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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK66003_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK66003_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK66003_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: March 17, 2023.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000258028__281">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of adult paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__282">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__1"><h2 id="_CDR0000258028__1_">General Information About Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity
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Cancer</h2><div id="CDR0000258028__1.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__2">Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a disease in which
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malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the paranasal sinuses and nasal
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cavity.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__238">Different
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types of cells in the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity may become malignant.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__8">Being exposed to certain chemicals or dust in the workplace can increase the risk of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__10">Signs and symptoms of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer
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include sinus problems and nosebleeds.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__14">Tests that examine the sinuses and nasal cavity are used to diagnose paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__154">Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258028__2"><h3>Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a disease in which
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malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the paranasal sinuses and nasal
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cavity.</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__236">
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<b>Paranasal sinuses</b>
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</p><p id="CDR0000258028__4">"Paranasal" means near the nose. The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000518299/" class="def">para sinuses</a> are hollow, air-filled spaces in the bones around the nose. The sinuses are lined with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> that make <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046274/" class="def">mucus</a>, which keeps the inside of the nose from drying out during breathing. </p><div id="CDR0000258028__276" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20paranasal%20sinuses%20(spaces%20between%20the%20bones%20around%20the%20nose)&p=BOOKS&id=589689_CDR0000713969.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66003.13/bin/CDR0000713969.jpg" alt="Anatomy of the paranasal sinuses; drawing shows front and side views of the frontal sinus, ethmoid sinus, maxillary sinus, and sphenoid sinus. The nasal cavity and pharynx (throat) are also shown." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the paranasal sinuses (spaces between the bones around the nose).</p></div></div><p id="CDR0000258028__234">There are several para sinuses named after the bones that surround them:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__152"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557104/" class="def">frontal sinuses</a> are in the lower forehead above the nose.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557102/" class="def">maxillary sinuses</a> are in the cheekbones on either side of the nose.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557101/" class="def">ethmoid sinuses</a> are beside the upper nose, between the eyes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557105/" class="def">sphenoid sinuses</a> are behind the nose, in the center of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000763008/" class="def">skull</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__237">
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<b>Nasal cavity</b>
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</p><p id="CDR0000258028__153">The nose opens into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000790106/" class="def">nasal cavity</a>, which is divided into two nasal passages. Air moves through these passages during breathing. The nasal cavity lies above the bone that forms the roof of the mouth and curves down at the back to join the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439429/" class="def">throat</a>. The area just inside the nostrils is called the nasal vestibule. A small area of special cells in the roof of each nasal passage sends signals to the brain to give the sense of smell.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__253">Together the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity filter and warm the air, and make it moist before it goes into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lungs</a>. The movement of air through the sinuses and other parts of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046566/" class="def">respiratory system</a> help make sounds for talking. </p><p id="CDR0000258028__275"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446532/" class="def">Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer</a> is a type of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257519/" class="def">head and neck cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__238"><h3>Different
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types of cells in the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity may become malignant.</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__240"> The most common type of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046595/" class="def">squamous cell carcinoma</a>. This type of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> forms in the thin, flat cells lining the inside of the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity. </p><p id="CDR0000258028__254">Other types of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__7"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045135/" class="def">Melanomas</a>: Cancer that starts in cells called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046292/" class="def">melanocytes</a>, the cells that give skin its natural color.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045562/" class="def">Sarcomas</a>: Cancer that starts in muscle
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or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000346512/" class="def">Inverting papillomas</a>: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046079/" class="def">Benign tumors</a> that form inside the nose. A small number of these change into cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Midline granulomas: Cancer of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissues</a> in the middle part of the face.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258028__8"><h3>Being exposed to certain chemicals or dust in the workplace can increase the risk of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. </h3><p id="CDR0000258028__231">Anything that increases a person's chance of getting a disease is called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factor</a>. Not every person with one or more of these risk factors will develop paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer, and it will develop in people who don't have any known risk factors. Talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk. Risk factors for paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include the following: </p><ul id="CDR0000258028__232"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being exposed to certain workplace <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000643008/" class="def">chemicals</a> or dust, such as those found in the following jobs:<dl id="CDR0000258028__233" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Furniture-making.</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Sawmill work.</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Woodworking (carpentry).</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Shoemaking.</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Metal-plating.</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Flour mill or bakery work.</p></dd></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045364/" class="def">infected</a> with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045714/" class="def">human papillomavirus</a> (HPV).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being male and older than 40 years.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258028__10"><h3>Signs and symptoms of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer
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include sinus problems and nosebleeds.</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__12">These and other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">signs</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> may be caused by paranasal sinus and
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nasal cavity cancer or by other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">conditions</a>. There may be no signs or symptoms in the early <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stages</a>. Signs and symptoms may appear as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> grows. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__13"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blocked sinuses that do not clear, or sinus pressure.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Headaches or pain in the sinus areas.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A runny nose.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nosebleeds.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A lump or sore inside the nose that does not heal.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A lump on the face or roof of the mouth.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Numbness or tingling in the face.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling or other trouble with the eyes, such as double vision or the eyes pointing in different directions.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain in the upper teeth, loose teeth, or dentures that no longer fit well.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain or pressure in the ear.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258028__14"><h3>Tests that examine the sinuses and nasal cavity are used to diagnose paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__16">In addition to asking about your <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000642019/" class="def">personal</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000642015/" class="def">family health history</a> and doing a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270871/" class="def">physical exam</a>, your doctor may perform the following tests and procedures:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__17"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Physical exam of the nose, face, and neck</b>: An exam in
