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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65980_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65980_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65980_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Male Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: August 12, 2015.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000062969__239">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of male breast cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000062969__240">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__69"><h2 id="_CDR0000062969__69_">General Information about Male Breast Cancer</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062969__70">Male breast cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer)
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cells form in the tissues of the breast.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062969__76">Radiation exposure, high levels of estrogen, and a family
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history of breast cancer can increase a man’s risk of breast cancer.
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</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062969__80">Male breast cancer is sometimes caused by inherited gene
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mutations (changes).</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062969__154">Men with breast cancer usually have lumps that can be felt. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062969__82">Tests that examine the breasts are used to detect (find) and diagnose breast cancer in men.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062969__225">If cancer is found, tests are done to study the cancer cells.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062969__86">Survival for men with breast cancer is similar to survival for
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women with breast cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062969__140">Certain factors affect prognosis
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(chance of recovery) and treatment options. </a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062969__70"><h3>Male breast cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer)
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cells form in the tissues of the breast.</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__72"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444971/" class="def">Breast cancer</a> may occur in
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men. Men at any age may develop breast cancer, but it is usually detected
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(found) in men between 60 and 70 years of age. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445046/" class="def">Male breast cancer</a> makes up less
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than 1% of all cases of breast cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062969__73">The following types of breast cancer are found in men:</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__74"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045099/" class="def">Infiltrating ductal
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carcinoma</a>: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> that has spread beyond the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> lining
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046441/" class="def">ducts</a> in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304766/" class="def">breast</a>. Most men with
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breast cancer have this type of cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045674/" class="def">Ductal carcinoma in
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situ</a>: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">Abnormal</a> cells that are found in the lining of a duct;
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also called intraductal carcinoma.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045313/" class="def">Inflammatory breast
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cancer</a>: A type of cancer in which the breast looks red and
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swollen and feels warm. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045814/" class="def">Paget disease of the
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nipple</a>: A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> that
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has grown from ducts beneath the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304735/" class="def">nipple</a> onto the surface of the nipple.
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</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062969__75"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046315/" class="def">Lobular carcinoma in
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situ</a> (abnormal cells found in one of the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046188/" class="def">lobes</a> or sections of the breast),
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which sometimes occurs in women, has not been seen in men. </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062969222" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062969222"><a href="/books/NBK65980.1/figure/CDR0000062969__222/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062969222" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062969222"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK65980.1/bin/CDR0000694414.gif" src-large="/books/NBK65980.1/bin/CDR0000694414.jpg" alt="Male breast anatomy: Anatomy of the male breast showing the nipple, areola, fatty tissue, and ducts" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062969222"><h4 id="CDR0000062969__222"><a href="/books/NBK65980.1/figure/CDR0000062969__222/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062969222">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Male breast anatomy: Anatomy of the male breast showing the nipple, areola, fatty tissue, and ducts. Nearby lymph nodes, ribs, and muscle are also shown. </p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000062969__76"><h3>Radiation exposure, high levels of estrogen, and a family
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history of breast cancer can increase a man’s risk of breast cancer.
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</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__78">Anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factor</a>. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn’t mean that you will not get cancer. Talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk. Risk factors for breast
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cancer in men may include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__79"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being exposed to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045072/" class="def">radiation</a>. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having a disease linked to high levels of
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046076/" class="def">estrogen</a> in the body, such as
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045478/" class="def">cirrhosis</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a> disease) or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304688/" class="def">Klinefelter syndrome</a> (a
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046391/" class="def">genetic</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000407758/" class="def">disorder</a>.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having several female relatives who have had breast cancer,
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especially relatives who have an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044643/" class="def">alteration</a> of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046742/" class="def">BRCA2</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045693/" class="def">gene</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062969__80"><h3>Male breast cancer is sometimes caused by inherited gene
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mutations (changes).</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__157">The genes in cells carry the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045983/" class="def">hereditary</a> information that is received from a person’s parents. Hereditary breast cancer makes up about 5% to 10% of all breast cancer. Some <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046063/" class="def">mutated</a> genes related to breast cancer are more common in certain ethnic groups.
