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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>McCune-Albright Syndrome - Medical Genetics Summaries - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK66130_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">McCune-Albright Syndrome</span></h1><p class="contribs">Dean L.</p><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK66130_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p><p><em>Estimated reading time: 4 minutes</em></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="mccunealbright.Characteristics"><h2 id="_mccunealbright_Characteristics_">Characteristics</h2><p>McCune-Albright Syndrome (MAS) is a rare genetic disorder originally characterized as the triad of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone, precocious puberty, and café-au-lait skin pigmentation (<a class="bibr" href="#mccunealbright.REF.1" rid="mccunealbright.REF.1 mccunealbright.REF.2 mccunealbright.REF.3">1-3</a>). With time other associated endocrinopathies have been recognized, including hyperthyroidism, growth hormone excess, FGF23-mediated phosphate wasting, and hypercortisolism (<a class="bibr" href="#mccunealbright.REF.4" rid="mccunealbright.REF.4 mccunealbright.REF.5">4, 5</a>).</p><p>MAS is caused by an activating mutation in the <i>GNAS</i> gene, which encodes the alpha subunit of the stimulatory G protein involved in G-protein signaling (<a class="bibr" href="#mccunealbright.REF.6" rid="mccunealbright.REF.6 mccunealbright.REF.7">6, 7</a>). A missense mutation, typically Arg201Cys or Arg201His (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/15933/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NM_001077488.3:c.604C>T</a>, rs11554273), impairs the intrinsic GTPase activity of the Gsα protein, resulting in the constitutive activation of the Gsα-cAMP signaling pathway in the cells that contain the mutation.</p><p>The mutation arises early in embryogenesis and is distributed in a mosaic pattern. The clinical phenotype is therefore highly variable, depending upon the location and timing of the mutation during embryologic development. Skin manifestations are common and are usually present at or shortly after birth. The café-au-lait spots typically have irregular margins giving them a “coast of Maine” appearance, and usually show an association with the midline of the body.</p><p>In MAS, fibrous dysplasia of bone typically occurs at several sites (polyostotic), and commonly presents with fracture, deformity and/or bone pain (<a class="bibr" href="#mccunealbright.REF.8" rid="mccunealbright.REF.8">8</a>). Radiographs show characteristic expansile lesions with a “ground glass” appearance. Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia can be severe in individuals who have pituitary disorders leading to hypersecretion of growth hormone. Treatment can be challenging and should begin as soon as possible.</p><p>In girls, precocious puberty is a common initial manifestation, with recurrent ovarian cysts leading to episodes of vaginal bleeding and breast development. Precocious puberty is less common in boys, presenting with penile enlargement, pubic and axillary hair, acne, body odor, and sexual behavior. However, in both girls and boys, there is a high frequency of gonadal pathology (ovarian abnormalities in girls, and testicular abnormalities in boys) (<a class="bibr" href="#mccunealbright.REF.9" rid="mccunealbright.REF.9">9</a>).</p></div><div id="mccunealbright.Diagnosis"><h2 id="_mccunealbright_Diagnosis_">Diagnosis</h2><p>The NIH Genetic Testing Registry, GTR, displays genetic tests that are currently available for the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/all/tests/?term=2778%5Bgeneid%5D" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"><i>GNAS</i> gene</a> and the <a href="/gtr/all/tests/?term=C0242292%5BDISCUI%5D" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">McCune-Albright Syndrome</a>.</p><p>Currently, the diagnosis of McCune-Albright syndrome is made clinically in most cases. This is due to the mosaic nature of the disease whereby a negative genetic test result (e.g., in blood) does not exclude the presence of the mutation in other tissues. However, newer techniques such as digital PCR may improve the sensitivity of genetic testing in individuals who have clinical signs of McCune-Albright syndrome (<a class="bibr" href="#mccunealbright.REF.10" rid="mccunealbright.REF.10 mccunealbright.REF.11">10, 11</a>).</p></div><div id="mccunealbright.Management"><h2 id="_mccunealbright_Management_">Management</h2><p>Treatment is individualized based on each patient’s clinical presentation. Letrozole (<a class="bibr" href="#mccunealbright.REF.12" rid="mccunealbright.REF.12">12</a>) and/or tamoxifen (<a class="bibr" href="#mccunealbright.REF.13" rid="mccunealbright.REF.13">13</a>) may be effective for treatment of precocious puberty in girls. Medications and/or surgery may be used for treatment of hyperthyroidism (<a class="bibr" href="#mccunealbright.REF.14" rid="mccunealbright.REF.14 mccunealbright.REF.15">14, 15</a>), growth hormone excess (<a class="bibr" href="#mccunealbright.REF.16" rid="mccunealbright.REF.16 mccunealbright.REF.17">16, 17</a>), and hypercortisolism (<a class="bibr" href="#mccunealbright.REF.18" rid="mccunealbright.REF.18">18</a>). Management of fibrous dysplasia of bone is palliative, with surgery as needed for fracture and deformity (<a class="bibr" href="#mccunealbright.REF.19" rid="mccunealbright.REF.19 mccunealbright.REF.20">19, 20</a>). Bisphosphonates are effective for treatment of fibrous dysplasia-related pain, but have not been shown to have any long-term effect on the course of the disease (<a class="bibr" href="#mccunealbright.REF.21" rid="mccunealbright.REF.21 mccunealbright.REF.22">21, 22</a>).</p></div><div id="mccunealbright.Genetic_Counseling"><h2 id="_mccunealbright_Genetic_Counseling_">Genetic Counseling</h2><p>McCune-Albright syndrome is caused by a new (de novo) mutation that occurs after conception, at an early stage of development. Individuals with McCune-Albright syndrome have not been observed to pass the syndrome on to their children.</p></div><div id="mccunealbright.Acknowledgments"><h2 id="_mccunealbright_Acknowledgments_">Acknowledgments</h2><p>The author would like to thank Albert Beckers MD, PhD, and Adrian F. Daly MB BCh, PhD, Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Belgium, for reviewing this summary.