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which the doctor looks into the nose with a small, long-handled mirror to check
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for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a> areas and checks the face and neck for lumps or swollen <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph
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nodes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">X-rays</a> of the head and neck</b>: An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045788/" class="def">MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging)</b>: A procedure that uses a magnet, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651209/" class="def">radio waves</a>, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>CT scan (CAT scan)</b>: A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000409764/" class="def">dye</a> may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a> or swallowed to help the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045164/" class="def">Biopsy</a></b>: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> by a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">pathologist</a> to check for signs of cancer. There are three types of biopsy:<ul id="CDR0000258028__277"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045691/" class="def">Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy</a></b>: The removal of tissue or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044669/" class="def">fluid</a> using a thin needle.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046698/" class="def">Incisional biopsy</a></b>: The removal of part of an area of tissue that doesn’t look normal. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046411/" class="def">Excisional biopsy</a></b>: The removal of an entire area of tissue that doesn’t look normal.</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000322861/" class="def">Nasoscopy</a></b>: A procedure to look inside the nose for abnormal areas. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000322869/" class="def">nasoscope</a> is inserted into the nose. A nasoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000572035/" class="def">lens</a> for viewing. A special tool on the nasoscope may be used to remove samples of tissue. The tissues samples are viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046321/" class="def">Laryngoscopy</a></b>: A procedure in which the doctor checks the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046026/" class="def">larynx</a> (voice box) with a mirror or a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046320/" class="def">laryngoscope</a> to check for abnormal areas.
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A laryngoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing the inside of the throat and voice box. It may also have a tool to remove tissue samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258028__154"><h3>Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__156">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045849/" class="def">prognosis</a> and treatment options depend on the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__157"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Where the tumor is in the paranasal sinus or nasal cavity and whether it has spread.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The size of the tumor.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The type of cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The patient's age and general
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health.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether the cancer has just been <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosed</a> or has <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurred</a> (come back).</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__21">Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancers often have spread by the time they are diagnosed and are hard to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000318813/" class="def">cure</a>. After treatment, a
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lifetime of frequent and careful <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044671/" class="def">follow-up</a> is important because there is an increased risk of
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developing a second kind of cancer in the head or neck.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258028__22"><h2 id="_CDR0000258028__22_">Stages of Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer</h2><div id="CDR0000258028__22.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__23">After paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer has been
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diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the
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paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity or to other parts of the body. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__264">There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__278">Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__27">There is no standard staging system for cancer of the
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sphenoid and frontal sinuses.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__30">The following stages are used for <i>maxillary sinus</i>
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cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__32">Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__35">Stage I </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__38">Stage II</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__41">Stage III</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__45">Stage IV</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__178">The following stages are used for <i>nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus</i> cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__222">Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__180">Stage I</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__183">Stage II</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__186">Stage III</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__189">Stage IV</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__732">After surgery, the stage of the cancer may change and more treatment may be needed.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__775">Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer can recur (come back) after it has been treated.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258028__23"><h3>After paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer has been
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diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the
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paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity or to other parts of the body. </h3><p id="CDR0000258028__25">The process used to find out if <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread within the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000518299/" class="def">paranasal sinuses</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000790106/" class="def">nasal cavity</a> or
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to other parts of the body is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046597/" class="def">staging</a>. The information gathered from the staging
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process determines the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the
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disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. The following tests
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and procedures may be used in the staging process:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__26"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045678/" class="def">Endoscopy</a></b>: A procedure to look at <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissues</a> inside the body to check for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a> areas. An <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046428/" class="def">endoscope</a> is inserted through an opening in the body, such as the nose or mouth. An endoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000572035/" class="def">lens</a> for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph node</a> samples, which are checked under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">signs</a> of disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046033/" class="def">CT scan</a> (CAT scan)</b>: A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-ray</a> machine. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000409764/" class="def">dye</a> may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a> or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304687/" class="def">Chest x-ray</a></b>: An x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045788/" class="def">MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging) with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000597153/" class="def">gadolinium</a></b>: A procedure that uses a magnet, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651209/" class="def">radio waves</a>, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. Sometimes a substance called gadolinium is injected into a vein. The gadolinium collects around the cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> so they show up brighter in the picture. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046140/" class="def">PET scan</a> (positron emission tomography scan)</b>: A procedure to find <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045772/" class="def">malignant</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> cells in the body. A small amount of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044033/" class="def">glucose</a> (sugar) is injected into a vein. The PET <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386220/" class="def">scanner</a> rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body. Malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046499/" class="def">Bone scan</a></b>: A procedure to check if there are rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells, in the bone. A very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. The radioactive material collects in the bones with cancer and is detected by a scanner.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258028__264"><h3>There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__264_md_69">Cancer can spread through <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045764/" class="def">lymph system</a>, and the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">blood</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__264_md_70"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tissue. The cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymph system. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system. The cancer travels through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269462/" class="def">lymph vessels</a> to other parts of the body.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood. The cancer travels through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045020/" class="def">blood vessels</a> to other parts of the body.
