593 lines
No EOL
167 KiB
HTML
593 lines
No EOL
167 KiB
HTML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
|
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
|
|
|
|
<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
|
|
<!-- AppResources meta begin -->
|
|
<meta name="paf-app-resources" content="" />
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">var ncbi_startTime = new Date();</script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- AppResources meta end -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- TemplateResources meta begin -->
|
|
<meta name="paf_template" content="" />
|
|
|
|
<!-- TemplateResources meta end -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- Logger begin -->
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="books" /><meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="book-part" /><meta name="ncbi_acc" content="NBK66028" /><meta name="ncbi_domain" content="pdqcis" /><meta name="ncbi_report" content="record" /><meta name="ncbi_type" content="fulltext" /><meta name="ncbi_objectid" content="" /><meta name="ncbi_pcid" content="/NBK66028.10/" /><meta name="ncbi_pagename" content="Esophageal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries - NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="ncbi_bookparttype" content="chapter" /><meta name="ncbi_app" content="bookshelf" />
|
|
<!-- Logger end -->
|
|
|
|
<title>Esophageal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
|
|
|
|
<!-- AppResources external_resources begin -->
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/jig/1.15.2/css/jig.min.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="/core/jig/1.15.2/js/jig.min.js"></script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- AppResources external_resources end -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- Page meta begin -->
|
|
<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Esophageal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®)" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Cancer Institute (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2019/10/11" /><meta name="citation_author" content="PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="26389463" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66028/" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="esophageal cancer" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="esophageal cancer" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Esophageal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®)" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Cancer Institute (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2019/10/11" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66028/" /><meta name="description" content="Esophageal cancer treatment depends on the extent of disease and can include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and supportive care. Learn more about the treatment of newly diagnosed and recurrent esophageal cancer in this expert-reviewed information summary." /><meta name="og:title" content="Esophageal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®)" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Esophageal cancer treatment depends on the extent of disease and can include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and supportive care. Learn more about the treatment of newly diagnosed and recurrent esophageal cancer in this expert-reviewed information summary." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66028/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062960/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66028/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><meta name="book-collection" content="NONE" />
|
|
|
|
<!-- Page meta end -->
|
|
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/favicon.ico" /><meta name="ncbi_phid" content="CE8ED79D7C9682E10000000000680056.m_13" />
|
|
<meta name='referrer' content='origin-when-cross-origin'/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3852956/3985586/3808861/4121862/3974050/3917732/251717/4216701/14534/45193/4113719/3849091/3984811/3751656/4033350/3840896/3577051/3852958/4008682/4207974/4206132/4062871/12930/3964959/3854974/36029/4128070/9685/3549676/3609192/3609193/3609213/3395586.css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3411343/3882866.css" media="print" /></head>
|
|
<body class="book-part">
|
|
<div class="grid">
|
|
<div class="col twelve_col nomargin shadow">
|
|
<!-- System messages like service outage or JS required; this is handled by the TemplateResources portlet -->
|
|
<div class="sysmessages">
|
|
<noscript>
|
|
<p class="nojs">
|
|
<strong>Warning:</strong>
|
|
The NCBI web site requires JavaScript to function.
|
|
<a href="/guide/browsers/#enablejs" title="Learn how to enable JavaScript" target="_blank">more...</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</noscript>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!--/.sysmessage-->
|
|
<div class="wrap">
|
|
<div class="page">
|
|
<div class="top">
|
|
<div id="universal_header">
|
|
<section class="usa-banner">
|
|
<div class="usa-accordion">
|
|
<header class="usa-banner-header">
|
|
<div class="usa-grid usa-banner-inner">
|
|
<img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png" alt="U.S. flag" />
|
|
<p>An official website of the United States government</p>
|
|
<button class="non-usa-accordion-button usa-banner-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-top" type="button">
|
|
<span class="usa-banner-button-text">Here's how you know</span>
|
|
</button>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</header>
|
|
<div class="usa-banner-content usa-grid usa-accordion-content" id="gov-banner-top" aria-hidden="true">
|
|
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-gov usa-width-one-half">
|
|
<img class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img" src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" alt="Dot gov" />
|
|
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>The .gov means it's official.</strong>
|
|
<br />
|
|
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before
|
|
sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal
|
|
government site.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-ssl usa-width-one-half">
|
|
<img class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img" src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg" alt="Https" />
|
|
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>The site is secure.</strong>
|
|
<br />
|
|
The <strong>https://</strong> ensures that you are connecting to the
|
|
official website and that any information you provide is encrypted
|
|
and transmitted securely.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<div class="usa-overlay"></div>
|
|
<header class="ncbi-header" role="banner" data-section="Header">
|
|
|
|
<div class="usa-grid">
|
|
<div class="usa-width-one-whole">
|
|
|
|
<div class="ncbi-header__logo">
|
|
<a href="/" class="logo" aria-label="NCBI Logo" data-ga-action="click_image" data-ga-label="NIH NLM Logo">
|
|
<img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg" alt="NIH NLM Logo" />
|
|
</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="ncbi-header__account">
|
|
<a id="account_login" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-button header-button" style="display:none" data-ga-action="open_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu">Log in</a>
|
|
<button id="account_info" class="header-button" style="display:none" aria-controls="account_popup" type="button">
|
|
<span class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true">
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="20px" height="20px">
|
|
<g style="fill: #fff">
|
|
<ellipse cx="12" cy="8" rx="5" ry="6"></ellipse>
|
|
<path d="M21.8,19.1c-0.9-1.8-2.6-3.3-4.8-4.2c-0.6-0.2-1.3-0.2-1.8,0.1c-1,0.6-2,0.9-3.2,0.9s-2.2-0.3-3.2-0.9 C8.3,14.8,7.6,14.7,7,15c-2.2,0.9-3.9,2.4-4.8,4.2C1.5,20.5,2.6,22,4.1,22h15.8C21.4,22,22.5,20.5,21.8,19.1z"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<span class="username desktop-only" aria-hidden="true" id="uname_short"></span>
|
|
<span class="sr-only">Show account info</span>
|
|
</button>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="ncbi-popup-anchor">
|
|
<div class="ncbi-popup account-popup" id="account_popup" aria-hidden="true">
|
|
<div class="ncbi-popup-head">
|
|
<button class="ncbi-close-button" data-ga-action="close_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu" type="button">
|
|
<span class="fa fa-times">
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 48 48" width="24px" height="24px">
|
|
<path d="M38 12.83l-2.83-2.83-11.17 11.17-11.17-11.17-2.83 2.83 11.17 11.17-11.17 11.17 2.83 2.83 11.17-11.17 11.17 11.17 2.83-2.83-11.17-11.17z"></path>
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<span class="usa-sr-only">Close</span></button>
|
|
<h4>Account</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="account-user-info">
|
|
Logged in as:<br />
|
|
<b><span class="username" id="uname_long">username</span></b>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="account-links">
|
|
<ul class="usa-unstyled-list">
|
|
<li><a id="account_myncbi" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_myncbi">Dashboard</a></li>
|
|
<li><a id="account_pubs" href="/myncbi/collections/bibliography/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_pubs">Publications</a></li>
|
|
<li><a id="account_settings" href="/account/settings/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_settings">Account settings</a></li>
|
|
<li><a id="account_logout" href="/account/signout/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_logout">Log out</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</header>
|
|
<div role="navigation" aria-label="access keys">
|
|
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_0" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="0" tabindex="-1">Access keys</a>
|
|
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="1" tabindex="-1">NCBI Homepage</a>
|
|
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_2" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url usa-sr-only" accesskey="2" tabindex="-1">MyNCBI Homepage</a>
|
|
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_3" href="#maincontent" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="3" tabindex="-1">Main Content</a>
|
|
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_4" href="#" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="4" tabindex="-1">Main Navigation</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<section data-section="Alerts">
|
|
<div class="ncbi-alerts-placeholder"></div>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="header">
|
|
<div class="res_logo"><h1 class="res_name"><a href="/books/" title="Bookshelf home">Bookshelf</a></h1><h2 class="res_tagline"></h2></div>
|
|
<div class="search"><form method="get" action="/books/"><div class="search_form"><label for="database" class="offscreen_noflow">Search database</label><select id="database"><optgroup label="Recent"><option value="books" selected="selected" data-ac_dict="bookshelf-search">Books</option><option value="nlmcatalog">NLM Catalog</option><option value="pcsubstance">PubChem Substance</option><option value="pubmed" class="last">PubMed</option></optgroup><optgroup label="All"><option value="gquery">All Databases</option><option value="assembly">Assembly</option><option value="biocollections">Biocollections</option><option value="bioproject">BioProject</option><option value="biosample">BioSample</option><option value="books" data-ac_dict="bookshelf-search">Books</option><option value="clinvar">ClinVar</option><option value="cdd">Conserved Domains</option><option value="gap">dbGaP</option><option value="dbvar">dbVar</option><option value="gene">Gene</option><option value="genome">Genome</option><option value="gds">GEO DataSets</option><option value="geoprofiles">GEO Profiles</option><option value="gtr">GTR</option><option value="ipg">Identical Protein Groups</option><option value="medgen">MedGen</option><option value="mesh">MeSH</option><option value="nlmcatalog">NLM Catalog</option><option value="nuccore">Nucleotide</option><option value="omim">OMIM</option><option value="pmc">PMC</option><option value="protein">Protein</option><option value="proteinclusters">Protein Clusters</option><option value="protfam">Protein Family Models</option><option value="pcassay">PubChem BioAssay</option><option value="pccompound">PubChem Compound</option><option value="pcsubstance">PubChem Substance</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="snp">SNP</option><option value="sra">SRA</option><option value="structure">Structure</option><option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option><option value="toolkit">ToolKit</option><option value="toolkitall">ToolKitAll</option><option value="toolkitbookgh">ToolKitBookgh</option></optgroup></select><div class="nowrap"><label for="term" class="offscreen_noflow" accesskey="/">Search term</label><div class="nowrap"><input type="text" name="term" id="term" title="Search Books. Use up and down arrows to choose an item from the autocomplete." value="" class="jig-ncbiclearbutton jig-ncbiautocomplete" data-jigconfig="dictionary:'bookshelf-search',disableUrl:'NcbiSearchBarAutoComplCtrl'" autocomplete="off" data-sbconfig="ds:'no',pjs:'no',afs:'no'" /></div><button id="search" type="submit" class="button_search nowrap" cmd="go">Search</button></div></div></form><ul class="searchlinks inline_list"><li>
|
|
<a href="/books/browse/">Browse Titles</a>
|
|
</li><li>
|
|
<a href="/books/advanced/">Advanced</a>
|
|
</li><li class="help">
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK3833/">Help</a>
|
|
</li><li class="disclaimer">
|
|