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Men who have a mutated gene related to breast cancer have an increased risk of this disease. </p><p id="CDR0000062969__158">There are tests that can detect (find) mutated genes. These <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046128/" class="def">genetic tests</a> are sometimes done for members of families with a high risk of cancer. See the following <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summaries for more information:</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__159"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062855/">Genetics of Breast and Gynecologic Cancers</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000257994/">Breast Cancer Prevention</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000257995/">Breast Cancer Screening</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062969__154"><h3>Men with breast cancer usually have lumps that can be felt. </h3><p id="CDR0000062969__156">Lumps and other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">signs</a> may be caused by male breast cancer or by other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">conditions</a>. Check with your doctor if you notice a change in your breasts. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__82"><h3>Tests that examine the breasts are used to detect (find) and diagnose breast cancer in men.</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__149">The following tests and procedures may be used:</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__150"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270871/" class="def">Physical exam</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000689078/" class="def">history</a></b>: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304715/" class="def">Clinical breast exam</a> (CBE)</b>: An exam of the breast by a doctor or other health professional. The doctor will carefully feel the breasts and under the arms for lumps or anything else that seems unusual.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046157/" class="def">Ultrasound</a> exam</b>: A procedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off internal <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissues</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046587/" class="def">sonogram</a>. The picture can be printed to be looked at later.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045788/" class="def">
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MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging)</b>: A procedure that uses a magnet, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651209/" class="def">radio waves</a>, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304685/" class="def">Blood chemistry studies</a></b>: A procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body. An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045164/" class="def">Biopsy</a></b>: The removal of cells or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissues</a> so they can be viewed under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> by a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">pathologist</a> to check for signs of cancer. The following are different types of biopsies: <dl id="CDR0000062969__152" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045691/" class="def">Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy</a></b>: The removal of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044669/" class="def">fluid</a> using a thin needle. </p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045657/" class="def">Core
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biopsy</a></b>: The removal of tissue using a wide needle.</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046411/" class="def">Excisional
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biopsy</a></b>: The removal of an entire lump of tissue.</p></dd></dl></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062969__225"><h3>If cancer is found, tests are done to study the cancer cells.</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__227">Decisions about the best treatment are based on the results of these tests. The tests give information about:</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__228"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How quickly the cancer may grow.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How likely it is that the cancer will spread through the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How well certain treatments might work.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How likely the cancer is to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recur</a> (come back).</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062969__229">Tests include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__230"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044668/" class="def">Estrogen</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044713/" class="def">progesterone receptor test</a></b>: A test to measure the amount of estrogen and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045158/" class="def">progesterone</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045713/" class="def">hormones</a>) <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044958/" class="def">receptors</a> in cancer tissue. If cancer is found in the breast, tissue from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is checked in the laboratory to find out whether estrogen and progesterone could affect the way cancer grows. The test results show whether <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045110/" class="def">hormone therapy</a> may stop the cancer from growing.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044945/" class="def">HER2</a> test</b>: A test to measure the amount of HER2 in cancer tissue. HER2 is a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045705/" class="def">growth factor</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046092/" class="def">protein</a> that sends growth signals to cells.
