240 lines
92 KiB
Text
240 lines
92 KiB
Text
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" class="no-js no-jr">
|
|
<head>
|
|
<!-- For pinger, set start time and add meta elements. -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">var ncbi_startTime = new Date();</script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Logger begin -->
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="books">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="book-part">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_acc" content="NBK66043">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_domain" content="pdqcis">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_report" content="reader">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_type" content="fulltext">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_objectid" content="">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pcid" content="/NBK66043/?report=reader">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pagename" content="Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries - NCBI Bookshelf">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_bookparttype" content="chapter">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_app" content="bookshelf">
|
|
<!-- Logger end -->
|
|
|
|
<!--component id="Page" label="meta"/-->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
|
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
|
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="no">
|
|
<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=1,user-scalable=no">
|
|
<meta name="jr-col-layout" content="auto">
|
|
<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE">
|
|
<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]">
|
|
<meta name="citation_title" content="Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)">
|
|
<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Cancer Institute (US)">
|
|
<meta name="citation_date" content="2024/11/01">
|
|
<meta name="citation_author" content="PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board">
|
|
<meta name="citation_pmid" content="26389478">
|
|
<meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66043/">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="small cell lung cancer">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="small cell lung cancer">
|
|
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Title" content="Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Type" content="Text">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Cancer Institute (US)">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2024/11/01">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66043/">
|
|
<meta name="description" content="Small cell lung cancer treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, laser therapy, targeted therapy, and supportive care. Learn more about treatments for newly diagnosed and recurrent small cell lung cancer in this expert-reviewed summary.">
|
|
<meta name="og:title" content="Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)">
|
|
<meta name="og:type" content="book">
|
|
<meta name="og:description" content="Small cell lung cancer treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, laser therapy, targeted therapy, and supportive care. Learn more about treatments for newly diagnosed and recurrent small cell lung cancer in this expert-reviewed summary.">
|
|
<meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66043/">
|
|
<meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf">
|
|
<meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png">
|
|
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
|
|
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks">
|
|
<meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062947/?report=reader">
|
|
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66043/">
|
|
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Archivo+Narrow:400,700,400italic,700italic&subset=latin" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/css/libs.min.css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/css/jr.min.css">
|
|
<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css//books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_reader.min.css" type="text/css">
|
|
<style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style>
|
|
|
|
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/favicon.ico">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_phid" content="CE8EB2317C9660B100000000011300DF.m_5">
|
|
<meta name='referrer' content='origin-when-cross-origin'/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3852956/3849091.css"></head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<!-- Book content! -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="jr" data-jr-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/"><div class="jr-unsupported"><table class="modal"><tr><td><span class="attn inline-block"></span><br />Your browser does not support the NLM PubReader view.<br />Go to <a href="/pmc/about/pr-browsers/">this page</a> to see a list of supported browsers<br />or return to the <br /><a href="/books/NBK66043/?report=classic">regular view</a>.</td></tr></table></div><div id="jr-ui" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-head"><div class="flexh tb"><div id="jr-tb1"><a id="jr-links-sw" class="hidden" title="Links"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 70.6 85.3" style="enable-background:new 0 0 70.6 85.3;vertical-align:middle" xml:space="preserve" width="24" height="24">
|
|
<style type="text/css">.st0{fill:#939598;}</style>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M36,0C12.8,2.2-22.4,14.6,19.6,32.5C40.7,41.4-30.6,14,35.9,9.8"></path>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M34.5,85.3c23.2-2.2,58.4-14.6,16.4-32.5c-21.1-8.9,50.2,18.5-16.3,22.7"></path>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M34.7,37.1c66.5-4.2-4.8-31.6,16.3-22.7c42.1,17.9,6.9,30.3-16.4,32.5h1.7c-66.2,4.4,4.8,31.6-16.3,22.7 c-42.1-17.9-6.9-30.3,16.4-32.5"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg> Books</a></div><div class="jr-rhead f1 flexh"><div class="head"></div><div class="body"><div class="t">Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version</div><div class="j">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]</div></div><div class="tail"></div></div><div id="jr-tb2"><a id="jr-bkhelp-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Help with NLM PubReader">?</a><a id="jr-help-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Settings and typography in NLM PubReader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M462,283.742v-55.485l-29.981-10.662c-11.431-4.065-20.628-12.794-25.274-24.001 c-0.002-0.004-0.004-0.009-0.006-0.013c-4.659-11.235-4.333-23.918,0.889-34.903l13.653-28.724l-39.234-39.234l-28.72,13.652 c-10.979,5.219-23.68,5.546-34.908,0.889c-0.005-0.002-0.01-0.003-0.014-0.005c-11.215-4.65-19.933-13.834-24-25.273L283.741,50 h-55.484l-10.662,29.981c-4.065,11.431-12.794,20.627-24.001,25.274c-0.005,0.002-0.009,0.004-0.014,0.005 c-11.235,4.66-23.919,4.333-34.905-0.889l-28.723-13.653l-39.234,39.234l13.653,28.721c5.219,10.979,5.545,23.681,0.889,34.91 c-0.002,0.004-0.004,0.009-0.006,0.013c-4.649,11.214-13.834,19.931-25.271,23.998L50,228.257v55.485l29.98,10.661 c11.431,4.065,20.627,12.794,25.274,24c0.002,0.005,0.003,0.01,0.005,0.014c4.66,11.236,4.334,23.921-0.888,34.906l-13.654,28.723 l39.234,39.234l28.721-13.652c10.979-5.219,23.681-5.546,34.909-0.889c0.005,0.002,0.01,0.004,0.014,0.006 c11.214,4.649,19.93,13.833,23.998,25.271L228.257,462h55.484l10.595-29.79c4.103-11.538,12.908-20.824,24.216-25.525 c0.005-0.002,0.009-0.004,0.014-0.006c11.127-4.628,23.694-4.311,34.578,0.863l28.902,13.738l39.234-39.234l-13.66-28.737 