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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65985_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65985_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65985_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Cervical Cancer Treatment</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Patient Version</div><p class="small">Published online: January 13, 2023.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000062961__335">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of cervical cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__336">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810146_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810146_1_">What Is Cervical Cancer?</h2><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810146_2">Cervical cancer is cancer that starts in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> of the cervix. The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus (womb). The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina (birth canal). Cervical cancer usually develops slowly over time. Before cancer appears in the cervix, the cells of the cervix go through changes known as dysplasia, in which <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a> cells begin to appear in the cervical <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>. Over time, if not destroyed or removed, the abnormal cells may become cancer cells and start to grow and spread more deeply into the cervix and to surrounding areas.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810146_3">The cervix has two main parts:</p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810146_4"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The ectocervix (also called exocervix) is the outer part of the cervix that can be seen during a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045056/" class="def">gynecologic</a> exam. The ectocervix is covered with thin, flat cells called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046056/" class="def">squamous cells</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The endocervix is the inner part of the cervix that forms a canal that connects the vagina to the uterus. The endocervix is covered with column-shaped <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000752837/" class="def">glandular cells</a> that make <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046274/" class="def">mucus</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810146_5">The transformation zone is the border where the endocervix and ectocervix meet. Most cervical cancers begin in the squamous cells in the transformation zone.</p><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810146_6" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20female%20reproductive%20system&p=BOOKS&id=588620_CDR0000609921.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65985.16/bin/CDR0000609921.jpg" alt="Anatomy of the female reproductive system; drawing shows the uterus, myometrium (muscular outer layer of the uterus), endometrium (inner lining of the uterus), ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, and vagina." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the female reproductive system. The organs in the female reproductive system include the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, and vagina. The uterus has a muscular outer layer called the myometrium and an inner lining called the endometrium. </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810146_7"><h3>Types of cervical cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810146_8">Cervical cancers are named after the type of cell where the cancer started. The two main types are:</p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810146_9"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Squamous cell carcinoma</b>: Most cervical cancers (up to 90%) are squamous cell carcinomas. These cancers develop from cells in the ectocervix.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Adenocarcinoma</b>: Cervical adenocarcinomas develop in the glandular cells of the endocervix. Clear cell adenocarcinoma, also called clear cell carcinoma or mesonephroma, is a rare type of cervical adenocarcinoma.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810146_10">Sometimes, cervical cancer has features of both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. This is called mixed carcinoma or adenosquamous carcinoma. Very rarely, cancer develops in other cells in the cervix.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810146_11"><h3>Learn more about cervical cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810146_33">
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/symptoms" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810146_28"></div>Symptoms</a>
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</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810146_29">Many cervical cancer symptoms are also seen with other, less serious conditions. These are the warning signs you shouldn’t ignore.<div class="milestone-end"></div></p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810221_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810221_1_">Cervical Cancer Symptoms</h2><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810221_2">Early on, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444973/" class="def">cervical cancer</a> usually doesn’t have symptoms, making it hard to detect. Symptoms usually begin after the cancer has spread.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810221_3">When symptoms of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000561398/" class="def">early-stage</a> cervical cancer do occur, they may include</p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810221_4"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>vaginal bleeding after sex</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>vaginal bleeding after <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046296/" class="def">menopause</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>vaginal bleeding between periods or periods that are heavier or longer than normal</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>vaginal discharge that is watery and has a strong odor or that contains blood</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045087/" class="def">pelvic</a> pain or pain during sex</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810221_5">Symptoms of advanced cervical cancer (cancer has spread beyond the cervix to other parts of the body) may include the symptoms of early-stage cervical cancer and </p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810221_6"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>difficult or painful bowel movements or bleeding from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046555/" class="def">rectum</a> when having a bowel movement</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>difficult or painful urination or blood in the urine</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>dull backache</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>swelling of the legs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>pain in the abdomen</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>feeling tired</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810221_7">These symptoms may be caused by many conditions other than cervical cancer. The only way to know is to see a health professional. If it is cervical cancer, ignoring symptoms can delay treatment and make it less effective.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810221_11">Learn how <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/screening" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">cervical cancer screening</a> can help prevent cervical cancer or find it early.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_1_">Cervical Cancer Diagnosis</h2><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_2">If you have symptoms or screening test results that suggest the possibility of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444973/" class="def">cervical cancer</a>, your doctor will do follow-up tests to find out if it is due to cancer or some other cause. They will usually start by asking about your personal and family medical history and by doing a physical exam, which will include a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000322873/" class="def">pelvic exam</a> and rectovaginal exam. They may recommend diagnostic tests to find out if you have cervical cancer, and if so, whether it has spread to another part of the body. The results of these tests will also help you and your doctor plan treatment.</p><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_3"><h3>How cervical cancer is diagnosed</h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_4">The following procedures are used to diagnose cervical cancer:</p><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_29"><h4>Colposcopy</h4><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_30">Colposcopy is a procedure in which the health care provider inserts a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046588/" class="def">speculum</a> to gently open the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046646/" class="def">vagina</a> and view the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046133/" class="def">cervix</a>. A vinegar solution will be applied to the cervix to help show abnormal areas. The health care provider then places an instrument called a colposcope close to the vagina. It has a bright light and a magnifying lens and allows the health care provider to look closely at the cervix. A colposcopy usually includes a biopsy.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_31"><h4>Biopsy</h4><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_6">Biopsy is a procedure in which a sample of tissue is removed from the cervix so that a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">pathologist</a> can view it under a microscope to check for signs of cancer. The following types of biopsies are used to check for cervical cancer:</p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_7"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Punch biopsy</b> is a procedure in which a small, round piece of tissue is removed using a sharp, hollow circular instrument. Sometimes several different areas of the cervix will be checked with punch biopsy. This procedure is usually done in the doctor’s office. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Endocervical curettage</b> is a procedure to collect cells or tissue from the cervical canal using a curette (spoon-shaped instrument). This procedure removes only a small amount of tissue and is usually done in the doctor’s office.