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When cancer forms, the cells may make too much of the protein, causing more cancer cells to grow. If cancer is found in the breast, tissue from the tumor is checked in the laboratory to find out if there is too much HER2 in the cells. The test results show whether <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046066/" class="def">monoclonal antibody</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044737/" class="def">therapy</a> may stop the cancer from growing.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062969__86"><h3>Survival for men with breast cancer is similar to survival for
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women with breast cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__88"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044301/" class="def">Survival</a> for men with breast cancer is similar to that for women
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with breast cancer when their <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a>
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at <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosis</a> is the same. Breast
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cancer in men, however, is often diagnosed at a later stage. Cancer found at a
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later stage may be less likely to be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000318813/" class="def">cured</a>. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__140"><h3>Certain factors affect prognosis
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(chance of recovery) and treatment options. </h3><p id="CDR0000062969__142">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045849/" class="def">prognosis</a> (chance of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454708/" class="def">recovery</a>) and treatment options depend on
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the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__139"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The stage
|
|
of the cancer (whether it is in the breast only or has spread to other places
|
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in the body).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The type of breast cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Estrogen-receptor and progesterone-receptor levels in the tumor tissue.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether the cancer is also found in the other breast.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The patient’s age
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and general health.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="CDR0000062969__92"><h2 id="_CDR0000062969__92_">Stages of Male Breast Cancer</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062969__93">After breast cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find
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out if cancer cells have spread within the breast or to other parts of the
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body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062969__174">There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062969__235">Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062969__176">The following stages are used for male breast cancer:</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062969__93"><h3>After breast cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find
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out if cancer cells have spread within the breast or to other parts of the
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body.</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__94">After <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444971/" class="def">breast cancer</a> has been <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosed</a>, tests are done
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to find out if <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> have spread within the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304766/" class="def">breast</a> or to other parts of
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the body. This process is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046597/" class="def">staging</a>.
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The information gathered from the
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staging process determines the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. Breast cancer in men is staged
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the same as it is in women. The spread of cancer from the breast to
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> and other parts of the
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body appears to be similar in men and women.</p><p id="CDR0000062969__217">The following tests and procedures may be used in
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the staging process:</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__218"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046712/" class="def">Sentinel lymph node biopsy</a></b>: The removal of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045876/" class="def">sentinel lymph node</a> during <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>. The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive lymphatic drainage from a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>. It is the first lymph node the cancer is likely to spread to from the tumor. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a> substance and/or blue dye is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> near the tumor. The substance or dye flows through the lymph <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046441/" class="def">ducts</a> to the lymph nodes. The first lymph node to receive the substance or dye is removed. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">pathologist</a> views the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a> under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> to look for cancer cells. If cancer cells are not found, it may not be necessary to remove more lymph nodes.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304687/" class="def">Chest x-ray</a></b>: An <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-ray</a> of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046033/" class="def">CT scan</a> (CAT scan)</b>: A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000409764/" class="def">dye</a> may be injected into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a> or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046499/" class="def">Bone scan</a></b>: A procedure to check if there are rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells, in the bone. A very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. The radioactive material collects in the bones and is detected by a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386220/" class="def">scanner</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046140/" class="def">PET scan</a> (positron emission tomography scan)</b>: A procedure to find <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045772/" class="def">malignant</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> cells in the body. A small amount of radioactive <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044033/" class="def">glucose</a> (sugar) is injected into a vein. The PET scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body. Malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do.
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062969__174"><h3>There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__174_69">Cancer can spread through <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045764/" class="def">lymph system</a>, and the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">blood</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__174_70"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tissue. The cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymph system. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system. The cancer travels through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269462/" class="def">lymph vessels</a> to other parts of the body.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood. The cancer travels through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045020/" class="def">blood vessels</a> to other parts of the body.