</p></div><div id="mccunealbright.Version_History"><h2 id="_mccunealbright_Version_History_">Version History</h2><p>To view an earlier version (8 March 2012), please click <a href="/books/NBK66130/bin/20120917mccunealbright.pdf">here</a>.</p></div><div id="mccunealbright.References"><h2 id="_mccunealbright_References_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.1">Albright F, B.A., Hampton AO, Smith P. Syndrome characterized by osteitis fibrosa disseminata, areas, of pigmentation, and endocrine dysfunction, with precocious puberty in females: report of 5 cases. <span><span class="ref-journal">N Engl J Med. </span>1937;<span class="ref-vol">216</span>:727–746.</span></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.2">McCune D. Osteitis fibrosa cystica: the case of a nine-year-old girl who also exhibits precocious puberty, multiple pigmentation of the skin and hyperthyroidism. <span><span class="ref-journal">Am J Dis Child. </span>1936;<span class="ref-vol">52</span>:743–744.</span></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.3">Boyce, A.M. and M.T. Collins, Fibrous Dysplasia/McCune-Albright Syndrome, in GeneReviews(R), R.A. Pagon, et al., Editors. 1993: Seattle (WA).</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.4">Dumitrescu C.E., Collins M.T. McCune-Albright syndrome. <span><span class="ref-journal">Orphanet J Rare Dis. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">3</span>:12.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2459161/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2459161</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18489744" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18489744</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.5">Collins MT. S.F., Eugster E, McCune-Albright syndrome and the extraskeletal manifestations of fibrous dysplasia. <span><span class="ref-journal">Orphanet J Rare Dis. </span>2012;<span class="ref-vol">7</span> Suppl 1:S4.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3359955/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3359955</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22640971" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22640971</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.6">Weinstein L.S., Shenker A., Gejman P.V., Merino M.J., et al. Activating mutations of the stimulatory G protein in the McCune-Albright syndrome. <span><span class="ref-journal">The New England journal of medicine. </span>1991;<span class="ref-vol">325</span>(24):1688–95.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1944469" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1944469</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.7">Schwindinger W.F., Francomano C.A., Levine M.A. Identification of a mutation in the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the stimulatory G protein of adenylyl cyclase in McCune-Albright syndrome. <span><span class="ref-journal">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. </span>1992;<span class="ref-vol">89</span>(11):5152–6.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC49247/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC49247</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1594625" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1594625</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.8">Collins M, R.M., Bianco P., Fibrous dysplasia. In: Rosen C (ed.) Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism, 2008. <strong>1</strong>(American Society of Bone and Mineral Research, Washington, D.C.): p. 423-428.</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.9">Boyce A.M., Chong W.H., Shawker T.H., Pinto P.A., et al. Characterization and management of testicular pathology in McCune-Albright syndrome. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Clin Endocrinol Metab. </span>2012;<span class="ref-vol">97</span>(9):E1782–90.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3431566/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3431566</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22745241" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22745241</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.10">Vasilev V., Daly A.F., Thiry A., Petrossians P., et al. McCune-Albright syndrome: a detailed pathological and genetic analysis of disease effects in an adult patient. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Clin Endocrinol Metab. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">99</span>(10):E2029–38.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25062453" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25062453</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.11">Rostomyan L., Beckers A. Screening for genetic causes of growth hormone hypersecretion. <span><span class="ref-journal">Growth Horm IGF Res. </span>2016;<span class="ref-vol">30-31</span>:52–57.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27756606" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27756606</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.12">Feuillan P., Calis K., Hill S., Shawker T., et al. Letrozole treatment of precocious puberty in girls with the McCune-Albright syndrome: a pilot study. <span><span class="ref-journal">The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. </span>2007;<span class="ref-vol">92</span>(6):2100–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17405850" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17405850</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.13">Eugster E.A., Rubin S.D., Reiter E.O., Plourde P., et al. Tamoxifen treatment for precocious puberty in McCune-Albright syndrome: a multicenter trial. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Pediatr. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">143</span>(1):60–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12915825" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12915825</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.14">Mastorakos G. M.N., Doufas AG, Koutras DA, Hyperthyroidism in McCune-Albright syndrome with a review of thyroid abnormalities sixty years after the first report. <span><span class="ref-journal">Thyroid. </span>1997;<span class="ref-vol">7</span>(3):433–9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9226216" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9226216</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.15">Celi F.S., Coppotelli G., Chidakel A., Kelly M., et al. The role of type 1 and type 2 5'-deiodinase in the pathophysiology of the 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine toxicosis of McCune-Albright syndrome. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Clin Endocrinol Metab. </span>2008;<span class="ref-vol">93</span>(6):2383–9.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2435649/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2435649</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18349068" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18349068</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.16">Akintoye S.O., Chebli C., Booher S., Feuillan P., et al. Characterization of gsp-mediated growth hormone excess in the context of McCune-Albright syndrome. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Clin Endocrinol Metab. </span>2002;<span class="ref-vol">87</span>(11):5104–12.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12414879" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12414879</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.17">Akintoye S.O., Kelly M.H., Brillante B., Cherman N., et al. Pegvisomant for the treatment of gsp-mediated growth hormone excess in patients with McCune-Albright syndrome. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Clin Endocrinol Metab. </span>2006;<span class="ref-vol">91</span>(8):2960–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16720661" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16720661</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.18">Brown R.J., Kelly M.H., Collins M.T. Cushing syndrome in the McCune-Albright syndrome. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Clin Endocrinol Metab. </span>2010;<span class="ref-vol">95</span>(4):1508–15.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2853983/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2853983</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20157193" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20157193</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.19">Stanton RP. I.E., Springfield D, Lindaman L, Wientroub S, Leet A., The surgical management of fibrous dysplasia of bone. <span><span class="ref-journal">Orphanet J Rare Dis. </span>2012;<span class="ref-vol">7</span> Suppl 1:S1.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3359959/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3359959</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22640754" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22640754</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.20">Lee J, F.E., Chen Y, Kim H, Lustig L, Akintoye S, Collins M, Kaban L., Clinical guidelines for the management of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia. 2012. <strong>7</strong>(Suppl 1): p. S2. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3359960/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3359960</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22640797" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22640797</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>21.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.21">Plotkin H., Rauch F., Zeitlin L., Munns C., et al. Effect of pamidronate treatment in children with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Clin Endocrinol Metab. </span>2003;<span class="ref-vol">88</span>(10):4569–75.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14557424" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14557424</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>22.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="mccunealbright.REF.22">Collins M.T., Kushner H., Reynolds J.C., Chebli C., et al. An instrument to measure skeletal burden and predict functional outcome in fibrous dysplasia of bone. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Bone Miner Res. </span>2005;<span class="ref-vol">20</span>(2):219–26.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15647815" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15647815</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK66130_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Author Information and Affiliations</h3><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">Laura Dean</span>, MD<sup>1</sup>.</p><h4>Affiliations</h4><div class="affiliation"><sup>1</sup> NCBI<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.hin.mln.ibcn@sgm" class="oemail">vog.hin.mln.ibcn@sgm</a></div></div><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">March 8, 2012</span>; Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">March 6, 2017</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a><p class="small">All Medical Genetics Summaries content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)</a> license which permits copying, distribution, and adaptation of the work, provided the original work is properly cited and any changes from the original work are properly indicated. Any altered, transformed, or adapted form of the work may only be distributed under the same or similar license to this one.</p></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=books" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Dean L. McCune-Albright Syndrome. 2012 Mar 8 [Updated 2017 Mar 6]. In: Pratt VM, Scott SA, Pirmohamed M, et al., editors. Medical Genetics Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2012-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/gtrbook/achoo/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/gtrbook/mthfr/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">if (typeof (jQuery) != 'undefined') { (function ($) { $(function () { var min = Math.ceil(1); var max = Math.floor(100000); var randomNum = Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min)) + min; var surveyUrl = "/projects/Gene/portal/surveys/seqdbui-survey.js?rando=" + randomNum.toString(); $.getScript(surveyUrl, function () { try { ncbi.seqDbUISurvey.init(); } catch (err) { console.info(err); } }).fail(function (jqxhr, settings, exception) { console.info('Cannot load survey script', jqxhr); });; }); })(jQuery); };</script></div></div>
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