<a target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="link_click" data-ga-label="disclaimer_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/about/disclaimer/">Disclaimer</a>
|
|
</li></ul></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!--<component id="Page" label="headcontent"/>-->
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<!-- site messages -->
|
|
<!-- Custom content 1 -->
|
|
<div class="col1">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="container">
|
|
<div id="maincontent" class="content eight_col col">
|
|
<!-- Custom content in the left column above book nav -->
|
|
<div class="col2">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Book content -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Custom content between navigation and content -->
|
|
<div class="col3">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="document">
|
|
<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK66028_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK66028_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
|
|
<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK66028_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Esophageal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: October 11, 2019.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000062960__336">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of adult esophageal cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__337">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__107"><h2 id="_CDR0000062960__107_">General Information About Esophageal Cancer</h2><div id="CDR0000062960__107.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__108">Esophageal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer)
|
|
cells form in the tissues of the esophagus.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__113">Smoking, heavy alcohol use, and Barrett esophagus can increase the
|
|
risk of esophageal cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__117">Signs and symptoms of esophageal cancer are weight loss and painful or
|
|
difficult swallowing.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__121">Tests that examine the esophagus are used to detect (find) and
|
|
diagnose esophageal cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__125">Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__108"><h3>Esophageal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer)
|
|
cells form in the tissues of the esophagus.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__110">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> is the hollow, muscular tube that moves food and
|
|
liquid from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439429/" class="def">throat</a> to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046604/" class="def">stomach</a>. The wall of the esophagus is made up of several layers of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>,
|
|
including <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257212/" class="def">mucous membrane</a>, muscle, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a>. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444989/" class="def">Esophageal cancer</a>
|
|
starts on the inside lining of the esophagus and spreads outward through the
|
|
other layers as it grows.<div id="CDR0000062960__229" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=The%20esophagus%20and%20stomach%20are%20part%20of%20the%20upper%20gastrointestinal%20(digestive)%20system&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000428446.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000428446.jpg" alt="Gastrointestinal (digestive) system anatomy; drawing shows the esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>The esophagus and stomach are part of the upper gastrointestinal (digestive) system.</p></div></div></p><p id="CDR0000062960__111">The two most common forms of esophageal cancer are named for the
|
|
type of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> that become <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045772/" class="def">malignant</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancerous</a>):</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__112"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046595/" class="def">Squamous cell carcinoma</a>: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> that forms in the thin, flat cells lining the inside of the esophagus. This cancer is most often found
|
|
in the upper and middle part of the esophagus, but can occur anywhere along the esophagus. This is also called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046419/" class="def">epidermoid
|
|
carcinoma</a>. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046216/" class="def">Adenocarcinoma</a>: Cancer that begins in
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046386/" class="def">glandular</a> cells.
|
|
Glandular cells in the lining of the esophagus produce and release <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044669/" class="def">fluids</a> such
|
|
as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046274/" class="def">mucus</a>. Adenocarcinomas usually form in the lower part of the esophagus, near
|
|
the stomach.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__113"><h3>Smoking, heavy alcohol use, and Barrett esophagus can increase the
|
|
risk of esophageal cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__115">Anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factor</a>. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn't mean that you will not get cancer. Talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk. Risk factors include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__116"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439432/" class="def">Tobacco</a> use.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heavy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463134/" class="def">alcohol</a> use. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046013/" class="def">Barrett esophagus</a>: A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> in which the cells lining
|
|
the lower part of the esophagus have changed or been replaced with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a>
|
|
cells that could lead to cancer of the esophagus. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390280/" class="def">Gastric reflux</a> (heartburn) is the most common cause of Barrett esophagus.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Older age.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__342">See the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062888/">Esophageal Cancer Prevention</a> for more information.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__117"><h3>Signs and symptoms of esophageal cancer are weight loss and painful or
|
|
difficult swallowing.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__119">These and other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">signs</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> may be caused by esophageal cancer or by
|
|
other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__120"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Painful or difficult swallowing.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Weight loss.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain behind the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000549425/" class="def">breastbone</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hoarseness and cough.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Indigestion and heartburn.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A lump under the skin.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__121"><h3>Tests that examine the esophagus are used to detect (find) and
|
|
diagnose esophageal cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__123">The following tests and procedures may be used:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__124"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270871/" class="def">Physical exam</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000689078/" class="def">history</a></b>: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304687/" class="def">Chest x-ray</a></b>: An <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-ray</a> of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046417/" class="def">Esophagoscopy</a></b>: A procedure to look inside the esophagus to check for abnormal areas. An esophagoscope is inserted through the mouth or nose and down the throat into the esophagus. An esophagoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000572035/" class="def">lens</a> for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue samples, which are checked under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> for signs of cancer. When the esophagus and stomach are looked at, it is called an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000470253/" class="def">upper endoscopy</a>. <div id="CDR0000062960__231" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Esophagoscopy&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000433289.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000433289.jpg" alt="Esophagoscopy; shows endoscope inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus. Inset shows patient on table having an esophagoscopy." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Esophagoscopy. A thin, lighted tube is inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus to look for abnormal areas.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045164/" class="def">Biopsy</a></b>: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">pathologist</a> to check for signs of cancer. The biopsy is usually done during an esophagoscopy.
|
|
Sometimes a biopsy shows changes in the esophagus that are not cancer but may
|
|
lead to cancer.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__125"><h3>Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__227">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045849/" class="def">prognosis</a> (chance of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454708/" class="def">recovery</a>) and treatment options depend on
|
|
the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__216"><li class="half_rhythm"><div> The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer (whether it affects part of the esophagus, involves the
|
|
whole esophagus, or has spread to other places in the body).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether the tumor can be completely removed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The patient’s general health. </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__128">When esophageal cancer is found very early, there is a better
|
|
chance of recovery. Esophageal cancer is often in an advanced stage when it is
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosed</a>. At later stages, esophageal cancer can be treated but rarely can be
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000318813/" class="def">cured</a>. Taking part in one of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a> being done to improve treatment should be considered. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>. </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062960__129"><h2 id="_CDR0000062960__129_">Stages of Esophageal Cancer</h2><div id="CDR0000062960__129.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__130">After esophageal cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to
|
|
find out if cancer cells have spread within the esophagus or to other parts of
|
|
the body. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__240">There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__302">Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__316">The grade of the tumor is also used to describe the cancer and plan treatment.
|
|
</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__134">The following stages are used for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__249">Stage 0 (High-grade Dysplasia)</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__252">Stage I squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__257">Stage II squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__264">Stage III squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__272">Stage IV squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__275">The following stages are used for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__277">Stage 0 (High-grade Dysplasia)</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__280">Stage I adenocarcinoma of the esophagus</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__285">Stage II adenocarcinoma of the esophagus</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__290">Stage III adenocarcinoma of the esophagus</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__296">Stage IV adenocarcinoma of the esophagus</a></div></li></ul></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__130"><h3>After esophageal cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to
|
|
find out if cancer cells have spread within the esophagus or to other parts of
|
|
the body. </h3><p id="CDR0000062960__132">The process used to find out if <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> have spread within the
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> or to other parts of the body is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046597/" class="def">staging</a>. The information
|
|
gathered from the staging process determines the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the disease. It is
|
|
important to know the stage in order to plan treatment.
