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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65991_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65991_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65991_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Lung Cancer Screening (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: April 27, 2015.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000258019__98">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about lung cancer screening. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000258019__99">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258019__1"><h2 id="_CDR0000258019__1_">What is screening?</h2><p id="CDR0000258019__2"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046171/" class="def">Screening</a> is looking for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> before a person has any <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a>. This can help find
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cancer at an early <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a>. When <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a> or cancer is found early, it may
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be easier to treat. By the time symptoms appear, cancer may have begun
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to spread.</p><p id="CDR0000258019__3"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044724/" class="def">Scientists</a> are trying to better understand which
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people are more likely to get certain types of cancer. They also study the things
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we do and the things around us to see if they cause cancer. This
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information helps doctors recommend who should be screened for cancer, which
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screening tests should be used, and how often the tests should be done. </p><p id="CDR0000258019__4">It is important to remember that your doctor does not necessarily
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think you have cancer if he or she suggests a screening test. Screening
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tests are given when you have no cancer symptoms. </p><p id="CDR0000258019__77">If a screening test result is abnormal, you may need to have more tests done to find out if you have cancer. These are called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045959/" class="def">diagnostic tests</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000258019__5"><h2 id="_CDR0000258019__5_">General Information About Lung Cancer</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258019__6">Lung cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form
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in the tissues of the lung.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258019__10">Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258019__94">Different factors increase or decrease the risk of lung cancer.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258019__6"><h3>Lung cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form
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in the tissues of the lung.</h3><p id="CDR0000258019__8">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lungs</a> are a pair of cone-shaped breathing <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> inside the
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chest. The lungs bring <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000538149/" class="def">oxygen</a> into the body when breathing in and send <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000538147/" class="def">carbon
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dioxide</a> out of the body when breathing out. Each lung has sections called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046188/" class="def">lobes</a>. The left lung has two
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lobes. The right lung, which is
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slightly larger, has three. A thin <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046294/" class="def">membrane</a> called the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045842/" class="def">pleura</a> surrounds the lungs. Two
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tubes called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046493/" class="def">bronchi</a> lead from the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046623/" class="def">trachea</a> (windpipe) to the right and
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left lungs. The bronchi are sometimes involved in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445043/" class="def">lung cancer</a>. Small tubes called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046494/" class="def">bronchioles</a> and tiny air sacs called
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046209/" class="def">alveoli</a> make up the inside of the
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lungs. <div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR000025801982" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR000025801982"><a href="/books/NBK65991.1/figure/CDR0000258019__82/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR000025801982" rid-ob="figobCDR000025801982"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK65991.1/bin/CDR0000466533.gif" src-large="/books/NBK65991.1/bin/CDR0000466533.jpg" alt="Anatomy of the respiratory system, showing the trachea and both lungs and their lobes and airways" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR000025801982"><h4 id="CDR0000258019__82"><a href="/books/NBK65991.1/figure/CDR0000258019__82/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR000025801982">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Anatomy of the respiratory system, showing the trachea and both lungs and their lobes and airways. Lymph nodes and the diaphragm are also shown. Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs and passes through the thin membranes of the alveoli and into the bloodstream <a href="/books/NBK65991.1/figure/CDR0000258019__82/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR000025801982">(more...)</a></p></div></div></p><p id="CDR0000258019__9">There are two types of lung cancer: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045327/" class="def">small
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cell lung cancer</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045323/" class="def">non-small cell
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lung cancer</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000258019__80">See the following <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summaries for more information about lung cancer:</p><ul id="CDR0000258019__81"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062825/"> Lung Cancer Prevention</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062956/">Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062947/">Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258019__10"><h3>Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States.</h3><p id="CDR0000258019__12">Lung cancer is the third most common type of non-<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445084/" class="def">skin cancer</a> in the United States. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in men and in women.