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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65972_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65972_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65972_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: August 19, 2016.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000062966__225">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000062966__226">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__89"><h2 id="_CDR0000062966__89_">General Information About Nasopharyngeal Cancer </h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__90">Nasopharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer)
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cells form in the tissues of the nasopharynx.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__93">Ethnic background and being exposed to the Epstein-Barr virus can
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affect the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__97">Signs of nasopharyngeal cancer include trouble
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breathing, speaking, or hearing.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__101">Tests that examine the nose and throat are used to detect
|
|
(find) and diagnose nasopharyngeal cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__181">Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062966__90"><h3>Nasopharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer)
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cells form in the tissues of the nasopharynx.</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__92">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046025/" class="def">nasopharynx</a> is the
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upper part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046061/" class="def">pharynx</a> (throat)
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behind the nose. The pharynx is a hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts
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behind the nose and ends at the top of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046623/" class="def">trachea</a> (windpipe) and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> (the tube that goes from the throat to
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the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046604/" class="def">stomach</a>). Air and food pass
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through the pharynx on the way to the trachea or the esophagus. The nostrils
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lead into the nasopharynx. An opening on each side of the nasopharynx leads
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into an ear. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445072/" class="def">Nasopharyngeal cancer</a> most commonly
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starts in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046056/" class="def">squamous cells</a> that
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line the nasopharynx. <div id="CDR0000062966__219" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20pharynx%20(throat)&p=BOOKS&id=379543_CDR0000713970.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65972.3/bin/CDR0000713970.jpg" alt="Anatomy of the pharynx; drawing shows the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. Also shown are the nasal cavity, oral cavity, esophagus, trachea, and larynx." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the pharynx (throat). The three parts of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx.</p></div></div></p><p id="CDR0000062966__210">Nasopharyngeal cancer is a type of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257519/" class="def">head and neck cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__93"><h3>Ethnic background and being exposed to the Epstein-Barr virus can
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affect the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. </h3><p id="CDR0000062966__95">Anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factor</a>. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will
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get <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>; not having risk factors doesn't mean that you will
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not get cancer. Talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk. Risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer include
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the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062966__96"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having Chinese or Asian ancestry.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being exposed to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045684/" class="def">Epstein-Barr
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virus</a>: The Epstein-Barr virus has been associated with certain
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cancers, including nasopharyngeal cancer and some <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045368/" class="def">lymphomas</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drinking large amounts of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463134/" class="def">alcohol</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062966__97"><h3>Signs of nasopharyngeal cancer include trouble
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breathing, speaking, or hearing.</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__99">These and other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">signs</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> may be caused by nasopharyngeal cancer or by other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">conditions</a>. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062966__100"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A lump in the nose or neck.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A sore throat.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Trouble breathing or speaking.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nosebleeds.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Trouble hearing.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain or ringing in the ear.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Headaches.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062966__101"><h3>Tests that examine the nose and throat are used to detect
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(find) and diagnose nasopharyngeal cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__103">The following tests and procedures may be used:</p><ul id="CDR0000062966__104"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270871/" class="def">Physical exam</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000689078/" class="def">history</a></b>: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as swollen <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> in the neck or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000322871/" class="def">Neurological exam</a></b>: A series of questions and tests to check the brain, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000340937/" class="def">spinal cord</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269443/" class="def">nerve</a> function. The exam checks a person’s mental status, coordination, and ability to walk normally, and how well the muscles, senses, and reflexes work. This may also be called a neuro exam or a neurologic exam.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045164/" class="def">Biopsy</a></b>: The removal of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissues</a> so they can be viewed under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> by a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">pathologist</a> to check for signs of cancer. The tissue sample is removed during one of the following procedures:<ul id="CDR0000062966__221"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000322861/" class="def">Nasoscopy</a></b>: A procedure to look inside the nose for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a> areas. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000322869/" class="def">nasoscope</a> is inserted through the nose. A nasoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000572035/" class="def">lens</a> for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000470253/" class="def">Upper endoscopy</a></b>: A procedure to look at the inside of the nose, throat, esophagus, stomach, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046443/" class="def">duodenum</a> (first part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046582/" class="def">small intestine</a>, near the stomach). An <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046428/" class="def">endoscope</a> is inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. An endoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue samples. The tissue samples are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045788/" class="def">MRI</a> (magnetic