c-5.214-10.969-5.539-23.659-0.886-34.877c0.002-0.005,0.004-0.009,0.006-0.014c4.654-11.225,13.848-19.949,25.297-24.021 L462,283.742z M256,331.546c-41.724,0-75.548-33.823-75.548-75.546s33.824-75.547,75.548-75.547 c41.723,0,75.546,33.824,75.546,75.547S297.723,331.546,256,331.546z"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-cmap-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Table of Contents"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M20,20h10v8H20V20zM36,20h44v8H36V20zM20,37.33h10v8H20V37.33zM36,37.33h44v8H36V37.33zM20,54.66h10v8H20V54.66zM36,54.66h44v8H36V54.66zM20,72h10v8 H20V72zM36,72h44v8H36V72z"></path></svg></a></div></div></nav><nav id="jr-dash" class="noselect"><nav id="jr-dash" class="noselect"><div id="jr-pi" class="hidden"><a id="jr-pi-prev" class="hidden" title="Previous page"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a><div class="pginfo">Page <i class="jr-pg-pn">0</i> of <i class="jr-pg-lp">0</i></div><a id="jr-pi-next" class="hidden" title="Next page"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div><div id="jr-is-tb"><a id="jr-is-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Switch between Figures/Tables strip and Progress bar"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><rect x="10" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect><rect x="40" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect><rect x="70" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect></svg></a></div><nav id="jr-istrip" class="istrip hidden"><a id="jr-is-prev" href="#" class="hidden" title="Previous"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M80,40 60,65 80,90 70,90 50,65 70,40z M50,40 30,65 50,90 40,90 20,65 40,40z"></path><text x="35" y="25" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a><a id="jr-is-next" href="#" class="hidden" title="Next"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M20,40 40,65 20,90 30,90 50,65 30,40z M50,40 70,65 50,90 60,90 80,65 60,40z"></path><text x="15" y="25" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></nav><nav id="jr-progress"></nav></nav></nav><aside id="jr-links-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">NCBI Bookshelf</div></div><div class="cnt lol f1"><a href="/books/">Home</a><a href="/books/browse/">Browse All Titles</a><a class="btn share" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66043/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 33 33" style="vertical-align:middle" width="24" height="24" preserveAspectRatio="none"><g><path d="M 17.996,32L 12,32 L 12,16 l-4,0 l0-5.514 l 4-0.002l-0.006-3.248C 11.993,2.737, 13.213,0, 18.512,0l 4.412,0 l0,5.515 l-2.757,0 c-2.063,0-2.163,0.77-2.163,2.209l-0.008,2.76l 4.959,0 l-0.585,5.514L 18,16L 17.996,32z"></path></g></svg> Share on Facebook</a><a class="btn share" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66043/&text=Small%20Cell%20Lung%20Cancer%20Treatment%20(PDQ%AE)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 33 33" style="vertical-align:middle" width="24" height="24"><g><path d="M 32,6.076c-1.177,0.522-2.443,0.875-3.771,1.034c 1.355-0.813, 2.396-2.099, 2.887-3.632 c-1.269,0.752-2.674,1.299-4.169,1.593c-1.198-1.276-2.904-2.073-4.792-2.073c-3.626,0-6.565,2.939-6.565,6.565 c0,0.515, 0.058,1.016, 0.17,1.496c-5.456-0.274-10.294-2.888-13.532-6.86c-0.565,0.97-0.889,2.097-0.889,3.301 c0,2.278, 1.159,4.287, 2.921,5.465c-1.076-0.034-2.088-0.329-2.974-0.821c-0.001,0.027-0.001,0.055-0.001,0.083 c0,3.181, 2.263,5.834, 5.266,6.438c-0.551,0.15-1.131,0.23-1.73,0.23c-0.423,0-0.834-0.041-1.235-0.118 c 0.836,2.608, 3.26,4.506, 6.133,4.559c-2.247,1.761-5.078,2.81-8.154,2.81c-0.53,0-1.052-0.031-1.566-0.092 c 2.905,1.863, 6.356,2.95, 10.064,2.95c 12.076,0, 18.679-10.004, 18.679-18.68c0-0.285-0.006-0.568-0.019-0.849 C 30.007,8.548, 31.12,7.392, 32,6.076z"></path></g></svg> Share on Twitter</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-cmap-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">In Page Navigation</div></div><div class="cnt lol f1"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/?report=reader">Title Information</a><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/toc/?report=reader">Table of Contents Page</a><a href="#_NBK66043_">Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-help-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Settings</div></div><div class="cnt f1"><div id="jr-typo-p" class="typo"><div><a class="sf btn wsprkl">A-</a><a class="lf btn wsprkl">A+</a></div><div><a class="bcol-auto btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 200 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text x="10" y="70" style="font-size:60px;font-family: Trebuchet MS, ArialMT, Arial, sans-serif" textLength="180">AUTO</text></svg></a><a class="bcol-1 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M15,25 85,25zM15,40 85,40zM15,55 85,55zM15,70 85,70z"></path></svg></a><a class="bcol-2 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M5,25 45,25z M55,25 95,25zM5,40 45,40z M55,40 95,40zM5,55 45,55z M55,55 95,55zM5,70 45,70z M55,70 95,70z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="lol"><a class="" href="/books/NBK66043/?report=classic">Switch to classic view</a><a href="/books/NBK66043/?report=printable">Print View</a></div></div></aside><aside id="jr-bkhelp-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Help</div></div><div class="cnt f1 lol"><a id="jr-helpobj-sw" data-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/" data-href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/img/bookshelf/help.xml" href="">Help</a><a href="mailto:info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov?subject=PubReader%20feedback%20%2F%20NBK66043%20%2F%20sid%3ACE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID%20%2F%20phid%3ACE8EB2317C9660B100000000011300DF.4">Send us feedback</a><a id="jr-about-sw" data-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/" data-href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/img/bookshelf/about.xml" href="">About PubReader</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-objectbox" class="thidden hidden"><div class="jr-objectbox-close wsprkl">✘</div><div class="jr-objectbox-inner cnt"><div class="jr-objectbox-drawer"></div></div></aside><nav id="jr-pm-left" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Previous Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-pm-right" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Next Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-fip" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-fip-term-p"><input type="search" placeholder="search this page" id="jr-fip-term" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" /><a id="jr-fip-mg" class="wsprkl btn" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK66043_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contribs">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.</p><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK66043_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000062947__171">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of small cell lung cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000062947__172">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__50"><h2 id="_CDR0000062947__50_">General Information About Small Cell Lung Cancer</h2><div id="CDR0000062947__50.kp" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__51">Small cell lung cancer is a type of fast-growing cancer that forms in the tissues of the lung.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__55">There are two main types of small cell lung cancer. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__59">Smoking is the major risk factor for small
|
|