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)</b> uses a thin wire loop, through which an electrical current is passed, to remove tissue from the cervix. LEEP may be used to diagnose cervical cancer. It also may be used to remove precancer or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000561398/" class="def">early-stage cancer</a>. This procedure is typically done in a doctor’s office. It usually takes only a few minutes, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044523/" class="def">local anesthesia</a> is used to numb the area.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Cone biopsy</b> is surgery to remove a larger, cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix and cervical canal. A cone biopsy may be used to diagnose cervical cancer. It also may be used to remove precancer or early-stage cancer. This procedure is also called conization. A cone biopsy is done at the hospital under <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044561/" class="def">general anesthesia</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_8">Talk with your health care provider to learn what to expect during and after your biopsy procedure. Some people have bleeding and/or discharge after a biopsy. Others have pain that feels like cramps during <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046297/" class="def">menstruation</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_9">To learn about the type of information that can be found in a pathologist’s report about the cells or tissue removed during a biopsy, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/diagnosis/pathology-reports-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Pathology Reports</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_10"><h3>Tests and procedures used to stage cervical cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_11">If you are diagnosed with cervical cancer, you will be referred to a gynecologic oncologist. This is a doctor who specializes in staging and treating cervical cancer and other cancers of the female <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046564/" class="def">reproductive system</a>. They will recommend tests to determine the extent (stage) of cancer. Sometimes the cancer is only in the cervix. Or, it may have spread from the cervix to other parts of the body. The process of learning the extent of cancer in the body is called staging. It is important to know the stage of the cervical cancer in order to plan the best treatment. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_32">For information about a specific stage of cervical cancer, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/stages" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cervical Cancer Stages</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_12">The following procedures may be used to determine the cervical cancer stage:</p><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_15"><h4>Imaging tests</h4><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_14"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>PET-CT scan</b> combines the pictures from a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046218/" class="def">positron emission tomography (PET) scan</a> and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045560/" class="def">computed tomography (CT) scan</a>. The PET and CT scans are done at the same time on the same machine. The pictures from both scans are combined to make a more detailed picture than either test would make by itself.<dl id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_33" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">For the PET scan, a small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a vein. The scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045772/" class="def">Malignant</a> tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells. </p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"> For the CT scan, a series of detailed x-ray pictures of areas inside the body is taken from different angles. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly.</p></dd></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045997/" class="def">Magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI)</b> uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Ultrasound</b> uses high-energy sound waves (ultrasound), which bounce off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Chest x-ray</b> is an x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of high-energy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045072/" class="def">radiation</a> that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the chest.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_16"><h4>Lab tests</h4><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_17"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Complete blood count (CBC)</b> is a blood test that measures the following in a sample of blood:<dl id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_18" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">the number of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046124/" class="def">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045993/" class="def">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045840/" class="def">platelets</a></p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">the amount of hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen) in the red blood cells</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">the portion of the blood sample made up of red blood cells</p></dd></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Blood chemistry study</b> is a blood test that measures the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body, including <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044338/" class="def">electrolytes</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354462/" class="def">lactate dehydrogenase</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000393536/" class="def">uric acid</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000572242/" class="def">blood urea nitrogen</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044337/" class="def">creatinine</a>, and liver function values. An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of cancer spread or other diseases.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_20"><h4>Visual examination </h4><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_21"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Cystoscopy</b> is a procedure to look inside the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046501/" class="def">bladder</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046640/" class="def">urethra</a> to check for abnormal areas. A cystoscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder. A cystoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Sigmoidoscopy</b> uses a sigmoidoscope to look inside the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046555/" class="def">rectum</a> and sigmoid (lower) <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046462/" class="def">colon</a> for abnormal areas. A sigmoidoscope is inserted through the rectum into the sigmoid colon. A sigmoidoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_22"><h3>Getting a second opinion</h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_23">Some people want to get a second opinion to confirm their cervical cancer diagnosis and treatment plan. If you choose to seek a second opinion, you will need to get important medical test results and reports from the first doctor to share with the second doctor. The second doctor will review the pathology report, slides, and scans before giving a recommendation. The doctor who gives the second opinion may agree with your first doctor, suggest changes or another approach, or provide more information about your cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_24">For questions you might want to ask at your appointments, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/questions" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Questions to Ask Your Doctor</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810229_25">To learn more about choosing a doctor and getting a second opinion, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care/services" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Finding Health Care Services</a>. You can also contact <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI’s Cancer Information Service</a> via chat, email, or phone (both in English and Spanish) for help finding a doctor, hospital, or getting a second opinion.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810243_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810243_1_">Cervical Cancer Prognosis and Survival Rates</h2><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810243_2">If you have been diagnosed with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444973/" class="def">cervical cancer</a>, you may have questions about how serious the cancer is and your chances of survival. The likely outcome or course of a disease is called prognosis.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810243_3">The prognosis for cervical cancer depends on many factors:</p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810243_4"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the stage of the cancer (the size of the tumor and whether the cancer has spread beyond the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046133/" class="def">cervix</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the type of cervical cancer (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046216/" class="def">adenocarcinoma</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046595/" class="def">squamous cell carcinoma</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>your age and general health</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>whether you have other health problems or diseases, including if you are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045723/" class="def">immunocompromised</a> or have <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044985/" class="def">HIV</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>whether the cancer is newly diagnosed or has recurred (come back)</div></li></ul><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810243_5"><h3>Survival rates for cervical cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810243_6">Doctors estimate cervical cancer prognosis by using statistics collected over many years from people with cervical cancer. One statistic that is commonly used in making a prognosis is the 5-year <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044296/" class="def">relative survival rate</a>. The 5-year relative survival rate tells you what percent of people with the same type and stage of cervical cancer are alive 5 years after their cancer was diagnosed, compared with people in the overall population. For example, the 5-year relative survival rate for cervical cancer diagnosed at an early stage is 92%. This means that people diagnosed with early-stage cervical cancer are about 92% as likely as people who do not have cervical cancer to be alive 5 years after diagnosis. The 5-year relative survival rates for cervical cancer are as follows:</p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810243_7"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>When cervical cancer is diagnosed at an early stage, the 5-year relative survival rate is 92%.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>When cervical cancer is diagnosed after it has spread to nearby tissues, organs, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044312/" class="def">regional lymph nodes</a>, the 5-year relative survival rate is 59%.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>When cervical cancer is diagnosed after it has spread to a distant part of the body, the 5-year relative survival rate is 17%.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The 5-year relative survival rate for all people with cervical cancer is 67%.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810243_8">