|
|
The following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__133"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046602/" class="def">Endoscopic ultrasound</a> (EUS)</b>: A procedure in which an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046428/" class="def">endoscope</a> is inserted into the body, usually through the mouth or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046555/" class="def">rectum</a>. For <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444989/" class="def">esophageal cancer</a>, the endoscope is inserted through the mouth. An endoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000572035/" class="def">lens</a> for viewing. A probe at the end of the endoscope is used to bounce high-energy sound waves (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046157/" class="def">ultrasound</a>) off internal <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissues</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046587/" class="def">sonogram</a>. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045164/" class="def">biopsy</a> may also be done. This procedure is also called endosonography.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046033/" class="def">CT scan</a> (CAT
|
|
scan)</b>: A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the chest, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046246/" class="def">pelvis</a>, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-ray</a> machine. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000409764/" class="def">dye</a> may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a> or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography,
|
|
computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046140/" class="def">PET scan</a> (positron
|
|
emission tomography scan)</b>: A procedure to find <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045772/" class="def">malignant</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> cells in the body. A small amount of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044033/" class="def">glucose</a> (sugar) is injected into a vein. The PET <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386220/" class="def">scanner</a> rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body. Malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do. A PET scan and CT scan may be done at the same time. This is called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000742485/" class="def">PET-CT</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045788/" class="def">MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging)</b>: A procedure that uses a magnet, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651209/" class="def">radio waves</a>, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046119/" class="def">Thoracoscopy</a></b>: A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgical</a> procedure to look at the organs inside the chest to check for abnormal areas. An <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046353/" class="def">incision</a> (cut) is made between two ribs and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476929/" class="def">thoracoscope</a> is inserted into the chest. A thoracoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph node</a> samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. In some cases, this procedure may be used to remove part of the esophagus or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045556/" class="def">Laparoscopy</a></b>: A surgical procedure to look at the organs inside the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a> to check for signs of disease. Small incisions (cuts) are made in the wall of the abdomen and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044360/" class="def">laparoscope</a> (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into one of the incisions. Other instruments may be inserted through the same or other incisions to perform procedures such as removing organs or taking tissue samples to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046157/" class="def">Ultrasound exam</a></b>: A procedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off internal tissues or organs, such as those in the neck, and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. The picture can be printed to be looked at later.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__240"><h3>There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__240_69">Cancer can spread through <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045764/" class="def">lymph system</a>, and the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">blood</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__240_70"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tissue. The cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas.
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymph system. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system. The cancer travels through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269462/" class="def">lymph vessels</a> to other parts of the body.
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood. The cancer travels through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045020/" class="def">blood vessels</a> to other parts of the body.
|
|
</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__302"><h3>Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__302_66">When cancer spreads to another part of the body, it is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046710/" class="def">metastasis</a>. Cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> break away from where they began (the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary tumor</a>) and travel through the lymph system or blood.</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__302_67"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymph system. The cancer gets into the lymph system, travels through the lymph vessels, and forms a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044058/" class="def">metastatic</a> tumor) in another part of the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood. The cancer gets into the blood, travels through the blood vessels, and forms a tumor (metastatic tumor) in another part of the body.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__304">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044058/" class="def">metastatic</a> tumor is the same type of cancer as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary tumor</a>. For example, if <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444989/" class="def">esophageal cancer</a> spreads to the lung, the cancer cells in the lung are actually esophageal cancer cells. The disease is metastatic esophageal cancer, not <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445043/" class="def">lung cancer</a>.</p><div id="CDR0000062960__350" class="box"><h3><span class="title">metastasis: how cancer spreads</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Many cancer deaths are caused when cancer moves from the original tumor and spreads to other tissues and organs. This is called metastatic cancer. This animation shows how cancer cells travel from the place in the body where they first formed to other parts of the body.</p></div><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQwar_-QdiQ" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">YouTube</a></p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062960__316"><h3>The grade of the tumor is also used to describe the cancer and plan treatment.
|
|
</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__318">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045702/" class="def">grade</a> of the tumor describes how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grades 1 to 3 are used to describe esophageal cancer:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__319"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In grade 1, the cancer cells look more like normal cells under a microscope and grow and spread more slowly than grade 2 and 3 cancer cells.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In grade 2, the cancer cells look more abnormal under a microscope and grow and spread more quickly than grade 1 cancer cells.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In grade 3, the cancer cells look more abnormal under a microscope and grow and spread more quickly than grade 1 and 2 cancer cells.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__134"><h3>The following stages are used for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus:</h3><div id="CDR0000062960__249"><h4>Stage 0 (High-grade Dysplasia)</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__355">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000352152/" class="def">stage 0</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has formed in the inner lining of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. Stage 0 is also called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386205/" class="def">high-grade</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045675/" class="def">dysplasia</a>.<div id="CDR0000062960__385" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%200%20squamous%20cell%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000792771.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000792771.jpg" alt="Stage 0 squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus; drawing shows the esophagus and stomach. An inset shows cancer cells in the inner lining of the esophagus wall. Also shown are the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, thick muscle layer, and connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall. The lymph nodes are also shown." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage 0 squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer has formed in the inner lining of the esophagus wall.</p></div></div></p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__252"><h4>Stage I squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__356"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720215/" class="def">Stage I</a> is divided into stages IA and IB, depending on where the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread.</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__357"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stage IA: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> has spread into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> layer or thin muscle layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. The cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045702/" class="def">grade</a> 1 or the grade is not known.<div id="CDR0000062960__386" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IA%20squamous%20cell%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000752730.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000752730.jpg" alt="Stage IA squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus; drawing shows the esophagus and stomach. An inset shows grade 1 cancer cells or cancer cells of an unknown grade in the mucosa layer and thin muscle layer of the esophagus wall. Also shown are the submucosa layer, thick muscle layer, and connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall. The lymph nodes are also shown." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IA squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer has spread into the mucosa layer or thin muscle layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 1 or the grade is not known. Grade 1 cancer cells look more like normal cells under a microscope and grow and spread more slowly than grade 2 and 3 cancer cells.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stage IB: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> has spread:<dl id="CDR0000062960__358" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> layer, thin muscle layer, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454935/" class="def">submucosa</a> layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. The cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are any <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000774694/" class="def">grade</a> or the grade is not known; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the thick muscle layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 1.</p></dd></dl><div id="CDR0000062960__387" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IB%20squamous%20cell%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000752731.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000752731.jpg" alt="Stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus; drawing shows the esophagus and stomach. A two-panel inset shows the layers of the esophagus wall: the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, thick muscle layer, and connective tissue layer. The lymph nodes are also shown. The left panel shows cancer cells that are any grade or of an unknown grade in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, and submucosa layer. The right panel shows grade 1 cancer cells in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, and thick muscle layer." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer has spread into the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, or submucosa layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are any grade or the grade is not known; OR cancer has spread into the thick muscle layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 1. Grade 1 cancer cells look more like normal cells under a microscope and grow and spread more slowly than grade 2 and 3 cancer cells.</p></div></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__257"><h4>Stage II squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__359"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720244/" class="def">Stage II</a> is divided into stages IIA and IIB, depending on where the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread.</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__360"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stage IIA: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> has spread:<dl id="CDR0000062960__361" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the thick muscle layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. The cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045702/" class="def">grade</a> 2 or 3 or the grade is not known; or<div id="CDR0000062960__388" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IIA%20squamous%20cell%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus%20(1)&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000752732.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000752732.jpg" alt="Stage IIA squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (1); drawing shows the esophagus and stomach. An inset shows grade 2 or 3 cancer cells or cancer cells of an unknown grade in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, and thick muscle layer of the esophagus wall. Also shown are the connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall and the lymph nodes." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IIA squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (1). Cancer has spread into the thick muscle layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 2 or 3 or the grade is not known. Grade 2 and 3 cancer cells look more abnormal under a microscope and grow and spread more quickly than grade 1 cancer cells.</p></div></div></p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a> layer of the esophagus wall. The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is in the lower esophagus; or<div id="CDR0000062960__389" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IIA%20squamous%20cell%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus%20(2)&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000757897.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000757897.jpg" alt="Stage IIA squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (2); drawing shows the esophagus, including the lower part of the esophagus, and the stomach. An inset shows cancer cells of any grade in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, thick muscle layer, and connective tissue layer of the lower esophagus wall. The lymph nodes are also shown." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IIA squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (2). Cancer has spread into the connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall. The tumor is in the lower esophagus.</p></div></div></p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 1. The tumor is in either the upper or middle esophagus.<div id="CDR0000062960__390" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IIA%20squamous%20cell%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus%20(3)&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000796479.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000796479.jpg" alt="Stage IIA squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (3); drawing shows the upper and middle parts of the esophagus and the stomach. An inset shows grade 1 cancer cells in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, thick muscle layer, and connective tissue layer of the upper and middle esophagus wall. The lymph nodes are also shown." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IIA squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (3). Cancer has spread into the connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 1. Grade 1 cancer cells look more like normal cells under a microscope and grow and spread more slowly than grade 2 and 3 cancer cells. The tumor is in either the upper or middle esophagus.