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258028__278"><h3>Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__278_md_66">When cancer spreads to another part of the body, it is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046710/" class="def">metastasis</a>. Cancer cells break away from where they began (the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary tumor</a>) and travel through the lymph system or blood.</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__278_md_67"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymph system. The cancer gets into the lymph system, travels through the lymph vessels, and forms a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044058/" class="def">metastatic</a> tumor) in another part of the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood. The cancer gets into the blood, travels through the blood vessels, and forms a tumor (metastatic tumor) in another part of the body.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__280">The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if nasal cavity cancer spreads to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a>, the cancer cells in the lung are actually nasal cavity cancer cells. The disease is metastatic nasal cavity cancer, not lung cancer.</p><div id="CDR0000258028__286" class="box"><h3><span class="title">metastasis: how cancer spreads</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Many cancer deaths are caused when cancer moves from the original tumor and spreads to other tissues and organs. This is called metastatic cancer. This animation shows how cancer cells travel from the place in the body where they first formed to other parts of the body.</p></div><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQwar_-QdiQ" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">YouTube</a></p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258028__27"><h3>There is no standard staging system for cancer of the
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sphenoid and frontal sinuses.</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__731">The staging described below for the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557102/" class="def">maxillary</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557101/" class="def">ethmoid</a> sinuses and the nasal cavity is only used for patients who have not had lymph nodes in the neck removed and checked for signs of cancer. </p><div id="CDR0000258028__257" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Tumor%20sizes%20are%20often%20measured%20in%20centimeters%20(cm)%20or%20inches&p=BOOKS&id=589689_CDR0000415526.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66003.13/bin/CDR0000415526.jpg" alt="Drawing shows different sizes of a tumor in centimeters (cm) compared to the size of a pea (1 cm), a peanut (2 cm), a grape (3 cm), a walnut (4 cm), a lime (5 cm), an egg (6 cm), a peach (7 cm), and a grapefruit (10 cm). Also shown is a 10-cm ruler and a 4-inch ruler." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Tumor sizes are often measured in centimeters (cm) or inches. Common food items that can be used to show tumor size in cm include: a pea (1 cm), a peanut (2 cm), a grape (3 cm), a walnut (4 cm), a lime (5 cm or 2 inches), an egg (6 cm), a peach (7 cm), and a grapefruit (10 cm or 4 inches).</p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000258028__30"><h3>The following stages are used for <i>maxillary sinus</i>
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cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000258028__32"><h4>Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)</h4><p id="CDR0000258028__34">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000450129/" class="def">stage 0</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257212/" class="def">mucous membranes</a> lining the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557102/" class="def">maxillary sinus</a>. These abnormal cells may become <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> and spread into nearby normal <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>. Stage 0 is also called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046488/" class="def">carcinoma in situ</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__35"><h4>Stage I </h4><p id="CDR0000258028__37">
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In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000450130/" class="def">stage I</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has formed in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257212/" class="def">mucous membranes</a> of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557102/" class="def">maxillary sinus</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__38"><h4>Stage II</h4><p id="CDR0000258028__40">
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In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000450131/" class="def">stage II</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread to bone around the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557102/" class="def">maxillary sinus</a>, including the roof of the mouth and the nose, but not to bone at the back of the maxillary sinus or the part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000798606/" class="def">sphenoid bone</a> behind the upper jaw.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__41"><h4>Stage III</h4><p id="CDR0000258028__43">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000450132/" class="def">stage III</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread to any of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__702"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The bone at the back of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557102/" class="def">maxillary sinus</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissues</a> under the skin.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000797677/" class="def">eye socket</a> near the nose or the bottom of the eye socket.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The area behind the cheek bone.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557101/" class="def">ethmoid sinus</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__703">
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<i>or</i>
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</p><p id="CDR0000258028__704">Cancer is found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557102/" class="def">maxillary sinus</a> and may have spread to any of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__705"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The bones around the maxillary sinus, including the roof of the mouth and the nose.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The tissues under the skin.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The part of the eye socket near the nose or the bottom of the eye socket. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The area behind the cheek bone.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The ethmoid sinus.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__706">Cancer has also spread to one <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph node</a> on the same side of the neck as the cancer, and the lymph node is 3 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a> or smaller.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__45"><h4>Stage IV</h4><p id="CDR0000258028__47"> Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC. </p><p id="CDR0000258028__162">
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<b><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000258028__161"></div>Stage IVA</b>
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</p><p id="CDR0000258028__172">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000450133/" class="def">stage IVA</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread to any of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__707"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The eye. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The skin of the cheek.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000798606/" class="def">sphenoid bone</a> behind the upper jaw.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The area behind the upper jaw.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The bone between the eyes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557105/" class="def">sphenoid</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557104/" class="def">frontal sinuses</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__708">Cancer may have also spread to one <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph node</a> on the same side of the neck as the cancer, and the lymph node is 3 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a> or smaller.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__709">
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<i>or</i>
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</p><p id="CDR0000258028__710">Cancer is found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557102/" class="def">maxillary sinus</a> and may have spread to any of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__711"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The bones around the maxillary sinus, including the roof of the mouth and the nose.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The bone between the eyes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissues</a> under the skin.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The skin of the cheek.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The eye, the part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000797677/" class="def">eye socket</a> near the nose, or the bottom of the eye socket.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The area behind the cheek bone.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The part of the sphenoid bone behind the upper jaw.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The area behind the upper jaw.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557101/" class="def">ethmoid</a>, sphenoid, or frontal sinuses.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__712">Cancer has also spread to one of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__713"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>more than one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>lymph nodes on the opposite side of the neck as the cancer or on both sides of the neck, and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters. <div class="milestone-end"></div></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__167">