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<a href="https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Learn more about statistics for cervical cancer, from our Cancer Stat Facts Collection.</a>
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810243_9"><h3>Understanding survival rate statistics</h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810243_10">Because prognosis statistics are based on large groups of people, they cannot be used to predict exactly what will happen to you. The doctor who knows the most about your situation is in the best position to discuss these statistics and talk with you about your prognosis. It is important to note the following when reviewing survival statistics:</p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810243_11"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No two people are entirely alike, and responses to treatment can vary greatly. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Survival statistics use information collected from large groups of people who may have received different types of treatment.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>It takes several years to see the effect of newer and better treatments, so these effects may not be reflected in current survival statistics.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810243_12">To learn more about survival statistics and to see videos of patients and their doctors exploring their feelings about prognosis, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/prognosis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Understanding Cancer Prognosis</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_1_">Cervical Cancer Stages</h2><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_3">A cancer stage describes the extent of cancer in the body, especially whether the cancer has spread from where it first formed to other parts of the body. It is important to know the stage of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444973/" class="def">cervical cancer</a> in order to plan the best treatment. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_4">The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000689095/" class="def">staging system</a> is used for cervical cancer. Learn about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/diagnosis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">tests and procedures used to determine the stage of cervical cancer</a>. </p><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_2"><h3>Stage I cervical cancer </h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_5">In stage I, cervical cancer has formed and is found in the cervix only. It is divided into stages IA and IB, based on the size of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> and the deepest point of tumor invasion. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_6">Stage IA is subdivided based on the deepest point of tumor invasion. <div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_7" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IA1%20and%20IA2%20cervical%20cancer&p=BOOKS&id=588620_CDR0000658902.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65985.16/bin/CDR0000658902.jpg" alt="Stage IA1 and IA2 cervical cancer; drawing shows a cross-section of the cervix and vagina. An inset shows cancer cells in the cervix that can only be seen under a microscope. The cancer in stage IA1 is not more than 3 mm deep. The cancer in stage IA2 is more than 3 but not more than 5 mm deep." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IA1 and IA2 cervical cancer. A very small amount of cancer that can only be seen under a microscope is found in the tissues of the cervix. In stage IA1, the cancer is not more than 3 millimeters deep. In stage IA2, the cancer is more than 3 but not more than 5 millimeters deep.</p></div></div></p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_8"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Stage IA1:</b> A very small amount of cancer that can only be seen with a microscope is found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissues</a> of the cervix. The deepest point of tumor invasion is 3 millimeters or less. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Stage IA2:</b> A very small amount of cancer that can only be seen with a microscope is found in the tissues of the cervix. The deepest point of tumor invasion is more than 3 millimeters but not more than 5 millimeters.<div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_9" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Millimeters%20(mm)&p=BOOKS&id=588620_CDR0000578121.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65985.16/bin/CDR0000578121.jpg" alt="Millimeters; drawing shows millimeters (mm) using everyday objects. A sharp pencil point shows 1 mm, a new crayon point shows 2 mm, and a new pencil-top eraser shows 5 mm." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Millimeters (mm). A sharp pencil point is about 1 mm, a new crayon point is about 2 mm, and a new pencil eraser is about 5 mm.</p></div></div></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_10">Stage IB is subdivided based on the size of the tumor and the deepest point of tumor invasion.</p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_11"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Stage IB1:</b> The tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller and the deepest point of tumor invasion is more than 5 millimeters. <div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_12" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IB1%20cervical%20cancer&p=BOOKS&id=588620_CDR0000658903.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65985.16/bin/CDR0000658903.jpg" alt="Stage IB1 cervical cancer; drawing shows a cross-section of the cervix and vagina and cancer in the cervix that is smaller than 2 cm. An inset shows cancer that is more than 5 mm deep. Also shown is a 2-cm scale that shows 10 mm is equal to 1 cm." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IB1 cervical cancer. The cancer is 2 centimeters or smaller and is more than 5 millimeters deep.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Stage IB2:</b> The tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters. <div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_13" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IB2%20and%20IB3%20cervical%20cancer&p=BOOKS&id=588620_CDR0000800957.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65985.16/bin/CDR0000800957.jpg" alt="Stage IB2 and IB3 cervical cancer; drawing shows two cross-sections of the cervix and vagina. The drawing on the left shows stage IB2 cancer in the cervix that is larger than 2 cm but not larger than 4 cm. The drawing on the right shows stage IB3 cancer in the cervix that is larger than 4 cm." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IB2 and IB3 cervical cancer. In stage IB2, the cancer is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters. In stage IB3, the cancer is larger than 4 centimeters. </p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Stage IB3:</b> The tumor is larger than 4 centimeters. <div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_14" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Tumor%20sizes%20are%20often%20measured%20in%20centimeters%20(cm)%20or%20inches&p=BOOKS&id=588620_CDR0000415526.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65985.16/bin/CDR0000415526.jpg" alt="Drawing shows different sizes of a tumor in centimeters (cm) compared to the size of a pea (1 cm), a peanut (2 cm), a grape (3 cm), a walnut (4 cm), a lime (5 cm), an egg (6 cm), a peach (7 cm), and a grapefruit (10 cm). Also shown is a 10-cm ruler and a 4-inch ruler." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Tumor sizes are often measured in centimeters (cm) or inches. Common food items that can be used to show tumor size in cm include: a pea (1 cm), a peanut (2 cm), a grape (3 cm), a walnut (4 cm), a lime (5 cm or 2 inches), an egg (6 cm), a peach (7 cm), and a grapefruit (10 cm or 4 inches).</p></div></div></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_15">Learn about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment/by-stage" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">treatment of stage I cervical cancer</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_16">Learn about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment/cancer-treatment-during-pregnancy" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">treatment of cervical cancer during pregnancy</a>. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_17"><h3>Stage II cervical cancer </h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_18">In stage II, cervical cancer has spread to the upper two-thirds of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046646/" class="def">vagina</a> or to the tissue around the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046645/" class="def">uterus</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_19">Stage II is subdivided based on how far the cancer has spread. <div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_20" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20II%20cervical%20cancer&p=BOOKS&id=588620_CDR0000658904.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65985.16/bin/CDR0000658904.jpg" alt="Stage II cervical cancer; drawing shows two cross-sections of the uterus, cervix, and vagina. The drawing on the left shows stages IIA1 and IIA2 cancer in the cervix that is 4 cm and has spread to the upper two-thirds of the vagina. The drawing on the right shows stage IIB cancer that has spread from the cervix to the tissue around the uterus." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage II cervical cancer. In stages IIA1 and IIA2, cancer has spread from the cervix to the upper two-thirds of the vagina but has not spread to the tissue around the uterus. In stage IIA1, the cancer is 4 centimeters or smaller. In stage IIA2, the cancer is larger than 4 centimeters. In stage IIB, cancer has spread from the cervix to the tissue around the uterus.