cell lung cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__63">Signs and symptoms of small cell lung cancer include coughing and shortness of breath.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__67">Tests and procedures that examine the lungs are used to diagnose and stage small cell lung cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__78">After small cell lung cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done
|
|
to find out if cancer cells have spread within the chest or to other parts of
|
|
the body. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__645">Some people decide to get a second opinion.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__71">Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and
|
|
treatment options.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062947__51"><h3>Small cell lung cancer is a type of fast-growing cancer that forms in the tissues of the lung.</h3><p id="CDR0000062947__53">The lungs are a pair of cone-shaped breathing organs in the chest. The lungs bring <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000538149/" class="def">oxygen</a> into the body as you breathe in. They release <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000538147/" class="def">carbon dioxide</a>, a waste product of the body's cells, as you breathe out. Each lung has sections called lobes. The left lung has two lobes. The right
|
|
lung is slightly larger and has three lobes. A thin membrane called the
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045842/" class="def">pleura</a> surrounds the lungs. Two
|
|
tubes called bronchi lead from the
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046623/" class="def">trachea</a> (windpipe) to the right and
|
|
left lungs. Lung cancer may also form in the bronchi. Small tubes called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046494/" class="def">bronchioles</a> and tiny air sacs called
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046209/" class="def">alveoli</a> make up the inside of the
|
|
lungs.<div id="CDR0000062947__129" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20respiratory%20system%20showing%20the%20trachea%2C%20the%20right%20and%20left%20lungs%20and%20their%20lobes%2C%20and%20the%20bronchi&p=BOOKS&id=608873_CDR0000466533.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66043/bin/CDR0000466533.jpg" alt="Respiratory system anatomy; drawing shows the right lung with the upper, middle, and lower lobes, the left lung with the upper and lower lobes, and the trachea, bronchi, lymph nodes, and diaphragm. An inset shows the bronchioles, alveoli, artery, and vein." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the respiratory system showing the trachea, the right and left lungs and their lobes, and the bronchi. The lymph nodes and the diaphragm are also shown. Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs and passes through the alveoli (the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles) and into the bloodstream (see inset), where it travels to the tissues throughout the body.</p></div></div></p><p id="CDR0000062947__54">There are two types of lung cancer:
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045327/" class="def">small cell lung cancer</a> and
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045323/" class="def">non-small cell lung cancer</a>. Small cell lung cancer is less common than non-small cell lung cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__55"><h3>There are two main types of small cell lung cancer. </h3><p id="CDR0000062947__659"> The cancer cells of each type
|
|
grow and spread in different ways. The types of small cell lung cancer are
|
|
named for the kinds of cells found in the cancer and how the cells look when
|
|
viewed under a microscope. The cancer cells of each type
|
|
grow and spread in different ways:</p><ul id="CDR0000062947__58"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Small cell <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045963/" class="def">carcinoma</a> (also called oat cell
|
|
cancer) is a type of lung cancer that can grow and spread quickly, often leading to the cancer spreading to other parts of the body early in the disease process. This is the most common type of small cell lung cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Combined small cell carcinoma is a rare subtype of lung cancer that has characteristics of small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer in the same tumor.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062947__59"><h3>Smoking is the major risk factor for small
|
|
cell lung cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062947__sm_CDR0000752316_332"><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000062947__sm_CDR0000752316_1"></div>Lung cancer is caused by certain changes to the way lung cells function, especially how they grow and divide into new cells. There are many risk factors for lung cancer, but many do not directly cause cancer. Instead, they increase the chance of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045671/" class="def">DNA</a> damage in cells that may lead to lung cancer. Learn more about how cancer develops at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">What Is Cancer?</a></p><p id="CDR0000062947__sm_CDR0000752316_336">A risk factor is anything that increases the chance of getting a disease. Some risk factors for lung cancer, like smoking, can be changed. However, risk factors also include things you cannot change, like your genetics, age, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000302456/" class="def">family history</a>. Learning about risk factors for lung cancer can help you make changes that might lower your risk of getting it. </p><p id="CDR0000062947__sm_CDR0000752316_335">Smoking tobacco now or in the past is the most important risk factor for lung cancer. Smoking <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748148/" class="def">cigarettes</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748824/" class="def">pipes</a>, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748146/" class="def">cigars</a> increases the risk of lung cancer. The earlier in life a person starts smoking, the more often a person smokes, and the more years a person smokes, the greater the risk of lung cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062947__sm_CDR0000752316_4">Other risk factors for lung cancer include:</p><ul id="CDR0000062947__sm_CDR0000752316_2"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>being exposed to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000538647/" class="def">secondhand smoke</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>being exposed to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046528/" class="def">asbestos</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044303/" class="def">arsenic</a>, chromium, beryllium, nickel, soot, or tar in the workplace</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>being exposed to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045072/" class="def">radiation</a> from:<ul id="CDR0000062947__sm_CDR0000752316_6"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304766/" class="def">breast</a> or chest</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046554/" class="def">radon</a> in the home or workplace</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000689578/" class="def">imaging tests</a> such as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046033/" class="def">CT scans</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>atomic bomb radiation</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> living where there is air pollution</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> having a family history of lung cancer</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>being <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045364/" class="def">infected</a> with HIV</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> taking <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045328/" class="def">beta carotene</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045916/" class="def">supplements</a> and being a heavy smoker</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062947__sm_CDR0000752316_7">Older age is the main risk factor for most cancers. The chance of getting cancer increases as you get older.