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<b><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000258028__166"></div>Stage IVB</b>
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</p><p id="CDR0000258028__248">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000450134/" class="def">stage IVB</a>, cancer has spread to any of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__714"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The area behind the eye.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The brain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The middle parts of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000763008/" class="def">skull</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000373935/" class="def">nerves</a> that begin in the brain and go to the face, neck, and other parts of the brain (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000797786/" class="def">cranial nerves</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The upper part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439429/" class="def">throat</a> behind the nose.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The base of the skull near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000340937/" class="def">spinal cord</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__715">Cancer may have also spread to one or more lymph nodes of any size, anywhere in the neck.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__251">
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<i>or</i>
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</p><p id="CDR0000258028__716">Cancer may be found anywhere in or near the maxillary sinus. Cancer has spread to a lymph node that is larger than 6 centimeters or has spread through the outside covering of a lymph node into nearby <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a>.<div class="milestone-end"></div></p><p id="CDR0000258028__170">
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<b><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000258028__169"></div>Stage IVC</b>
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</p><p id="CDR0000258028__171"> In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000450135/" class="def">stage IVC</a>, cancer may be found anywhere in or near the maxillary sinus, may have spread to lymph nodes, and has spread to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> far away from the maxillary sinus, such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lungs</a>.<div class="milestone-end"></div></p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258028__178"><h3>The following stages are used for <i>nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus</i> cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000258028__222"><h4>Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)</h4><p id="CDR0000258028__224">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000450136/" class="def">stage 0</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257212/" class="def">mucous membranes</a> lining the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000790106/" class="def">nasal cavity</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557101/" class="def">ethmoid sinus</a>. These abnormal cells may become <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> and spread into nearby normal <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>. Stage 0 is also called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046488/" class="def">carcinoma in
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situ</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__180"><h4>Stage I</h4><p id="CDR0000258028__182"> In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000450137/" class="def">stage I</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has formed and is found in only one area of either the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000790106/" class="def">nasal cavity</a> or the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557101/" class="def">ethmoid sinus</a> and may have spread into bone.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__183"><h4>Stage II</h4><p id="CDR0000258028__185"> In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000450138/" class="def">stage II</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> is found in two areas of either the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000790106/" class="def">nasal cavity</a> or the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557101/" class="def">ethmoid sinus</a> that are near each other, or cancer has spread to an area next to the sinuses. Cancer may also have spread into bone.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__186"><h4>Stage III</h4><p id="CDR0000258028__188"> In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000450139/" class="def">stage III</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread to any of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__195"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000797677/" class="def">eye socket</a> near the nose or the bottom of the eye socket.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557102/" class="def">maxillary sinus</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The roof of the mouth.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The bone between the eyes.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__196">
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<i>or</i>
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</p><p id="CDR0000258028__717">Cancer is found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000790106/" class="def">nasal cavity</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557101/" class="def">ethmoid sinus</a> and may have spread to any of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__718"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The part of the eye socket near the nose or the bottom of the eye socket.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The maxillary sinus.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The roof of the mouth.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The bone between the eyes.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__719">Cancer has also spread to one <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph node</a> on the same side of the neck as the cancer, and the lymph node is 3 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a> or smaller.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__189"><h4>Stage IV</h4><p id="CDR0000258028__205">Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__207">
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<b><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000258028__206"></div>Stage IVA</b>
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</p><p id="CDR0000258028__191">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000450140/" class="def">stage IVA</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread to any of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__720"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The eye.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The skin of the nose or cheek.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The front parts of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000763008/" class="def">skull</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000798606/" class="def">sphenoid bone</a> behind the upper jaw.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557105/" class="def">sphenoid</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557104/" class="def">frontal sinuses</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__721">Cancer may have also spread to one <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph node</a> on the same side of the neck as the cancer, and the lymph node is 3 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a> or smaller.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__722">
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<i>or</i>
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</p><p id="CDR0000258028__723">Cancer is found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000790106/" class="def">nasal cavity</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557101/" class="def">ethmoid sinus</a> and may have spread to any of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__724"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The eye, the part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000797677/" class="def">eye socket</a> near the nose, or the bottom of the eye socket.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The skin of the nose or cheek.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The front parts of the skull.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The part of the sphenoid bone behind the upper jaw.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The sphenoid or frontal sinuses.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__725">Cancer has also spread to one of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__726"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>more than one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the cancer and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>lymph nodes on the opposite side of the neck as the cancer or on both sides of the neck, and the lymph nodes are not larger than 6 centimeters. <div class="milestone-end"></div></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__215">
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<b><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000258028__214"></div>Stage IVB</b>
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</p><p id="CDR0000258028__199">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000450141/" class="def">stage IVB</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread to any of the following: </p><ul id="CDR0000258028__727"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The area behind the eye.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The brain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The middle parts of the skull.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000373935/" class="def">nerves</a> that begin in the brain and go to the face, neck, and other parts of the brain (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000797786/" class="def">cranial nerves</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The upper part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439429/" class="def">throat</a> behind the nose.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The base of the skull near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000340937/" class="def">spinal cord</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__728">Cancer may have also spread to one or more lymph nodes of any size, anywhere in the neck.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__729">