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resonance imaging)</b>: A procedure that uses a magnet, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651209/" class="def">radio waves</a>, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046033/" class="def">CT scan</a> (CAT scan)</b>:
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A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-ray</a> machine. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000409764/" class="def">dye</a> may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a> or swallowed to help the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.<div id="CDR0000062966__227" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Computed%20tomography%20(CT)%20scan%20of%20the%20head%20and%20neck&p=BOOKS&id=379543_CDR0000753850.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65972.3/bin/CDR0000753850.jpg" alt="Computed tomography (CT) scan of the head and neck; drawing shows a patient lying on a table that slides through the CT scanner, which takes x-ray pictures of the inside of the head and neck." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Computed tomography (CT) scan of the head and neck. The patient lies on a table that slides through the CT scanner, which takes x-ray pictures of the inside of the head and neck.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046140/" class="def">PET scan</a> (positron emission tomography scan)</b>: A procedure to find <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045772/" class="def">malignant</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> in the body. A small amount of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044033/" class="def">glucose</a> (sugar) is injected into a vein. The PET <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386220/" class="def">scanner</a> rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body. Malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do. PET scans may be used to find nasopharyngeal cancers that have spread to the bone. Sometimes a PET scan and a CT scan are done at the same time. If there is any cancer, this increases the chance that it will be found.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304685/" class="def">Blood chemistry studies</a></b>: A procedure in which a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">blood</a> sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body. An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045107/" class="def">Complete blood count</a> (CBC)</b>: A procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for the following:<ul id="CDR0000062966__41"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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The number of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046124/" class="def">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045993/" class="def">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045840/" class="def">platelets</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The amount of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045108/" class="def">hemoglobin</a> (the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046092/" class="def">protein</a> that carries <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000538149/" class="def">oxygen</a>) in the red blood cells.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The portion of the blood sample made up of red blood cells.
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</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) test</b>: A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000688783/" class="def">blood test</a> to check for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044918/" class="def">antibodies</a> to the Epstein-Barr virus and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045671/" class="def">DNA</a> markers of the Epstein-Barr virus. These are found in the blood of patients who have been infected with EBV.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Hearing test</b>: A procedure to check whether soft and loud sounds and low- and high-pitched sounds can be heard. Each ear is checked separately.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062966__181"><h3>Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__182">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045849/" class="def">prognosis</a> (chance of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454708/" class="def">recovery</a>) and treatment options depend on
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the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062966__180"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer (whether it affects part of
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the nasopharynx, involves the whole nasopharynx, or has spread to other places
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in the body). </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The type of nasopharyngeal cancer. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The size of the
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tumor.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The patient’s age and
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general health.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="CDR0000062966__108"><h2 id="_CDR0000062966__108_">Stages of Nasopharyngeal Cancer</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__109">After nasopharyngeal cancer has been diagnosed, tests
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are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the nasopharynx or to
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other parts of the body. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__193">There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__222">Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__112">The following stages are used for nasopharyngeal
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cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__114">Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__117">Stage I</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__120">Stage II</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__124">Stage III</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__128">Stage IV</a></div></li></ul></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062966__109"><h3>After nasopharyngeal cancer has been diagnosed, tests
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are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the nasopharynx or to
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other parts of the body. </h3><p id="CDR0000062966__220">The process used to find out whether <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread within the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046025/" class="def">nasopharynx</a> or to other parts of the body is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046597/" class="def">staging</a>. The information gathered from the staging process determines the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. The results of the tests used to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnose</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445072/" class="def">nasopharyngeal cancer</a> are often also used to stage the disease. (See the <a href="#CDR0000062966__101">General Information</a> section.)</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__193"><h3>There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__193_69">Cancer can spread through <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045764/" class="def">lymph system</a>, and the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">blood</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000062966__193_70"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tissue. The cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymph system. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system. The cancer travels through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269462/" class="def">lymph vessels</a> to other parts of the body.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood. The cancer travels through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045020/" class="def">blood vessels</a> to other parts of the body.