</p><p id="CDR0000062947__sm_CDR0000752316_337">Having one or more of these risk factors does not necessarily mean you will get lung cancer. Many people with risk factors never develop lung cancer, whereas others with no known risk factors do. Talk with your doctor if you think you might be at increased risk. <div class="milestone-end"></div></p><p id="CDR0000062947__167">When smoking is combined with other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factors</a>, the risk of lung cancer is increased.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__63"><h3>Signs and symptoms of small cell lung cancer include coughing and shortness of breath.</h3><p id="CDR0000062947__65">These and other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">signs</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> may be caused by small cell lung cancer or by other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have:</p><ul id="CDR0000062947__66"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>chest discomfort or pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a cough that doesn’t go away or gets worse over time </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>trouble breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>wheezing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>blood in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045883/" class="def">sputum</a> (mucus coughed up from the lungs)
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>hoarseness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>trouble swallowing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>loss of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454699/" class="def">appetite</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>weight loss for no known reason</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>feeling very tired </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>swelling in the face and/or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">veins</a> in the neck</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062947__67"><h3>Tests and procedures that examine the lungs are used to diagnose and stage small cell lung cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062947__69">In addition to asking about your <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000642019/" class="def">personal</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000642015/" class="def">family health history</a> and doing a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270871/" class="def">physical exam</a>, your doctor may perform the following tests and procedures:</p><ul id="CDR0000062947__70"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046590/" class="def">Laboratory tests</a></b> are medical procedures that test samples of tissue, blood, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046642/" class="def">urine</a>, or other substances in the body. These tests help to diagnose disease, plan and check treatment, or monitor the disease over time.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Chest x-ray</b> is a type of radiation that can go through the body and make pictures of the organs and bones inside the chest.<div id="CDR0000062947__130" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=A%20chest%20x-ray%20is%20used%20to%20take%20pictures%20of%20the%20structures%20and%20organs%20inside%20the%20chest&p=BOOKS&id=608873_CDR0000428438.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66043/bin/CDR0000428438.jpg" alt="Chest x-ray; drawing shows a patient standing with their back to the x-ray machine. X-rays pass through the patient's body onto film or a computer and take pictures of the structures and organs inside the chest." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>A chest x-ray is used to take pictures of the structures and organs inside the chest. X-rays pass through the patient's body onto film or a computer.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046033/" class="def">CT scan</a> (CAT scan) of the brain, chest, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a></b> uses a computer linked to an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-ray</a> machine to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are taken from different angles and are used to create 3-D views of tissues and organs. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000409764/" class="def">dye</a> may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000335080/" class="def">Sputum cytology</a></b> uses a
|
|
microscope to check for cancer cells in the sputum (mucus coughed up
|
|
from the lungs). </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045164/" class="def">Biopsy</a></b> is the removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">pathologist</a> to check for signs of cancer. The different ways a biopsy can be done include the following: <ul id="CDR0000062947__163"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045691/" class="def">Fine-needle
|
|
aspiration (FNA) biopsy</a> of the lung</b> is the removal of tissue or fluid from the lung, using a thin needle. A CT scan, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046157/" class="def">ultrasound</a>, or other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045720/" class="def">imaging procedure</a> is used to find the abnormal tissue or fluid in the lung. A small <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046353/" class="def">incision</a> may be made in the skin where the biopsy needle is inserted into the abnormal tissue or fluid. A sample is removed with the needle and sent to the laboratory. A pathologist then views the sample under a microscope to look for cancer cells. A chest x-ray is done after the procedure to make sure no air is leaking from the lung into the chest.<div id="CDR0000062947__134" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Fine-needle%20aspiration%20biopsy%20of%20the%20lung&p=BOOKS&id=608873_CDR0000531057.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66043/bin/CDR0000531057.jpg" alt="Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the lung; drawing shows a patient lying on a table that slides through the computed tomography (CT) machine with an x-ray picture of a cross-section of the lung on a monitor above the patient. Drawing also shows a doctor using the x-ray picture to help place the biopsy needle through the chest wall and into the area of abnormal lung tissue. Inset shows a side view of the chest cavity and lungs with the biopsy needle inserted into the area of abnormal tissue." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the lung. The patient lies on a table that slides through the computed tomography (CT) machine, which takes x-ray pictures of the inside of the body. The x-ray pictures help the doctor see where the abnormal tissue is in the lung. A biopsy needle is inserted through the chest wall and into the area of abnormal lung tissue. A small piece of tissue is removed through the needle and checked under the microscope for signs of cancer. </p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Bronchoscopy</b> is a procedure to look inside the trachea and large airways in the lung for abnormal areas. A bronchoscope is inserted through the nose or mouth into the trachea and lungs. A bronchoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.