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<i>or</i>
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</p><p id="CDR0000258028__730">Cancer may be found anywhere in or near the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus. Cancer has spread to a lymph node that is larger than 6 centimeters or has spread through the outside covering of a lymph node into nearby <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a>.<div class="milestone-end"></div></p><p id="CDR0000258028__219">
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<b><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000258028__218"></div>Stage IVC</b>
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</p><p id="CDR0000258028__200">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000450142/" class="def">stage IVC</a>, cancer may be found anywhere in or near the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus, may have spread to lymph nodes, and has spread to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> far away from the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus, such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lungs</a>.<div class="milestone-end"></div></p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258028__732"><h3>After surgery, the stage of the cancer may change and more treatment may be needed.</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__734">If the cancer is removed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>, a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">pathologist</a> will examine a sample of the cancer tissue under a microscope. Sometimes, the pathologist’s review results in a change to the stage of the cancer and more treatment is needed after surgery.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__775"><h3>Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer can recur (come back) after it has been treated.</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__777"> The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> may come back in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000518299/" class="def">paranasal sinuses</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000790106/" class="def">nasal cavity</a>
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or in other parts of the body. </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258028__51"><h2 id="_CDR0000258028__51_">Treatment Option Overview</h2><div id="CDR0000258028__51.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__52">There are different types of treatment for patients with
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paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__56">Patients with paranasal sinus and nasal
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cavity cancer should have their treatment planned by a team of doctors with expertise in treating head and neck cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__59">The following types of treatment are used:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__61">Surgery </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__65">Radiation therapy
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</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__69">Chemotherapy </a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__72">New types of treatment are being tested in clinical
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trials.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__287">Treatment for paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer may cause side effects.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__266">Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__268">Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258028__270">Follow-up tests may be needed.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258028__52"><h3>There are different types of treatment for patients with
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paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. </h3><p id="CDR0000258028__54">Different types of treatment are available for patients with
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446532/" class="def">paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer</a>. Some treatments are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard</a> (the currently
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used treatment), and some are being tested in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a>. A treatment
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clinical trial is a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651211/" class="def">research study</a> meant to help improve current treatments or
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obtain information on new treatments for patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>. When clinical
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trials show that a new treatment is better than the
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standard treatment, the new
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treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__56"><h3>Patients with paranasal sinus and nasal
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cavity cancer should have their treatment planned by a team of doctors with expertise in treating head and neck cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__58">Treatment will be overseen by a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046290/" class="def">medical oncologist</a>, a doctor who specializes in treating people with cancer. The medical oncologist works with other doctors who are experts in treating patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257519/" class="def">head and neck cancer</a> and who specialize in certain areas of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicine</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000441257/" class="def">rehabilitation</a>. Patients who have paranasal sinus and nasal
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cavity cancer may need special help
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adjusting to breathing problems or other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> of the cancer and its treatment. If a large amount of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a> or bone around the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000518299/" class="def">paranasal sinuses</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000790106/" class="def">nasal cavity</a> is taken out, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269468/" class="def">plastic surgery</a> may be done to repair or rebuild the area. The treatment team may include the following <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000478785/" class="def">specialists</a>: </p><ul id="CDR0000258028__146"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046546/" class="def">Radiation oncologist</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046267/" class="def">Neurologist</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046249/" class="def">Oral surgeon</a> or head and neck <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044306/" class="def">surgeon</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046221/" class="def">Plastic surgeon</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000389460/" class="def">Dentist</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044662/" class="def">Nutritionist</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000043973/" class="def">Speech</a> and language pathologist.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000318825/" class="def">Rehabilitation specialist</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258028__59"><h3>The following types of treatment are used:</h3><div id="CDR0000258028__61"><h4>Surgery </h4><p id="CDR0000258028__63"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">Surgery</a> (removing the cancer in an operation) is a common
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treatment for all <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stages</a> of
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paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. A doctor may remove the cancer and
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some of the healthy tissue and bone around the cancer. If the cancer
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has spread, the doctor may remove
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> and other tissues in the
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neck. </p><p id="CDR0000258028__64">After the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the
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time of the surgery, some patients may be given <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> after surgery to kill any cancer
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> that are left. Treatment given
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after the surgery, to lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045587/" class="def">adjuvant therapy</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__65"><h4>Radiation therapy
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</h4><p id="CDR0000258028__150">Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-rays</a> or other types of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045072/" class="def">radiation</a> to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy: </p><ul id="CDR0000258028__284"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046686/" class="def">External radiation therapy</a> uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the area of the body with cancer. The total <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044664/" class="def">dose</a> of radiation therapy is sometimes divided into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days.
