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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65964_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65964_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65964_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors Treatment (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: December 9, 2016.</p><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">August 1, 2008</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000552550__462">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of childhood central nervous system embryonal tumors. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__463">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__1"><h2 id="_CDR0000552550__1_">General Information About Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__2">Central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumors may begin in embryonic (fetal) cells that remain in the brain after birth. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__5">There are different types of CNS embryonal tumors.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__403">Pineoblastomas form in cells of the pineal gland.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__313">Certain genetic conditions increase the risk of childhood CNS embryonal tumors.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__318">Signs and symptoms of childhood CNS embryonal tumors or pineoblastomas depend on the child's age and where the tumor is.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__16">Tests that examine the brain and spinal cord are used to detect (find) childhood CNS embryonal tumors or pineoblastomas.
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</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__238">A biopsy may be done to be sure of the diagnosis of CNS embryonal tumor or pineoblastoma.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__281">Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000552550__2"><h3>Central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumors may begin in embryonic (fetal) cells that remain in the brain after birth. </h3><p id="CDR0000552550__124"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046481/" class="def">Central nervous system</a> (CNS) <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000367442/" class="def">embryonal tumors</a> form in embryonic <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> that remain in the brain after birth. CNS embryonal tumors tend to spread through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046483/" class="def">cerebrospinal fluid</a> (CSF) to other parts of the brain and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000340937/" class="def">spinal cord</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__366">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumors</a> may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045772/" class="def">malignant</a> (cancer) or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045614/" class="def">benign</a> (not <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>). Most CNS embryonal tumors in children are malignant. Malignant <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000387264/" class="def">brain tumors</a> are likely to grow quickly and spread into other parts of the brain. When a tumor grows into or presses on an area of the brain, it may stop that part of the brain from working the way it should. Benign brain tumors grow and press on nearby areas of the brain. They rarely spread to other parts of the brain. Both benign and malignant brain tumors can cause <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">signs</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> and need treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__137">Although cancer is rare in children, brain tumors are the third most common type of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000728326/" class="def">childhood cancer</a>, after <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045343/" class="def">leukemia</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045368/" class="def">lymphoma</a>.
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This summary is about the treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary</a> brain tumors (tumors that begin in the brain). The treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044058/" class="def">metastatic</a> brain tumors, which begin in other parts of the body and spread to the brain, is not discussed in this summary.
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For information about the different types of brain and spinal cord tumors, see the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000257997/">Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors Treatment Overview</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__138">Brain tumors occur in both children and adults. Treatment for adults may be different from treatment for children. See the PDQ summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062697/">Adult Central Nervous System Tumors Treatment</a> for more information on the treatment of adults. </p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__5"><h3>There are different types of CNS embryonal tumors.</h3><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000552550373" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000552550373"><a href="/books/NBK65964.6/figure/CDR0000552550__373/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000552550373" rid-ob="figobCDR0000552550373"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK65964.6/bin/CDR0000689771.gif" src-large="/books/NBK65964.6/bin/CDR0000689771.jpg" alt="Anatomy of the inside of the brain, showing the pineal and pituitary glands, optic nerve, ventricles (with cerebrospinal fluid shown in blue), and other parts of the brain" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000552550373"><h4 id="CDR0000552550__373"><a href="/books/NBK65964.6/figure/CDR0000552550__373/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000552550373">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Anatomy of the inside of the brain, showing the pineal and pituitary glands, optic nerve, ventricles (with cerebrospinal fluid shown in blue), and other parts of the brain. </p></div></div><p id="CDR0000552550__372">The different types of CNS embryonal tumors include:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__125" class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b>Medulloblastomas</b></div><div class="half_rhythm">Most CNS embryonal tumors are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045780/" class="def">medulloblastomas</a>. Medulloblastomas are fast-growing tumors that form in brain cells in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046714/" class="def">cerebellum</a>. The cerebellum is at the lower back part of the brain between the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046484/" class="def">cerebrum</a> and the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046491/" class="def">brain stem</a>. The cerebellum controls movement, balance, and posture. Medulloblastomas sometimes spread to the bone, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045622/" class="def">bone marrow</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a>, or other parts of the body, but this is rare. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b>CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumors</b></div><div class="half_rhythm">CNS <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000383920/" class="def">primitive neuroectodermal tumors</a> (CNS PNETs) are fast-growing tumors that usually form in brain cells in the cerebrum. The cerebrum is at the top of the head and is the largest part of the brain. The cerebrum controls thinking, learning, problem-solving, emotions, speech, reading, writing, and voluntary movement. CNS PNETs may also form in the brain stem or spinal cord.</div><div class="half_rhythm">There are four types of CNS PNETs:<ul id="CDR0000552550__400"><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b>CNS neuroblastomas</b></div><div class="half_rhythm">CNS <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045418/" class="def">neuroblastomas</a> are a very rare type of neuroblastoma that form in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000373935/" class="def">nerve</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a> of the cerebrum or the layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. CNS neuroblastomas may be large and spread to other parts of the brain or spinal cord.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b>CNS ganglioneuroblastomas</b></div><div class="half_rhythm">CNS ganglioneuroblastomas are rare tumors that form in nerve tissue of the brain and spinal cord. They may form in one area and be fast growing or form in more than one area and be slow growing. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b>Medulloepitheliomas</b></div><div class="half_rhythm">Medulloepitheliomas are fast-growing tumors that form in brain cells that line tubelike spaces in the brain and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000340937/" class="def">spinal cord</a>. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b>Ependymoblastomas</b></div><div class="half_rhythm">Ependymoblastomas are fast-growing tumors that form in brain cells lining the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044669/" class="def">fluid</a>-filled spaces in the brain and spinal cord. They often form near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000481390/" class="def">tailbone</a>.</div></li></ul></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__365">Childhood CNS <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000285639/" class="def">atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor</a> is also a type of embryonal tumor, but it is treated differently than other childhood CNS embryonal tumors. See the PDQ summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000574573/">Childhood Central Nervous System Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor Treatment</a> for more information.</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__403"><h3>Pineoblastomas form in cells of the pineal gland.</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__405">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046226/" class="def">pineal gland</a>
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is a tiny <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organ</a> in the center of the brain. The gland makes <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000440118/" class="def">melatonin</a>, a substance
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that helps control our sleep cycle.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__406"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046227/" class="def">Pineoblastomas</a> form in cells of the pineal gland and are usually malignant. Pineoblastomas are fast-growing tumors with cells that look very different from normal pineal gland cells. Pineoblastomas are not a type of CNS embryonal tumor but treatment for them is a lot like treatment for CNS embryonal tumors.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__464">Pineoblastoma is linked with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045098/" class="def">inherited</a> changes in the <i>retinoblastoma</i> (<i>RB1</i>) <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045693/" class="def">gene</a>. A child with the inherited form of retinoblastoma (cancer than forms in the tissues of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000440115/" class="def">retina</a>) has an increased risk of pineoblastoma. When retinoblastoma forms at the same time as a tumor in or near the pineal gland, it is called trilateral retinoblastoma. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045788/" class="def">MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging) testing in children with retinoblastoma may detect pineoblastoma at an early stage when it can be treated successfully.</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__313"><h3>Certain genetic conditions increase the risk of childhood CNS embryonal tumors.</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__315">Anything that increases the risk of getting a disease is called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factor</a>. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn’t mean that you will not get cancer. Talk with your child’s doctor if you think your child may be at risk. </p><p id="CDR0000552550__411">Risk factors for CNS embryonal tumors include having the following inherited diseases:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__316"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046322/" class="def">Li-Fraumeni syndrome</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000442897/" class="def">Nevoid basal cell carcinoma (Gorlin) syndrome</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000751871/" class="def">Turcot syndrome</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000766469/" class="def">Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045499/" class="def">Fanconi anemia</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__317">In most cases, the cause of CNS embryonal tumors is not known.</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__318"><h3>Signs and symptoms of childhood CNS embryonal tumors or pineoblastomas depend on the child's age and where the tumor is.</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__320">These and other signs and symptoms may be caused by childhood CNS embryonal tumors, pineoblastomas, or other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">conditions</a>. Check with your child's doctor if your child has any of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__321"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Loss of balance, trouble walking, worsening handwriting, or slow speech.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of coordination.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Headache, especially in the morning, or headache that goes away after <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390324/" class="def">vomiting</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Double vision.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390302/" class="def">Nausea</a> and vomiting.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>General weakness or weakness on one side of the face.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unusual sleepiness or change in energy level.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__322">Infants and young children with these tumors may be irritable or grow slowly. Also they may not eat well or meet <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000637716/" class="def">developmental milestones</a> such as sitting, walking, and talking in sentences.</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__16"><h3>Tests that examine the brain and spinal cord are used to detect (find) childhood CNS embryonal tumors or pineoblastomas.