</p></div></div></p></dd></dl></div></li></ul><ul id="CDR0000062960__362"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stage IIB: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> has spread:<dl id="CDR0000062960__363" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a> layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. The cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000774694/" class="def">grade</a> 2 or 3. The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is in either the upper or middle esophagus; or<div id="CDR0000062960__391" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IIB%20squamous%20cell%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus%20(1)&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000752733.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000752733.jpg" alt="Stage IIB squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (1); drawing shows the upper and middle parts of the esophagus and the stomach. An inset shows grade 2 or 3 cancer cells in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, thick muscle layer, and connective tissue layer of the upper and middle esophagus wall." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IIB squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (1). Cancer has spread into the connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 2 or 3. Grade 2 and 3 cancer cells look more abnormal under a microscope and grow and spread more quickly than grade 1 cancer cells. The tumor is in either the upper or middle esophagus.</p></div></div></p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall. The grade of the cancer cells is not known, or it is not known where the tumor has formed in the esophagus; or <div id="CDR0000062960__392" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IIB%20squamous%20cell%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus%20(2)&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000796796.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000796796.jpg" alt="Stage IIB squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (2); drawing shows the esophagus and stomach. An inset shows (a) cancer cells of an unknown grade in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, thick muscle layer, and connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall. Also shown is (b) the location of the tumor in the esophagus is unknown." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IIB squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (2). Cancer has spread into the connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall. The grade of the cancer cells is not known, or it is not known where the tumor has formed in the esophagus.</p></div></div></p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> layer, thin muscle layer, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454935/" class="def">submucosa</a> layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 1 or 2 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> near the tumor. <div id="CDR0000062960__393" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IIB%20squamous%20cell%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus%20(3)&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000796797.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000796797.jpg" alt="Stage IIB squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (3); drawing shows the esophagus and stomach. An inset shows cancer cells of any grade in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, and submucosa layer of the esophagus wall. Also shown are the thick muscle layer and connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall and cancer in 1 lymph node near the tumor." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IIB squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (3). Cancer has spread into the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, or submucosa layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 1 to 2 lymph nodes near the tumor.</p></div></div></p></dd></dl></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__264"><h4>Stage III squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__364"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720246/" class="def">Stage III</a> is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB, depending on where the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread.</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__365"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stage IIIA: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> has spread:<dl id="CDR0000062960__366" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> layer, thin muscle layer, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454935/" class="def">submucosa</a> layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. Cancer is found in 3 to 6 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the thick muscle layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 1 or 2 lymph nodes near the tumor.</p></dd></dl><div id="CDR0000062960__415" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IIIA%20squamous%20cell%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000759456.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000759456.jpg" alt="Stage IIIA squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus; drawing shows the esophagus and stomach. A two-panel inset shows the layers of the esophagus wall: the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, thick muscle layer, and connective tissue layer. The left panel shows cancer in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, and submucosa layer and in 3 lymph nodes near the tumor. The right panel shows cancer in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, and thick muscle layer and in 1 lymph node near the tumor." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IIIA squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer has spread into the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, or submucosa layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 3 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor; OR cancer has spread into the thick muscle layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 1 to 2 lymph nodes near the tumor.</p></div></div></div></li></ul><ul id="CDR0000062960__367"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stage IIIB: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> has spread:<dl id="CDR0000062960__368" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the thick muscle layer or the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a> layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 1 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor; or<div id="CDR0000062960__396" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IIIB%20squamous%20cell%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus%20(1)&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000759737.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000759737.jpg" alt="Stage IIIB squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (1); drawing shows the esophagus and stomach. An inset shows cancer cells in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, thick muscle layer, and connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall and in 4 lymph nodes near the tumor." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IIIB squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (1). Cancer has spread into the thick muscle layer or the connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 1 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor.</p></div></div></p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046451/" class="def">diaphragm</a>, azygos vein, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045842/" class="def">pleura</a>, sac around the heart, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045829/" class="def">peritoneum</a>. Cancer may be found in 0 to 2 lymph nodes near the tumor.<div id="CDR0000062960__397" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IIIB%20squamous%20cell%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus%20(2)&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000796024.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000796024.jpg" alt="Stage IIIB squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (2); drawing shows cancer in the esophagus and in the (a) diaphragm, (b) azygos vein, (c) pleura, and (d) membrane (sac) around the heart. Also shown are the airway, lung, aorta, chest wall, heart, and rib." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IIIB squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (2). Cancer has spread into the (a) diaphragm, (b) azygos vein, (c) pleura, (d) sac around the heart, or peritoneum (not shown). Cancer may be found in 0 to 2 lymph nodes near the tumor.</p></div></div></p></dd></dl></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__272"><h4>Stage IV squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__369"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720248/" class="def">Stage IV</a> is divided into stages IVA and IVB, depending on where the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread.</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__370"><li class="half_rhythm"><div> Stage IVA: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> has spread:<dl id="CDR0000062960__371" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046451/" class="def">diaphragm</a>, azygos vein, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045842/" class="def">pleura</a>, sac around the heart, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045829/" class="def">peritoneum</a>. Cancer is found in 3 to 6 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>; or<div id="CDR0000062960__398" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IVA%20squamous%20cell%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus%20(1)&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000796025.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000796025.jpg" alt="Stage IVA squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (1); drawing shows cancer in the esophagus and in the (a) diaphragm, (b) azygos vein, (c) pleura, and (d) membrane (sac) around the heart. Also shown is cancer in 3 lymph nodes near the tumor. The airway, lung, aorta, chest wall, heart, and rib are also shown." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IVA squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (1). Cancer has spread into the (a) diaphragm, (b) azygos vein, (c) pleura, (d) sac around the heart, or peritoneum (not shown). Cancer is found in 3 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor.</p></div></div></p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into nearby structures, such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044527/" class="def">aorta</a>, airway, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000415914/" class="def">spine</a>. Cancer may be found in 0 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor; or <div id="CDR0000062960__399" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IVA%20squamous%20cell%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus%20(2)&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000796026.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000796026.jpg" alt="Stage IVA squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (2); drawing shows cancer in the esophagus, airway, aorta, and spine." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IVA squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (2). Cancer has spread into nearby structures, such as the airway, aorta, or spine. Cancer may be found in 0 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor.</p></div></div></p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">to 7 or more lymph nodes near the tumor.<div id="CDR0000062960__400" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IVA%20squamous%20cell%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus%20(3)&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000796027.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000796027.jpg" alt="Stage IVA squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (3); drawing shows cancer in the esophagus and in 9 lymph nodes near the tumor." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IVA squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (3). Cancer has spread to 7 or more lymph nodes near the tumor.</p></div></div></p></dd></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stage IVB: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> has spread to other parts of the body, such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a>.<div id="CDR0000062960__401" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IVB%20squamous%20cell%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000759710.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000759710.jpg" alt="Stage IVB squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus; drawing shows other parts of the body where esophagus cancer may spread, including the lung and liver. An inset shows cancer cells spreading from the esophagus, through the blood and lymph system, to another part of the body where metastatic cancer has formed." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IVB squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver or lung.</p></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div><div id="CDR0000062960__275"><h3>The following stages are used for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus:</h3><div id="CDR0000062960__277"><h4>Stage 0 (High-grade Dysplasia)</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__372">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000352152/" class="def">stage 0</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has formed in the inner lining of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. Stage 0 is also called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386205/" class="def">high-grade</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045675/" class="def">dysplasia</a>.<div id="CDR0000062960__402" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%200%20adenocarcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000792769.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000792769.jpg" alt="Stage 0 adenocarcinoma of the esophagus; drawing shows the esophagus and stomach. An inset shows cancer cells in the inner lining of the esophagus wall. Also shown are the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, thick muscle layer, and connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall. The lymph nodes are also shown." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage 0 adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer has formed in the inner lining of the esophagus wall.</p></div></div></p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__280"><h4>Stage I adenocarcinoma of the esophagus</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__373"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720250/" class="def">Stage I</a> is divided into stages IA, IB, and IC, depending on where the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread.</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__374"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stage IA: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> has spread into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> layer or thin muscle layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. The cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045702/" class="def">grade</a> 1 or the grade is not known.<div id="CDR0000062960__403" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IA%20adenocarcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000762340.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000762340.jpg" alt="Stage IA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus; drawing shows the esophagus and stomach. An inset shows cancer cells in the mucosa layer and thin muscle layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 1 or the grade is not known. Also shown are the submucosa layer, thick muscle layer, and connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall. The lymph nodes are also shown." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer has spread into the mucosa layer or thin muscle layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 1 or the grade is not known. Grade 1 cancer cells look more like normal cells under a microscope and grow and spread more slowly than grade 2 and 3 cancer cells.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> Stage IB: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> has spread:<dl id="CDR0000062960__375" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> layer or thin muscle layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. The cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000774694/" class="def">grade</a> 2; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454935/" class="def">submucosa</a> layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 1 or 2 or the grade is not known.</p></dd></dl><div id="CDR0000062960__404" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IB%20adenocarcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000762344.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000762344.jpg" alt="Stage IB adenocarcinoma of the esophagus; drawing shows the esophagus and stomach. A two-panel inset shows the layers of the esophagus wall: the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, thick muscle layer, and connective tissue layer. The lymph nodes are also shown. The left panel shows grade 2 cancer cells in the mucosa layer and thin muscle layer. The right panel shows cancer cells in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, and submucosa layer. The cancer cells are grade 1 or 2 or the grade is not known." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IB adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer has spread into the mucosa layer or thin muscle layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 2. Grade 2 cancer cells look more abnormal under a microscope and grow and spread more quickly than grade 1 cancer cells; OR cancer has spread into the submucosa layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 1 or 2 or the grade is not known. </p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> Stage IC: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> has spread:<dl id="CDR0000062960__376" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> layer, thin muscle layer, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454935/" class="def">submucosa</a> layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. The cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000774694/" class="def">grade</a> 3; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the thick muscle layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 1 or 2.</p></dd></dl><div id="CDR0000062960__405" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IC%20adenocarcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000794331.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000794331.jpg" alt="Stage IC adenocarcinoma of the esophagus; drawing shows the esophagus and stomach. A two-panel inset shows the layers of the esophagus wall: the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, thick muscle layer, and connective tissue layer. The lymph nodes are also shown. The left panel shows grade 3 cancer cells in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, and submucosa layer. The right panel shows grade 1 or 2 cancer cells in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, and thick muscle layer." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IC adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer has spread into the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, or submucosa layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 3. Grade 3 cancer cells look more abnormal under a microscope and grow and spread more quickly than grade 1 and 2 cancer cells; OR cancer has spread into the thick muscle layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 1 or 2.</p></div></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__285"><h4>Stage II adenocarcinoma of the esophagus</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__287"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720252/" class="def">Stage II</a> is divided into stages IIA and IIB, depending on where the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread.</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__377"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stage IIA: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> has spread into the thick muscle layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. The cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045702/" class="def">grade</a> 3 or the grade is not known.<div id="CDR0000062960__406" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IIA%20adenocarcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000762342.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000762342.jpg" alt="Stage IIA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus; drawing shows the esophagus and stomach. An inset shows cancer cells in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, and thick muscle layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 3 or the grade is not known. Also shown is the connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall and the lymph nodes." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IIA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer has spread into the thick muscle layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 3 or the grade is not known. Grade 3 cancer cells look more abnormal under a microscope and grow and spread more quickly than grade 1 and 2 cancer cells.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> Stage IIB: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> has spread:<dl id="CDR0000062960__378" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a> layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> layer, thin muscle layer, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454935/" class="def">submucosa</a> layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 1 or 2 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>. </p></dd></dl><div id="CDR0000062960__407" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IIB%20adenocarcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000762355.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000762355.jpg" alt="Stage IIB adenocarcinoma of the esophagus; drawing shows the esophagus and stomach. A two-panel inset shows the layers of the esophagus wall: the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, thick muscle layer, and connective tissue layer. The left panel shows cancer in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, thick muscle layer, and connective tissue layer. The right panel shows cancer in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, and submucosa layer and in 1 lymph node near the tumor." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IIB adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer has spread into the connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall; OR cancer has spread into the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, or submucosa layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 1 to 2 lymph nodes near the tumor.</p></div></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__290"><h4>Stage III adenocarcinoma of the esophagus</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__292"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720254/" class="def">Stage III</a> is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB, depending on where the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread.</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__379"><li class="half_rhythm"><div> Stage IIIA: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> has spread:<dl id="CDR0000062960__380" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"> into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> layer, thin muscle layer, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454935/" class="def">submucosa</a> layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. Cancer is found in 3 to 6 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the thick muscle layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 1 or 2 lymph nodes near the tumor.</p></dd></dl><div id="CDR0000062960__408" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IIIA%20adenocarcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000762220.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000762220.jpg" alt="Stage IIIA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus; drawing shows the esophagus and stomach. A two-panel inset shows the layers of the esophagus wall: the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, thick muscle layer, and connective tissue layer. The left panel shows cancer in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, and submucosa layer and in 3 lymph nodes near the tumor. The right panel shows cancer in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, and thick muscle layer and in 1 lymph node near the tumor." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IIIA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer has spread into the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, or submucosa layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 3 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor; OR cancer has spread into the thick muscle layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 1 to 2 lymph nodes near the tumor.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> Stage IIIB: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> has spread:<dl id="CDR0000062960__381" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the thick muscle layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. Cancer is found in 3 to 6 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>; or </p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a> layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 1 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor; or <div id="CDR0000062960__409" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IIIB%20adenocarcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus%20(1)&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000762234.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000762234.jpg" alt="Stage IIIB adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (1); drawing shows the esophagus and stomach. An inset shows the layers of the esophagus wall: the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, thick muscle layer, and connective tissue layer. The left panel shows cancer in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, and thick muscle layer and in 3 lymph nodes near the tumor. The right panel shows cancer in the mucosa layer, thin muscle layer, submucosa layer, thick muscle layer, and connective tissue layer and in 4 lymph nodes near the tumor." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IIIB adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (1). Cancer has spread into the thick muscle layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 3 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor; OR cancer has spread into the connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 1 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor.</p></div></div></p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046451/" class="def">diaphragm</a>, azygos vein, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045842/" class="def">pleura</a>, sac around the heart, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045829/" class="def">peritoneum</a>. Cancer may be found in 0 to 2 lymph nodes near the tumor.<div id="CDR0000062960__410" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IIIB%20adenocarcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus%20(2)&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000794333.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000794333.jpg" alt="Stage IIIB adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (2); drawing shows cancer in the esophagus and in the (a) diaphragm, (b) azygos vein, (c) pleura, and (d) membrane (sac) around the heart. Also shown are the airway, lung, aorta, chest wall, heart, and rib." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IIIB adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (2). Cancer has spread into the (a) diaphragm, (b) azygos vein, (c) pleura, (d) sac around the heart, or peritoneum (not shown). Cancer may be found in 0 to 2 lymph nodes near the tumor. </p></div></div></p></dd></dl></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__296"><h4>Stage IV adenocarcinoma of the esophagus</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__382"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720258/" class="def">Stage IV</a> is divided into stages IVA and IVB, depending on where the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread.</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__383"><li class="half_rhythm"><div> Stage IVA: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> has spread:<dl id="CDR0000062960__384" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046451/" class="def">diaphragm</a>, azygos vein, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045842/" class="def">pleura</a>, sac around the heart, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045829/" class="def">peritoneum</a>. Cancer is found in 3 to 6 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>; or<div id="CDR0000062960__411" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IVA%20adenocarcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus%20(1)&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000762235.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000762235.jpg" alt="Stage IVA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (1); drawing shows cancer in the esophagus and in the (a) diaphragm, (b) azygos vein, (c) pleura, and (d) membrane (sac) around the heart. Also shown is cancer in 3 lymph nodes near the tumor. The airway, lung, aorta, chest wall, heart, and rib are also shown." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IVA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (1). Cancer has spread into the (a) diaphragm, (b) azygos vein, (c) pleura, (d) sac around the heart, or peritoneum (not shown). Cancer is found in 3 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor.</p></div></div></p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into nearby structures, such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044527/" class="def">aorta</a>, airway, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000415914/" class="def">spine</a>. Cancer may be found in 0 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor; or<div id="CDR0000062960__412" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IVA%20adenocarcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus%20(2)&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000794334.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000794334.jpg" alt="Stage IVA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (2); drawing shows cancer in the esophagus, airway, aorta, and spine." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IVA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (2). Cancer has spread into nearby structures, such as the airway, aorta, or spine. Cancer may be found in 0 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor.</p></div></div></p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">to 7 or more lymph nodes near the tumor.<div id="CDR0000062960__413" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IVA%20adenocarcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus%20(3)&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000794335.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000794335.jpg" alt="Stage IVA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (3); drawing shows cancer in the esophagus and in 9 lymph nodes near the tumor." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IVA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (3). Cancer has spread to 7 or more lymph nodes near the tumor.</p></div></div></p></dd></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stage IVB: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> has spread to other parts of the body, such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a>.<div id="CDR0000062960__414" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IVB%20adenocarcinoma%20of%20the%20esophagus&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000794336.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000794336.jpg" alt="Stage IVB adenocarcinoma of the esophagus; drawing showing other parts of the body where esophagus cancer may spread, including the lung and liver. An inset shows cancer cells spreading from the esophagus, through the blood and lymph system, to another part of the body where metastatic cancer has formed." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IVB adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver or lung.</p></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000062960__157"><h2 id="_CDR0000062960__157_">Recurrent Esophageal Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062960__158"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">Recurrent</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444989/" class="def">esophageal cancer</a> is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> that has <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurred</a> (come back)
|
|
after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> or in other parts of the body. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__159"><h2 id="_CDR0000062960__159_">Treatment Option Overview</h2><div id="CDR0000062960__159.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__160">There are different types of treatment for patients with
|
|
esophageal cancer. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__186">Patients have special nutritional needs during treatment for
|
|
esophageal cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__164">Six types of standard treatment are used:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__166">Surgery </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__169">Radiation therapy
|
|
</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__173">Chemotherapy </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__299">Chemoradiation therapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__176">Laser therapy
|
|
</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__179">Electrocoagulation
|
|
</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__182">New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
|
|
</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__351">Treatment for esophageal cancer may cause side effects.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__242">Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__244">Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__246">Follow-up tests may be needed.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__160"><h3>There are different types of treatment for patients with
|
|
esophageal cancer. </h3><p id="CDR0000062960__162">Different types of treatment are available for patients with
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444989/" class="def">esophageal cancer</a>. Some treatments are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard</a> (the currently used treatment),
|
|
and some are being tested in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical
|
|
trials</a>. A treatment clinical trial is a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651211/" class="def">research
|
|
study</a> meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new
|
|
treatments for patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>. When clinical trials show that a new
|
|
treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment.