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This is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046392/" class="def">fractionation</a>.<div id="CDR0000258028__283" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=External-beam%20radiation%20therapy%20of%20the%20head%20and%20neck&p=BOOKS&id=589689_CDR0000732667.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK66003.13/bin/CDR0000732667.jpg" alt="External-beam radiation therapy of the head and neck; drawing shows a patient lying on a table under a machine that is used to aim high-energy radiation at the cancer. An inset shows a mesh mask that helps keep the patient's head and neck from moving during treatment. The mask has pieces of white tape with small ink marks on it. The ink marks are used to line up the radiation machine in the same position before each treatment." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>External-beam radiation therapy of the head and neck. A machine is used to aim high-energy radiation at the cancer. The machine can rotate around the patient, delivering radiation from many different angles to provide highly conformal treatment. A mesh mask helps keep the patient’s head and neck from moving during treatment. Small ink marks are put on the mask. The ink marks are used to line up the radiation machine in the same position before each treatment.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046345/" class="def">Internal radiation therapy</a> uses a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a> substance sealed in needles, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257219/" class="def">seeds</a>, wires, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045637/" class="def">catheters</a> that are placed directly into or near the cancer.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__285">The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated. External and internal radiation therapy are used to treat paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__68">External radiation therapy to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044751/" class="def">thyroid</a> or the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046229/" class="def">pituitary gland</a> may change the way the thyroid
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gland works. The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044558/" class="def">thyroid hormone</a> levels in the blood may be tested before and after
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treatment.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__69"><h4>Chemotherapy </h4><p id="CDR0000258028__151">Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drugs</a> to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a> or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000301626/" class="def">systemic chemotherapy</a>). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046483/" class="def">cerebrospinal fluid</a>, an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organ</a>, or a body cavity such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a>, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046559/" class="def">regional chemotherapy</a>). <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045650/" class="def">Combination chemotherapy</a> is treatment using more than one anticancer drug.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__256">The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__273">See <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/head-neck" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drugs Approved for Head and Neck Cancer</a> for more information. (Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a type of head and neck cancer.)</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258028__72"><h3>New types of treatment are being tested in clinical
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trials.</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__75">Information about clinical trials is available from the
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__287"><h3>Treatment for paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer may cause side effects.</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__287_md_73">For information about <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> caused by treatment for cancer, visit our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Side Effects</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__266"><h3>Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__266_md_23">For some patients, taking part in a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard treatment</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__266_md_24">Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__266_md_25">Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__268"><h3>Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__268_md_29">Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring (coming back) or reduce the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> of cancer treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__268_md_30">Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about clinical trials supported by NCI can be found on NCI’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trials search</a> webpage. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> website.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__270"><h3>Follow-up tests may be needed.</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__270_md_33">As you go through treatment, you will have follow-up tests or check-ups. Some tests that were done to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnose</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> the cancer may be repeated to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__270_md_34">Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred (come back). </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258028__735"><h2 id="_CDR0000258028__735_">Treatment of Stage I Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000258028__771">For information about the treatments listed below, see the <a href="#CDR0000258028__59">Treatment Option Overview</a> section.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__736">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> I <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446532/" class="def">paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer</a>
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depends on where <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> is found in
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the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000518299/" class="def">paranasal sinuses</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000790106/" class="def">nasal cavity</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__737"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If cancer is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557102/" class="def">maxillary sinus</a>, treatment is usually <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a> with or without <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a>.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If cancer is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557101/" class="def">ethmoid sinus</a>, treatment is usually radiation therapy and/or surgery.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If cancer is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557105/" class="def">sphenoid sinus</a>, treatment is the same as for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445072/" class="def">nasopharyngeal cancer</a>, usually radiation therapy. For more information, see <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062966/">Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult)</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment is usually surgery and/or radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>For <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000346512/" class="def">inverting papillomas</a>, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>For <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045135/" class="def">melanomas</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045562/" class="def">sarcomas</a>, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a>.