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</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__18">The following tests and procedures may be used:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__19"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270871/" class="def">Physical exam</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000689078/" class="def">history</a></b>: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000322871/" class="def">Neurological exam</a></b>: A series of questions and tests to check the brain, spinal cord, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000373935/" class="def">nerve</a> function. The exam checks a patient's mental status, coordination, and ability to walk normally, and how well the muscles, senses, and reflexes work. This may also be called a neuro exam or a neurologic exam.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of the brain and spinal cord with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000597153/" class="def">gadolinium</a></b>: A procedure that uses a magnet, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651209/" class="def">radio waves</a>, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the brain and spinal cord. A substance called gadolinium is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a>. The gadolinium collects around the cancer cells so they show up brighter in the picture. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI). Sometimes magnetic resonance <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000600463/" class="def">spectroscopy</a> (MRS) is
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done during the MRI scan to look at the chemicals in brain tissue. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046303/" class="def">Lumbar puncture</a></b>: A procedure used to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000396787/" class="def">spinal column</a>. This is done by placing a needle between two bones in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000415914/" class="def">spine</a> and into the CSF around the spinal cord and removing a sample of the fluid. The sample of CSF is checked under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> for signs of tumor cells. The sample may also be checked for the amounts of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046092/" class="def">protein</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044033/" class="def">glucose</a>. A higher than normal amount of protein or lower than normal amount of glucose may be a sign of a tumor. This procedure is also called an LP or spinal tap.
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<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000552550378" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000552550378"><a href="/books/NBK65964.6/figure/CDR0000552550__378/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000552550378" rid-ob="figobCDR0000552550378"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK65964.6/bin/CDR0000503953.gif" src-large="/books/NBK65964.6/bin/CDR0000503953.jpg" alt="Lumbar puncture" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000552550378"><h4 id="CDR0000552550__378"><a href="/books/NBK65964.6/figure/CDR0000552550__378/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000552550378">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Lumbar puncture. A patient lies in a curled position on a table. After a small area on the lower back is numbed, a spinal needle (a long, thin needle) is inserted into the lower part of the spinal column to remove cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, shown in blue). <a href="/books/NBK65964.6/figure/CDR0000552550__378/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000552550378">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000552550__238"><h3>A biopsy may be done to be sure of the diagnosis of CNS embryonal tumor or pineoblastoma.</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__240">If doctors think your child may have a CNS embryonal tumor or pineoblastoma, a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045164/" class="def">biopsy</a> may be done. For brain tumors, the biopsy is done by removing part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000763008/" class="def">skull</a> and using a needle to remove a sample of tissue. Sometimes, a computer-guided needle is used to remove the tissue sample. A pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells. If cancer cells are found, the doctor may remove as much tumor as safely possible during the same <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>. The piece of skull is usually put back in place after the procedure.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000552550377" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000552550377"><a href="/books/NBK65964.6/figure/CDR0000552550__377/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000552550377" rid-ob="figobCDR0000552550377"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK65964.6/bin/CDR0000691155.gif" src-large="/books/NBK65964.6/bin/CDR0000691155.jpg" alt="Craniotomy: An opening is made in the skull and a piece of the skull is removed to show part of the brain" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000552550377"><h4 id="CDR0000552550__377"><a href="/books/NBK65964.6/figure/CDR0000552550__377/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000552550377">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Craniotomy: An opening is made in the skull and a piece of the skull is removed to show part of the brain. </p></div></div><p id="CDR0000552550__324">The following test may be done on the sample of tissue that is removed:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__358"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000653117/" class="def">Immunohistochemistry</a></b>: A test that uses <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044918/" class="def">antibodies</a> to check for certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046086/" class="def">antigens</a> in a sample of tissue. The antibody is usually linked to a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a> substance or a dye that causes the tissue to light up under a microscope. This type of test may be used to tell the difference between different types of brain tumors.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000552550__281"><h3>Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__283">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045849/" class="def">prognosis</a> (chance of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454708/" class="def">recovery</a>) and treatment options depend on:
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</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__284"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The type of tumor and where it is in the brain.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether the cancer has spread within the brain and spinal cord when the tumor is found.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The age of the child when the tumor is found.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How much of the tumor remains after surgery.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether there are certain changes in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046470/" class="def">chromosomes</a>, genes, or brain cells.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether the tumor has just been diagnosed or has <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurred</a> (come back).</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="CDR0000552550__180"><h2 id="_CDR0000552550__180_">Staging Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__331">Treatment of childhood central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumors and pineoblastomas depends on the type of tumor and the child's age.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__450">Treatment of medulloblastoma in children older than 3 years also depends on whether the tumor is average risk or high risk.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__181">The information from tests and procedures done to detect (find) childhood CNS embryonal tumors or pineoblastomas is used to plan cancer treatment.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000552550__331"><h3>Treatment of childhood central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumors and pineoblastomas depends on the type of tumor and the child's age.</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__333"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046597/" class="def">Staging</a> is the process used to find out how much <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> there is and if cancer has spread. It is important to know the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> in order to plan treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000552550__334">There is no standard <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000689095/" class="def">staging system</a> for childhood <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046481/" class="def">central nervous system</a> (CNS) <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000367442/" class="def">embryonal tumors</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046227/" class="def">pineoblastomas</a>. Instead, treatment depends on the type of tumor and the child's age (3 years and younger or older than 3 years).</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__450"><h3>Treatment of medulloblastoma in children older than 3 years also depends on whether the tumor is average risk or high risk.</h3><div id="CDR0000552550__452"><h4>Average risk (child is older than 3 years of age)</h4><p id="CDR0000552550__454"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045780/" class="def">Medulloblastomas</a> are called average risk when all of the following are true:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__455"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> was completely removed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a> or there was only a very small amount remaining.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has not spread to other parts of the
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body.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000552550__456"><h4>High risk (child is older than 3 years of age)</h4><p id="CDR0000552550__458"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045780/" class="def">Medulloblastomas</a> are called high risk if any of the following are true:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__459"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> was not removed by
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread to other parts of the
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brain or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000340937/" class="def">spinal cord</a> or to other parts of the body.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__460">In general, cancer is more likely to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recur</a> (come back) in patients with a high-risk tumor.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000552550__181"><h3>The information from tests and procedures done to detect (find) childhood CNS embryonal tumors or pineoblastomas is used to plan cancer treatment.</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__185">Some of the tests used to detect childhood CNS embryonal tumors or pineoblastomas are repeated after surgery to remove the tumor. (See the <a href="#CDR0000552550__16">General Information</a> section.) This is to find out how much tumor remains after surgery. </p><p id="CDR0000552550__461">Other tests and procedures may be done to find out if the cancer has spread:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__184"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046505/" class="def">Bone marrow aspiration</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046506/" class="def">biopsy</a></b>: The removal of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045622/" class="def">bone marrow</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">blood</a>, and a small piece of bone by inserting a hollow needle into the hipbone or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000549425/" class="def">breastbone</a>. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">pathologist</a> views the bone marrow, blood, and bone under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> to look for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">signs</a> of cancer.