|
|
Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
|
|
</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__186"><h3>Patients have special nutritional needs during treatment for
|
|
esophageal cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__189"><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000062960__188"></div> Many people with esophageal cancer find it hard to eat because
|
|
they have trouble swallowing. The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> may be narrowed by the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> or
|
|
as a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effect</a> of treatment. Some patients may receive <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044697/" class="def">nutrients</a> directly
|
|
into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a>. Others may need a feeding tube (a flexible plastic tube that is
|
|
passed through the nose or mouth into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046604/" class="def">stomach</a>) until they are able to eat on
|
|
their own.<div class="milestone-end"></div></p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__164"><h3>Six types of standard treatment are used:</h3><div id="CDR0000062960__166"><h4>Surgery </h4><p id="CDR0000062960__168"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">Surgery</a> is the most common treatment for cancer of the esophagus.
|
|
Part of the esophagus may be removed in an operation called an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046416/" class="def">esophagectomy</a>.
|
|
<div id="CDR0000062960__233" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Esophagectomy&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000433428.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000433428.jpg" alt="Three-panel drawing showing esophageal cancer surgery; first panel shows area of esophagus with cancer, middle panel shows cancer and nearby tissue removed, last panel shows the stomach pulled up and joined to the remaining esophagus." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Esophagectomy. A portion of the esophagus is removed and the stomach is pulled up and joined to the remaining esophagus.</p></div></div>The doctor will connect the remaining healthy part of the esophagus to the
|
|
stomach so the patient can still swallow. A plastic tube or part of the
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046335/" class="def">intestine</a> may be used to make the connection. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">Lymph nodes</a> near the esophagus
|
|
may also be removed and viewed under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> to see if they contain
|
|
cancer. If the esophagus is partly blocked by the tumor, an expandable metal
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044903/" class="def">stent</a> (tube) may be placed inside the esophagus to help keep it open.<div id="CDR0000062960__234" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Esophageal%20stent&p=BOOKS&id=547637_CDR0000433292.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66028.10/bin/CDR0000433292.jpg" alt="Esophageal stent. Shows cancer blocking esophagus. Insets show enlarged area of cancer and a stent placed in the esophagus to keep it open." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Esophageal stent. A device (stent) is placed in the esophagus to keep it open to allow food and liquids to pass through into the stomach.</p></div></div></p><p id="CDR0000062960__338">Small, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000561398/" class="def">early-stage cancer</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386205/" class="def">high-grade</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045675/" class="def">dysplasia</a> of the esophagus may be removed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046428/" class="def">endoscopic</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046565/" class="def">resection</a>. An <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046428/" class="def">endoscope</a> (a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000572035/" class="def">lens</a> for viewing) is inserted through a small <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046353/" class="def">incision</a> (cut) in the skin or through an opening in the body, such as the mouth. A tool attached to the endoscope is used to remove <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__169"><h4>Radiation therapy
|
|
</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__171"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">Radiation therapy</a> is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-rays</a> or other types of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045072/" class="def">radiation</a> to kill cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__348"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046686/" class="def">External radiation therapy</a> uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046345/" class="def">Internal radiation therapy</a> uses a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a> substance sealed in needles, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257219/" class="def">seeds</a>, wires, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045637/" class="def">catheters</a> that are placed directly into or near the cancer.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__349">The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer being treated. External and internal radiation therapy are used to treat esophageal cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__172">A plastic tube may be inserted into the esophagus to keep it open
|
|
during radiation therapy. This is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000322857/" class="def">intraluminal intubation and
|
|
dilation</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__173"><h4>Chemotherapy </h4><p id="CDR0000062960__175"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a> is a cancer treatment that uses <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drugs</a> to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000301626/" class="def">systemic chemotherapy</a>). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046483/" class="def">cerebrospinal fluid</a>, an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organ</a>, or a body <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463703/" class="def">cavity</a> such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a>, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046559/" class="def">regional chemotherapy</a>). The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__347">See <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/esophageal" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drugs Approved for Esophageal Cancer</a> for more information.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__299"><h4>Chemoradiation therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__301"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000306495/" class="def">Chemoradiation therapy</a> combines chemotherapy and radiation therapy to increase the effects of both.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__176"><h4>Laser therapy
|
|
</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__178"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045154/" class="def">Laser therapy</a> is a cancer treatment that uses a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045748/" class="def">laser beam</a> (a narrow beam of intense light) to kill cancer cells.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__179"><h4>Electrocoagulation
|
|
</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__181"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000751149/" class="def">Electrocoagulation</a> is the use of an electric current to kill
|
|
cancer cells.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062960__182"><h3>New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
|
|
</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__185"> This summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials. It may not mention every new treatment being studied. Information about clinical trials is available from the
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p><div id="CDR0000062960__339"><h4>Targeted therapy </h4><p id="CDR0000062960__345"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270742/" class="def">Targeted therapy</a> is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells. Targeted therapies usually cause less harm to normal cells than chemotherapy or radiation therapy do. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046066/" class="def">Monoclonal antibody</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044737/" class="def">therapy</a> is a type of targeted therapy used in the treatment of esophageal cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__346">Monoclonal antibody therapy uses <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044918/" class="def">antibodies</a> made in the laboratory from a single type of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046356/" class="def">immune system</a> cell. These antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow. The antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells, block their growth, or keep them from spreading. Monoclonal antibodies are given by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045738/" class="def">infusion</a>. They may be used alone or to carry drugs, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046622/" class="def">toxins</a>, or radioactive material directly to cancer cells. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045439/" class="def">Trastuzumab</a> is a monoclonal antibody being studied in esophageal cancer. It may be given to block the effect of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045705/" class="def">growth factor</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046092/" class="def">protein</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044945/" class="def">HER2</a>, which sends growth signals to esophageal cancer cells. </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062960__351"><h3>Treatment for esophageal cancer may cause side effects.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__351_73">For information about <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> caused by treatment for cancer, see our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Side Effects</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__242"><h3>Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__242_23">For some patients, taking part in a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard treatment</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__242_24">Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__242_25">Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__244"><h3>Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__244_29">Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurring</a> (coming back) or reduce the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> of cancer treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__244_30">Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about clinical trials supported by NCI can be found on NCI’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trials search</a> webpage. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> website.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__246"><h3>Follow-up tests may be needed.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__246_33">Some of the tests that were done to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnose</a> the cancer or to find out the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__246_34">Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> has changed or if the cancer has <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurred</a> (come back). These tests are sometimes called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044671/" class="def">follow-up</a> tests or check-ups.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062960__190"><h2 id="_CDR0000062960__190_">Treatment Options By Stage </h2><p id="CDR0000062960__353">For information about the treatments listed below, see the <a href="#CDR0000062960__164">Treatment Option Overview</a> section.</p><div id="CDR0000062960__191"><h3>Stage 0 (High-grade Dysplasia)</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__192">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000352152/" class="def">stage 0</a> may include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__341"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">Surgery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046428/" class="def">Endoscopic</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046565/" class="def">resection</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__TrialSearch_191_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__193"><h3>Stage I Esophageal Cancer </h3><p id="CDR0000062960__194">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720215/" class="def">stage I esophageal squamous cell carcinoma</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720250/" class="def">adenocarcinoma</a> may include the
|
|
following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__195"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000306495/" class="def">Chemoradiation therapy</a> followed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery alone.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__TrialSearch_193_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__197"><h3>Stage II Esophageal Cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__198">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720244/" class="def">stage II esophageal squamous cell carcinoma</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720252/" class="def">adenocarcinoma</a> may include the
|
|
following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__199"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000306495/" class="def">Chemoradiation therapy</a> followed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery alone.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a> followed by surgery.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> Chemoradiation therapy alone.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__TrialSearch_197_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__201"><h3>Stage III Esophageal Cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__202">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720246/" class="def">stage III esophageal squamous cell carcinoma</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720254/" class="def">adenocarcinoma</a> may include the
|
|
following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__203"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000306495/" class="def">Chemoradiation therapy</a> followed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a> followed by surgery.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chemoradiation therapy alone.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__TrialSearch_201_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__205"><h3>Stage IV Esophageal Cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__206">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720248/" class="def">stage IV esophageal squamous cell carcinoma</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720258/" class="def">adenocarcinoma</a> may include the
|
|
following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__207"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000306495/" class="def">Chemoradiation therapy</a> followed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045154/" class="def">Laser surgery</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000751149/" class="def">electrocoagulation</a> as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045815/" class="def">palliative therapy</a> to
|
|
relieve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> and improve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045417/" class="def">quality of life</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000470252/" class="def">esophageal stent</a> as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046686/" class="def">External</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046345/" class="def">internal radiation therapy</a> as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms
|
|
and improve quality of life.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">Clinical trials</a> of chemotherapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270742/" class="def">targeted therapy</a> combined with chemotherapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__TrialSearch_205_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062960__209"><h2 id="_CDR0000062960__209_">Treatment Options for Recurrent Esophageal Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062960__354">For information about the treatments listed below, see the <a href="#CDR0000062960__164">Treatment Option Overview</a> section.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__210">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">recurrent</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444989/" class="def">esophageal cancer</a> may include the
|
|
following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__211"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of any <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard treatments</a> as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045815/" class="def">palliative therapy</a> to relieve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> and improve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045417/" class="def">quality of
|
|
life</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">Clinical trials</a>. </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__TrialSearch_209_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__235"><h2 id="_CDR0000062960__235_">To Learn More About Esophageal Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062960__236">For more information from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044266/" class="def">National Cancer Institute</a> about esophageal cancer, see the following: </p><ul id="CDR0000062960__237"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/esophageal" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Esophageal Cancer Home Page</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062888/">Esophageal Cancer Prevention</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000304521/">Esophageal Cancer Screening</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062878/#CDR0000062878__106">Unusual Cancers of Childhood Treatment</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000658500/">Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Treatment</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000286996/">Nutrition in Cancer Care</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062871/#CDR0000062871__369">Oral Complications of Chemotherapy and Head/Neck Radiation</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Tobacco</a> (includes help with quitting)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/surgery/lasers-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Lasers in Cancer Treatment</a></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__235_40">For general <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, see the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__235_41"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">About Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Staging</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/chemo-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/radiation-therapy-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Radiation Therapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Coping with Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/questions" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/ocs/resources/survivors.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">For Survivors and Caregivers</a>
|
|
</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062960__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of adult esophageal cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.
