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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK66028_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK66028_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK66028_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Esophageal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: May 12, 2015.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000062960__336">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of esophageal cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__337">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__107"><h2 id="_CDR0000062960__107_">General Information About Esophageal Cancer</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__108">Esophageal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer)
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cells form in the tissues of the esophagus.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__113">Smoking, heavy alcohol use, and Barrett esophagus can increase the
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risk of developing esophageal cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__117">Signs and symptoms of esophageal cancer are weight loss and painful or
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difficult swallowing.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__121">Tests that examine the esophagus are used to detect (find) and
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diagnose esophageal cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__125">Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__108"><h3>Esophageal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer)
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cells form in the tissues of the esophagus.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__110">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> is the hollow, muscular tube that moves food and
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liquid from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439429/" class="def">throat</a> to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046604/" class="def">stomach</a>. The wall of the esophagus is made up of several layers of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>,
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including <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257212/" class="def">mucous membrane</a>, muscle, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a>. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444989/" class="def">Esophageal cancer</a>
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starts at the inside lining of the esophagus and spreads outward through the
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other layers as it grows.<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960229" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960229"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__229/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960229" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960229"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000428446.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000428446.jpg" alt="The esophagus and stomach are part of the upper gastrointestinal (digestive) system" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960229"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__229"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__229/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960229">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The esophagus and stomach are part of the upper gastrointestinal (digestive) system. </p></div></div></p><p id="CDR0000062960__111">The two most common forms of esophageal cancer are named for the
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type of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> that become <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045772/" class="def">malignant</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancerous</a>):</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__112"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046595/" class="def">Squamous cell carcinoma</a>: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> that forms in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046056/" class="def">squamous cells</a>,
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the thin, flat cells lining the esophagus. This cancer is most often found
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in the upper and middle part of the esophagus, but can occur anywhere along the esophagus. This is also called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046419/" class="def">epidermoid
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carcinoma</a>. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046216/" class="def">Adenocarcinoma</a>: Cancer that begins in
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046386/" class="def">glandular</a> (secretory) cells.
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Glandular cells in the lining of the esophagus produce and release <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044669/" class="def">fluids</a> such
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as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046274/" class="def">mucus</a>. Adenocarcinomas usually form in the lower part of the esophagus, near
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the stomach.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__113"><h3>Smoking, heavy alcohol use, and Barrett esophagus can increase the
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risk of developing esophageal cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__115">Anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factor</a>. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn't mean that you will not get cancer. Talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk. Risk factors include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__116"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439432/" class="def">Tobacco</a> use.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heavy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463134/" class="def">alcohol</a> use. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046013/" class="def">Barrett esophagus</a>: A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> in which the cells lining
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the lower part of the esophagus have changed or been replaced with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a>
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cells that could lead to cancer of the esophagus. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390280/" class="def">Gastric reflux</a> (the backing
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up of stomach contents into the lower section of the esophagus) may irritate
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the esophagus and, over time, cause Barrett esophagus.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Older age.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being male.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being African-American.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__117"><h3>Signs and symptoms of esophageal cancer are weight loss and painful or
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difficult swallowing.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__119">These and other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">signs</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> may be caused by esophageal cancer or by
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other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__120"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Painful or difficult swallowing.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Weight loss.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain behind the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000549425/" class="def">breastbone</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hoarseness and cough.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Indigestion and heartburn.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__121"><h3>Tests that examine the esophagus are used to detect (find) and
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diagnose esophageal cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__123">The following tests and procedures may be used:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__124"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270871/" class="def">Physical exam</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000689078/" class="def">history</a></b>: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304687/" class="def">Chest x-ray</a></b>: An <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-ray</a> of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046756/" class="def">Barium swallow</a></b>: A series of x-rays of the esophagus and stomach. The patient drinks a liquid that contains <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046514/" class="def">barium</a> (a silver-white <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463718/" class="def">metallic</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000422394/" class="def">compound</a>). The liquid coats the esophagus and stomach, and x-rays are taken. This procedure is also called an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046637/" class="def">upper GI series</a>.<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960230" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960230"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__230/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960230" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960230"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000430686.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000430686.jpg" alt="Barium swallow" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960230"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__230"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__230/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960230">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Barium swallow. The patient swallows barium liquid and it flows through the esophagus and into the stomach. X-rays are taken to look for abnormal areas. </p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046417/" class="def">Esophagoscopy</a></b>: A procedure to look inside the esophagus to check for abnormal areas. An esophagoscope is inserted through the mouth or nose and down the throat into the esophagus. An esophagoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000572035/" class="def">lens</a> for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue samples, which are checked under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> for signs of cancer. When the esophagus and stomach are looked at, it is called an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000470253/" class="def">upper endoscopy</a>. <div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960231" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960231"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__231/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960231" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960231"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000433289.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000433289.jpg" alt="Esophagoscopy" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960231"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__231"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__231/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960231">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Esophagoscopy. A thin, lighted tube is inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus to look for abnormal areas. </p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045164/" class="def">Biopsy</a></b>: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">pathologist</a> to check for signs of cancer. The biopsy is usually done during an esophagoscopy.