</p></div></div></p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_21"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Stage IIA:</b> Cancer has spread from the cervix to the upper two-thirds of the vagina but has not spread to the tissue around the uterus. Stage IIA is further divided based on the size of the tumor: <dl id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_22" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><b>Stage IIA1:</b> The tumor is 4 centimeters or smaller. </p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><b>Stage IIA2:</b> The tumor is larger than 4 centimeters. </p></dd></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Stage IIB:</b> Cancer has spread from the cervix to the tissue around the uterus. </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_23">Learn about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment/by-stage" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">treatment of stage II cervical cancer</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_24">Learn about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment/cancer-treatment-during-pregnancy" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">treatment of cervical cancer during pregnancy</a>. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_25"><h3>Stage III cervical cancer </h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_26">In stage III, cervical cancer has spread to the lower third of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046646/" class="def">vagina</a> and/or to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000410631/" class="def">pelvic wall</a>, and/or has caused <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046325/" class="def">kidney</a> problems, and/or involves <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_27">Stage III is subdivided based on how far the cancer has spread. </p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_28"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Stage IIIA:</b> Cancer has spread to the lower third of the vagina but has not spread to the pelvic wall. <div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_29" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IIIA%20cervical%20cancer&p=BOOKS&id=588620_CDR0000670190.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65985.16/bin/CDR0000670190.jpg" alt="Stage IIIA cervical cancer; drawing shows a cross-section of the cervix and vagina. Cancer is shown in the cervix and in the full length of the vagina." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IIIA cervical cancer. Cancer has spread to the lower third of the vagina but has not spread to the pelvic wall.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Stage IIIB:</b> Cancer has spread to the pelvic wall; and/or the tumor has become large enough to block one or both <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046638/" class="def">ureters</a> or has caused one or both kidneys to get bigger or stop working. <div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_30" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IIIB%20cervical%20cancer&p=BOOKS&id=588620_CDR0000670191.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65985.16/bin/CDR0000670191.jpg" alt="Stage IIIB cervical cancer; drawing shows cancer in the cervix and pelvic wall. Also shown is cancer blocking the right ureter and an enlarged right ureter and right kidney. The uterus, bladder, and vagina are also shown." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IIIB cervical cancer. Cancer has spread to the pelvic wall and/or the tumor has become large enough to block one or both ureters or has caused one or both kidneys to get bigger or stop working.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Stage IIIC: </b>Stage IIIC is divided into stages IIIC1 and IIIC2, based on the spread of cancer to the lymph nodes. <div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_31" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IIIC%20cervical%20cancer&p=BOOKS&id=588620_CDR0000800958.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65985.16/bin/CDR0000800958.jpg" alt="Stage IIIC cervical cancer; drawing shows stage IIIC1 cancer that has spread from the cervix to lymph nodes in the pelvis and stage IIIC2 cancer that has spread from the cervix to lymph nodes in the abdomen near the aorta." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IIIC cervical cancer. In stage IIIC1, cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the pelvis. In stage IIIC2, cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the abdomen near the aorta.</p></div></div></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_32">Learn about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment/by-stage" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">treatment of stage III cervical cancer</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_33">Learn about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment/cancer-treatment-during-pregnancy" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">treatment of cervical cancer during pregnancy</a>. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_34"><h3>Stage IV cervical cancer </h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_35">In stage IV, cervical cancer has spread beyond the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046246/" class="def">pelvis</a>, or has spread to the lining of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046501/" class="def">bladder</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046555/" class="def">rectum</a>, or has spread to other parts of the body. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_36">Stage IV is subdivided into stages IVA and IVB, based on where the cancer has spread. </p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_37"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Stage IVA:</b> Cancer has spread to nearby pelvic organs, such as the bladder or rectum. <div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_38" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IVA%20cervical%20cancer&p=BOOKS&id=588620_CDR0000713967.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65985.16/bin/CDR0000713967.jpg" alt="Stage IVA cervical cancer; drawing and inset show cancer that has spread from the cervix to the bladder and rectal wall." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IVA cervical cancer. Cancer has spread to nearby pelvic organs, such as the bladder or rectum.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Stage IVB:</b> Cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lungs</a>, bones, or distant <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a>. <div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_39" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IVB%20cervical%20cancer&p=BOOKS&id=588620_CDR0000713968.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65985.16/bin/CDR0000713968.jpg" alt="Stage IVB cervical cancer; drawing shows other parts of the body where cervical cancer may spread, including the lymph nodes, lung, liver, and bone. An inset shows cancer cells spreading from the cervix, through the blood and lymph system, to another part of the body where metastatic cancer has formed." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IVB cervical cancer. Cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, lung, liver, or bone.</p></div></div></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_40">Stage IV is also called metastatic cancer. Metastatic cancer happens when cancer cells travel through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045764/" class="def">lymphatic system</a> or blood and form tumors in other parts of the body. The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if cervical cancer spreads to the lung, the cancer cells in the lung are actually cervical cancer cells. The disease is called metastatic cervical cancer, not lung cancer. Learn more in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/metastatic-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Metastatic Cancer: When Cancer Spreads</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_41">Learn about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment/by-stage" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">treatment options for stage IV cervical cancer</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_42">Learn about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment/cancer-treatment-during-pregnancy" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">treatment of cervical cancer during pregnancy</a>. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_43"><h3>Recurrent cervical cancer </h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_44">Recurrent cervical cancer is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the cervix or as metastatic tumors in other parts of the body. Tests will be done to help determine where the cancer has returned in your body, if it has spread, and how far. The type of treatment that you have for recurrent cervical cancer will depend on how far it has spread.  </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_50">Learn about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment/by-stage#_24" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">treatment of recurrent cervical cancer</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_51">Learn more in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/recurrent-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Recurrent Cancer: When Cancer Comes Back</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810161_45">Information to help you <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454700/" class="def">cope</a> and talk with your health care team is shared in this booklet: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/when-cancer-returns" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">When Cancer Returns</a>. </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_1_">Cervical Cancer Treatment</h2><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_2">Different types of treatment are available for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444973/" class="def">cervical cancer</a>. You and your cancer care team will work together to decide your treatment plan, which may include more than one type of treatment. Many factors will be considered, such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer, your overall health, and your preferences. Your treatment plan will include information about your cancer, the goals of treatment, the treatment options and possible side effects, and the expected length of treatment. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_3">If you are concerned about whether treatment will affect your <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046399/" class="def">fertility</a>, talk with your cancer care team before treatment begins about what to expect. To learn about fertility preservation options and ways to find support, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/fertility-women" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Fertility Issues in Girls and Women with Cancer</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_4">For treatments by stage of cervical cancer, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment/by-stage" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cervical Cancer Treatment by Stage</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_5">For information about treatment during pregnancy, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment/cancer-treatment-during-pregnancy" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cervical Cancer Treatment during Pregnancy</a>. </p><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_6"><h3>Surgery</h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_7">Surgery (also called an operation) is sometimes used to treat cervical cancer. The type of surgery depends on where the cancer is located. Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/surgery" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Surgery to Treat Cancer</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_8">The following surgical procedures may be used:</p><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_9"><h4>Cold knife conization</h4><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_65">Cold knife conization uses a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257527/" class="def">scalpel</a> to remove a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046133/" class="def">cervix</a> and cervical canal. Sometimes all the cancer can be removed during this procedure. Cold knife conization is done in the hospital under <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044561/" class="def">general anesthesia</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_11">Conization may also be used to treat <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/screening/abnormal-hpv-pap-test-results#_35" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">high-grade cervical cell changes</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_12"><h4>Sentinel lymph node biopsy </h4><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_13">Sentinel lymph node biopsy removes the sentinel lymph node during surgery. The sentinel lymph node is the first <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph node</a> in a group of lymph nodes to receive <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045760/" class="def">lymphatic drainage</a> from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary tumor</a>. It is therefore the first lymph node the cancer is likely to spread to from the primary tumor. To identify the sentinel lymph node, a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a> substance and/or blue dye is injected near the tumor. The substance or dye flows through the lymph ducts to the lymph nodes. The first lymph node to receive the substance or dye is removed. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">pathologist</a> views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells. If cancer cells are found, more lymph nodes will be removed through a separate incision (cut). This is called a lymph node dissection. After the sentinel lymph node biopsy, the surgeon removes the cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_14">Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging/sentinel-node-biopsy-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_15"><h4>Hysterectomy</h4><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_16">A hysterectomy is surgery to remove the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046645/" class="def">uterus</a>. As a treatment for cervical cancer, the cervix, and sometimes the surrounding structures, are removed. Several types of hysterectomy may be used to treat cervical cancer:</p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_17"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Total hysterectomy</b> removes the uterus and the cervix. When the surgery is done entirely through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046646/" class="def">vagina</a> (with no incisions on the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a>) and the uterus and cervix are removed through the vagina, the operation is called a total vaginal hysterectomy. If the surgery is done through a large incision on the abdomen (either vertical or horizontal) and the uterus and cervix are removed through this incision, the operation is called a total abdominal hysterectomy. If the surgery is done through small incisions on the abdomen, the operation is called a total laparoscopic hysterectomy. The uterus and cervix are usually taken out through the vagina, although sometimes an abdominal incision is made to remove the uterus and cervix.<div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_18" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Hysterectomy&p=BOOKS&id=588620_CDR0000612116.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65985.16/bin/CDR0000612116.jpg" alt="Hysterectomy; drawing shows the female reproductive anatomy, including the ovaries, uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, and cervix. Dotted lines show which organs and tissues are removed in a total hysterectomy, a total hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy, and a radical hysterectomy. An inset shows the location of two possible incisions on the abdomen: a low transverse incision is just above the pubic area and a vertical incision is between the navel and the pubic area." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Hysterectomy. The uterus is surgically removed with or without other organs or tissues. In a total hysterectomy, the uterus and cervix are removed. In a total hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy, (a) the uterus plus one (unilateral) ovary and fallopian tube are removed; or (b) the uterus plus both (bilateral) ovaries and fallopian tubes are removed. In a radical hysterectomy, the uterus, cervix, both ovaries, both fallopian tubes, and nearby tissue are removed. These procedures are done using a low transverse incision or a vertical incision.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Radical hysterectomy</b> removes the uterus, cervix, part of the vagina, and a wide area of ligaments and tissues around these organs. The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046687/" class="def">ovaries</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045687/" class="def">fallopian tubes</a>, or nearby lymph nodes may also be removed. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Modified radical hysterectomy</b> removes the uterus, cervix, upper part of the vagina, and ligaments and tissues that closely surround these organs. This type of surgery removes fewer tissues and/or organs than radical hysterectomy. The ovaries, fallopian tubes, or nearby lymph nodes may also be removed. </div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_19"><h4>Radical trachelectomy</h4><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_20">Radical trachelectomy (also called radical cervicectomy) removes the cervix, nearby tissue, and the upper part of the vagina. Lymph nodes may also be removed. After the surgeon removes the cervix, they attach the uterus to the remaining part of the vagina. A special stitch or band is placed on the uterus (in a procedure called a cerclage) to help keep the uterus closed during pregnancy. If you have this surgery, you may still be able to become pregnant. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_21"><h4>Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy </h4><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_22">Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy removes both ovaries and both fallopian tubes. This is done when the cancer has spread to these organs.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_23"><h4>Total pelvic exenteration</h4><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_24">Total pelvic exenteration removes the lower <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046462/" class="def">colon</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046555/" class="def">rectum</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046501/" class="def">bladder</a>. The cervix, vagina, ovaries, and nearby lymph nodes are also removed. Artificial openings (stoma) are made for urine and stool to flow from the body to a collection bag. Plastic surgery may be needed to make an artificial vagina after this operation.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_26"><h3>Radiation therapy </h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_27">Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing by damaging their <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045671/" class="def">DNA</a>. The two main types of radiation therapy are external radiation therapy and internal radiation therapy (also called brachytherapy).</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_28">Both external and internal radiation therapy are used to treat cervical cancer and may also be used as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045815/" class="def">palliative therapy</a> to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life in people with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000478743/" class="def">advanced</a> cervical cancer.</p><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_29"><h4>External radiation therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_30">External-beam radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the area of the body with cancer. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a way of giving external radiation therapy that can help keep radiation from damaging nearby healthy tissue. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_31">IMRT is a type of 3-dimensional (3-D) radiation therapy that uses a computer to make pictures of the size and shape of the tumor. Thin beams of radiation of different intensities (strengths) are aimed directly at the tumor from many angles. IMRT is being studied for the treatment of cervical cancer. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_32">Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/radiation-therapy/external-beam" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">External Beam Radiation Therapy for Cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_33"><h4>Internal radiation therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_34">Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257219/" class="def">seeds</a>, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer. Internal radiation therapy is also called brachytherapy.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_35">Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/radiation-therapy/brachytherapy" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Brachytherapy to Treat Cancer</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_36"><h3>Chemotherapy</h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_37">Chemotherapy (also called chemo) uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Chemotherapy may be given alone or with other types of treatment. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_38">Chemotherapy drugs used to treat cervical cancer include</p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_39"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/cisplatin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">cisplatin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/carboplatin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">carboplatin</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/gemcitabinehydrochloride" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">gemcitabine</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/ifosfamide" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ifosfamide</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/irinotecanhydrochloride" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">irinotecan</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/paclitaxel" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">paclitaxel</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/topotecanhydrochloride" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">topotecan</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/vinorelbinetartrate" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">vinorelbine</a>