|
|
<div id="CDR0000062947__131" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Bronchoscopy&p=BOOKS&id=608873_CDR0000435997.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66043/bin/CDR0000435997.jpg" alt="Bronchoscopy; drawing shows a bronchoscope inserted through the mouth, trachea, and bronchus into the lung; lymph nodes along trachea and bronchi; and cancer in one lung. Inset shows patient lying on a table having a bronchoscopy." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Bronchoscopy. A bronchoscope is inserted through the mouth, trachea, and major bronchi into the lung, to look for abnormal areas. A bronchoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a cutting tool. Tissue samples may be taken to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Thoracoscopy</b> is a surgical procedure to look at the organs inside the chest to check for abnormal areas. An incision (cut) is made between two ribs, and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476929/" class="def">thoracoscope</a> is inserted into the chest. A thoracoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph node</a> samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. In some cases, this procedure is used to remove part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> or lung. If certain tissues, organs, or lymph nodes can’t be reached, a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045926/" class="def">thoracotomy</a> may be done. In this procedure, a larger incision is made between the ribs and the chest is opened.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Thoracentesis</b> is the removal of fluid from the space between the lining of the chest and the lung, using a needle. A pathologist views the fluid under a microscope to look for cancer cells.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046287/" class="def">Mediastinoscopy</a></b> is a surgical procedure to look at the organs, tissues, and lymph nodes between the lungs for abnormal areas. An incision (cut) is made at the top of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000549425/" class="def">breastbone</a> and a mediastinoscope is inserted into the chest. A mediastinoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue or lymph node samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044052/" class="def">Light</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044025/" class="def">electron microscopy</a></b> is a laboratory test in which cells in a sample of tissue are viewed under regular and high-powered microscopes to look for certain changes in the cells.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Immunohistochemistry</b> is a laboratory test that uses <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044918/" class="def">antibodies</a> to check for certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046086/" class="def">antigens</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045776/" class="def">markers</a>) in a sample of a patient’s tissue. The antibodies are usually linked to an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046081/" class="def">enzyme</a> or a fluorescent dye. After the antibodies bind to a specific antigen in the tissue sample, the enzyme or dye is activated, and the antigen can then be seen under a microscope. This type of test is used to help diagnose cancer and to help tell one type of cancer from another type of cancer.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062947__78"><h3>After small cell lung cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done
|
|
to find out if cancer cells have spread within the chest or to other parts of
|
|
the body. </h3><p id="CDR0000062947__80">The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the chest or to other parts
|
|
of the body is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046597/" class="def">staging</a>. The
|
|
information gathered from the staging process determines the
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the disease. It is
|
|
important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. Some of the tests used to diagnose small cell lung cancer are also used to stage the disease.</p><p id="CDR0000062947__164">Imaging tests that may be used in the staging process include:</p><ul id="CDR0000062947__81"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045788/" class="def">MRI</a> (magnetic
|
|
resonance imaging) of the brain</b> uses a magnet, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651209/" class="def">radio waves</a>, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the brain. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046140/" class="def">PET scan</a> (positron
|
|
emission tomography scan)</b> uses a small amount of radioactive sugar (also called glucose) that is injected into a vein. Then a scanner rotates around the body to make detailed, computerized pictures of areas inside the body where the glucose is taken up. Because cancer cells often take up more glucose than normal cells, the pictures can be used to find cancer cells in the body. A PET scan and CT scan may be done at the same time. This is called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000742485/" class="def">PET-CT</a>.
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046499/" class="def">Bone
|
|
scan</a></b> checks for rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells, in the bone. A very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. The radioactive material collects in the bones with cancer and is detected by a scanner.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062947__645"><h3>Some people decide to get a second opinion.</h3><p id="CDR0000062947__643">You may want to get a second opinion to confirm your cancer diagnosis and treatment plan. If you seek a second opinion, you will need to get medical test results and reports from the first doctor to share with the second doctor. The second doctor will review the pathology report, slides, and scans. They may agree with the first doctor, suggest changes or another treatment approach, or provide more information about your cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062947__644">To learn more about choosing a doctor and getting a second opinion, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care/finding-cancer-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Finding Cancer Care</a>. You can contact <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI’s Cancer Information Service</a> via chat, email, or phone (both in English and Spanish) for help finding a doctor, hospital, or getting a second opinion. For questions you might want to ask at your appointments, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/questions" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__71"><h3>Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and
|
|
treatment options.</h3><p id="CDR0000062947__73">The prognosis and treatment options depend on:</p><ul id="CDR0000062947__128"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer (whether it is in the chest
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463703/" class="def">cavity</a> only or has spread to other places in the body)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the patient’s age, gender,
|
|
and general health</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062947__162">For certain patients, prognosis also depends on whether the patient is treated with both <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062947__646">For most people with small cell lung cancer, current
|
|
treatments do not cure the cancer. If lung cancer is found, you may want to think about taking part in one of the many
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a> being done to
|
|
improve treatment. Clinical trials are taking place in
|
|
most parts of the country for patients with all stages of small cell lung
|
|
cancer. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062947__77"><h2 id="_CDR0000062947__77_">Stages of Small Cell Lung Cancer</h2><div id="CDR0000062947__77.kp" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__82">The following stages are used for small cell lung cancer:
|
|
</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__84">Limited-stage small cell lung cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__87">Extensive-stage small cell lung cancer</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__488">Small cell lung cancer can recur (come back) after it has been treated.</a></div></li></ul></div><p id="CDR0000062947__335">Cancer stage describes the extent of cancer in the body, such as the size of the tumor, whether it has spread, and how far it has spread from where it first formed. It is important to know the stage of small cell lung cancer to plan the best treatment.   </p><p id="CDR0000062947__336">Small cell lung cancer is usually classified into two stages due to its tendency to spread early.</p><div id="CDR0000062947__82"><h3>The following stages are used for small cell lung cancer:
|
|
</h3><div id="CDR0000062947__84"><h4>Limited-stage small cell lung cancer</h4><p id="CDR0000062947__86">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045910/" class="def">limited-stage</a>,
|
|
cancer is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a> where it started and may have spread to the area between the lungs or to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> above the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000639993/" class="def">collarbone</a>. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__87"><h4>Extensive-stage small cell lung cancer</h4><p id="CDR0000062947__89">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045911/" class="def">extensive-stage</a>,
|
|