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Sometimes a biopsy shows changes in the esophagus that are not cancer but may
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lead to cancer.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__125"><h3>Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__227">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045849/" class="def">prognosis</a> (chance of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454708/" class="def">recovery</a>) and treatment options depend on
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the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__216"><li class="half_rhythm"><div> The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer (whether it affects part of the esophagus, involves the
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whole esophagus, or has spread to other places in the body).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The size of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The patient’s general health. </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__128">When esophageal cancer is found very early, there is a better
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chance of recovery. Esophageal cancer is often in an advanced stage when it is
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosed</a>. At later stages, esophageal cancer can be treated but rarely can be
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000318813/" class="def">cured</a>. Taking part in one of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a> being done to improve treatment should be considered. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the
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<a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI Web site</a>. </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062960__129"><h2 id="_CDR0000062960__129_">Stages of Esophageal Cancer</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__130">After esophageal cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to
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find out if cancer cells have spread within the esophagus or to other parts of
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the body. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__240">There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__302">Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__316">The grade of the tumor is also used to describe the cancer and plan treatment.
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</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__134">The following stages are used for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__275">The following stages are used for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus:</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__130"><h3>After esophageal cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to
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find out if cancer cells have spread within the esophagus or to other parts of
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the body. </h3><p id="CDR0000062960__132">The process used to find out if <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> have spread within the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> or to other parts of the body is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046597/" class="def">staging</a>. The information
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gathered from the staging process determines the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the disease. It is
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important to know the stage in order to plan treatment.
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The following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__133"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045628/" class="def">Bronchoscopy</a></b>: A procedure to look inside the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046623/" class="def">trachea</a> and large airways in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a> for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a> areas. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046496/" class="def">bronchoscope</a> is inserted through the nose or mouth into the trachea and lungs. A bronchoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000572035/" class="def">lens</a> for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a> samples, which are checked under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">signs</a> of cancer. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046033/" class="def">CT scan</a> (CAT
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scan)</b>: A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-ray</a> machine. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000409764/" class="def">dye</a> may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a> or swallowed to help the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography,
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computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046140/" class="def">PET scan</a> (positron
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emission tomography scan)</b>: A procedure to find <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045772/" class="def">malignant</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> cells in the body. A small amount of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044033/" class="def">glucose</a> (sugar) is injected into a vein. The PET <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386220/" class="def">scanner</a> rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body. Malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do. A PET scan and CT scan may be done at the same time. This is called a PET-CT.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045788/" class="def">MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging)</b>: A procedure that uses a magnet, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651209/" class="def">radio waves</a>, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046602/" class="def">Endoscopic ultrasound</a> (EUS)</b>: A procedure in which an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046428/" class="def">endoscope</a> is inserted into the body, usually through the mouth or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046555/" class="def">rectum</a>. An endoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. A probe at the end of the endoscope is used to bounce high-energy sound waves (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046157/" class="def">ultrasound</a>) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046587/" class="def">sonogram</a>. This procedure is also called endosonography.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046119/" class="def">Thoracoscopy</a></b>: A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgical</a> procedure to look at the organs inside the chest to check for abnormal areas. An <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046353/" class="def">incision</a> (cut) is made between two ribs and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476929/" class="def">thoracoscope</a> is inserted into the chest. A thoracoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph node</a> samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. In some cases, this procedure may be used to remove part of the esophagus or lung.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045556/" class="def">Laparoscopy</a></b>: A surgical procedure to look at the organs inside the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a> to check for signs of disease. Small incisions (cuts) are made in the wall of the abdomen and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044360/" class="def">laparoscope</a> (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into one of the incisions. Other instruments may be inserted through the same or other incisions to perform procedures such as removing organs or taking tissue samples to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__240"><h3>There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__240_69">Cancer can spread through <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045764/" class="def">lymph system</a>, and the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">blood</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__240_70"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tissue. The cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymph system. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system. The cancer travels through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269462/" class="def">lymph vessels</a> to other parts of the body.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood. The cancer travels through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045020/" class="def">blood vessels</a> to other parts of the body.
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__302"><h3>Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__302_66">When cancer spreads to another part of the body, it is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046710/" class="def">metastasis</a>. Cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> break away from where they began (the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary tumor</a>) and travel through the lymph system or blood.</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__302_67"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymph system. The cancer gets into the lymph system, travels through the lymph vessels, and forms a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044058/" class="def">metastatic</a> tumor) in another part of the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood. The cancer gets into the blood, travels through the blood vessels, and forms a tumor (metastatic tumor) in another part of the body.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__304">The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444989/" class="def">esophageal cancer</a> spreads to the lung, the cancer cells in the lung are actually esophageal cancer cells. The disease is metastatic esophageal cancer, not <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445043/" class="def">lung cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__316"><h3>The grade of the tumor is also used to describe the cancer and plan treatment.