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062966__222"><h3>Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__222_66">When cancer spreads to another part of the body, it is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046710/" class="def">metastasis</a>. Cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> break away from where they began (the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary tumor</a>) and travel through the lymph system or blood.</p><ul id="CDR0000062966__222_67"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymph system. The cancer gets into the lymph system, travels through the lymph vessels, and forms a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044058/" class="def">metastatic</a> tumor) in another part of the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood. The cancer gets into the blood, travels through the blood vessels, and forms a tumor (metastatic tumor) in another part of the body.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062966__224">The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if nasopharyngeal cancer spreads to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a>, the cancer cells in the lung are actually nasopharyngeal cancer cells. The disease is metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer, not lung cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__112"><h3>The following stages are used for nasopharyngeal
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cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000062966__114"><h4>Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)</h4><p id="CDR0000062966__116">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000352160/" class="def">stage 0</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are found in the lining
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of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046025/" class="def">nasopharynx</a>. These abnormal cells may become <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> and spread into nearby normal <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>. Stage 0 is also called
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046488/" class="def">carcinoma in situ</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__117"><h4>Stage I</h4><p id="CDR0000062966__119">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046178/" class="def">stage I</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has formed and the cancer:</p><ul id="CDR0000062966__205"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>is found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046025/" class="def">nasopharynx</a> only; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>has spread from the nasopharynx to the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046024/" class="def">oropharynx</a> and/or to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044061/" class="def">nasal</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463703/" class="def">cavity</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062966__206">The oropharynx is the middle part of the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439429/" class="def">throat</a> and includes the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000389466/" class="def">soft palate</a>, the base of the tongue, and the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046618/" class="def">tonsils</a>.</p><div id="CDR0000062966__186" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Tumor%20sizes&p=BOOKS&id=379543_CDR0000415526.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65972.3/bin/CDR0000415526.jpg" alt="Tumor sizes; drawing shows different sizes of a tumor compared to the size of a pea (1 cm), peanut (2 cm), grape (3 cm), walnut (4 cm), lime (5 cm), egg (6 cm), peach (7 cm), and grapefruit (10 cm)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Tumor sizes. The size of a tumor may be compared to the size of a pea (1 cm), peanut (2 cm), grape (3 cm), walnut (4 cm), lime (5 cm), egg (6 cm), peach (7 cm), or grapefruit (10 cm).</p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000062966__120"><h4>Stage II</h4><p id="CDR0000062966__202">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046179/" class="def">stage II nasopharyngeal cancer</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000062966__203"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>is found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046025/" class="def">nasopharynx</a> only or has spread from the nasopharynx to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046024/" class="def">oropharynx</a> and/or to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044061/" class="def">nasal</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463703/" class="def">cavity</a>. Cancer has spread to one or more <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> on one side of the neck and/or to lymph nodes behind the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046061/" class="def">pharynx</a>. The affected lymph nodes are 6 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a> or smaller; or </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> is found in the parapharyngeal space. Cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes on one side of the neck and/or to lymph nodes behind the pharynx. The affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller. </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062966__207">The oropharynx is the middle part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439429/" class="def">throat</a> and includes the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000389466/" class="def">soft palate</a>, the base of the tongue, and the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046618/" class="def">tonsils</a>. The parapharyngeal space is a fat-filled, triangular area near the pharynx, between the base of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000763008/" class="def">skull</a> and the lower jaw.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__124"><h4>Stage III</h4><p id="CDR0000062966__126"> In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046180/" class="def">stage III nasopharyngeal
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cancer</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000062966__204"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>is found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046025/" class="def">nasopharynx</a> only or has spread from the nasopharynx to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046024/" class="def">oropharynx</a> and/or to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044061/" class="def">nasal</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463703/" class="def">cavity</a>. Cancer has spread to one or more <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> on both sides of the neck. The affected lymph nodes are 6 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a> or smaller; or </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>is found in the parapharyngeal space. Cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes on both sides of the neck. The affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller; or </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>has spread to nearby bones or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000641960/" class="def">sinuses</a>. Cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes on one or both sides of the neck and/or to lymph nodes behind the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046061/" class="def">pharynx</a>. The affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller. </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062966__208">The oropharynx is the middle part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439429/" class="def">throat</a> and includes the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000389466/" class="def">soft palate</a>, the base of the tongue, and the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046618/" class="def">tonsils</a>. The parapharyngeal space is a fat-filled, triangular area near the pharynx, between the base of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000763008/" class="def">skull</a> and the lower jaw.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__128"><h4>Stage IV</h4><p id="CDR0000062966__130">
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046181/" class="def">Stage IV nasopharyngeal
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cancer</a> is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC.</p><ul id="CDR0000062966__131"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046181/" class="def">Stage IVA</a>: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> has spread beyond the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046025/" class="def">nasopharynx</a> and may have spread to the cranial <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000373935/" class="def">nerves</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046029/" class="def">hypopharynx</a> (bottom part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439429/" class="def">throat</a>), areas in and around the side of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000763008/" class="def">skull</a> or jawbone, and/or the bone around the eye.