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</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_40">Combinations of these drugs may be used. Other chemotherapy drugs not listed here may also be used.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_41">Learn more about how chemotherapy works against cancer, how it is given, common side effects, and more in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/chemotherapy" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chemotherapy to Treat Cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_42"><h3>Targeted therapy</h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_43">Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances to block the action of specific <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046081/" class="def">enzymes</a>, proteins, or other molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_44">Targeted therapies used to treat cervical cancer include</p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_61"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/bevacizumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">bevacizumab</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/tisotumabvedotin-tftv" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">tisotumab vedotin</a>
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</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_45">Learn more about how targeted therapy works against cancer, how it is given, possible side effects, and more in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/targeted-therapies" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Targeted Therapy to Treat Cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_46"><h3>Immunotherapy</h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_47">Immunotherapy helps a person’s immune system fight cancer. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000805418/" class="def">Biomarker tests</a> can be used to help predict your response to certain immunotherapy drugs. Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/biomarker-testing-cancer-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Biomarker Testing for Cancer Treatment</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_48"><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/pembrolizumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Pembrolizumab</a> is an immunotherapy drug used to treat certain patients whose cervical cancer has the biomarker <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000797389/" class="def">PD-L1</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_49">Learn more about how immunotherapy works against cancer, how it is given, possible side effects, and more in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Immunotherapy to Treat Cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_50"><h3>Clinical trials</h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_51">A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be an option.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_52">Use our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> website.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_53">To learn more about clinical trials, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Clinical Trials Information for Patients and Caregivers</a>.  You can also contact <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI’s Cancer Information Service</a> via chat, email, or phone (both in English and Spanish) for help finding a clinical trial.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_54"><h3>Follow-up testing during and after treatment</h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_55">Some of the tests that were done to diagnose cervical cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated during treatment to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_56">Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred (come back). These tests are sometimes called follow-up tests or checkups.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_57">Tell your doctor if you have any of the following signs or symptoms, which may mean the cancer has come back:</p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_58"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>vaginal bleeding or discharge</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>pain in the abdomen, back, or leg</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>swelling in the leg</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>trouble urinating</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>change in your bowel movements</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cough</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>feeling tired</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_59">For cervical cancer, follow-up tests are usually done every 3 to 4 months for the first 2 years, followed by check-ups every 6 months. The check-up includes a current health history and exam of the body to check for signs and symptoms of recurrent cervical cancer and for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390292/" class="def">late effects</a> of treatment. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045978/" class="def">Pap test</a> may or may not be done during your visits.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810279_60">Learn more about what to expect <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/survivorship" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">when treatment ends</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_1_">Cervical Cancer Treatment by Stage</h2><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_3">The cancer stage (the extent of cancer in the body) is an important factor in deciding the best treatment for cervical cancer. Other factors, such as your preferences and overall health, are also important. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_4">An important factor for some patients is fertility preservation. If you would like to retain the ability to become pregnant, ask your doctor about fertility-sparing treatment options (treatments for cervical cancer that preserve the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046645/" class="def">uterus</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046687/" class="def">ovaries</a>). Such treatments may be an option for some small cancers that are only in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046133/" class="def">cervix</a>. If your cancer is more advanced or has a high chance of coming back, you are more likely to have treatments that will prevent you from becoming pregnant. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000780360/" class="def">reproductive endocrinologist</a> can help you understand your options for becoming a parent, such as freezing eggs. For more information on fertility preservation options and ways to find support, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/fertility-women" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Fertility Issues in Girls and Women with Cancer</a>.</p><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_2"><h3>Treatment of stage IA cervical cancer  </h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_6">Stage IA cervical cancer is separated into stage IA1 and IA2.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_7">Treatment of stage IA1 cervical cancer may include</p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_8"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000752844/" class="def">cold knife conization</a>, a fertility-sparing procedure, for some small cancers </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045929/" class="def">total hysterectomy</a> with or without <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000322852/" class="def">bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy</a>, for patients whose cancer has a high risk of coming back </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_9">Treatment of stage IA2 cervical cancer may include</p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_10"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000765862/" class="def">modified radical hysterectomy</a> and removal of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a>  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000700147/" class="def">radical trachelectomy</a>, a fertility-sparing surgery, and removal of lymph nodes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046345/" class="def">internal radiation therapy</a>, for patients who cannot have surgery</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_33">For information about these treatments, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cervical Cancer Treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_11"><h3>Treatment of stages IB and IIA cervical cancer </h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_12">Treatment of stage IB and stage IIA cervical cancer may include</p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_13"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> given at the same time as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000322879/" class="def">radical hysterectomy</a> and removal of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000785054/" class="def">pelvic lymph nodes</a> with or without radiation therapy to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046246/" class="def">pelvis</a>, plus chemotherapy </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>radical trachelectomy, a fertility-sparing surgery </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>radiation therapy alone </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_14">When radiation is used, it may be given as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046686/" class="def">external radiation therapy</a> only or as a combination of external and internal radiation therapy. Chemotherapy drugs, such as <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/cisplatin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">cisplatin</a> or <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/carboplatin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">carboplatin</a>, may be given at the same time as radiation therapy. Giving chemotherapy at the same time as radiation therapy helps the radiation therapy work better.