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</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__318">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045702/" class="def">grade</a> of the tumor describes how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grades 1 to 3 are used to describe esophageal cancer:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__319"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In grade 1, the cancer cells look more like normal cells under a microscope and grow and spread more slowly than grade 2 and 3 cancer cells.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In grade 2, the cancer cells look more abnormal under a microscope and grow and spread more quickly than grade 1 cancer cells.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In grade 3, the cancer cells look more abnormal under a microscope and grow and spread more quickly than grade 1 and 2 cancer cells.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__134"><h3>The following stages are used for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus:</h3><div id="CDR0000062960__249"><h4>Stage 0 (High-grade Dysplasia)</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__251">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000352152/" class="def">stage 0</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454935/" class="def">submucosa</a> layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. These abnormal cells may become <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> and spread into nearby normal <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>. Stage 0 is also called high-grade dysplasia.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__252"><h4>Stage I squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__254"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720215/" class="def">Stage I</a> is divided into Stage IA and Stage IB, depending on where the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> is found.</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__255"><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000765617/" class="def">Stage IA</a>: Cancer has formed in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454935/" class="def">submucosa</a> layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. The cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045702/" class="def">grade</a> 1. Grade 1 cancer cells look more like normal cells under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> and grow and spread more slowly than grade 2 and 3 cancer cells. <div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960305" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960305"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__305/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960305" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960305"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000752730.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000752730.jpg" alt="Stage IA squamous cell cancer of the esophagus" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960305"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__305"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__305/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960305">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IA squamous cell cancer of the esophagus. Cancer has formed in the mucosa or submucosa layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 1 or the grade is unknown. Grade 1 cancer cells look more like normal cells under a microscope and grow <a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__305/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960305">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000765619/" class="def">Stage IB</a>: Cancer has formed:<dl id="CDR0000062960__256" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454935/" class="def">submucosa</a> layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. The cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045702/" class="def">grade</a> 2 and 3; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">in the mucosa or submucosa layer and spread into the muscle layer or the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a> layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 1. The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is in the lower esophagus or it is not known where the tumor is.</p></dd></dl></div><div class="half_rhythm"> Grade 1 cancer cells look more like normal cells under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> and grow and spread more slowly than grade 2 and 3 cancer cells.<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960306" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960306"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__306/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960306" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960306"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000752731.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000752731.jpg" alt="Stage IB squamous cell cancer of the esophagus" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960306"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__306"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__306/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960306">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IB squamous cell cancer of the esophagus. Cancer has formed in the mucosa or submucosa layer of the esophagus wall, and the cancer cells are grade 2-3; OR cancer has formed in the mucosa or submucosa layer and spread into the muscle layer or the <a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__306/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960306">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__257"><h4>Stage II squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__259"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720244/" class="def">Stage II</a> is divided into Stage IIA and Stage IIB, depending on where the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread.</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__260"><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000765622/" class="def">Stage IIA</a>: Cancer has spread:<dl id="CDR0000062960__261" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the muscle layer or the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a> layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. The cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045702/" class="def">grade</a> 1. The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is in either the upper or middle esophagus; or<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960307" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960307"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__307/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960307" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960307"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000752732.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000752732.jpg" alt="Stage IIA squamous cell cancer of the esophagus (1)" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960307"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__307"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__307/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960307">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IIA squamous cell cancer of the esophagus (1). The tumor is in either the upper or middle esophagus. Cancer has spread into the muscle layer or the connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 1. Grade 1 cancer cells <a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__307/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960307">(more...)</a></p></div></div></p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the muscle layer or the connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 2 and 3. The tumor is in the lower esophagus or it is not known where the tumor is.<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960308" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960308"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__308/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960308" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960308"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000757897.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000757897.jpg" alt="Stage IIA squamous cell cancer of the esophagus (2)" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960308"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__308"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__308/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960308">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IIA squamous cell cancer of the esophagus (2). The tumor is in the lower esophagus or it is not known where the tumor is. Cancer has spread into the muscle layer or the connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 2-3. <a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__308/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960308">(more...)</a></p></div></div></p></dd></dl>
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">Grade 1 cancer cells look more like normal cells under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> and grow and spread more slowly than grade 2 and 3 cancer cells.</div></li></ul><ul id="CDR0000062960__262"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000765624/" class="def">Stage IIB</a>: Cancer:<dl id="CDR0000062960__263" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">has spread into the muscle layer or the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a> layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. The cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045702/" class="def">grade</a> 2 and 3. Grade 2 and 3 cancer cells look more <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a> under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> and grow and spread more quickly than grade 1 cancer cells. The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is in either the upper or middle esophagus; or </p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454935/" class="def">submucosa</a> layer and may have spread into the muscle layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 1 or 2 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> near the tumor. </p></dd></dl><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960309" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960309"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__309/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960309" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960309"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000752733.