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258019__94"><h3>Different factors increase or decrease the risk of lung cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000258019__96">Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factor</a>. Anything that decreases your chance of getting a disease is called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factor</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000258019__97">For information about risk factors and protective factors for lung cancer, see the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062825/">Lung Cancer Prevention</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258019__13"><h2 id="_CDR0000258019__13_">Lung Cancer Screening</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258019__14">Tests are used to screen for different types of cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258019__18"> Three screening tests have been studied to see if they decrease the risk of dying from lung cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258019__27">Screening with low-dose spiral CT scans has been shown to decrease the risk of dying from lung cancer in heavy smokers. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258019__91">Screening with chest x-rays and/or sputum cytology does not decrease the risk of dying from lung cancer. </a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258019__14"><h3>Tests are used to screen for different types of cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000258019__78">Some <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046171/" class="def">screening</a> tests are used because they have been shown to be helpful both in finding <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancers</a> early and decreasing the chance of dying from these cancers. Other tests are used because they have been shown to find cancer in some people; however, it has not been proven in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a> that use of these tests will decrease the risk of dying from cancer. </p><p id="CDR0000258019__66"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044724/" class="def">Scientists</a> study screening tests to find those with the fewest risks and most benefits. Cancer screening trials also are meant to show whether early detection (finding cancer before it causes <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a>) decreases a person's chance of dying from the disease. For some types of cancer, finding and treating the disease at an early <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> may result in a better chance of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454708/" class="def">recovery</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000258019__67">Clinical trials that study cancer screening methods are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the <a href="http://cancer.gov/clinicaltrials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI Web site</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258019__18"><h3> Three screening tests have been studied to see if they decrease the risk of dying from lung cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000258019__74">The following screening tests have been studied to see if they decrease the risk of dying from <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445043/" class="def">lung cancer</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000258019__89"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low-<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044664/" class="def">dose</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044983/" class="def">spiral CT scan</a> (LDCT scan): A procedure that uses low-dose <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045072/" class="def">radiation</a> to make a series of very detailed pictures of areas inside the body. It uses an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-ray</a> machine that <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046570/" class="def">scans</a> the body in a spiral path. The pictures are made by a computer linked to the x-ray machine. This procedure is also called a low-dose helical CT scan.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304687/" class="def">Chest x-ray</a>: An x-ray of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000335080/" class="def">Sputum cytology</a>: Sputum cytology is a procedure in which a sample of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045883/" class="def">sputum</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046274/" class="def">mucus</a> that is coughed up from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lungs</a>) is viewed under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> to check for cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258019__27"><h3>Screening with low-dose spiral CT scans has been shown to decrease the risk of dying from lung cancer in heavy smokers. </h3><p id="CDR0000258019__83">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000753856/" class="def">National Lung Screening Trial</a> studied people aged 55 years to 74 years who had smoked at least 1 pack of cigarettes per day for 30 years or more. Heavy smokers who had quit smoking within the past 15 years were also studied. The trial used chest x-rays or low-dose spiral CT scans (LDCT) scans to check for signs of lung cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000258019__88">LDCT scans were better than chest x-rays at finding <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000561398/" class="def">early-stage</a> lung cancer. Screening with LDCT also decreased the risk of dying from lung cancer in current and former heavy smokers.</p><p id="CDR0000258019__93"> A <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/qa/2002/NLSTstudyGuidePatientsPhysicians" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Guide</a> is available for patients and doctors to learn more about the benefits and harms of low-dose helical CT screening for lung cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258019__91"><h3>Screening with chest x-rays and/or sputum cytology does not decrease the risk of dying from lung cancer. </h3><p id="CDR0000258019__92">Chest x-ray and sputum cytology are two screening tests that have been used to check for signs of lung cancer. Screening with chest x-ray, sputum cytology, or both of these tests does not decrease the risk of dying from lung cancer.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258019__38"><h2 id="_CDR0000258019__38_">Risks of Lung Cancer Screening</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258019__39">Screening tests have risks.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258019__42">The risks of lung cancer screening tests include the following:
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</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258019__56"> Talk to your doctor about your risk for lung cancer and your need for screening tests.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258019__39"><h3>Screening tests have risks.</h3><p id="CDR0000258019__41">Decisions about <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046171/" class="def">screening</a> tests can be difficult. Not all screening tests are helpful and most have risks. Before having any screening test, you may
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want to discuss the test with your doctor. It is important to know the risks of
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the test and whether it has been proven to reduce the risk of dying from
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258019__42"><h3>The risks of lung cancer screening tests include the following:
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</h3><div id="CDR0000258019__50"><h4>Finding lung cancer may not improve health or help you live
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longer.</h4><p id="CDR0000258019__68">Screening
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may not improve your health or help you live longer if you have <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445043/" class="def">lung cancer</a> that has already spread to