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Cancer may also have spread to one or more <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> on one or both sides of the neck and/or to lymph nodes behind the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046061/" class="def">pharynx</a>. The affected lymph nodes are 6 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a> or smaller.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046181/" class="def">Stage IVB</a>: Cancer has spread to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> between the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000639993/" class="def">collarbone</a> and the top of the shoulder and/or the affected lymph nodes are larger than 6 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a>. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046181/" class="def">Stage IVC</a>: Cancer has spread beyond nearby <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> to
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other parts of the body.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000062966__132"><h2 id="_CDR0000062966__132_">Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062966__133"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">Recurrent</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445072/" class="def">nasopharyngeal
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cancer</a> is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> that has <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurred</a>
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(come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come
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back in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046025/" class="def">nasopharynx</a> or in other
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parts of the body. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__134"><h2 id="_CDR0000062966__134_">Treatment Option Overview</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__135">There are different types of treatment for patients with nasopharyngeal
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cancer. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__139">Three types of standard treatment are used:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__141">Radiation therapy
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</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__145">Chemotherapy </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__148">Surgery </a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__151">New types of treatment are being tested in clinical
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trials. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__195">Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__197">Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062966__199">Follow-up tests may be needed.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062966__135"><h3>There are different types of treatment for patients with nasopharyngeal
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cancer. </h3><p id="CDR0000062966__137">Different types of treatment are available for patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445072/" class="def">nasopharyngeal
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cancer</a>. Some treatments are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard</a> (the currently used treatment), and some
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are being tested in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a>.
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A treatment clinical trial is a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651211/" class="def">research study</a> meant to help
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improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients
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with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the
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standard treatment, the new
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treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__139"><h3>Three types of standard treatment are used:</h3><div id="CDR0000062966__141"><h4>Radiation therapy
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</h4><p id="CDR0000062966__143"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">Radiation therapy</a> is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-rays</a> or other types of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045072/" class="def">radiation</a> to kill cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy:</p><ul id="CDR0000062966__229"><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046686/" class="def">External radiation therapy</a> uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer.<div id="CDR0000062966__228" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=External-beam%20radiation%20therapy%20of%20the%20head%20and%20neck&p=BOOKS&id=379543_CDR0000732667.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65972.3/bin/CDR0000732667.jpg" alt="External-beam radiation therapy of the head and neck; drawing shows a patient lying on a table under a machine that is used to aim high-energy radiation at the cancer. An inset shows a mesh mask that helps keep the patient's head and neck from moving during treatment. The mask has pieces of white tape with small ink marks on it. The ink marks are used to line up the radiation machine in the same position before each treatment." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>External-beam radiation therapy of the head and neck. A machine is used to aim high-energy radiation at the cancer. The machine can rotate around the patient, delivering radiation from many different angles to provide highly conformal treatment. A mesh mask helps keep the patient’s head and neck from moving during treatment. Small ink marks are put on the mask. The ink marks are used to line up the radiation machine in the same position before each treatment.</p></div></div></div><div class="half_rhythm">Certain ways of giving radiation therapy can help keep radiation from damaging nearby healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>. These types of radiation therapy include the following:<dl id="CDR0000062966__230" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000335073/" class="def"> Intensity-modulated radiation therapy</a> (IMRT): IMRT is a type of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045582/" class="def">3-dimensional</a> (3-D) radiation therapy that uses a computer to make pictures of the size and shape of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>. Thin beams of radiation of different intensities (strengths) are aimed at the tumor from many angles. Compared to standard radiation therapy, intensity-modulated radiation therapy may be less likely to cause dry mouth.</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044464/" class="def">Stereotactic radiation therapy</a>: A rigid head frame is attached to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000763008/" class="def">skull</a> to keep the head still during the radiation treatment. A machine aims radiation directly at the tumor. The total <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044664/" class="def">dose</a> of radiation is divided into several smaller doses given over several days. This procedure is also called stereotactic external-beam radiation therapy and stereotaxic radiation therapy.</p></dd></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046345/" class="def">Internal radiation therapy</a> uses a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a> substance sealed in needles, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257219/" class="def">seeds</a>, wires, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045637/" class="def">catheters</a> that are placed directly into or near the cancer.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062966__231">The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer being treated. External and internal radiation therapy are used to treat nasopharyngeal cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062966__144">External radiation therapy to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046036/" class="def">thyroid</a> or the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046229/" class="def">pituitary gland</a> may change the way the thyroid