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000752733.jpg" alt="Stage IIB squamous cell cancer of the esophagus" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960309"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__309"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__309/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960309">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IIB squamous cell cancer of the esophagus. The tumor is in either the upper or middle esophagus. Cancer has spread into the muscle layer or the connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall, and the cancer cells are grade 2-3; OR cancer is in the <a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__309/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960309">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__264"><h4>Stage III squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__266"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720246/" class="def">Stage III</a> is divided into Stage IIIA, Stage IIIB, and Stage IIIC, depending on where the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread.</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__267"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000765626/" class="def">Stage IIIA</a>: Cancer:<dl id="CDR0000062960__268" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"> is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454935/" class="def">submucosa</a> layer and may have spread into the muscle layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. Cancer is found in 3 to 6 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">has spread into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a> layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 1 or 2 lymph nodes near the tumor; or<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960310" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960310"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__310/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960310" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960310"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000759456.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000759456.jpg" alt="Stage IIIA squamous cell cancer of the esophagus (1)" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960310"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__310"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__310/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960310">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IIIA squamous cell cancer of the esophagus (1). Cancer is in the mucosa or submucosa layer and may have spread into the muscle layer of the esophagus wall, and cancer is found in 3 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor; OR cancer has spread into the connective <a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__310/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960310">(more...)</a></p></div></div></p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">has spread into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046451/" class="def">diaphragm</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045842/" class="def">pleura</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a> that covers the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lungs</a> and lines the inner wall of the chest <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463703/" class="def">cavity</a>), or sac around the heart. The cancer can be removed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>.<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960311" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960311"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__311/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960311" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960311"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000759738.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000759738.jpg" alt="Stage IIIA squamous cell cancer of the esophagus (2)" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960311"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__311"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__311/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960311">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IIIA squamous cell cancer of the esophagus (2). Cancer has spread into the (a) diaphragm, (b) pleura (tissue that covers the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity), or (c) membrane (sac) around the heart. The cancer can be removed by <a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__311/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960311">(more...)</a></p></div></div></p></dd></dl></div></li></ul><ul id="CDR0000062960__269"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000765628/" class="def">Stage IIIB</a>: Cancer has spread into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a> layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. Cancer is found in 3 to 6 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>.<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960312" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960312"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__312/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960312" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960312"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000759737.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000759737.jpg" alt="Stage IIIB squamous cell cancer of the esophagus" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960312"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__312"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__312/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960312">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IIIB squamous cell cancer of the esophagus. Cancer has spread into the connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 3 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor. </p></div></div></div></li></ul><ul id="CDR0000062960__270"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000765630/" class="def">Stage IIIC</a>: Cancer has spread:<dl id="CDR0000062960__271" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046451/" class="def">diaphragm</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045842/" class="def">pleura</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a> that covers the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lungs</a> and lines the inner wall of the chest <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463703/" class="def">cavity</a>), or sac around the heart. The cancer can be removed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>. Cancer is found in 1 to 6 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>; or<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960313" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960313"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__313/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960313" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960313"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000759739.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000759739.jpg" alt="Stage IIIC squamous cell cancer of the esophagus (1)" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960313"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__313"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__313/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960313">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IIIC squamous cell cancer of the esophagus (1). Cancer has spread into the (a) diaphragm, (b) pleura (tissue that covers the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity), or (c) membrane (sac) around the heart. The cancer can be removed by <a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__313/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960313">(more...)</a></p></div></div></p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">into other nearby <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044527/" class="def">aorta</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046623/" class="def">trachea</a>, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000415914/" class="def">spine</a>, and the cancer cannot be removed by surgery; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">to 7 or more lymph nodes near the tumor.<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960314" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960314"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__314/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960314" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960314"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000759740.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000759740.jpg" alt="Stage IIIC squamous cell cancer of the esophagus (2)" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960314"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__314"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__314/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960314">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IIIC squamous cell cancer of the esophagus (2). Cancer has spread into nearby organs, such as the aorta, trachea, or spine, and the cancer cannot be removed by surgery; OR cancer has spread to 7 or more lymph nodes near the tumor. </p></div></div></p></dd></dl></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__272"><h4>Stage IV squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__274">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720248/" class="def">Stage IV</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread to other parts of the body.<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960315" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960315"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__315/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960315" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960315"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000759710.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000759710.jpg" alt="Stage IV squamous cell cancer of the esophagus" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960315"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__315"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__315/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960315">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IV squamous cell cancer of the esophagus. Cancer has spread to other parts of the body. </p></div></div></p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062960__275"><h3>The following stages are used for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus:</h3><div id="CDR0000062960__277"><h4>Stage 0 (High-grade Dysplasia)</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__279">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000352152/" class="def">stage 0</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454935/" class="def">submucosa</a> layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. These abnormal cells may become <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> and spread into nearby normal <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>. Stage 0 is also called high-grade dysplasia.