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062969__235"><h3>Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__235_66">When cancer spreads to another part of the body, it is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046710/" class="def">metastasis</a>. Cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> break away from where they began (the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary tumor</a>) and travel through the lymph system or blood.</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__235_67"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymph system. The cancer gets into the lymph system, travels through the lymph vessels, and forms a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044058/" class="def">metastatic</a> tumor) in another part of the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood. The cancer gets into the blood, travels through the blood vessels, and forms a tumor (metastatic tumor) in another part of the body.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062969__237">The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if breast cancer spreads to the bone, the cancer cells in the bone are actually breast cancer cells. The disease is metastatic breast cancer, not <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000434562/" class="def">bone cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__176"><h3>The following stages are used for male breast cancer:</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__231">This section describes the stages of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444971/" class="def">breast cancer</a>. The breast cancer stage is based on the results of testing that is done on the tumor and lymph nodes removed during surgery and other tests.</p><div id="CDR0000062969__178"><h4>Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ)</h4><p id="CDR0000062969__180">There are 3 types of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044650/" class="def">breast carcinoma in situ</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__181"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045674/" class="def">Ductal carcinoma in
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situ</a> (DCIS) is a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000455364/" class="def">noninvasive</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> in which <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are found in the lining of a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304766/" class="def">breast</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046441/" class="def">duct</a>. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct to other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissues</a> in the breast. In some cases, DCIS may become <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045741/" class="def">invasive cancer</a> and spread to other tissues. At this time, there is no way to know which <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046324/" class="def">lesions</a> could become invasive.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045814/" class="def">Paget disease of the nipple</a> is a condition in which abnormal cells are found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304735/" class="def">nipple</a> only. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046315/" class="def">Lobular carcinoma in
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situ</a> (LCIS) is a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> in which <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046308/" class="def">lobules</a> of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304766/" class="def">breast</a>. This condition has not been seen in men.</div></li></ul><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062969216" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062969216"><a href="/books/NBK65980.1/figure/CDR0000062969__216/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062969216" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062969216"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK65980.1/bin/CDR0000415526.gif" src-large="/books/NBK65980.1/bin/CDR0000415526.jpg" alt="Pea, peanut, walnut, and lime show tumor sizes" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062969216"><h4 id="CDR0000062969__216"><a href="/books/NBK65980.1/figure/CDR0000062969__216/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062969216">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Pea, peanut, walnut, and lime show tumor sizes. </p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000062969__182"><h4>Stage I </h4><p id="CDR0000062969__184">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045142/" class="def">stage I</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has formed. Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB.</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__232"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000684435/" class="def">stage IA</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is 2 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a> or smaller. Cancer has not spread outside the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304766/" class="def">breast</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000684439/" class="def">stage IB</a>, small clusters of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444971/" class="def">breast cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> (larger than 0.2 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044215/" class="def">millimeter</a> but not larger than 2 millimeters) are found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> and either:<dl id="CDR0000062969__233" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">no <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304766/" class="def">breast</a>; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">the tumor is 2 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a> or smaller.</p></dd></dl></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062969__187"><h4>Stage II</h4><p id="CDR0000062969__189"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045146/" class="def">Stage II</a> is divided into stages IIA and IIB.</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__190"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000413882/" class="def">stage IIA</a><dl id="CDR0000062969__191" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">no <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304766/" class="def">breast</a> or the tumor is 2 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a> or smaller. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> (larger than 2 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044215/" class="def">millimeters</a>) is found in 1 to 3 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045607/" class="def">axillary lymph nodes</a> or in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000549425/" class="def">breastbone</a> (found during a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046712/" class="def">sentinel lymph node biopsy</a>); or </p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters. Cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes.</p></dd></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000413883/" class="def">stage IIB</a>, the tumor is:<dl id="CDR0000062969__192" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">larger than 2 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a> but not larger than 5 centimeters. Small clusters of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444971/" class="def">breast cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> (larger than 0.2 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044215/" class="def">millimeter</a> but not larger than 2 millimeters) are found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a>; or </p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters. Cancer has spread to 1 to 3 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045607/" class="def">axillary lymph nodes</a> or to the lymph nodes near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000549425/" class="def">breastbone</a> (found during a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046712/" class="def">sentinel lymph node biopsy</a>); or </p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">larger than 5 centimeters. Cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes. </p></dd></dl></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062969__193"><h4>Stage IIIA</h4><p id="CDR0000062969__195">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045183/" class="def">stage IIIA</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__202"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>no <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304766/" class="def">breast</a> or the tumor may be any size. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> is found in 4 to 9 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045607/" class="def">axillary lymph nodes</a> or in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000549425/" class="def">breastbone</a> (found during <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000689578/" class="def">imaging tests</a> or a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270871/" class="def">physical exam</a>); or </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the tumor is larger than 5 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a>. Small clusters of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444971/" class="def">breast cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> (larger than 0.2 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044215/" class="def">millimeter</a> but not larger than 2 millimeters) are found in the lymph nodes; or </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters. Cancer has spread to 1 to 3 axillary lymph nodes or to the lymph nodes near the breastbone (found during a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046712/" class="def">sentinel lymph node biopsy</a>). </div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062969__196"><h4>Stage IIIB</h4><p id="CDR0000062969__198">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045412/" class="def">stage IIIB</a>, the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> may be any size and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044996/" class="def">chest wall</a> and/or to the skin of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304766/" class="def">breast</a> and caused swelling or an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390317/" class="def">ulcer</a>. Also, cancer may have spread to :</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__203"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>up to 9 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045607/" class="def">axillary lymph nodes</a>; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000549425/" class="def">breastbone</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062969__204">Cancer that has spread to the skin of the breast may also be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045313/" class="def">inflammatory breast cancer</a>. See the section on <a href="#CDR0000062969__214">Inflammatory Male Breast Cancer</a> for more information.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__199"><h4>Stage IIIC</h4><p id="CDR0000062969__201">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000363609/" class="def">stage IIIC</a>, no <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304766/" class="def">breast</a> or the tumor may be any size. Cancer may have spread to the skin of the breast and caused swelling or an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390317/" class="def">ulcer</a> and/or has spread to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044996/" class="def">chest wall</a>. Also, cancer has spread to: </p><ul id="CDR0000062969__205"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>10 or more <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045607/" class="def">axillary lymph nodes</a>; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> above or below the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000639993/" class="def">collarbone</a>; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>axillary lymph nodes and lymph nodes near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000549425/" class="def">breastbone</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062969__206">Cancer that has spread to the skin of the breast may also be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045313/" class="def">inflammatory breast cancer</a>. See the section on <a href="#CDR0000062969__214">Inflammatory Male Breast Cancer</a> for more information.</p><p id="CDR0000062969__234">For treatment, stage IIIC breast cancer is divided into <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000285978/" class="def">operable</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000285970/" class="def">inoperable</a> stage IIIC. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__211"><h4>Stage IV</h4><p id="CDR0000062969__213">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045162/" class="def">stage IV</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>
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has spread to other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> of the body, most often the bones,
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lungs</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a>, or brain.</p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000062969__214"><h2 id="_CDR0000062969__214_">Inflammatory Male Breast Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062969__215">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045313/" class="def">inflammatory breast
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cancer</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread to the skin of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304766/" class="def">breast</a> and the breast looks red and swollen and feels warm. The
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redness and warmth occur because the cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> block the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269462/" class="def">lymph vessels</a> in the skin. The skin of the breast
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may also show the dimpled appearance called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045821/" class="def">peau
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d’orange</a> (like the skin of an orange). There may not be any lumps in the breast that can be felt. Inflammatory breast cancer may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045412/" class="def">stage IIIB</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000363609/" class="def">stage IIIC</a>, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045162/" class="def">stage IV</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__95"><h2 id="_CDR0000062969__95_">Recurrent Male Breast Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062969__97"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">Recurrent</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444971/" class="def">breast cancer</a> is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> that has recurred
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(come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in
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the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304766/" class="def">breast</a>, in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044996/" class="def">chest wall</a>, or
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in other parts of the body.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__98"><h2 id="_CDR0000062969__98_">Treatment Option Overview</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062969__99">There are different types of treatment for men with breast cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062969__103">Five types of standard treatment are used to treat men with
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breast cancer:</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062969__99"><h3>There are different types of treatment for men with breast cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__101"> Different types of treatment are available for men with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444971/" class="def">breast
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cancer</a>. Some treatments are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard</a> (the currently used treatment), and some
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are being tested in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a>.
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A treatment clinical trial is a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651211/" class="def">research study</a> meant to help
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improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients
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with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the
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standard treatment, the new
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treatment may become the standard treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000062969__163">For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice. Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000062969__164">Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.</p><p id="CDR0000062969__165">Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurring</a> (coming back) or reduce the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> of cancer treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000062969__102">Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country.