cancer has spread beyond the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a> or the area between the lungs or the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> above the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000639993/" class="def">collarbone</a> to other places in the body.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062947__488"><h3>Small cell lung cancer can recur (come back) after it has been treated.</h3><p id="CDR0000062947__661">Recurrent cancer is cancer that has recurred
|
|
(come back) after it has been treated. If small cell lung cancer comes back, it may come
|
|
back in the chest,
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046481/" class="def">central nervous system</a>, or in other
|
|
parts of the body. Tests will be done to help determine where the cancer has returned. The type of treatment for small cell lung cancer will depend on where it has come back.</p><p id="CDR0000062947__662">Learn more in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/recurrent-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Recurrent Cancer: When Cancer Comes Back</a>. Information to help you cope and talk with your health care team can be found in the booklet <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/when-cancer-returns" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">When Cancer Returns</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062947__92"><h2 id="_CDR0000062947__92_">Treatment Option Overview</h2><div id="CDR0000062947__92.kp" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__93">There are different types of treatment for patients with small
|
|
cell lung cancer. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__97">The following types of treatment are used:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__99">Surgery </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__103">Chemotherapy </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__106">Radiation therapy
|
|
</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__470">Immunotherapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__151">Laser therapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__154">Endoscopic stent placement</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__109">New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
|
|
</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__176">Treatment for small cell lung cancer may cause side effects.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__149">Follow-up care may be needed.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062947__93"><h3>There are different types of treatment for patients with small
|
|
cell lung cancer. </h3><p id="CDR0000062947__495">Different types of treatments are available for people with small cell lung cancer. You and your cancer care team will work together to decide your treatment plan, which may include more than one type of treatment. Many factors will be considered, such as the stage of the cancer, your overall health, and your preferences. Your plan will include information about your cancer, the goals of treatment, your treatment options and the possible side effects, and the expected length of treatment. </p><p id="CDR0000062947__496">Talking with your cancer care team before treatment begins about what to expect will be helpful. You’ll want to learn what you need to do before treatment begins, how you’ll feel while going through it, and what kind of help you will need. To learn more, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/questions" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Treatment</a>. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__97"><h3>The following types of treatment are used:</h3><div id="CDR0000062947__99"><h4>Surgery </h4><p id="CDR0000062947__101">Surgery may be used if
|
|
the cancer is found in one <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a> and in nearby <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph
|
|
nodes</a> only. Because this type of lung cancer is usually found in
|
|
both lungs, surgery alone is not often used. During surgery, the
|
|
doctor will also remove lymph nodes to find out if they have cancer in them. Sometimes, surgery may be used
|
|
to remove a sample of lung tissue to find out the exact type of lung cancer. </p><p id="CDR0000062947__102">After the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the
|
|
time of the surgery, some patients may be given <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> after surgery to kill any cancer
|
|
cells that are left. Treatment given after the surgery, to lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045587/" class="def">adjuvant
|
|
therapy</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__103"><h4>Chemotherapy </h4><p id="CDR0000062947__647"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a> (also called chemo) uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. </p><p id="CDR0000062947__648">Chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer is usually systemic, meaning it is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a vein or given by mouth. When given this way, the drugs enter the bloodstream to reach cancer cells throughout the body. </p><p id="CDR0000062947__649">Chemotherapy drugs used to treat small cell lung cancer may include: </p><ul id="CDR0000062947__650"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/carboplatin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">carboplatin</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/cisplatin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">cisplatin</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/cyclophosphamide" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">cyclophosphamide</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/doxorubicinhydrochloride" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">doxorubicin</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/etoposide" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">etoposide</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/ifosfamide" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ifosfamide</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/irinotecanhydrochloride" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">irinotecan</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/vincristinesulfate" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">vincristine</a></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062947__651">Combinations of these chemotherapy drugs may be used. Other chemotherapy drugs not listed here may also be used.</p><p id="CDR0000062947__652">Chemotherapy may also be combined with other kinds of treatment. For example, it may be combined with radiation therapy or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045729/" class="def">immunotherapy</a> drugs.</p><p id="CDR0000062947__653">To learn more about how chemotherapy works, how it is given, common side effects, and more, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/chemotherapy" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chemotherapy to Treat Cancer</a> and <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/chemo-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__106"><h4>Radiation therapy
|
|
</h4><p id="CDR0000062947__108">Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046686/" class="def">External radiation therapy</a> uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the area of the body with cancer. External radiation therapy is used to treat small cell lung cancer, and may also be used as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045815/" class="def">palliative therapy</a> to relieve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> and improve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045417/" class="def">quality of life</a>. Radiation therapy to the brain to lessen the risk that cancer will spread to
|
|
the brain may also be given.</p><p id="CDR0000062947__654">Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/radiation-therapy/external-beam" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">External Beam Radiation Therapy for Cancer</a> and <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/radiation-therapy/side-effects" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Radiation Therapy Side Effects</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__470"><h4>Immunotherapy</h4><p id="CDR0000062947__655">Immunotherapy helps a person’s immune system fight cancer. Your doctor may suggest biomarker tests to help predict your response to certain immunotherapy drugs. Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/biomarker-testing-cancer-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Biomarker Testing for Cancer</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000062947__656">Immunotherapy drugs used to treat small cell lung cancer include:</p><ul id="CDR0000062947__657"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/atezolizumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">atezolizumab</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/durvalumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">durvalumab</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/tarlatamab-dlle" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">tarlatamab</a>
|
|
</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062947__658">Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Immunotherapy to Treat Cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__151"><h4>Laser therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000062947__153"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045154/" class="def">Laser therapy</a> is a
|
|