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__280"><h4>Stage I adenocarcinoma of the esophagus</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__282"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720250/" class="def">Stage I</a> is divided into Stage IA and Stage IB, depending on where the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> is found.</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__283"><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000766288/" class="def">Stage IA</a>: Cancer has formed in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454935/" class="def">submucosa</a> layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. The cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045702/" class="def">grade</a> 1 or 2. Grade 1 and 2 cancer cells look more like normal cells under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> and grow and spread more slowly than grade 3 cancer cells.<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960325" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960325"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__325/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960325" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960325"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762340.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762340.jpg" alt="Stage IA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960325"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__325"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__325/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960325">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer has formed in the mucosa or submucosa layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 1 or 2. Grade 1 and 2 cancer cells look more like normal cells under a microscope and grow and spread more slowly <a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__325/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960325">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000766292/" class="def">Stage IB</a>: Cancer has formed:<dl id="CDR0000062960__284" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454935/" class="def">submucosa</a> layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. The cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045702/" class="def">grade</a> 3; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">in the mucosa or submucosa layer and spread into the muscle layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 1 or 2.</p></dd></dl></div><div class="half_rhythm">Grade 1 and 2 cancer cells look more like normal cells under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> and grow and spread more slowly than grade 3 cancer cells.<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960326" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960326"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__326/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960326" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960326"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762344.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762344.jpg" alt="Stage IB adenocarcinoma of the esophagus" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960326"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__326"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__326/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960326">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IB adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer has formed in the mucosa or submucosa layer of the esophagus wall, and the cancer cells are grade 3. Grade 3 cancer cells look more abnormal under a microscope and grow and spread more quickly than grade <a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__326/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960326">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__285"><h4>Stage II adenocarcinoma of the esophagus</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__287"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720252/" class="def">Stage II</a> is divided into Stage IIA and Stage IIB, depending on where the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread.</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__288"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000766295/" class="def">Stage IIA</a>: Cancer has spread into the muscle layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. The cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045702/" class="def">grade</a> 3. Grade 3 cancer cells look more <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a> under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> and grow and spread more quickly than grade 1 and 2 cancer cells.<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960327" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960327"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__327/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960327" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960327"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762342.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762342.jpg" alt="Stage IIA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960327"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__327"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__327/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960327">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IIA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer has spread into the muscle layer of the esophagus wall. The cancer cells are grade 3. Grade 3 cancer cells look more abnormal under a microscope and grow and spread more quickly than grade 1 or 2 cancer <a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__327/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960327">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000766298/" class="def">Stage IIB</a>: Cancer:<dl id="CDR0000062960__289" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">has spread into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a> layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454935/" class="def">submucosa</a> layer and may have spread into the muscle layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 1 or 2 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>.</p></dd></dl><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960328" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960328"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__328/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960328" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960328"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762355.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762355.jpg" alt="Stage IIB adenocarcinoma of the esophagus" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960328"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__328"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__328/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960328">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IIB adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer has spread into the connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall; OR cancer is in the mucosa or submucosa layer and may have spread into the muscle layer of the esophagus wall, and cancer is found in <a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__328/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960328">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__290"><h4>Stage III adenocarcinoma of the esophagus</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__292"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720254/" class="def">Stage III</a> is divided into Stage IIIA, Stage IIIB, and Stage IIIC, depending on where the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread.</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__293"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000766308/" class="def">Stage IIIA</a>: Cancer:<dl id="CDR0000062960__294" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"> is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454935/" class="def">submucosa</a> layer and may have spread into the muscle layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. Cancer is found in 3 to 6 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>; or </p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">has spread into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a> layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 1 or 2 lymph nodes near the tumor; or<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960329" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960329"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__329/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960329" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960329"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762220.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762220.jpg" alt="Stage IIIA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (1)" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960329"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__329"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__329/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960329">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IIIA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (1). Cancer is in the mucosa or submucosa layer and may have spread into the muscle layer of the esophagus wall, and cancer is found in 3 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor; OR cancer has spread into the connective <a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__329/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960329">(more...)</a></p></div></div></p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">has spread into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046451/" class="def">diaphragm</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045842/" class="def">pleura</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a> that covers the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lungs</a> and lines the inner wall of the chest <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463703/" class="def">cavity</a>), or sac around the heart. The cancer can be removed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>.<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960330" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960330"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__330/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960330" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960330"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762233.