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Information about clinical trials is available from the
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<a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>. Choosing the most appropriate cancer treatment is a
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decision that ideally involves the patient, family, and health care team.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__103"><h3>Five types of standard treatment are used to treat men with
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breast cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000062969__105"><h4>Surgery </h4><p id="CDR0000062969__107"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">Surgery</a> for men with breast
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cancer is usually a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046285/" class="def">modified radical
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mastectomy</a> (removal of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304766/" class="def">breast</a>, many of
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the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> under the arm, the lining over the chest
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muscles, and sometimes part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044996/" class="def">chest
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wall</a> muscles). <div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062969223" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062969223"><a href="/books/NBK65980.1/figure/CDR0000062969__223/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062969223" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062969223"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK65980.1/bin/CDR0000723802.gif" src-large="/books/NBK65980.1/bin/CDR0000723802.jpg" alt="Modified radical mastectomy" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062969223"><h4 id="CDR0000062969__223"><a href="/books/NBK65980.1/figure/CDR0000062969__223/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062969223">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Modified radical mastectomy. The dotted line shows where the entire breast and some lymph nodes are removed. Part of the chest wall muscle may also be removed. </p></div></div></p><p id="CDR0000062969__169"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045626/" class="def">Breast-conserving
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surgery</a>, an operation to remove the cancer but not the breast
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itself, is also used for some men with breast cancer. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045758/" class="def">lumpectomy</a> is done to remove the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> (lump) and a small amount of normal <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a> around it. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">Radiation therapy</a> is given after surgery to kill any cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> that are left.<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000062969224" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000062969224"><a href="/books/NBK65980.1/figure/CDR0000062969__224/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000062969224" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062969224"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK65980.1/bin/CDR0000723771.gif" src-large="/books/NBK65980.1/bin/CDR0000723771.jpg" alt="Breast-conserving surgery" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000062969224"><h4 id="CDR0000062969__224"><a href="/books/NBK65980.1/figure/CDR0000062969__224/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000062969224">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Breast-conserving surgery. Dotted lines show the area containing the tumor that is removed and some of the lymph nodes that may be removed. </p></div></div></p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__108"><h4>Chemotherapy </h4><p id="CDR0000062969__110"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a> is a cancer treatment that uses <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drugs</a> to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a> or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000301626/" class="def">systemic chemotherapy</a>). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046483/" class="def">cerebrospinal fluid</a>, an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organ</a>, or a body <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463703/" class="def">cavity</a> such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a>, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046559/" class="def">regional chemotherapy</a>). The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer being treated.</p><p id="CDR0000062969__219">See <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/breast" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drugs Approved for Breast Cancer</a> for more information.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__111"><h4>Hormone therapy </h4><p id="CDR0000062969__113"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045110/" class="def">Hormone therapy</a> is a cancer treatment that removes <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045713/" class="def">hormones</a> or blocks their action and stops cancer cells from growing. Hormones are substances made by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046386/" class="def">glands</a> in the body and circulated in the bloodstream. Some hormones can cause certain cancers to grow. If tests show that the cancer cells have places where hormones can attach (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044359/" class="def">receptors</a>), drugs, surgery, or radiation therapy is used to reduce the production of hormones or block them from working. </p><p id="CDR0000062969__220">See <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/breast" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drugs Approved for Breast Cancer</a> for more information.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__114"><h4>Radiation therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000062969__116">Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-rays</a> or other types of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045072/" class="def">radiation</a> to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046686/" class="def">External radiation therapy</a> uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046345/" class="def">Internal radiation therapy</a> uses a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a> substance sealed in needles, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257219/" class="def">seeds</a>, wires, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045637/" class="def">catheters</a> that are placed directly into or near the cancer. The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__145"><h4>Targeted therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000062969__172"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270742/" class="def">Targeted therapy</a> is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046066/" class="def">Monoclonal antibody</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044737/" class="def">therapy</a> is a type of targeted therapy used to treat men with breast cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062969__147">
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Monoclonal antibody therapy uses <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044918/" class="def">antibodies</a> made in the laboratory from a single type of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046356/" class="def">immune system</a> cell. These antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow. The antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells, block their growth, or keep them from spreading. Monoclonal antibodies are given by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045738/" class="def">infusion</a>. They may be used alone or to carry drugs, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046622/" class="def">toxins</a>, or radioactive material directly to cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies are also used with chemotherapy as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045587/" class="def">adjuvant therapy</a> (treatment given after surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back).