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_34">For information about these treatments, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cervical Cancer Treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_15"><h3>Treatment of stages IIB, III, and IVA cervical cancer </h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_16">Treatment of stage IIB, stage III, and stage IVA cervical cancer may include</p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_17"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>radiation therapy given at the same time as chemotherapy </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>surgery to remove pelvic lymph nodes followed by radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_18">Most people with stage IIB, III, or IVA cervical cancer will receive a combination of external and internal radiation therapy. Chemotherapy drugs, such as <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/cisplatin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">cisplatin</a> or <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/carboplatin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">carboplatin</a>, may be given at the same time as radiation therapy. Giving chemotherapy at the same time as radiation therapy helps the radiation therapy work better.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_35">For information about these treatments, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cervical Cancer Treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_19"><h3>Treatment of stage IVB cervical cancer </h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_20">Treatment of stage IVB cervical cancer may include</p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_21"><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Radiation therapy as palliative therapy, to stop bleeding caused by the cancer. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Chemotherapy and the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270742/" class="def">targeted therapy</a> drug <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/bevacizumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">bevacizumab</a> as palliative therapy. There are many chemotherapy drugs used as palliative therapy for stage IVB cervical cancer, including <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/cisplatin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">cisplatin</a>, <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/carboplatin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">carboplatin</a>, <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/ifosfamide" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ifosfamide</a>, <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/irinotecanhydrochloride" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">irinotecan</a>, <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/gemcitabinehydrochloride" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">gemcitabine</a>, <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/paclitaxel" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">paclitaxel</a>, and <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/topotecanhydrochloride" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">topotecan</a>. These drugs may be given alone, or combinations of them may be used. </div><div class="half_rhythm">Palliative therapy is treatment meant to improve the quality of life of patients who have a serious or life-threatening disease, such as cancer. Many of the same treatments for cancer, such as medicines and radiation therapy, can also be used for palliative therapy to help a patient feel more comfortable. Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/advanced-cancer/care-choices/palliative-care-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Palliative Care in Cancer</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_23">For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be an option. Clinical trials of new cancer drugs or drug combinations may be available. To learn more about clinical trials, including how find and join a trial, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Clinical Trials Information for Patients and Caregivers</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_36">For information about these treatments, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cervical Cancer Treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_24"><h3>Treatment of recurrent cervical cancer </h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_25">Treatment of cervical cancer that has recurred (come back) may include</p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_26"><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045729/" class="def">immunotherapy</a> drug <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/pembrolizumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">pembrolizumab</a>. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Radiation therapy and chemotherapy given at the same time, for cancer that has come back in the pelvis. Radiation may be given as external radiation therapy only or as a combination of external and internal radiation therapy. Many different chemotherapy drugs are used to treat recurrent cervical cancer, including <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/cisplatin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">cisplatin</a>, <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/carboplatin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">carboplatin</a>, <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/ifosfamide" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ifosfamide</a>, <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/irinotecanhydrochloride" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">irinotecan</a>, <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/gemcitabinehydrochloride" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">gemcitabine</a>, <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/paclitaxel" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">paclitaxel</a>, <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/topotecanhydrochloride" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">topotecan</a>, and <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/vinorelbinetartrate" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">vinorelbine</a>. These drugs may be given alone, or combinations of them may be used. Giving chemotherapy given at the same time as radiation therapy helps the radiation therapy work better. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Chemotherapy and the targeted therapy drug <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/bevacizumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">bevacizumab</a> as palliative therapy. Many different chemotherapy drugs are used as palliative therapy for recurrent cervical cancer, including cisplatin, carboplatin, ifosfamide, irinotecan, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, topotecan, and vinorelbine. These drugs may be given alone, or combinations of them may be used. </div><div class="half_rhythm">Palliative therapy is treatment meant to improve the quality of life of patients who have a serious or life-threatening disease, such as cancer. Many of the same treatments for cancer, such as medicines and radiation therapy, can also be used for palliative therapy to help a patient feel more comfortable. Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/advanced-cancer/care-choices/palliative-care-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Palliative Care in Cancer</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000322874/" class="def">Pelvic exenteration</a>, for certain patients who cannot have radiation therapy. The goal of pelvic exenteration is to cure the cancer by removing it from all the organs to which it has spread. </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_28">For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be an option. Clinical trials of new cancer drugs or drug combinations may be available. To learn more about clinical trials, including how to find and join a trial, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Clinical Trials Information for Patients and Caregivers</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810282_37">For information about these treatments, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cervical Cancer Treatment</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_1_">Cervical Cancer Treatment during Pregnancy</h2><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_3"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444973/" class="def">Cervical cancer</a> during pregnancy is rare. When it occurs, the cancer is usually found early and confined to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046133/" class="def">cervix</a>, and it may not need to be treated immediately. But sometimes the cancer is fast-growing or found at a later <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> and needs immediate treatment. Before treatment begins, it is important to discuss the benefits and risks of all your treatment options, including how treatment could affect you, your pregnancy, and your future <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046399/" class="def">fertility</a>. Your cancer care team will consider your personal wishes when helping you decide the best treatment. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_4">Typically, treatment depends on your trimester of pregnancy. </p><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_2"><h3>Treatment of slow-growing stage I cervical cancer in the first trimester </h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_6">If you have a type of slow-growing cervical cancer that is diagnosed in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045886/" class="def">stage I</a>, are less than 3 months pregnant, and want to continue your pregnancy, your cancer care team might suggest that you delay treatment until later in your pregnancy or after delivery. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_7">Your cancer care team may also suggest you deliver early (around 37 weeks) via cesarean section. You may have a hysterectomy (surgery to remove the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046645/" class="def">uterus</a> and cervix, and sometimes surrounding structures) at the same time as the cesarean section. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_23">To learn more about hysterectomy, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cervical Cancer Treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_8"><h3>Treatment of fast-growing or advanced stage cervical cancer in the first trimester </h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_9">Tests will be done throughout your pregnancy to find out if the cancer has grown much larger or has spread outside of the cervix. Cervical cancer that is fast-growing or has evidence of spread outside the cervix to other tissues and organs may require immediate treatment, which may include</p><ul id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_24"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>hysterectomy, surgery to remove the uterus (womb), cervix, and sometimes surrounding structures</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a>
