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<div id="jr" data-jr-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/"><div class="jr-unsupported"><table class="modal"><tr><td><span class="attn inline-block"></span><br />Your browser does not support the NLM PubReader view.<br />Go to <a href="/pmc/about/pr-browsers/">this page</a> to see a list of supported browsers<br />or return to the <br /><a href="/books/NBK66063/?report=classic">regular view</a>.</td></tr></table></div><div id="jr-ui" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-head"><div class="flexh tb"><div id="jr-tb1"><a id="jr-links-sw" class="hidden" title="Links"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 70.6 85.3" style="enable-background:new 0 0 70.6 85.3;vertical-align:middle" xml:space="preserve" width="24" height="24">
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</svg> Books</a></div><div class="jr-rhead f1 flexh"><div class="head"></div><div class="body"><div class="t">Lung Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version</div><div class="j">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]</div></div><div class="tail"></div></div><div id="jr-tb2"><a id="jr-bkhelp-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Help with NLM PubReader">?</a><a id="jr-help-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Settings and typography in NLM PubReader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M462,283.742v-55.485l-29.981-10.662c-11.431-4.065-20.628-12.794-25.274-24.001 c-0.002-0.004-0.004-0.009-0.006-0.013c-4.659-11.235-4.333-23.918,0.889-34.903l13.653-28.724l-39.234-39.234l-28.72,13.652 c-10.979,5.219-23.68,5.546-34.908,0.889c-0.005-0.002-0.01-0.003-0.014-0.005c-11.215-4.65-19.933-13.834-24-25.273L283.741,50 h-55.484l-10.662,29.981c-4.065,11.431-12.794,20.627-24.001,25.274c-0.005,0.002-0.009,0.004-0.014,0.005 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Information</a><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/toc/?report=reader">Table of Contents Page</a><a href="#_NBK66063_">Lung Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-help-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Settings</div></div><div class="cnt f1"><div id="jr-typo-p" class="typo"><div><a class="sf btn wsprkl">A-</a><a class="lf btn wsprkl">A+</a></div><div><a class="bcol-auto btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 200 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text x="10" y="70" style="font-size:60px;font-family: Trebuchet MS, ArialMT, Arial, sans-serif" textLength="180">AUTO</text></svg></a><a class="bcol-1 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M15,25 85,25zM15,40 85,40zM15,55 85,55zM15,70 85,70z"></path></svg></a><a class="bcol-2 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" 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autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" /><a id="jr-fip-mg" class="wsprkl btn" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK66063_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Lung Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contribs">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board.</p><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK66063_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000062825__167">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about lung cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000062825__168">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062825__29"><h2 id="_CDR0000062825__29_">What Is Prevention?</h2><p id="CDR0000062825__30">Cancer prevention is action taken to lower the chance of getting
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cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer
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in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will lower
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the number of deaths caused by cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062825__31">To prevent new cancers from starting, scientists look at <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk
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factors</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a>. Anything that increases your
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chance of developing cancer is called a cancer risk factor;
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anything that decreases your chance of developing cancer is
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called a cancer protective factor.</p><p id="CDR0000062825__32">Some risk factors for cancer can be avoided, but many cannot.
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For example, both smoking and inheriting certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045693/" class="def">genes</a> are
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risk factors for some types of cancer, but only smoking can be
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avoided. Regular exercise and a healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044660/" class="def">diet</a> may be protective
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factors for some types of cancer. Avoiding risk factors and
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increasing protective factors may lower your risk, but it does
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not mean that you will not get cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062825__33">Different ways to prevent cancer are being studied, including:</p><ul id="CDR0000062825__34"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>changing lifestyle or eating habits</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>avoiding things known to cause cancer</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>taking <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicines</a> to treat a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046220/" class="def">precancerous</a> condition or to
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keep cancer from starting</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062825__4"><h2 id="_CDR0000062825__4_">General Information About Lung Cancer</h2><div id="CDR0000062825__4.kp" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__5">Lung cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form
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in the tissues of the lung.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__9">Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062825__5"><h3>Lung cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form
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in the tissues of the lung.</h3><p id="CDR0000062825__7">The lungs are a pair of cone-shaped breathing organs in the chest.