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</p><p id="CDR0000062969__148"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045439/" class="def">Trastuzumab</a> is a monoclonal antibody that blocks the effects of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045705/" class="def">growth factor</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046092/" class="def">protein</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044945/" class="def">HER2</a>.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062969__238">See <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/breast" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drugs Approved for Breast Cancer</a> for more information.</p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000062969__120"><h2 id="_CDR0000062969__120_">Treatment Options for Male Breast Cancer </h2><p id="CDR0000062969__121"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444971/" class="def">Breast cancer</a> in men is
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treated the same as breast cancer in women. (See the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summary on
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062955/">Breast Cancer Treatment</a>
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for more information.)</p><div id="CDR0000062969__122"><h3>Initial Surgery</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__123">Treatment for men <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosed</a> with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444971/" class="def">breast cancer</a> is usually <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046285/" class="def">modified radical
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mastectomy</a>. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045626/" class="def">Breast-conserving surgery</a> with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045758/" class="def">lumpectomy</a> may be used for some men.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__124"><h3>Adjuvant Therapy</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__125"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044737/" class="def">Therapy</a> given after an operation when <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> can no longer be seen is
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called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045587/" class="def">adjuvant
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therapy</a>. Even if the doctor removes all the
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cancer that can be seen at the time of the operation, the patient may be given
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a>,
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045110/" class="def">hormone therapy</a>, and/or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270742/" class="def">targeted therapy</a> after <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>, to try
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to kill any cancer cells that may be left.</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__126"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045980/" class="def">Node-negative</a>: For
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men whose cancer is node-negative (cancer has not spread to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a>),
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adjuvant therapy should be considered on the same basis as for a woman with
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444971/" class="def">breast cancer</a> because there is no evidence that <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044085/" class="def">response</a> to therapy is
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different for men and women. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044937/" class="def">Node-positive</a>:
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For men whose cancer is node-positive (cancer has spread to the lymph nodes),
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adjuvant therapy may include the following:
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<dl id="CDR0000062969__127" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Chemotherapy
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plus <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045576/" class="def">tamoxifen</a> (to block the effect
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of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046076/" class="def">estrogen</a>).</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Other hormone therapy.</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Targeted therapy with a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046066/" class="def">monoclonal antibody</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045439/" class="def">trastuzumab</a>).</p></dd></dl></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062969__128">These treatments appear to increase <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044301/" class="def">survival</a> in men as they do in
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women. The patient’s <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044085/" class="def">response</a> to hormone therapy depends on whether there are
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045713/" class="def">hormone</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044958/" class="def">receptors</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046092/" class="def">proteins</a>) in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>. Most breast cancers in men have these
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receptors. Hormone therapy is usually recommended for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445046/" class="def">male breast cancer</a>
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patients, but it can have many <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a>, including <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000256567/" class="def">hot flashes</a> and
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000321376/" class="def">impotence</a> (the inability to have an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000373933/" class="def">erection</a> adequate for sexual
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intercourse).</p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__129"><h3>Distant Metastases</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__130">Treatment for men with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045670/" class="def">distant
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metastases</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> that has spread to other parts of the body) may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045110/" class="def">hormone therapy</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a>, or both.
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Hormone therapy may include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__131"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045441/" class="def">Orchiectomy</a> (the removal of the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046611/" class="def">testicles</a> to decrease the amount of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045713/" class="def">hormone</a> made).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046304/" class="def">Luteinizing hormone-releasing
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hormone agonist</a> with or without <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044990/" class="def">total androgen blockade</a> (to decrease the
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the amount of sex hormones made).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045576/" class="def">Tamoxifen</a> for cancer that is
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045270/" class="def">estrogen-receptor
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positive</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304743/" class="def">Progestin</a> (a
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female hormone made in a laboratory).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044232/" class="def">Aromatase inhibitors</a> (to decrease the amount
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of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046076/" class="def">estrogen</a> made).</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062969__132">Hormone therapies may be used in sequence (one after the other).