cancer treatment that uses a laser beam (a narrow beam of intense light) to kill cancer cells.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__154"><h4>Endoscopic stent placement</h4><p id="CDR0000062947__156"> An endoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument used to look at tissues inside the body. An endoscope has a light and a lens for viewing and may be used to place a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044903/" class="def">stent</a> in a body structure to keep the structure open. An endoscopic stent can be used to open an airway blocked by abnormal tissue.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062947__109"><h3>New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
|
|
</h3><p id="CDR0000062947__109_md_3">For some people, joining a clinical trial may be an option. There are different types of clinical trials for people with cancer. For example, a treatment trial tests new treatments or new ways of using current treatments. Supportive care and palliative care trials look at ways to improve quality of life, especially for those who have side effects from cancer and its treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000062947__109_md_4">You can use the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials accepting participants. The search allows you to filter trials based on the type of cancer, your age, and where the trials are being done. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> website.</p><p id="CDR0000062947__109_md_5">Learn more about clinical trials, including how to find and join one, at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Clinical Trials Information for Patients and Caregivers</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__176"><h3>Treatment for small cell lung cancer may cause side effects.</h3><p id="CDR0000062947__176_md_73">For information about <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> caused by treatment for cancer, visit our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Side Effects</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__149"><h3>Follow-up care may be needed.</h3><p id="CDR0000062947__149_md_33">As you go through treatment, you will have follow-up tests or check-ups. Some tests that were done to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnose</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> the cancer may be repeated to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.</p><p id="CDR0000062947__149_md_34">Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred (come back). </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062947__480"><h2 id="_CDR0000062947__480_">Treatment of Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062947__482">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045910/" class="def">limited-stage small cell
|
|
lung cancer</a> may include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062947__483"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045650/" class="def">combination
|
|
chemotherapy</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation
|
|
therapy</a> to the chest, with radiation therapy to the brain given later to patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045652/" class="def">complete responses</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>combination chemotherapy alone for patients who cannot be given radiation therapy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>surgery followed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>radiation therapy to the brain may be given to patients who have had a complete response, to prevent the spread of cancer to the brain</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062947__497">Learn more about these treatments in the <a href="#CDR0000062947__97">Treatment Option Overview</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062947__TrialSearch_480_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__484"><h2 id="_CDR0000062947__484_">Treatment of Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062947__486">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045911/" class="def">extensive-stage small cell
|
|
lung cancer</a> may include:</p><ul id="CDR0000062947__487"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>immunotherapy (<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/atezolizumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">atezolizumab</a> or <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/durvalumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">durvalumab</a>) and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045650/" class="def">combination chemotherapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>combination chemotherapy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> to the brain, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000415914/" class="def">spine</a>, bone, or other parts
|
|
of the body where the cancer has spread, as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045815/" class="def">palliative therapy</a> to relieve
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> and improve
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045417/" class="def">quality of life</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>radiation therapy to the chest if the cancer responded to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>radiation therapy to the brain after a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045652/" class="def">complete response</a> to chemotherapy, to prevent the spread of cancer to the brain</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062947__498">Learn more about these treatments in the <a href="#CDR0000062947__97">Treatment Option Overview</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062947__TrialSearch_484_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__121"><h2 id="_CDR0000062947__121_">Treatment of Recurrent Small Cell Lung Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062947__122"> Treatment of recurrent
|
|
small cell lung cancer may include:</p><ul id="CDR0000062947__123"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045729/" class="def">immunotherapy</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> as
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045815/" class="def">palliative therapy</a> to relieve
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> and improve
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045417/" class="def">quality of life</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045154/" class="def">laser therapy</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044903/" class="def">stent</a> placement to keep airways open, and/or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046345/" class="def">internal
|
|
radiation therapy</a> as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve
|
|
quality of life </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062947__499">Learn more about these treatments in the <a href="#CDR0000062947__97">Treatment Option Overview</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062947__TrialSearch_121_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__135"><h2 id="_CDR0000062947__135_">To Learn More About Small Cell Lung Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062947__136">For more information from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044266/" class="def">National Cancer Institute</a> about small cell lung cancer:</p><ul id="CDR0000062947__159"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Lung Cancer Home Page</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062825/?report=reader">Lung Cancer Prevention</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000258019/?report=reader">Lung Cancer Screening</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/lung" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drugs Approved for Small Cell Lung Cancer</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Tobacco</a> (includes help with quitting)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/quit-smoking-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cigarette Smoking: Health Risks and How to Quit</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/second-hand-smoke-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Secondhand Smoke and Cancer</a>
|
|
</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062947__135_md_40">For general cancer information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, visit:</p><ul id="CDR0000062947__135_md_41"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">About Cancer</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Staging</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/chemo-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/radiation-therapy-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Radiation Therapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Coping with Cancer</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/questions" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Cancer</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/ocs/resources/survivors.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">For Survivors, Caregivers, and Advocates</a>
|
|
</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062947__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of small cell lung cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.
|
|
</p><p id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/adult-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</a>.
|
|
</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
|
|
</p><p id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials can be found online at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. For more information, call the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/contact-center" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Information Service</a> (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
|
|
</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
|
|
</p><p id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_21">PDQ® Adult Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389478]</p><p id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.