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A bone marrow aspiration and biopsy is only done when there are signs the cancer has spread to the bone marrow.<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000552550471" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000552550471"><a href="/books/NBK65964.6/figure/CDR0000552550__471/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000552550471" rid-ob="figobCDR0000552550471"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK65964.6/bin/CDR0000775458.gif" src-large="/books/NBK65964.6/bin/CDR0000775458.jpg" alt="Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000552550471"><h4 id="CDR0000552550__471"><a href="/books/NBK65964.6/figure/CDR0000552550__471/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000552550471">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. After a small area of skin is numbed, a bone marrow needle is inserted into the child’s hip bone. Samples of blood, bone, and bone marrow are removed for examination under a microscope. </p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046499/" class="def">Bone scan</a></b>: A procedure to check if there are rapidly dividing <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a>, such as cancer cells, in the bone. A very small amount of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a> material is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a> and travels through the bloodstream. The radioactive material collects in the bones and is detected by a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386220/" class="def">scanner</a>. A bone scan is only done when there are signs or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> that the cancer has spread to the bone.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046303/" class="def">Lumbar puncture</a></b>: A procedure used to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000396787/" class="def">spinal column</a>. This is done by placing a needle between two bones in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000415914/" class="def">spine</a> and into the CSF around the spinal cord and removing a sample of the fluid. The sample of CSF is checked under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> for signs of tumor cells. The sample may also be checked for the amounts of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046092/" class="def">protein</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044033/" class="def">glucose</a>. A higher than normal amount of protein or lower than normal amount of glucose may be a sign of a tumor. This procedure is also called an LP or spinal tap.
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</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="CDR0000552550__135"><h2 id="_CDR0000552550__135_">Recurrent Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors</h2><p id="CDR0000552550__241">A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">recurrent</a> childhood <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046481/" class="def">central nervous system</a> (CNS) <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000367442/" class="def">embryonal tumor</a> is a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> that recurs (comes back) after being treated. Childhood CNS embryonal tumors most often recur within 3 years after treatment but may come back many years later. Recurrent childhood CNS embryonal tumors may come back in the same place as the original tumor and/ or in a different place in the brain or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000340937/" class="def">spinal cord</a>.
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CNS embryonal tumors rarely spread to other parts of the body.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__TrialSearch_135_18">Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?Diagnosis=43707&tt=1&format=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">recurrent childhood brain tumor</a>. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your child's doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child. General information about clinical trials is available from the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__146"><h2 id="_CDR0000552550__146_">Treatment Option Overview</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__147">There are different types of treatment for children who have central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumors.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__151">Children who have CNS embryonal tumors should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating brain tumors in children. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__328">Childhood brain tumors may cause signs or symptoms that begin before the cancer is diagnosed and continue for months or years.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__155">Some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years
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after treatment has ended.
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</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__158">Five types of treatment are used:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__296">New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__306">Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__308">Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000552550__310">Follow-up tests may be needed.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000552550__147"><h3>There are different types of treatment for children who have central nervous system (CNS) embryonal tumors.</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__286">Different types of treatment are available for children with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046481/" class="def">central nervous system</a> (CNS) <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000367442/" class="def">embryonal tumors</a>. Some treatments are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard</a> (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a>. A treatment clinical trial is a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651211/" class="def">research study</a> meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000552550__287">Because cancer in children is rare, taking part in a clinical trial should be considered. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__151"><h3>Children who have CNS embryonal tumors should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating brain tumors in children. </h3><p id="CDR0000552550__153">Treatment will be overseen by a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000693555/" class="def">pediatric oncologist</a>, a doctor who specializes in treating children with cancer. The pediatric oncologist works with other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046245/" class="def">pediatric</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000650566/" class="def">health care providers</a> who are experts in treating children with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000387264/" class="def">brain tumors</a> and who specialize in certain areas of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicine</a>. These may include the following <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000478785/" class="def">specialists</a>:
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</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__237"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000757278/" class="def">Pediatrician</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046269/" class="def">Neurosurgeon</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046267/" class="def">Neurologist</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000318818/" class="def">Neuropathologist</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000318819/" class="def">Neuroradiologist</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000318825/" class="def">Rehabilitation specialist</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046546/" class="def">Radiation oncologist</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044716/" class="def">Psychologist</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000552550__328"><h3>Childhood brain tumors may cause signs or symptoms that begin before the cancer is diagnosed and continue for months or years.</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__330">
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">Signs</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> caused by the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> may begin before the cancer is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosed</a> and continue for months or years. It is important to talk with your child's doctors about signs or symptoms caused by the tumor that may continue after treatment.</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__155"><h3>Some cancer treatments cause side effects months or years
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after treatment has ended.