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gland works. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000688783/" class="def">blood test</a> to check the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044558/" class="def">thyroid hormone</a> level in the blood is done before and after therapy to make sure the thyroid gland is working properly. It is also important that a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000389460/" class="def">dentist</a> check the patient’s teeth, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000481753/" class="def">gums</a>, and mouth, and fix any existing problems before radiation therapy begins.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__145"><h4>Chemotherapy </h4><p id="CDR0000062966__147"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a> is a cancer treatment that uses <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drugs</a> to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a> or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000301626/" class="def">systemic chemotherapy</a>). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046483/" class="def">cerebrospinal fluid</a>, an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organ</a>, or a body <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463703/" class="def">cavity</a> such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a>, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046559/" class="def">regional chemotherapy</a>). The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated. </p><p id="CDR0000062966__216">Chemotherapy may be given after radiation therapy to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after radiation therapy, to
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lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045587/" class="def">adjuvant therapy</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062966__209">See <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/head-neck" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drugs Approved for Head and Neck Cancer</a> for more information. (Nasopharyngeal cancer is a type of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257519/" class="def">head and neck cancer</a>.)</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__148"><h4>Surgery </h4><p id="CDR0000062966__150"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">Surgery</a> is a procedure to find out whether cancer is present, to remove cancer from the body, or to repair a body part. Also called an operation. Surgery is
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sometimes used for nasopharyngeal cancer that does not <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044085/" class="def">respond</a> to radiation
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therapy. If cancer has spread to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph
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nodes</a>, the doctor may remove lymph nodes and other tissues in
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the neck.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062966__151"><h3>New types of treatment are being tested in clinical
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trials. </h3><p id="CDR0000062966__192">Information about clinical trials is available from the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__195"><h3>Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__195_23">For some patients, taking part in a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard treatment</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062966__195_24">Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000062966__195_25">Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__197"><h3>Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__197_29">Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurring</a> (coming back) or reduce the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> of cancer treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000062966__197_30">Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. See the Treatment Options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials. These have been retrieved from <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044267/" class="def">NCI's</a> listing of clinical trials. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__199"><h3>Follow-up tests may be needed.</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__199_33">Some of the tests that were done to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnose</a> the cancer or to find out the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.</p><p id="CDR0000062966__199_34">Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> has changed or if the cancer has <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurred</a> (come back). These tests are sometimes called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044671/" class="def">follow-up</a> tests or check-ups.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062966__159"><h2 id="_CDR0000062966__159_">Treatment Options by Stage </h2><div id="CDR0000062966__160"><h3>Stage I Nasopharyngeal Cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__161">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046178/" class="def">stage I nasopharyngeal
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cancer</a> is usually <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation
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therapy</a> to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>
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and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> in the neck.</p><p id="CDR0000062966__TrialSearch_160_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__162"><h3>Stage II Nasopharyngeal Cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__163">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046179/" class="def">stage II nasopharyngeal
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cancer</a> may include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062966__164"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a>
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given with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a>, followed by more chemotherapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiation therapy to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> in the
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neck.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062966__TrialSearch_162_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__165"><h3>Stage III Nasopharyngeal Cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__166">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046180/" class="def">stage III nasopharyngeal
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cancer</a> may include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062966__167"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a> given with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a>, which may be followed by more chemotherapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiation therapy followed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a> to remove
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>-containing lymph nodes in the
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neck that remain or come back after radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> of chemotherapy given before, with, or
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after radiation therapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062966__TrialSearch_165_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__169"><h3>Stage IV Nasopharyngeal Cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__170">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046181/" class="def">stage IV nasopharyngeal