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The lungs bring <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000538149/" class="def">oxygen</a> into the body as you breathe in. They release <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000538147/" class="def">carbon dioxide</a>, a
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waste product of the body's cells, as you breathe out.
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Each lung has sections called lobes. The
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left lung has two lobes. The right
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lung is slightly larger, and has three lobes. A thin membrane called the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045842/" class="def">pleura</a> surrounds the lungs. Two
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tubes called bronchi lead from the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046623/" class="def">trachea</a> (windpipe) to the right and
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left lungs. The bronchi are sometimes also involved in lung cancer. Tiny air sacs called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046209/" class="def">alveoli</a> and small tubes called
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bronchioles make up the inside of
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the lungs. <div id="CDR0000062825__93" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20respiratory%20system%20showing%20the%20trachea%2C%20the%20right%20and%20left%20lungs%20and%20their%20lobes%2C%20and%20the%20bronchi&p=BOOKS&id=605486_CDR0000466533.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66063/bin/CDR0000466533.jpg" alt="Respiratory system anatomy; drawing shows the right lung with the upper, middle, and lower lobes, the left lung with the upper and lower lobes, and the trachea, bronchi, lymph nodes, and diaphragm. An inset shows the bronchioles, alveoli, artery, and vein." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the respiratory system showing the trachea, the right and left lungs and their lobes, and the bronchi. The lymph nodes and the diaphragm are also shown. Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs and passes through the alveoli (the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles) and into the bloodstream (see inset), where it travels to the tissues throughout the body.</p></div></div></p><p id="CDR0000062825__8">There are two main types of lung cancer: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045327/" class="def">small
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cell lung cancer</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045323/" class="def">non-small cell
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lung cancer</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062825__82">Other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summaries containing information related to lung cancer include:</p><ul id="CDR0000062825__83"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000258019/?report=reader">Lung Cancer Screening</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062956/?report=reader">Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062947/?report=reader">Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment</a>
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|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062889/?report=reader">Cigarette Smoking: Health Risks and How to Quit</a>
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062825__9"><h3>Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women.</h3><p id="CDR0000062825__173">Lung cancer rates and deaths are higher in Black men than in other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000784947/" class="def">racial</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000784950/" class="def">ethnic group</a> in the United States.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062825__12"><h2 id="_CDR0000062825__12_">Lung Cancer Prevention</h2><div id="CDR0000062825__12.kp" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__13">Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may
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help prevent lung cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__36">The following are <i>risk</i> factors for lung cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__18">Cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__90">Secondhand smoke</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__129">Family history</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__164">HIV infection</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__22">Environmental risk factors</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__25">Beta carotene supplements in heavy smokers</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__38">The following are <i>protective</i> factors for lung cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__43">Not smoking</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__97">Quitting smoking</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__106">Lower exposure to workplace risk factors </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__109">Lower exposure to radon</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__112">It is not clear if the following decrease the risk of lung cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__114">Diet</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__117">Physical activity</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__152">The following do not decrease the risk of lung cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__156">Beta carotene supplements in nonsmokers</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__125">Vitamin E supplements </a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__60">Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways
|
|
to prevent cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__65">
|
|
New ways to prevent lung cancer are being studied in clinical
|
|
trials. </a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062825__13"><h3>Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may
|
|
help prevent lung cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062825__13_md_53">Avoiding <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>