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</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__157"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">Side effects</a> from cancer treatment that begin during or after treatment and continue for months or years are called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390292/" class="def">late effects</a>. Late effects of cancer treatment may include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__141"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Physical problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changes in mood, feelings, thinking, learning, or memory.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046658/" class="def">Second cancers</a> (new types of cancer).</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__347">Children diagnosed with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045780/" class="def">medulloblastoma</a> may have certain problems after <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> such as changes in the ability to think, learn, and pay attention. Also, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000691342/" class="def">cerebellar mutism syndrome</a> may occur after surgery. Signs of this <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045090/" class="def">syndrome</a> include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__356"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Delayed ability to speak.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Trouble swallowing and eating.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Loss of balance, trouble walking, and worsening handwriting.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Loss of muscle tone.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mood swings and changes in personality.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__142">Some late effects may be treated or controlled. It is important to talk with your child's doctors about the effects cancer treatment can have on your child. (See the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000373791/">Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer</a> for more information).</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__158"><h3>Five types of treatment are used:</h3><div id="CDR0000552550__160"><h4>Surgery</h4><p id="CDR0000552550__162">Surgery is used to diagnose and treat a childhood CNS embryonal tumor as described in the <a href="#CDR0000552550__238">General Information</a> section of this summary. </p><p id="CDR0000552550__280">Even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery, some patients may be given <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a> and/or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> that are left. Treatment given after the surgery, to lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045587/" class="def">adjuvant therapy</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__164"><h4>Radiation therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000552550__166">
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Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-rays</a> or other types of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045072/" class="def">radiation</a> to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy:
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</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__469"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046686/" class="def">External radiation therapy</a> uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. Certain ways of giving radiation therapy can help keep radiation from damaging nearby healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>. These types of radiation therapy include the following:<dl id="CDR0000552550__470" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270731/" class="def">Conformal radiation therapy</a>: Conformal radiation therapy is a type of external radiation therapy that uses a computer to make a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045582/" class="def">3-dimensional</a> (3-D) picture of the tumor and shapes the radiation beams to fit the tumor. This allows a high <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044664/" class="def">dose</a> of radiation to reach the tumor and causes less damage to nearby healthy tissue.</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044464/" class="def">Stereotactic radiation therapy</a>: Stereotactic radiation therapy is a type of external radiation therapy. A rigid head frame is attached to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000763008/" class="def">skull</a> to keep the head still during the radiation treatment. A machine aims radiation directly at the tumor, causing less damage to nearby healthy tissue. The total dose of radiation is divided into several smaller doses given over several days. This procedure is also called stereotactic external-beam radiation therapy and stereotaxic radiation therapy.</p></dd></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046345/" class="def">Internal radiation therapy</a> uses a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a> substance sealed in needles, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257219/" class="def">seeds</a>, wires, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045637/" class="def">catheters</a> that are placed directly into or near the cancer.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__242">Radiation therapy to the brain can affect <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000637716/" class="def">growth and development</a> in young children. For this reason, clinical trials are studying new ways of giving radiation that may have fewer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> than standard methods.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__295">The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type of cancer being treated. External radiation therapy is used to treat childhood CNS embryonal tumors.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__348">Because radiation therapy can affect growth and brain development in young children, especially children who are three years old or younger, chemotherapy may be given to delay or reduce the need for radiation therapy.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__167"><h4>Chemotherapy</h4><p id="CDR0000552550__169">
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Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drugs</a> to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a> or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000301626/" class="def">systemic chemotherapy</a>). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046483/" class="def">cerebrospinal fluid</a>, an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organ</a>, or a body <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463703/" class="def">cavity</a> such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a>, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046559/" class="def">regional chemotherapy</a>). <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045650/" class="def">Combination chemotherapy</a> is treatment using more than one anticancer drug. The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type of cancer being treated.