|
|
</p><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/adult-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</a>.
|
|
</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
|
|
</p><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials can be found online at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. For more information, call the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/contact-center" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Information Service</a> (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
|
|
</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
|
|
</p><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_21">PDQ® Adult Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Esophageal Cancer Treatment (Adult). Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/esophageal/patient/adult/esophageal-treatment-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.cancer.gov/types/esophageal/patient/adult/esophageal-treatment-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389463]</p><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.
|
|
</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div>
|
|
<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK66028</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26389463" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">26389463</a></span></div></div></div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Custom content below content -->
|
|
<div class="col4">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Book content -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- Custom contetnt below bottom nav -->
|
|
<div class="col5">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div id="rightcolumn" class="four_col col last">
|
|
<!-- Custom content above discovery portlets -->
|
|
<div class="col6">
|
|
<div id="ncbi_share_book"><a href="#" class="ncbi_share" data-ncbi_share_config="popup:false,shorten:true" ref="id=NBK66028&db=books">Share</a></div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK66028.10/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK66028.10/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK66028" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK66028" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. Esophageal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2019 Oct 11. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Version History</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter shutter_closed" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="version_history" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content" style="display: none;"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66028.17/">NBK66028.17</a></span> October 15, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66028.16/">NBK66028.16</a></span> September 21, 2023</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66028.15/">NBK66028.15</a></span> November 18, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66028.14/">NBK66028.14</a></span> August 24, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66028.13/">NBK66028.13</a></span> October 2, 2020</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66028.12/">NBK66028.12</a></span> January 31, 2020</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66028.11/">NBK66028.11</a></span> November 15, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm">NBK66028.10</span> October 11, 2019 (Displayed Version)</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66028.9/">NBK66028.9</a></span> June 26, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66028.8/">NBK66028.8</a></span> March 7, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66028.7/">NBK66028.7</a></span> September 7, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66028.6/">NBK66028.6</a></span> March 28, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66028.5/">NBK66028.5</a></span> December 7, 2017</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66028.4/">NBK66028.4</a></span> July 19, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66028.3/">NBK66028.3</a></span> June 30, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66028.2/">NBK66028.2</a></span> December 10, 2015</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/">NBK66028.1</a></span> May 12, 2015</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#CDR0000062960__107" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">General Information About Esophageal Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062960__129" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Stages of Esophageal Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062960__157" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Recurrent Esophageal Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062960__159" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Option Overview</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062960__190" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Options By Stage </a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062960__209" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Options for Recurrent Esophageal Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062960__235" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">To Learn More About Esophageal Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062960__AboutThis_1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">About This PDQ Summary</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related publications</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="document-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65900/">Health Professional Version</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/31593388" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Esophageal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Esophageal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389388" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Melanoma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Melanoma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389197" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Retinoblastoma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Retinoblastoma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389400" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Gallbladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Gallbladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389384" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Urethral Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Urethral Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li></ul><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed_reviews&uid=26389463" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedreviews_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See reviews...</a><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&uid=26389463" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedarticles_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See all...</a></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Recent Activity</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="recent_activity" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="HTDisplay" class=""><div class="action"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('ClearHT')">Clear</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOff')" class="HTOn">Turn Off</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')" class="HTOff">Turn On</a></div><ul id="activity"><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=1" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c96cdcb15b832ebccf21c7">Esophageal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Esophageal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=2" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c96cd5ab82281a80003cb9">Esophageal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Esophageal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=3" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c96c3ca68b6b5afc2e2e68">Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li></ul><p class="HTOn">Your browsing activity is empty.</p><p class="HTOff">Activity recording is turned off.</p><p id="turnOn" class="HTOff"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')">Turn recording back on</a></p><a class="seemore" href="/sites/myncbi/recentactivity">See more...</a></div></div></div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Custom content below discovery portlets -->
|
|
<div class="col7">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Custom content after all -->
|
|
<div class="col8">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="col9">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.scrollTo-1.4.2.js"></script>
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|
(function($){
|
|
$('.skiplink').each(function(i, item){
|
|
var href = $($(item).attr('href'));
|
|
href.attr('tabindex', '-1').addClass('skiptarget'); // ensure the target can receive focus
|
|
$(item).on('click', function(event){
|
|
event.preventDefault();
|
|
$.scrollTo(href, 0, {
|
|
onAfter: function(){
|
|
href.focus();
|
|
}
|
|
});
|
|
});
|
|
});
|
|
})(jQuery);
|
|
</script>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="bottom">
|
|
|
|
<div id="NCBIFooter_dynamic">
|
|
<!--<component id="Breadcrumbs" label="breadcrumbs"/>
|
|
<component id="Breadcrumbs" label="helpdesk"/>-->
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="footer" id="footer">
|
|
<section class="icon-section">
|
|
<div id="icon-section-header" class="icon-section_header">Follow NCBI</div>
|
|
<div class="grid-container container">
|
|
<div class="icon-section_container">
|
|
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_twitter" href="https://twitter.com/ncbi" aria-label="Twitter"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
|
<defs>
|
|
<style>
|
|
.cls-11 {
|
|
fill: #737373;
|
|
}
|
|
</style>
|
|
</defs>
|
|
<title>Twitter</title>
|
|