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">Standard</a> chemotherapy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045864/" class="def">regimens</a> may
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be used if hormone therapy does not work. Men usually <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044085/" class="def">respond</a> to therapy in the
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same way as women who have <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444971/" class="def">breast cancer</a>. </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062969__133"><h2 id="_CDR0000062969__133_">Treatment Options for Locally Recurrent Male Breast Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062969__134">For men with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045754/" class="def">locally</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">recurrent</a> disease (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> that has come back in a
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limited area after treatment), treatment is usually either:</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__135"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">Surgery</a> combined with
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a>; or </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">Radiation
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therapy</a> combined with
|
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chemotherapy.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062969__160"><h2 id="_CDR0000062969__160_">To Learn More About Male Breast Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062969__161">For more information from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044266/" class="def">National Cancer Institute</a> about male breast cancer, see the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__221"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Breast Cancer Home Page</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/breast" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drugs Approved for Breast Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/adjuvant-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/breast-hormone-therapy-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Hormone Therapy for Breast Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/targeted-therapies/targeted-therapies-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Targeted Cancer Therapies</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/genetic-testing-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Genetic Testing for Hereditary Cancer Syndromes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">BRCA1 and BRCA2: Cancer Risk and Genetic Testing</a></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062969__160_40">For general <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, see the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062969__160_41"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging/staging-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Staging</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/chemo-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/radiation-therapy-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Radiation Therapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Coping with Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/questions" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/ocs/resources/survivors.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">For Survivors and Caregivers</a>
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062969__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of male breast cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/adult-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials are listed in PDQ and can be found online at <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_21">National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Male Breast Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/male-breast-treatment-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/male-breast-treatment-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>.</p><p id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="http://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 2,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000062969__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK65980</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26389417" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">26389417</a></span></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65980.1/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK65980.1/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65980" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65980" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. Male Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2015 Aug 12. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Version History</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter shutter_closed" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="version_history" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content" style="display: none;"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65980.18/">NBK65980.18</a></span> August 23, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65980.17/">NBK65980.17</a></span> April 14, 2022</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65980.16/">NBK65980.16</a></span> March 17, 2022</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65980.15/">NBK65980.15</a></span> January 8, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65980.14/">NBK65980.14</a></span> September 24, 2020</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65980.13/">NBK65980.13</a></span> October 11, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65980.12/">NBK65980.12</a></span> May 22, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65980.11/">NBK65980.11</a></span> April 12, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65980.10/">NBK65980.10</a></span> March 29, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65980.9/">NBK65980.9</a></span> December 28, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65980.8/">NBK65980.8</a></span> October 19, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65980.7/">NBK65980.7</a></span> September 28, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65980.6/">NBK65980.6</a></span> July 27, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65980.5/">NBK65980.5</a></span> September 29, 2017</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65980.4/">NBK65980.4</a></span> May 5, 2017</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65980.3/">NBK65980.3</a></span> July 18, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65980.2/">NBK65980.2</a></span> February 25, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm">NBK65980.1</span> August 12, 2015 (Displayed Version)</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#CDR0000062969__69" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">General Information about Male Breast Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062969__92" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Stages of Male Breast Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062969__214" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Inflammatory Male Breast Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062969__95" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Recurrent Male Breast Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062969__98" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Option Overview</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062969__120" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Options for Male Breast Cancer </a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062969__133" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Options for Locally Recurrent Male Breast Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062969__160" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">To Learn More About Male Breast Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062969__AboutThis_1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">About This PDQ Summary</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related publications</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="document-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65792/">Health Professional Version</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389161" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Breast Cancer Treatment During Pregnancy (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Breast Cancer Treatment During Pregnancy (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a 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class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li></ul><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed_reviews&uid=26389417" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedreviews_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See reviews...</a><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&uid=26389417" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedarticles_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See all...</a></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Recent Activity</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="recent_activity" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="HTDisplay" class=""><div class="action"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('ClearHT')">Clear</a><a 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