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>For midline granulomas, treatment is usually radiation therapy.
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment is usually surgery or radiation therapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__TrialSearch_735_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__738"><h2 id="_CDR0000258028__738_">Treatment of Stage II Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000258028__772">For information about the treatments listed below, see the <a href="#CDR0000258028__59">Treatment Option Overview</a> section.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__739">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> II <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446532/" class="def">paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer</a>
|
|
depends on where <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> is found in
|
|
the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000518299/" class="def">paranasal sinuses</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000790106/" class="def">nasal cavity</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__740"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If cancer is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557102/" class="def">maxillary sinus</a>, treatment is usually <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000440106/" class="def">high-dose radiation</a>
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|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044737/" class="def">therapy</a> before or after <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>.
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|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If cancer is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557101/" class="def">ethmoid sinus</a>, treatment is usually <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> and/or surgery.
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If cancer is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557105/" class="def">sphenoid sinus</a>, treatment is the same as for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445072/" class="def">nasopharyngeal cancer</a>, usually radiation therapy with or without <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a>. For more information, see <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062966/">Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult)</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment is usually surgery and/or radiation therapy.
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>For <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000346512/" class="def">inverting papillomas</a>, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>For <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045135/" class="def">melanomas</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045562/" class="def">sarcomas</a>, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>For midline granulomas, treatment is usually radiation therapy.
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment is usually surgery or radiation therapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__TrialSearch_738_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__741"><h2 id="_CDR0000258028__741_">Treatment of Stage III Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000258028__773">For information about the treatments listed below, see the <a href="#CDR0000258028__59">Treatment Option Overview</a> section.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__742">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> III <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446532/" class="def">paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer</a>
|
|
depends on where <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> is found in
|
|
the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000518299/" class="def">paranasal sinuses</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000790106/" class="def">nasal cavity</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__743">If cancer is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557102/" class="def">maxillary sinus</a>, treatment may include the
|
|
following: </p><ul id="CDR0000258028__744"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000440106/" class="def">High-dose radiation</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044737/" class="def">therapy</a> before or after <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a>
|
|
of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046392/" class="def">fractionated radiation therapy</a> before or after surgery.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__745">If cancer is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557101/" class="def">ethmoid sinus</a>, treatment may include the
|
|
following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__746"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery followed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045650/" class="def">combination chemotherapy</a> before surgery or radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__747">If cancer is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557105/" class="def">sphenoid sinus</a>, treatment is the same as for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445072/" class="def">nasopharyngeal cancer</a>, usually radiation therapy with or without <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a>. For more information, see <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062966/">Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult)</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__748">If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment may include the
|
|
following: </p><ul id="CDR0000258028__749"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery and/or radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chemotherapy and radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__750">For <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000346512/" class="def">inverting papillomas</a>, treatment is usually surgery with or
|
|
without radiation therapy.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__751">For <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045135/" class="def">melanomas</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045562/" class="def">sarcomas</a>, treatment may include the
|
|
following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__752"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__753">For midline granulomas, treatment is usually radiation
|
|
therapy.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__754">If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment may include the
|
|
following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__755"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046686/" class="def">External radiation
|
|
therapy</a> and/or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046345/" class="def">internal radiation
|
|
therapy</a> with or without surgery.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__TrialSearch_741_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__756"><h2 id="_CDR0000258028__756_">Treatment of Stage IV Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000258028__774">For information about the treatments listed below, see the <a href="#CDR0000258028__59">Treatment Option Overview</a> section.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__757">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> IV <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446532/" class="def">paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer</a>
|
|
depends on where <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> is found in
|
|
the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000518299/" class="def">paranasal sinuses</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000790106/" class="def">nasal cavity</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__758">If cancer is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557102/" class="def">maxillary sinus</a>, treatment may include the
|
|
following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__759"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000440106/" class="def">High-dose radiation</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044737/" class="def">therapy</a> with or without <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046392/" class="def">fractionated radiation therapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a> before surgery or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__760">If cancer is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557101/" class="def">ethmoid sinus</a>, treatment may include the
|
|
following: </p><ul id="CDR0000258028__761"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiation therapy before or after surgery.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chemotherapy and radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of chemotherapy before surgery or radiation
|
|
therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__762">If cancer is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557105/" class="def">sphenoid sinus</a>, treatment is the same as for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445072/" class="def">nasopharyngeal cancer</a>, usually radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. For more information, see <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062966/">Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult)</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__763">If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment may include the
|
|
following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__764"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery and/or radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chemotherapy and radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__765">For <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000346512/" class="def">inverting papillomas</a>, treatment is usually surgery with or
|
|
without radiation therapy.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__766">For <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045135/" class="def">melanomas</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045562/" class="def">sarcomas</a>, treatment may include the
|
|
following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__767"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chemotherapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__768">For midline granulomas, treatment is usually radiation
|
|
therapy.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__769">If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment may include the
|
|
following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__770"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046686/" class="def">External radiation therapy</a> and/or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046345/" class="def">internal radiation therapy</a>
|
|
with or without surgery.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of chemotherapy before surgery or radiation