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|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factors</a> may help <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevent</a> certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, having <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304742/" class="def">overweight</a>, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a> such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062825__36"><h3>The following are <i>risk</i> factors for lung cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000062825__18"><h4>Cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking </h4><p id="CDR0000062825__20"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439432/" class="def">Tobacco</a> smoking is the most important <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factor</a> for lung cancer. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748148/" class="def">Cigarette</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748146/" class="def">cigar</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748824/" class="def">pipe</a> smoking all increase the risk of lung cancer. Tobacco smoking causes about 9 out of 10 cases of lung cancer in men and about 8 out of 10 cases of lung cancer in women.</p><p id="CDR0000062825__128">Studies have shown that smoking <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748245/" class="def">low tar</a> or low <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439405/" class="def">nicotine</a> cigarettes does not lower the risk of lung cancer. </p><p id="CDR0000062825__105">Studies also show that the risk of lung cancer from smoking cigarettes increases with the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the number of years smoked. People who smoke have about 20 times the risk of lung cancer compared to those who do not smoke.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062825__90"><h4>Secondhand smoke</h4><p id="CDR0000062825__92">Being exposed to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000538647/" class="def">secondhand tobacco smoke</a> is also a risk factor for lung cancer. Secondhand smoke is the smoke that comes from a burning cigarette or other tobacco product, or that is exhaled by smokers. People who inhale secondhand smoke are exposed to the same cancer-causing agents as smokers, although in smaller amounts. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044600/" class="def">Inhaling</a> secondhand smoke is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476297/" class="def">involuntary</a> or passive smoking.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062825__129"><h4>Family history</h4><p id="CDR0000062825__162">Having a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000302456/" class="def">family history</a> of lung cancer is a risk factor for lung cancer. People with a relative who has had lung cancer may be twice as likely to have lung cancer as people who do not have a relative who has had lung cancer. Because cigarette smoking tends to run in families and family members are exposed to secondhand smoke, it is hard to know whether the increased risk of lung cancer is from the family history of lung cancer or from being exposed to cigarette smoke.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062825__164"><h4>HIV infection</h4><p id="CDR0000062825__166">Being <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045364/" class="def">infected</a> with the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044366/" class="def">human immunodeficiency virus</a> (HIV), the cause of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044365/" class="def">acquired immunodeficiency syndrome</a> (AIDS), is linked with a higher risk of lung cancer. People infected with HIV may have more than twice the risk of lung cancer than those who are not infected. Since smoking rates are higher in those infected with HIV than in those not infected, it is not clear whether the increased risk of lung cancer is from HIV infection or from being exposed to cigarette smoke. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062825__22"><h4>Environmental risk factors</h4><ul id="CDR0000062825__95"><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045072/" class="def">Radiation</a> exposure:</b> Being exposed to radiation is a risk factor for lung cancer. Atomic bomb radiation, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000689578/" class="def">imaging tests</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046554/" class="def">radon</a> are sources of radiation exposure: <dl id="CDR0000062825__169" class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Atomic bomb radiation: Being exposed to radiation after an atomic bomb explosion increases the risk of lung cancer.</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy to the chest may be used to treat certain cancers, including <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444971/" class="def">breast cancer</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270800/" class="def">Hodgkin lymphoma</a>. Radiation therapy uses <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-rays</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270730/" class="def">gamma rays</a>, or other types of radiation that may increase the risk of lung cancer. The higher the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044664/" class="def">dose</a> of radiation received, the higher the risk. The risk of lung cancer following radiation therapy is higher in patients who smoke than in nonsmokers.</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Imaging tests: Imaging tests, such as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046033/" class="def">CT scans</a>, expose patients to radiation. Low-dose <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044983/" class="def">spiral CT scans</a> expose patients to less radiation than higher dose CT scans. In lung cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046171/" class="def">screening</a>, the use of low-dose spiral CT scans can lessen the harmful effects of radiation.</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Radon: Radon is a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a> gas that comes from the breakdown of uranium in rocks and soil. It seeps up through the ground, and leaks into the air or water supply. Radon can enter homes through cracks in floors, walls, or the foundation, and levels of radon can build up over time. </p></dd></dl></dl></div><div class="half_rhythm">Studies show that high levels of radon gas inside the home or workplace increase the number of new cases of lung cancer and the number of deaths caused by lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer is higher in smokers exposed to radon than in nonsmokers who are exposed to it. In people who have never smoked, about 26% of deaths caused by lung cancer have been linked to being exposed to radon.