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cancer</a> may include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062966__171"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a> given with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a>, followed by more chemotherapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiation therapy followed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a> to remove
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>-containing lymph nodes in the neck that remain or come back after
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radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chemotherapy for cancer that has <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044058/" class="def">metastasized</a> (spread) to other parts of the
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body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> of chemotherapy given before, with, or
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after radiation therapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062966__TrialSearch_169_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062966__173"><h2 id="_CDR0000062966__173_">Treatment Options for Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062966__174">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">recurrent</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445072/" class="def">nasopharyngeal cancer</a> may include the
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following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062966__175"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000335073/" class="def">Intensity-modulated radiation therapy</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044464/" class="def">stereotactic radiation therapy</a>, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046345/" class="def">internal radiation therapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">Surgery</a>. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> of chemotherapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of stereotactic radiation therapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062966__TrialSearch_173_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__187"><h2 id="_CDR0000062966__187_">To Learn More About Nasopharyngeal Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062966__188">For more information from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044266/" class="def">National Cancer Institute</a> about nasopharyngeal cancer, see the following: </p><ul id="CDR0000062966__189"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Head and Neck Cancer Home Page</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062871/">Oral Complications of Chemotherapy and Head/Neck Radiation</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/head-neck" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drugs Approved for Head and Neck Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/head-neck-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Head and Neck Cancers</a></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062966__187_40">For general <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, see the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062966__187_41"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">About Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Staging</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/chemo-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/radiation-therapy-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Radiation Therapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Coping with Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/questions" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/ocs/resources/survivors.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">For Survivors and Caregivers</a>
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062966__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/adult-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials are listed in PDQ and can be found online at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_21">PDQ® Adult Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/nasopharyngeal-treatment-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/nasopharyngeal-treatment-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389409]</p><p id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 2,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000062966__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK65972</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26389409" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">26389409</a></span></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65972.3/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK65972.3/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65972" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65972" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2016 Aug 19. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Version History</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter shutter_closed" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="version_history" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content" style="display: none;"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65972.12/">NBK65972.12</a></span> April 26, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65972.11/">NBK65972.11</a></span> March 21, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65972.10/">NBK65972.10</a></span> July 22, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65972.9/">NBK65972.9</a></span> July 26, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65972.8/">NBK65972.8</a></span> May 28, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65972.7/">NBK65972.7</a></span> April 10, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65972.6/">NBK65972.6</a></span> July 6, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65972.5/">NBK65972.5</a></span> March 1, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65972.4/">NBK65972.4</a></span> January 12, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm">NBK65972.3</span> August 19, 2016 (Displayed Version)</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65972.2/">NBK65972.2</a></span> May 6, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65972.1/">NBK65972.1</a></span> August 12, 2015</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#CDR0000062966__89" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">General Information About Nasopharyngeal Cancer </a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062966__108" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Stages of Nasopharyngeal Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062966__132" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062966__134" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Option Overview</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062966__159" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Options by Stage </a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062966__173" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Options for Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062966__187" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">To Learn More About Nasopharyngeal Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062966__AboutThis_1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">About This PDQ Summary</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related publications</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="document-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65750/">Health Professional Version</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/29337475" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389388" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Melanoma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Melanoma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389278" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Neuroblastoma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Neuroblastoma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment 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