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762233.jpg" alt="Stage IIIA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (2)" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960330"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__330"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__330/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960330">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IIIA adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (2). Cancer has spread into the (a) diaphragm, (b) pleura (tissue that covers the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity), or (c) membrane (sac) around the heart. The cancer can be removed by surgery. <a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__330/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960330">(more...)</a></p></div></div></p></dd></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000766310/" class="def">Stage IIIB</a>: Cancer has spread into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a> layer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> wall. Cancer is found in 3 to 6 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>.<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960331" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960331"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__331/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960331" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960331"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762234.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762234.jpg" alt="Stage IIIB adenocarcinoma of the esophagus" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960331"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__331"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__331/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960331">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IIIB adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer has spread into the connective tissue layer of the esophagus wall. Cancer is found in 3 to 6 lymph nodes near the tumor. </p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000766314/" class="def">Stage IIIC</a>: Cancer has spread:<dl id="CDR0000062960__295" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"> into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046451/" class="def">diaphragm</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045842/" class="def">pleura</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a> that covers the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lungs</a> and lines the inner wall of the chest <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463703/" class="def">cavity</a>), or sac around the heart. The cancer can be removed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>. Cancer is found in 1 to 6 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>; or<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960332" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960332"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__332/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960332" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960332"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762676.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762676.jpg" alt="Stage IIIC adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (1)" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960332"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__332"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__332/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960332">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IIIC adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (1). Cancer has spread into the (a) diaphragm, (b) pleura (tissue that covers the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity), or (c) membrane (sac) around the heart. The cancer can be removed by surgery. <a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__332/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960332">(more...)</a></p></div></div></p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"> into other nearby <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044527/" class="def">aorta</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046623/" class="def">trachea</a>, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000415914/" class="def">spine</a>, and the cancer cannot be removed by surgery; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">to 7 or more lymph nodes near the tumor. <div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960334" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960334"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__334/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960334" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960334"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762721.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762721.jpg" alt="Stage IIIC adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (2)" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960334"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__334"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__334/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960334">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IIIC adenocarcinoma of the esophagus (2). Cancer has spread into nearby organs, such as the aorta, trachea, or spine, and the cancer cannot be removed by surgery; OR cancer has spread to 7 or more lymph nodes near the tumor. </p></div></div></p></dd></dl></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__296"><h4>Stage IV adenocarcinoma of the esophagus</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__298">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720258/" class="def">Stage IV</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread to other parts of the body.<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960335" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960335"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__335/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960335" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960335"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762235.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000762235.jpg" alt="Stage IV adenocarcinoma of the esophagus" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960335"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__335"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__335/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960335">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Stage IV adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer has spread to other parts of the body. </p></div></div></p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000062960__157"><h2 id="_CDR0000062960__157_">Recurrent Esophageal Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062960__158"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">Recurrent</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444989/" class="def">esophageal cancer</a> is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> that has <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurred</a> (come back)
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after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> or in other parts of the body. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__159"><h2 id="_CDR0000062960__159_">Treatment Option Overview</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__160">There are different types of treatment for patients with
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esophageal cancer. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__186">Patients have special nutritional needs during treatment for
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esophageal cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__164">Six types of standard treatment are used:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__182">New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
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</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__242">Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__244">Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062960__246">Follow-up tests may be needed.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__160"><h3>There are different types of treatment for patients with
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esophageal cancer. </h3><p id="CDR0000062960__162">Different types of treatment are available for patients with
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444989/" class="def">esophageal cancer</a>. Some treatments are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard</a> (the currently used treatment),
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and some are being tested in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical
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trials</a>. A treatment clinical trial is a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651211/" class="def">research
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study</a> meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new
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treatments for patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>. When clinical trials show that a new
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treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment.
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Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__186"><h3>Patients have special nutritional needs during treatment for
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esophageal cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__189"><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000062960__188"></div> Many people with esophageal cancer find it hard to eat because
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they have trouble swallowing. The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> may be narrowed by the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> or
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as a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effect</a> of treatment. Some patients may receive <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044697/" class="def">nutrients</a> directly
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into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a>. Others may need a feeding tube (a flexible plastic tube that is
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passed through the nose or mouth into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046604/" class="def">stomach</a>) until they are able to eat on
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their own.<div class="milestone-end"></div></p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__164"><h3>Six types of standard treatment are used:</h3><div id="CDR0000062960__166"><h4>Surgery </h4><p id="CDR0000062960__168"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">Surgery</a> is the most common treatment for cancer of the esophagus.
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Part of the esophagus may be removed in an operation called an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046416/" class="def">esophagectomy</a>.
