>
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<ul><li id="A44950" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a date cannot be found, but a date can be estimated from the content of the letter or in accompanying material, place a question mark after the estimated date and place date information in square brackets<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44951" class="half_rhythm"><div>Bell, John ([Edinburgh, Scotland]). Letter to: Cadell and Davies, Book Sellers ([London, England]). [1793?]. 8 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 291.</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44952" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a date cannot be found or estimated, use [date unknown]<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44953" class="half_rhythm"><div>Hennen, John (Edinburgh, Scotland). Letter to: Dr. Duncan. [date unknown]. 9 p. Located at: History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W6 P3 v.1575.</div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44954"><div id="A44954" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 34a</span><span class="title">Options for date</span></h3><p>It is not NLM policy, but the following is an acceptable option:</p><p>The date for the personal communication may follow the author names in the list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is used.</p>
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<ul><li id="A44955" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Use the complete date of the communication</div></li><li id="A44956" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Place the date after the author and any author affiliation, followed by a period</div><div class="half_rhythm">
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<i>NLM citation:</i>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44957" class="half_rhythm"><div>Anfinsen, Christian B. (Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD). Letter to: Cyril Ponnamperuma (University of Maryland, College Park, MD). 1991 Apr 23. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 496, Box 8, Folder 3.</div></li></ul>
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">
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<i>Name-year system of citation:</i>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44958" class="half_rhythm"><div>Anfinsen, Christian B. (Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD). 1991 Apr 23. Letter to: Cyril Ponnamperuma (University of Maryland, College Park, MD). 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 496, Box 8, Folder 3.</div></li></ul>
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</div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44959"><div id="A44959" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 35</span><span class="title">Roman numerals used as page numbers</span></h3><p>If the pages of a letter have roman numerals instead of the usual arabic numbers:</p>
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<ul><li id="A44960" class="half_rhythm"><div>Convert the roman numeral on the last page of the text to an arabic number</div></li><li id="A44961" class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow the number by "p."</div></li><li id="A44962" class="half_rhythm"><div>Place the number and "p." in square brackets, such as [12 p.]</div></li><li id="A44963" class="half_rhythm"><div>End page information with a period</div><div><i>Example:</i> [20 p.].</div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44964"><div id="A44964" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 36</span><span class="title">Name and location of a public archive</span></h3><p>Information on a library or other public archive where the letter may be seen is helpful to the reader.</p>
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<ul><li id="A44965" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Enter the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space</div></li><li id="A44966" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Give the name of the library or archive, preceded by any subsidiary division(s), and followed by a comma and a space. For example: Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.</div></li><li id="A44967" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Follow the library or archive name with the city, a comma, and the two-letter abbreviation for the US state or Canadian province (see <a href="/books/n/citmed/appe/?report=reader">Appendix E</a>); add the country if not the US or Canada, either written out or as two-letter ISO country code (see <a href="/books/n/citmed/appd/?report=reader">Appendix D</a>)</div></li><li id="A44968" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Enter a semicolon and any identifying number for the manuscript</div></li><li id="A44969" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">End library or archive information with a period</div><div class="half_rhythm">
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<i>Example:</i>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44970" class="half_rhythm"><div>Joseph Eastman Sanitorium (Indianapolis, IN). Letter to: Wm. E. Lybrook (Young America, IN). 1904 Nov 17. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 358.</div></li></ul>
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</div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44971"><div id="A44971" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 37</span><span class="title">Restrictions on use</span></h3>
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<ul><li id="A44972" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">A library or other archive may place a variety of types of restrictions on the use of letters. For example, letters may only be available with an appointment or to scholars at the doctorate level. This information may be provided as a note at the end of the citation. Complete sentences are not required.</div><div class="half_rhythm">
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<i>Examples:</i>
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<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44973" class="half_rhythm"><div>Materials stored offsite; 24 hour prior notice required for delivery.</div></li><li id="A44974" class="half_rhythm"><div>Written permission required to quote, cite, paraphrase, or publish any of Dr. Henle's unpublished material during her lifetime.</div></li></ul>
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</div></li></ul>
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</div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobA44975"><div id="A44975" class="box"><h3><span class="label">Box 38</span><span class="title">Other types of material to include in notes</span></h3><p>Notes is a collective term for any type of useful information given after the citation itself. Examples include:</p>
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<ul><li id="A44976" class="half_rhythm"><div>information on any material accompanying the letter<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44977" class="half_rhythm"><div>Blue, Rupert (Surgeon General, US Public Health Service, Washington, DC). Letter to: Wm. H. Welch (American Red Cross, Paris, FR). 1919 Mar 18. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 211. Accompanied by: Blue's "Memorandum Relative to the Development of National and International Programs of Public Health."</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="A44978" class="half_rhythm"><div>explanatory information on the content of the letter<ul class="simple-list"><li id="A44979" class="half_rhythm"><div>Reed, Walter (Army Medical Museum, Washington, DC). Letter to: W.S. Halstead (Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD). 1985 Apr 10. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 200. Letter asking if Halsted could perform a hernia operation on the carpenter of the Army Medical Museum.</div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
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