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</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_10"> It is not possible to continue the pregnancy during any of these treatments. Chemotherapy is not safe for the fetus during the first trimester, and radiation therapy is harmful throughout fetal development.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_25">To learn more about these treatments, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cervical Cancer Treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_11"><h3>Treatment of stage I cervical cancer in the second or third trimester </h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_12">If you are diagnosed with stage I cervical cancer during the second or third trimester of pregnancy, your cancer care team might suggest surgery with cold knife conization or radical trachelectomy. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_13">Cold knife conization uses a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257527/" class="def">scalpel</a> to remove a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix and cervical canal. Cold knife conization is done in the hospital under <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044561/" class="def">general anesthesia</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_14">Radical trachelectomy (also called radical cervicectomy) removes the cervix, nearby tissue, and the upper part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046646/" class="def">vagina</a>. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">Lymph nodes</a> may also be removed. After the surgeon removes the cervix, they attach the uterus to the remaining part of the vagina. A special stitch or band is placed on the uterus (in a procedure called a cerclage) to help keep the uterus closed during pregnancy.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_15">Your cancer care team may suggest you deliver early via cesarean section. If all the cancer couldn’t be removed with cold knife conization or radical trachelectomy, you may receive other treatments after delivery, such as hysterectomy and radiation therapy.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_26">To learn more about hysterectomy, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cervical Cancer Treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_16"><h3>Treatment of stage II, III, or IV cervical cancer in the second or third trimester </h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_17">If you are diagnosed with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045887/" class="def">stage II</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045888/" class="def">III</a>, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045889/" class="def">IV</a> cervical cancer during the second or third trimester of pregnancy, your cancer care team may suggest you continue the pregnancy and receive chemotherapy.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_27">Chemotherapy, such as with <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/cisplatin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">cisplatin</a> or <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/carboplatin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">carboplatin</a> and <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/paclitaxel" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">paclitaxel</a>, given in the second or third trimester does not usually harm the fetus but may cause early labor and low birth weight.</p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810337_19">Your cancer care team may suggest you deliver early via cesarean section so you can receive other treatments, such as hysterectomy and radiation therapy. </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810339_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810339_1_">Coping with Cervical Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810339_3">When you first learn that you have cervical cancer, it is normal to feel a mix of emotions. You may wonder how you will cope with the upcoming changes in your life. One step you can take is to be informed of the changes that may occur and what resources are available to help you cope. Doing so can give you a greater sense of control. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810339_4">Resources on the common physical side effects of treatment for cervical cancer are provided in the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cervical Cancer Treatment</a> section. Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">side effects caused by cancer treatment</a> and ways to manage them. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810339_5">Because cervical cancer tends to occur in people of reproductive age, and because of where it forms in the body, certain aspects of your diagnosis and treatment are of special concern. </p><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810339_6"><h3>Fertility issues</h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810339_7">For some people, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046348/" class="def">infertility</a> can be one of the most difficult and upsetting long-term effects of cervical cancer treatment. Although it might feel overwhelming to think about, you may benefit from talking with you doctor about how treatment may affect your fertility and about options to preserve fertility. If you choose to take steps to preserve your fertility, your doctor and a fertility specialist will work together to develop a treatment plan that includes fertility preservation, whenever possible. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810339_8">Learn more about which cancer treatments may affect fertility and about fertility-sparing treatment options in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/fertility-women" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Fertility Issues in Girls and Women with Cancer</a>. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810339_9"><h3>Sexual problems</h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810339_10">Some treatments for cervical cancer can cause short-term or long-term problems with sex after treatment. Sexual problems are often caused by changes to your body. These changes result from <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>, or certain medicines. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810339_11">Learn more about the sexual problems some cancer treatments can cause and ways to cope and share your concerns with your health care team in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/sexuality-women" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Sexual Health Issues in Women with Cancer</a>. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810339_12"><h3>Body changes</h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810339_13">Cervical cancer and its treatment can change how you look and feel about yourself. Know you aren't alone in how you feel. Coping with these changes can be hard. But, over time, most people learn to adjust to them and move forward. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810339_14">Learn more about how body changes may affect your self-image and sex life after treatment and ways to cope and communicate your feelings in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/self-image" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Self-Image and Sexuality</a>. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810339_2"><h3>Stigma and guilt</h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810339_15">Because cervical cancer results from a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000803838/" class="def">sexually transmitted infection</a> with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045714/" class="def">human papillomavirus</a> (HPV), you may worry that some people assume your behavior caused your cancer. Or you may blame yourself for lifestyle choices you think could have led to your cancer. It is important to remember almost everyone will have an HPV infection at some point in their lives and that most HPV infections of the cervix will not cause cervical cancer. Having cervical cancer is not your fault. It may help you to share your feelings with someone. Let your doctor know if you would like to talk with a counselor or go to a support group. </p><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810339_16">Learn more about the emotions many people with cancer feel and ways to cope in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/feelings" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Feelings and Cancer</a> and <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/adjusting-to-cancer/support-groups" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Support Groups</a>. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810339_17"><h3>Financial toxicity</h3><p id="CDR0000062961__sm_CDR0000810339_18">Cancer is one of the most costly diseases to treat in the United States. You may face major financial challenges and need help dealing with the costs of cervical cancer treatment, even if you have insurance. The problems a person has related to the cost of treatment is known as financial toxicity. Find out if you are at risk and learn about ways to cope in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000783881/">Financial Toxicity (Financial Distress) and Cancer Treatment</a> and <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care/track-care-costs" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Costs and Medical Information</a>. </p></div></div></div></div>
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Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Bladder Cancer Treatment: Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389161" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Breast Cancer Treatment During Pregnancy (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information 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