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<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960233" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960233"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__233/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960233" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960233"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000433428.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000433428.jpg" alt="Esophagectomy" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960233"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__233"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__233/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960233">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Esophagectomy. A portion of the esophagus is removed and the stomach is pulled up and joined to the remaining esophagus. </p></div></div>The doctor will connect the remaining healthy part of the esophagus to the
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stomach so the patient can still swallow. A plastic tube or part of the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046335/" class="def">intestine</a> may be used to make the connection. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">Lymph nodes</a> near the esophagus
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may also be removed and viewed under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> to see if they contain
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cancer. If the esophagus is partly blocked by the tumor, an expandable metal
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044903/" class="def">stent</a> (tube) may be placed inside the esophagus to help keep it open.<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062960234" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062960234"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__234/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062960234" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960234"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000433292.gif" src-large="/books/NBK66028.1/bin/CDR0000433292.jpg" alt="Esophageal stent" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062960234"><h4 id="CDR0000062960__234"><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/figure/CDR0000062960__234/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062960234">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Esophageal stent. A device (stent) is placed in the esophagus to keep it open to allow food and liquids to pass through into the stomach. </p></div></div></p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__169"><h4>Radiation therapy
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</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__171"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">Radiation therapy</a> is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-rays</a> or other types of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045072/" class="def">radiation</a> to kill cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046686/" class="def">External radiation</a> therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046345/" class="def">Internal radiation</a> therapy uses a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a> substance sealed in needles, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257219/" class="def">seeds</a>, wires, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045637/" class="def">catheters</a> that are placed directly into or near the cancer. The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer being treated.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__172">A plastic tube may be inserted into the esophagus to keep it open
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during radiation therapy. This is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000322857/" class="def">intraluminal intubation and
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dilation</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__173"><h4>Chemotherapy </h4><p id="CDR0000062960__175"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a> is a cancer treatment that uses <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drugs</a> to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000301626/" class="def">systemic chemotherapy</a>). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046483/" class="def">cerebrospinal fluid</a>, an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organ</a>, or a body <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463703/" class="def">cavity</a> such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a>, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046559/" class="def">regional chemotherapy</a>). The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__299"><h4>Chemoradiation therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__301"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000306495/" class="def">Chemoradiation therapy</a> combines chemotherapy and radiation therapy to increase the effects of both.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__176"><h4>Laser therapy
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</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__178"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045154/" class="def">Laser therapy</a> is a cancer treatment that uses a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045748/" class="def">laser beam</a> (a narrow beam of intense light) to kill cancer cells.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__179"><h4>Electrocoagulation
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</h4><p id="CDR0000062960__181">Electrocoagulation is the use of an electric current to kill
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cancer cells.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062960__182"><h3>New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
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</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__185"><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000062960__184"></div> Information about clinical trials is available from the
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<a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI Web site</a>.<div class="milestone-end"></div></p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__242"><h3>Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__242_23">For some patients, taking part in a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard treatment</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__242_24">Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__242_25">Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__244"><h3>Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__244_29">Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurring</a> (coming back) or reduce the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> of cancer treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__244_30">Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. See the Treatment Options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials. These have been retrieved from <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044267/" class="def">NCI's</a> listing of clinical trials. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__246"><h3>Follow-up tests may be needed.</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__246_33">Some of the tests that were done to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnose</a> the cancer or to find out the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__246_34">Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> has changed or if the cancer has <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurred</a> (come back). These tests are sometimes called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044671/" class="def">follow-up</a> tests or check-ups.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062960__190"><h2 id="_CDR0000062960__190_">Treatment Options By Stage </h2><div id="CDR0000062960__191"><h3>Stage 0 (High-grade Dysplasia)</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__192">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000352152/" class="def">stage 0</a> is usually <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__TrialSearch_191_10">Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?Diagnosis=43665&tt=1&format=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">stage 0 esophageal cancer</a>. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you. General information about clinical trials is available from the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__193"><h3>Stage I Esophageal Cancer </h3><p id="CDR0000062960__194">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720215/" class="def">stage I esophageal squamous cell carcinoma</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720250/" class="def">adenocarcinoma</a> may include the
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following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__195"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">Surgery</a>. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000306495/" class="def">Chemoradiation therapy</a> followed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">Clinical trials</a>. </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__TrialSearch_193_10">Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?Diagnosis=43667&tt=1&format=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">stage I esophageal cancer</a>. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you. General information about clinical trials is available from the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__197"><h3>Stage II Esophageal Cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__198">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720244/" class="def">stage II esophageal squamous cell carcinoma</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720252/" class="def">adenocarcinoma</a> may include the
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following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__199"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000306495/" class="def">Chemoradiation therapy</a> followed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chemoradiation therapy alone.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery alone.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__TrialSearch_197_10">Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?Diagnosis=43672&tt=1&format=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">stage II esophageal cancer</a>. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you. General information about clinical trials is available from the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__201"><h3>Stage III Esophageal Cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__202">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720246/" class="def">stage III esophageal squamous cell carcinoma</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720254/" class="def">adenocarcinoma</a> may include the
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following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__203"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000306495/" class="def">Chemoradiation therapy</a> followed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chemoradiation therapy alone.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__TrialSearch_201_10">Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?Diagnosis=43682&tt=1&format=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">stage III esophageal cancer</a>. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you. General information about clinical trials is available from the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__205"><h3>Stage IV Esophageal Cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__206">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720248/" class="def">stage IV esophageal squamous cell carcinoma</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000720258/" class="def">adenocarcinoma</a> may include the