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b>Workplace exposure:</b> Studies show that being exposed to the following substances increases the risk of lung cancer:<dl id="CDR0000062825__101" class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046528/" class="def">asbestos</a></p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044303/" class="def">arsenic</a></p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">chromium</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">nickel</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">beryllium</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000344348/" class="def">cadmium</a></p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">tar and soot</p></dd></dl></dl></div><div class="half_rhythm">These substances can cause lung cancer in people who are exposed to them in the workplace and have never smoked. As the level of exposure to these substances increases, the risk of lung cancer also increases. The risk of lung cancer is even higher in people who are exposed and also smoke. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b>Air pollution:</b> Studies show that living in areas with higher levels of air pollution increases the risk of lung cancer.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062825__25"><h4>Beta carotene supplements in heavy smokers</h4><p id="CDR0000062825__27">Taking <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045328/" class="def">beta carotene</a> supplements (pills) increases the risk of
|
|
lung cancer, especially in smokers who smoke one or more packs a day. The risk
|
|
is higher in smokers who have at least one <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463134/" class="def">alcoholic</a> drink every day.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062825__38"><h3>The following are <i>protective</i> factors for lung cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000062825__43"><h4>Not smoking</h4><p id="CDR0000062825__45">The best way to prevent lung cancer is to not smoke.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062825__97"><h4>Quitting smoking</h4><p id="CDR0000062825__99">Smokers can
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|
decrease their risk of lung cancer by quitting. In smokers who have been treated for lung cancer, quitting smoking lowers the risk of new lung cancers. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000450098/" class="def">Counseling</a>, the use of
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|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439405/" class="def">nicotine</a> replacement products, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044105/" class="def">antidepressant</a> therapy have
|
|
helped smokers quit for good.</p><p id="CDR0000062825__100">In a person who has quit smoking, the chance of preventing lung cancer depends on how many years and how much the person smoked and the length of time since quitting. After a person has quit smoking for 10 years, the risk of lung cancer decreases 30% to 60%.</p><p id="CDR0000062825__171">Although the risk of dying from lung cancer can be greatly decreased by quitting smoking for a long period of time, the risk will never be as low as the risk in nonsmokers. This is why it is important for young people not to start smoking.</p><p id="CDR0000062825__103">See the following for more information on quitting smoking:</p><ul id="CDR0000062825__163"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Tobacco</a> (includes help with quitting)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062889/?report=reader">Cigarette Smoking: Health Risks and How to Quit</a>
|
|
</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062825__106"><h4>Lower exposure to workplace risk factors </h4><p id="CDR0000062825__108">Laws that protect workers from being exposed to cancer-causing substances, such as asbestos, arsenic, nickel, and chromium, may help lower their risk of developing lung cancer. Laws that prevent smoking in the workplace help lower the risk of lung cancer caused by secondhand smoke.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062825__109"><h4>Lower exposure to radon</h4><p id="CDR0000062825__111"> Lowering radon levels may lower the risk of lung cancer, especially among cigarette smokers. High levels of radon in homes may be reduced by taking steps to prevent radon leakage, such as sealing basements.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062825__112"><h3>It is not clear if the following decrease the risk of lung cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000062825__114"><h4>Diet</h4><p id="CDR0000062825__116"> Some studies show that people who eat high amounts of fruits or vegetables have a lower risk of lung cancer than those who eat low amounts. However, since smokers tend to have less healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044660/" class="def">diets</a> than nonsmokers, it is hard to know whether the decreased risk is from having a healthy diet or from not smoking.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062825__117"><h4>Physical activity</h4><p id="CDR0000062825__119">Some studies show that people who are physically active have a lower risk of lung cancer than people who are not. However, since smokers tend to have different levels of physical activity than nonsmokers, it is hard to know if physical activity affects the risk of lung cancer.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062825__152"><h3>The following do not decrease the risk of lung cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000062825__156"><h4>Beta carotene supplements in nonsmokers</h4><p id="CDR0000062825__159">Studies of nonsmokers show that taking <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045328/" class="def">beta carotene</a> supplements does not lower their risk of lung cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062825__125"><h4>Vitamin E supplements </h4><p id="CDR0000062825__127">
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|
Studies show that taking <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045023/" class="def">vitamin E</a> supplements does not affect the risk of lung cancer.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062825__60"><h3>Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways
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to prevent cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062825__63"><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000062825__62"></div>Cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevention</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a> are used to study ways to
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lower the risk of developing certain types of cancer. Some
|
|
cancer prevention trials are conducted with healthy people who
|
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have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer.