|
|
</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000062947__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK66043_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Author Information and Affiliations</h3><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</span>.</p><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Published online: November 1, 2024.</p><h3>Version History</h3><ul class="simple-list" style="padding:0"><li><span class="bk_col_itm">NBK66043.22</span> November 1, 2024 (Displayed Version)</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.21/?report=reader">NBK66043.21</a></span> August 23, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.20/?report=reader">NBK66043.20</a></span> March 20, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.19/?report=reader">NBK66043.19</a></span> March 8, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.18/?report=reader">NBK66043.18</a></span> May 17, 2023</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.17/?report=reader">NBK66043.17</a></span> May 7, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.16/?report=reader">NBK66043.16</a></span> May 21, 2020</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.15/?report=reader">NBK66043.15</a></span> April 24, 2020</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.14/?report=reader">NBK66043.14</a></span> October 16, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.13/?report=reader">NBK66043.13</a></span> May 14, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.12/?report=reader">NBK66043.12</a></span> January 8, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.11/?report=reader">NBK66043.11</a></span> December 27, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.10/?report=reader">NBK66043.10</a></span> May 11, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.9/?report=reader">NBK66043.9</a></span> May 4, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.8/?report=reader">NBK66043.8</a></span> March 30, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.7/?report=reader">NBK66043.7</a></span> January 29, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.6/?report=reader">NBK66043.6</a></span> November 9, 2017</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.5/?report=reader">NBK66043.5</a></span> December 16, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.4/?report=reader">NBK66043.4</a></span> August 9, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.3/?report=reader">NBK66043.3</a></span> July 7, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.2/?report=reader">NBK66043.2</a></span> February 3, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66043.1/?report=reader">NBK66043.1</a></span> May 12, 2015</li></ul><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2024 Nov 1. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobCDR000006294750kp"><div id="CDR0000062947__50.kp" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__51">Small cell lung cancer is a type of fast-growing cancer that forms in the tissues of the lung.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__55">There are two main types of small cell lung cancer. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__59">Smoking is the major risk factor for small
|
|
cell lung cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__63">Signs and symptoms of small cell lung cancer include coughing and shortness of breath.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__67">Tests and procedures that examine the lungs are used to diagnose and stage small cell lung cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__78">After small cell lung cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done
|
|
to find out if cancer cells have spread within the chest or to other parts of
|
|
the body. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__645">Some people decide to get a second opinion.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__71">Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and
|
|
treatment options.</a></div></li></ul></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobCDR0000062947129"><div id="CDR0000062947__129" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20respiratory%20system%20showing%20the%20trachea%2C%20the%20right%20and%20left%20lungs%20and%20their%20lobes%2C%20and%20the%20bronchi&p=BOOKS&id=608873_CDR0000466533.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK66043/bin/CDR0000466533.jpg" alt="Respiratory system anatomy; drawing shows the right lung with the upper, middle, and lower lobes, the left lung with the upper and lower lobes, and the trachea, bronchi, lymph nodes, and diaphragm. An inset shows the bronchioles, alveoli, artery, and vein." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the respiratory system showing the trachea, the right and left lungs and their lobes, and the bronchi. The lymph nodes and the diaphragm are also shown. Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs and passes through the alveoli (the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles) and into the bloodstream (see inset), where it travels to the tissues throughout the body.</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobCDR0000062947130"><div id="CDR0000062947__130" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=A%20chest%20x-ray%20is%20used%20to%20take%20pictures%20of%20the%20structures%20and%20organs%20inside%20the%20chest&p=BOOKS&id=608873_CDR0000428438.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK66043/bin/CDR0000428438.jpg" alt="Chest x-ray; drawing shows a patient standing with their back to the x-ray machine. X-rays pass through the patient's body onto film or a computer and take pictures of the structures and organs inside the chest." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>A chest x-ray is used to take pictures of the structures and organs inside the chest. X-rays pass through the patient's body onto film or a computer.</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobCDR0000062947134"><div id="CDR0000062947__134" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Fine-needle%20aspiration%20biopsy%20of%20the%20lung&p=BOOKS&id=608873_CDR0000531057.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK66043/bin/CDR0000531057.jpg" alt="Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the lung; drawing shows a patient lying on a table that slides through the computed tomography (CT) machine with an x-ray picture of a cross-section of the lung on a monitor above the patient. Drawing also shows a doctor using the x-ray picture to help place the biopsy needle through the chest wall and into the area of abnormal lung tissue. Inset shows a side view of the chest cavity and lungs with the biopsy needle inserted into the area of abnormal tissue." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the lung. The patient lies on a table that slides through the computed tomography (CT) machine, which takes x-ray pictures of the inside of the body. The x-ray pictures help the doctor see where the abnormal tissue is in the lung. A biopsy needle is inserted through the chest wall and into the area of abnormal lung tissue. A small piece of tissue is removed through the needle and checked under the microscope for signs of cancer. </p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobCDR0000062947131"><div id="CDR0000062947__131" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Bronchoscopy&p=BOOKS&id=608873_CDR0000435997.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK66043/bin/CDR0000435997.jpg" alt="Bronchoscopy; drawing shows a bronchoscope inserted through the mouth, trachea, and bronchus into the lung; lymph nodes along trachea and bronchi; and cancer in one lung. Inset shows patient lying on a table having a bronchoscopy." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Bronchoscopy. A bronchoscope is inserted through the mouth, trachea, and major bronchi into the lung, to look for abnormal areas. A bronchoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a cutting tool. Tissue samples may be taken to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease.</p></div></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobCDR000006294777kp"><div id="CDR0000062947__77.kp" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__82">The following stages are used for small cell lung cancer:
|
|
</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__84">Limited-stage small cell lung cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__87">Extensive-stage small cell lung cancer</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__488">Small cell lung cancer can recur (come back) after it has been treated.</a></div></li></ul></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobCDR000006294792kp"><div id="CDR0000062947__92.kp" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__93">There are different types of treatment for patients with small
|
|
cell lung cancer. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__97">The following types of treatment are used:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__99">Surgery </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__103">Chemotherapy </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__106">Radiation therapy
|
|
</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__470">Immunotherapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__151">Laser therapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__154">Endoscopic stent placement</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__109">New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
|
|
</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__176">Treatment for small cell lung cancer may cause side effects.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062947__149">Follow-up care may be needed.</a></div></li></ul></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Book content -->
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js"> </script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID /projects/books/PBooks@9.11 portal107 v4.1.r689238 Tue, Oct 22 2024 16:10:51 -->
|
|
<span id="portal-csrf-token" style="display:none" data-token="CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID"></span>
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3968615.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
|
|
</html>
|