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following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__207"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000470252/" class="def">esophageal stent</a> as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045815/" class="def">palliative therapy</a> to relieve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> and improve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045417/" class="def">quality of life</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046686/" class="def">External</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046345/" class="def">internal radiation therapy</a> as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms
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and improve quality of life.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045154/" class="def">Laser surgery</a> or electrocoagulation as palliative therapy to
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relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">Clinical trials</a> of chemotherapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__TrialSearch_205_10">Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?Diagnosis=43692&tt=1&format=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">stage IV esophageal cancer</a>. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you. General information about clinical trials is available from the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062960__209"><h2 id="_CDR0000062960__209_">Treatment Options for Recurrent Esophageal Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062960__210">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">recurrent</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444989/" class="def">esophageal cancer</a> may include the
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following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__211"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Use of any <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard treatments</a> as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045815/" class="def">palliative therapy</a> to relieve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> and improve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045417/" class="def">quality of
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life</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">Clinical trials</a>. </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__TrialSearch_209_10">Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?Diagnosis=43721&tt=1&format=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">recurrent esophageal cancer</a>. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you. General information about clinical trials is available from the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__235"><h2 id="_CDR0000062960__235_">To Learn More About Esophageal Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062960__236">For more information from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044266/" class="def">National Cancer Institute</a> about esophageal cancer, see the following: </p><ul id="CDR0000062960__237"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/types/esophageal" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Esophageal Cancer Home Page</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/wyntk-esophagus-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">What You Need to Know About™ Cancer of the Esophagus</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062888/">Esophageal Cancer Prevention</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000304521/">Esophageal Cancer Screening</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Tobacco</a> (includes help with quitting)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/surgery/lasers-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Lasers in Cancer Treatment</a></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__235_40">For general <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, see the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__235_41"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging/staging-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Staging</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/chemo-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/radiation-therapy-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Radiation Therapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Coping with Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/questions" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/ocs/resources/survivors.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">For Survivors and Caregivers</a>
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062960__213"><h2 id="_CDR0000062960__213_">Changes to This Summary (05/12/2015)</h2><p id="CDR0000062960__214">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as
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new information becomes available. This section describes the latest
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changes made to this summary as of the date above.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__248">Editorial changes were made to this summary.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062960__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of esophageal cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/adult-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials are listed in PDQ and can be found online at <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_21">National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Esophageal Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/types/esophageal/patient/esophageal-treatment-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.cancer.gov/types/esophageal/patient/esophageal-treatment-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="http://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 2,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000062960__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062960__GetMore_3"><h2 id="_CDR0000062960__GetMore_3_">Get More Information From NCI</h2><p id="CDR0000062960__GetMore_15"><i><b>Call 1-800-4-CANCER</b></i></p><p id="CDR0000062960__GetMore_16">For more information, U.S. residents may call the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Eastern Time. A trained Cancer Information Specialist is available to answer your questions.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__GetMore_25"><i><b>Chat online
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</b></i></p><p id="CDR0000062960__GetMore_26">The <a href="https://livehelp.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's LiveHelp®</a> online chat service provides Internet users with the ability to chat online with an Information Specialist. The service is available from 8:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. Eastern time, Monday through Friday. Information Specialists can help Internet users find information on NCI websites and answer questions about cancer.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062960__GetMore_27"><i><b>Write to us</b></i></p><p id="CDR0000062960__GetMore_28">For more information from the NCI, please write to this address:</p><ul id="CDR0000062960__GetMore_29" class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>NCI Public Inquiries Office</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>9609 Medical Center Dr. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Room 2E532 MSC 9760</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bethesda, MD 20892-9760</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062960__GetMore_17"><i><b>Search the NCI websites</b></i></p><p id="CDR0000062960__GetMore_18">The <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a> provides online access to information on cancer, clinical trials, and other websites and organizations that offer support and resources for cancer patients and their families. For a quick search, use the search box in the upper right corner of each web page. The results for a wide range of search terms will include a list of "Best Bets," editorially chosen web pages that are most closely related to the search term entered.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__GetMore_30">There are also many other places to get materials and information about cancer treatment and services. Hospitals in your area may have information about local and regional agencies that have information on finances, getting to and from treatment, receiving care at home, and dealing with problems related to cancer treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000062960__GetMore_19"><i><b>Find Publications</b></i></p><p id="CDR0000062960__GetMore_20">The NCI has booklets and other materials for patients, health professionals, and the public. These publications discuss types of cancer, methods of cancer treatment, coping with cancer, and clinical trials. Some publications provide information on tests for cancer, cancer causes and prevention, cancer statistics, and NCI research activities. NCI materials on these and other topics may be ordered online or printed directly from the <a href="https://pubs.cancer.gov/ncipl" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI Publications Locator</a>. These materials can also be ordered by telephone from the Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).</p></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK66028.1/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK66028" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK66028" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. Esophageal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2015 May 12. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. 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Information About Esophageal Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062960__129" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Stages of Esophageal Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062960__157" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Recurrent Esophageal Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062960__159" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Option Overview</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062960__190" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Options By Stage </a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062960__209" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Options for Recurrent Esophageal Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062960__235" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">To Learn More About Esophageal Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062960__213" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Changes to This Summary (05/12/2015)</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062960__AboutThis_1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">About This PDQ Summary</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062960__GetMore_3" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Get More 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