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|
Other prevention trials are conducted with people who have had
|
|
cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type
|
|
or to lower their chance of developing a new type of cancer.
|
|
Other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known
|
|
to have any risk factors for cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062825__64">The purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to
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|
find out whether actions people take can prevent cancer. These
|
|
may include eating fruits and vegetables, exercising, quitting
|
|
smoking, or taking certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicines</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044744/" class="def">vitamins</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045787/" class="def">minerals</a>, or
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food supplements.<div class="milestone-end"></div></p></div><div id="CDR0000062825__65"><h3>
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New ways to prevent lung cancer are being studied in clinical
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trials. </h3><p id="CDR0000062825__65_md_95">Information about <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a> supported by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044267/" class="def">NCI</a> can be found on NCI’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trials search</a> webpage. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> website.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062825__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about lung cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/screening-prevention" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials can be found online at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. For more information, call the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/contact-center" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Information Service</a> (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_21">PDQ® Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. PDQ Lung Cancer Prevention. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/lung-prevention-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/lung-prevention-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389497]</p><p id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000062825__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK66063_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Author Information and Affiliations</h3><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</span>.</p><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Published online: July 26, 2024.</p><h3>Version History</h3><ul class="simple-list" style="padding:0"><li><span class="bk_col_itm">NBK66063.10</span> July 26, 2024 (Displayed Version)</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66063.9/?report=reader">NBK66063.9</a></span> May 24, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66063.8/?report=reader">NBK66063.8</a></span> October 24, 2023</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66063.7/?report=reader">NBK66063.7</a></span> August 4, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66063.6/?report=reader">NBK66063.6</a></span> March 27, 2020</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66063.5/?report=reader">NBK66063.5</a></span> June 19, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66063.4/?report=reader">NBK66063.4</a></span> March 22, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66063.3/?report=reader">NBK66063.3</a></span> December 6, 2017</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66063.2/?report=reader">NBK66063.2</a></span> November 4, 2015</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66063.1/?report=reader">NBK66063.1</a></span> May 12, 2015</li></ul><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. Lung Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2024 Jul 26. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobCDR00000628254kp"><div id="CDR0000062825__4.kp" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__5">Lung cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form
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in the tissues of the lung.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__9">Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women.</a></div></li></ul></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobCDR000006282593"><div id="CDR0000062825__93" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20respiratory%20system%20showing%20the%20trachea%2C%20the%20right%20and%20left%20lungs%20and%20their%20lobes%2C%20and%20the%20bronchi&p=BOOKS&id=605486_CDR0000466533.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK66063/bin/CDR0000466533.jpg" alt="Respiratory system anatomy; drawing shows the right lung with the upper, middle, and lower lobes, the left lung with the upper and lower lobes, and the trachea, bronchi, lymph nodes, and diaphragm. An inset shows the bronchioles, alveoli, artery, and vein." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the respiratory system showing the trachea, the right and left lungs and their lobes, and the bronchi. The lymph nodes and the diaphragm are also shown. Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs and passes through the alveoli (the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles) and into the bloodstream (see inset), where it travels to the tissues throughout the body.</p></div></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobCDR000006282512kp"><div id="CDR0000062825__12.kp" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__13">Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may
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help prevent lung cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__36">The following are <i>risk</i> factors for lung cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__18">Cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__90">Secondhand smoke</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__129">Family history</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__164">HIV infection</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__22">Environmental risk factors</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__25">Beta carotene supplements in heavy smokers</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__38">The following are <i>protective</i> factors for lung cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__43">Not smoking</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__97">Quitting smoking</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__106">Lower exposure to workplace risk factors </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__109">Lower exposure to radon</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__112">It is not clear if the following decrease the risk of lung cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__114">Diet</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__117">Physical activity</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__152">The following do not decrease the risk of lung cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__156">Beta carotene supplements in nonsmokers</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__125">Vitamin E supplements </a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__60">Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways
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to prevent cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062825__65">
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New ways to prevent lung cancer are being studied in clinical
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trials. </a></div></li></ul></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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