<path class="cls-11" d="M250.11,105.48c-7,3.14-13,3.25-19.27.14,8.12-4.86,8.49-8.27,11.43-17.46a78.8,78.8,0,0,1-25,9.55,39.35,39.35,0,0,0-67,35.85,111.6,111.6,0,0,1-81-41.08A39.37,39.37,0,0,0,81.47,145a39.08,39.08,0,0,1-17.8-4.92c0,.17,0,.33,0,.5a39.32,39.32,0,0,0,31.53,38.54,39.26,39.26,0,0,1-17.75.68,39.37,39.37,0,0,0,36.72,27.3A79.07,79.07,0,0,1,56,223.34,111.31,111.31,0,0,0,116.22,241c72.3,0,111.83-59.9,111.83-111.84,0-1.71,0-3.4-.1-5.09C235.62,118.54,244.84,113.37,250.11,105.48Z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</svg></a>
|
|
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/ncbi.nlm" aria-label="Facebook"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
|
<title>Facebook</title>
|
|
<path class="cls-11" d="M210.5,115.12H171.74V97.82c0-8.14,5.39-10,9.19-10h27.14V52l-39.32-.12c-35.66,0-42.42,26.68-42.42,43.77v19.48H99.09v36.32h27.24v109h45.41v-109h35Z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</svg></a>
|
|
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ncbinlm" aria-label="LinkedIn"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
|
<title>LinkedIn</title>
|
|
<path class="cls-11" d="M101.64,243.37H57.79v-114h43.85Zm-22-131.54h-.26c-13.25,0-21.82-10.36-21.82-21.76,0-11.65,8.84-21.15,22.33-21.15S101.7,78.72,102,90.38C102,101.77,93.4,111.83,79.63,111.83Zm100.93,52.61A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,163,182v61.39H119.18s.51-105.23,0-114H163v13a54.33,54.33,0,0,1,34.54-12.66c26,0,44.39,18.8,44.39,55.29v58.35H198.1V182A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,180.56,164.44Z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</svg></a>
|
|
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_github" href="https://github.com/ncbi" aria-label="GitHub"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
|
<defs>
|
|
<style>
|
|
.cls-11,
|
|
.cls-12 {
|
|
fill: #737373;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
.cls-11 {
|
|
fill-rule: evenodd;
|
|
}
|
|
</style>
|
|
</defs>
|
|
<title>GitHub</title>
|
|
<path class="cls-11" d="M151.36,47.28a105.76,105.76,0,0,0-33.43,206.1c5.28,1,7.22-2.3,7.22-5.09,0-2.52-.09-10.85-.14-19.69-29.42,6.4-35.63-12.48-35.63-12.48-4.81-12.22-11.74-15.47-11.74-15.47-9.59-6.56.73-6.43.73-6.43,10.61.75,16.21,10.9,16.21,10.9,9.43,16.17,24.73,11.49,30.77,8.79,1-6.83,3.69-11.5,6.71-14.14C108.57,197.1,83.88,188,83.88,147.51a40.92,40.92,0,0,1,10.9-28.39c-1.1-2.66-4.72-13.42,1-28,0,0,8.88-2.84,29.09,10.84a100.26,100.26,0,0,1,53,0C198,88.3,206.9,91.14,206.9,91.14c5.76,14.56,2.14,25.32,1,28a40.87,40.87,0,0,1,10.89,28.39c0,40.62-24.74,49.56-48.29,52.18,3.79,3.28,7.17,9.71,7.17,19.58,0,14.15-.12,25.54-.12,29,0,2.82,1.9,6.11,7.26,5.07A105.76,105.76,0,0,0,151.36,47.28Z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M85.66,199.12c-.23.52-1.06.68-1.81.32s-1.2-1.06-.95-1.59,1.06-.69,1.82-.33,1.21,1.07.94,1.6Zm-1.3-1">
|
|
</path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M90,203.89c-.51.47-1.49.25-2.16-.49a1.61,1.61,0,0,1-.31-2.19c.52-.47,1.47-.25,2.17.49s.82,1.72.3,2.19Zm-1-1.08">
|
|
</path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M94.12,210c-.65.46-1.71,0-2.37-.91s-.64-2.07,0-2.52,1.7,0,2.36.89.65,2.08,0,2.54Zm0,0"></path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M99.83,215.87c-.58.64-1.82.47-2.72-.41s-1.18-2.06-.6-2.7,1.83-.46,2.74.41,1.2,2.07.58,2.7Zm0,0">
|
|
</path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M107.71,219.29c-.26.82-1.45,1.2-2.64.85s-2-1.34-1.74-2.17,1.44-1.23,2.65-.85,2,1.32,1.73,2.17Zm0,0">
|
|
</path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M116.36,219.92c0,.87-1,1.59-2.24,1.61s-2.29-.68-2.3-1.54,1-1.59,2.26-1.61,2.28.67,2.28,1.54Zm0,0">
|
|
</path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M124.42,218.55c.15.85-.73,1.72-2,1.95s-2.37-.3-2.52-1.14.73-1.75,2-2,2.37.29,2.53,1.16Zm0,0"></path>
|
|
</svg></a>
|
|
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_blog" href="https://ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" aria-label="Blog">
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="Layer_1" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 40 40">
|
|
<defs><style>.cls-1{fill:#737373;}</style></defs>
|
|
<title>NCBI Insights Blog</title>
|
|
<path class="cls-1" d="M14,30a4,4,0,1,1-4-4,4,4,0,0,1,4,4Zm11,3A19,19,0,0,0,7.05,15a1,1,0,0,0-1,1v3a1,1,0,0,0,.93,1A14,14,0,0,1,20,33.07,1,1,0,0,0,21,34h3a1,1,0,0,0,1-1Zm9,0A28,28,0,0,0,7,6,1,1,0,0,0,6,7v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1A23,23,0,0,1,29,33a1,1,0,0,0,1,1h3A1,1,0,0,0,34,33Z"></path>
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
|
<section class="container-fluid bg-primary">
|
|
<div class="container pt-5">
|
|
<div class="row mt-3">
|
|
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12">
|
|
<p><a class="text-white" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html">Connect with NLM</a></p>
|
|
<ul class="list-inline social_media">
|
|
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH" aria-label="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
|
|
<style type="text/css">
|
|
.st20 {
|
|
fill: #FFFFFF;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
.st30 {
|
|
fill: none;
|
|
stroke: #FFFFFF;
|
|
stroke-width: 8;
|
|
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
|
|
}
|
|
</style>
|
|
<title>Twitter</title>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<path class="st20" d="M192.9,88.1c-5,2.2-9.2,2.3-13.6,0.1c5.7-3.4,6-5.8,8.1-12.3c-5.4,3.2-11.4,5.5-17.6,6.7 c-10.5-11.2-28.1-11.7-39.2-1.2c-7.2,6.8-10.2,16.9-8,26.5c-22.3-1.1-43.1-11.7-57.2-29C58,91.6,61.8,107.9,74,116 c-4.4-0.1-8.7-1.3-12.6-3.4c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.4c0,13.2,9.3,24.6,22.3,27.2c-4.1,1.1-8.4,1.3-12.5,0.5c3.6,11.3,14,19,25.9,19.3 c-11.6,9.1-26.4,13.2-41.1,11.5c12.7,8.1,27.4,12.5,42.5,12.5c51,0,78.9-42.2,78.9-78.9c0-1.2,0-2.4-0.1-3.6 C182.7,97.4,189.2,93.7,192.9,88.1z"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<circle class="st30" cx="124.4" cy="128.8" r="108.2"></circle>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg></a></li>
|
|
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
|
|
<style type="text/css">
|
|
.st10 {
|
|
fill: #FFFFFF;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
.st110 {
|
|
fill: none;
|
|
stroke: #FFFFFF;
|
|
stroke-width: 8;
|
|
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
|
|
}
|
|
</style>
|
|
<title>Facebook</title>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<path class="st10" d="M159,99.1h-24V88.4c0-5,3.3-6.2,5.7-6.2h16.8V60l-24.4-0.1c-22.1,0-26.2,16.5-26.2,27.1v12.1H90v22.5h16.9 v67.5H135v-67.5h21.7L159,99.1z"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<circle class="st110" cx="123.6" cy="123.2" r="108.2"></circle>
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</a></li>
|
|
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH" aria-label="Youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
|
|
<title>Youtube</title>
|
|
<style type="text/css">
|
|
.st4 {
|
|
fill: none;
|
|
stroke: #FFFFFF;
|
|
stroke-width: 8;
|
|
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
.st5 {
|
|
fill: #FFFFFF;
|
|
}
|
|
</style>
|
|
<circle class="st4" cx="124.2" cy="123.4" r="108.2"></circle>
|
|
<g transform="translate(0,-952.36218)">
|
|
<path class="st5" d="M88.4,1037.4c-10.4,0-18.7,8.3-18.7,18.7v40.1c0,10.4,8.3,18.7,18.7,18.7h72.1c10.4,0,18.7-8.3,18.7-18.7 v-40.1c0-10.4-8.3-18.7-18.7-18.7H88.4z M115.2,1058.8l29.4,17.4l-29.4,17.4V1058.8z"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg></a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12">
|
|
<p class="address_footer text-white">National Library of Medicine<br />
|
|
<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323" class="text-white" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">8600 Rockville Pike<br />
|
|
Bethesda, MD 20894</a></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
|
|
<p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html" class="text-white">Web Policies</a><br />
|
|
<a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office" class="text-white">FOIA</a><br />
|
|
<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" class="text-white" id="vdp">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
|
|
<p><a class="supportLink text-white" href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/">Help</a><br />
|
|
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html" class="text-white">Accessibility</a><br />
|
|
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html" class="text-white">Careers</a></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
<div class="col-lg-12 centered-lg">
|
|
<nav class="bottom-links">
|
|
<ul class="mt-3">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a class="text-white" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentOmnitureBaseJS/InstrumentNCBIConfigJS/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js?v=1"> </script>
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/static/js/hfjs2.js"> </script>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!--/.page-->
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!--/.wrap-->
|
|
</div><!-- /.twelve_col -->
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!-- /.grid -->
|
|
|
|
<span class="PAFAppResources"></span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- BESelector tab -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<noscript><img alt="statistics" src="/stat?jsdisabled=true&ncbi_db=books&ncbi_pdid=book-part&ncbi_acc=NBK66028&ncbi_domain=pdqcis&ncbi_report=record&ncbi_type=fulltext&ncbi_objectid=&ncbi_pcid=/NBK66028.10/&ncbi_pagename=Esophageal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries - NCBI Bookshelf&ncbi_bookparttype=chapter&ncbi_app=bookshelf" /></noscript>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- usually for JS scripts at page bottom -->
|
|
<!--<component id="PageFixtures" label="styles"></component>-->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID /projects/books/PBooks@9.11 portal107 v4.1.r689238 Tue, Oct 22 2024 16:10:51 -->
|
|
<span id="portal-csrf-token" style="display:none" data-token="CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID"></span>
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3879255/4121861/3501987/4008961/3893018/3821238/4062932/4209313/4212053/4076480/3921943/3400083/3426610.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
|
|
</html> |