|
|
therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__TrialSearch_756_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__129"><h2 id="_CDR0000258028__129_">Treatment of Recurrent Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity
|
|
Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000258028__701">For information about the treatments listed below, see the <a href="#CDR0000258028__59">Treatment Option Overview</a> section.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__130">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">recurrent</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446532/" class="def">paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer</a> depends on where <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> is found in the
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000518299/" class="def">paranasal sinuses</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000790106/" class="def">nasal cavity</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__131">If cancer is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557102/" class="def">maxillary sinus</a>, treatment may include the
|
|
following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__132"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">Surgery</a> followed
|
|
by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiation therapy followed by surgery.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a> as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045815/" class="def">palliative therapy</a> to relieve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> and improve the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045417/" class="def">quality of life</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> of
|
|
chemotherapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__133">If cancer is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557101/" class="def">ethmoid sinus</a>, treatment may include the
|
|
following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__134"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery and/or radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chemotherapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of chemotherapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__135">If cancer is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000557105/" class="def">sphenoid sinus</a>, treatment is the same as for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445072/" class="def">nasopharyngeal cancer</a> and may include radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. For more information, see <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062966/">Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult)</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__137">If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment may include the
|
|
following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__138"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery and/or radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chemotherapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of chemotherapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__139">For <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000346512/" class="def">inverting papillomas</a>, treatment is usually surgery with or without
|
|
radiation therapy.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__140">For <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045135/" class="def">melanomas</a> and
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045562/" class="def">sarcomas</a>, treatment may include the
|
|
following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__141"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chemotherapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__142">For midline granulomas, treatment is usually radiation therapy.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__143">If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment may include the
|
|
following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__144"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery and/or radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chemotherapy as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of chemotherapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__TrialSearch_129_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__258"><h2 id="_CDR0000258028__258_">To Learn More About Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000258028__259">For more information from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044266/" class="def">National Cancer Institute</a> about paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer, see the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__274"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Head and Neck Cancer Home Page</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062871/">Oral Complications of Cancer Therapies</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/head-neck" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drugs Approved for Head and Neck Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/head-neck-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Head and Neck Cancers</a>
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|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Tobacco</a> (includes help with quitting)</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258028__258_md_40">For general cancer information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, visit:</p><ul id="CDR0000258028__258_md_41"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">About Cancer</a>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/chemo-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a>
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000258028__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of adult paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/adult-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials can be found online at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. For more information, call the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/contact-center" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Information Service</a> (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_21">PDQ® Adult Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment (Adult). Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/paranasal-sinus-treatment-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/paranasal-sinus-treatment-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389439]</p><p id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000258028__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK66003</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26389439" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">26389439</a></span></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK66003.13/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK66003.13/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK66003" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK66003" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2023 Mar 17. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Version History</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter shutter_closed" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="version_history" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content" style="display: none;"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66003.14/">NBK66003.14</a></span> November 8, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm">NBK66003.13</span> March 17, 2023 (Displayed Version)</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66003.12/">NBK66003.12</a></span> December 2, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66003.11/">NBK66003.11</a></span> November 6, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66003.10/">NBK66003.10</a></span> July 29, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66003.9/">NBK66003.9</a></span> July 26, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66003.8/">NBK66003.8</a></span> March 28, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66003.7/">NBK66003.7</a></span> May 4, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66003.6/">NBK66003.6</a></span> March 1, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66003.5/">NBK66003.5</a></span> January 29, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66003.4/">NBK66003.4</a></span> January 12, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66003.3/">NBK66003.3</a></span> August 19, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66003.2/">NBK66003.2</a></span> May 6, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK66003.1/">NBK66003.1</a></span> May 12, 2015</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#CDR0000258028__1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">General Information About Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity
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Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258028__22" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Stages of Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258028__51" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Option Overview</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258028__735" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment of Stage I Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258028__738" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment of Stage II Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258028__741" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment of Stage III Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258028__756" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment of Stage IV Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258028__129" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment of Recurrent Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity
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Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258028__258" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">To Learn More About Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258028__AboutThis_1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">About This PDQ Summary</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related publications</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="document-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65831/">Health Professional Version</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389326" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389388" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Melanoma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Melanoma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389197" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Retinoblastoma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Retinoblastoma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389499" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" 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