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other places in your body. </p><p id="CDR0000258019__73">When a screening test result leads to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosis</a> and treatment of a disease that may never have caused <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> or become life-threatening, it is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000759894/" class="def">overdiagnosis</a>. It is not known if treatment of these cancers would help you live longer than if no treatment were given, and treatments for cancer may have serious <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a>. Harms of treatment may happen more often in people who have medical problems caused by heavy or long-term smoking.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258019__47"><h4>False-negative test results can occur.</h4><p id="CDR0000258019__49">Screening test results may appear to be normal even though lung cancer is
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present. A person who receives a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000340928/" class="def">false-negative test result</a> (one that
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shows there is no cancer when there really is) may delay seeking medical care even if there are symptoms.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258019__44"><h4>False-positive test results can occur.</h4><p id="CDR0000258019__69">Screening test results may appear to be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a> even though no
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cancer is present. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000340929/" class="def">false-positive test result</a> (one that shows there is cancer when there really isn't) can cause <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000430405/" class="def">anxiety</a> and is usually followed by more tests (such as
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045164/" class="def">biopsy</a>), which also have risks. A biopsy to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnose</a> lung cancer can cause part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a> to collapse. Sometimes <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a> is needed to reinflate the lung. Harms of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000689569/" class="def">diagnostic tests</a> may happen more often in patients who have medical problems caused by heavy or long-term smoking. </p></div><div id="CDR0000258019__53"><h4>Chest x-rays and low-dose spiral CT scans expose the chest to radiation.</h4><p id="CDR0000258019__55"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045072/" class="def">Radiation</a> exposure
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from <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304687/" class="def">chest x-rays</a> and low-<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044664/" class="def">dose</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044983/" class="def">spiral CT scans</a> may increase the
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risk of cancer. Younger people and people at low risk for lung cancer are more likely to develop lung cancer caused by radiation exposure. .</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258019__56"><h3> Talk to your doctor about your risk for lung cancer and your need for screening tests.</h3></div></div><div id="CDR0000258019__70"><h2 id="_CDR0000258019__70_">Changes to This Summary (04/27/2015)</h2><p id="CDR0000258019__71">
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The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.
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</p><p id="CDR0000258019__72">Changes were made to this summary to match those made to the health professional version.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000258019__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about lung cancer screening. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/screening-prevention" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials are listed in PDQ and can be found online at <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_21">National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Lung Cancer Screening. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/lung-screening-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/lung-screening-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>.</p><p id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="http://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 2,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000258019__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258019__ContactUs_2"><h2 id="_CDR0000258019__ContactUs_2_">Questions or Comments About This Summary</h2><p id="CDR0000258019__ContactUs_3">If you have questions or comments about this summary, please send them to Cancer.gov through the website's <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>. We can respond only to email messages written in English.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258019__GetMore_3"><h2 id="_CDR0000258019__GetMore_3_">Get More Information From NCI</h2><p id="CDR0000258019__GetMore_15"><i><b>Call 1-800-4-CANCER</b></i></p><p id="CDR0000258019__GetMore_16">For more information, U.S. residents may call the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Eastern Time. A trained Cancer Information Specialist is available to answer your questions.</p><p id="CDR0000258019__GetMore_25"><i><b>Chat online
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65991.1/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK65991.1/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65991" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65991" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. Lung Cancer Screening (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2015 Apr 27. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. 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class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#CDR0000258019__1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">What is screening?</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258019__5" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">General Information About Lung Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258019__13" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Lung Cancer Screening</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258019__38" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Risks of Lung Cancer Screening</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258019__70" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Changes to This Summary (04/27/2015)</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258019__AboutThis_1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">About This PDQ Summary</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258019__ContactUs_2" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Questions or Comments About This Summary</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258019__GetMore_3" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Get More Information From 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ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Lung Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Lung Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389302" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Neuroblastoma Screening (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Neuroblastoma Screening (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a 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2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389226" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Testicular Cancer Screening (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Testicular Cancer Screening (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ 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