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</p><p id="CDR0000552550__355">Regular dose anticancer drugs given by mouth or vein to treat <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000427310/" class="def">central nervous system tumors</a> cannot cross the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046504/" class="def">blood-brain barrier</a> and enter the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044669/" class="def">fluid</a> that surrounds the brain and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000340937/" class="def">spinal cord</a>. Instead, an anticancer drug is injected into the fluid-filled space to kill cancer cells that may have spread there. This is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046681/" class="def">intrathecal</a> or intraventricular chemotherapy.<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000552550430" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000552550430"><a href="/books/NBK65964.6/figure/CDR0000552550__430/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000552550430" rid-ob="figobCDR0000552550430"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK65964.6/bin/CDR0000539773.gif" src-large="/books/NBK65964.6/bin/CDR0000539773.jpg" alt="Intrathecal chemotherapy" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000552550430"><h4 id="CDR0000552550__430"><a href="/books/NBK65964.6/figure/CDR0000552550__430/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000552550430">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Intrathecal chemotherapy. Anticancer drugs are injected into the intrathecal space, which is the space that holds the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, shown in blue). There are two different ways to do this. One way, shown in the top part of the figure, is to <a href="/books/NBK65964.6/figure/CDR0000552550__430/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000552550430">(more...)</a></p></div></div></p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__447"><h4>High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue</h4><p id="CDR0000552550__449"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000346522/" class="def">High-dose chemotherapy</a> with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000666718/" class="def">stem cell rescue</a> is a way of giving high doses of chemotherapy and replacing <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">blood</a>-forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046598/" class="def">Stem cells</a> (immature blood cells) are removed from the blood or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045622/" class="def">bone marrow</a> of the patient or a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000643010/" class="def">donor</a> and are frozen and stored. After the chemotherapy is completed, the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045738/" class="def">infusion</a>. These reinfused stem cells grow into (and restore) the body’s blood cells.</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__465"><h4>Targeted therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000552550__467"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270742/" class="def">Targeted therapy</a> is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to attack cancer cells. Targeted therapies usually cause less harm to normal cells than chemotherapy or radiation therapy do.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__468"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044829/" class="def">Signal transduction inhibitors</a> are a type of targeted therapy used to treat <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">recurrent</a> medulloblastoma. Signal transduction inhibitors block signals that are passed from one <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045065/" class="def">molecule</a> to another inside a cell. Blocking these signals may kill cancer cells. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000725034/" class="def">Vismodegib</a> is a type of signal transduction inhibitor.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000552550__296"><h3>New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__312">Information about clinical trials is available from the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__306"><h3>Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__306_23">For some patients, taking part in a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard treatment</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__306_24">Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__306_25">Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__308"><h3>Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__308_29">Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurring</a> (coming back) or reduce the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> of cancer treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__308_30">Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. See the Treatment Options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials. These have been retrieved from <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044267/" class="def">NCI's</a> listing of clinical trials. </p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__310"><h3>Follow-up tests may be needed.</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__359">Some of the tests that were done to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnose</a> the cancer or to find out the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer may be repeated. (See the <a href="#CDR0000552550__16">General Information</a> section for a list of tests.) Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests. This is sometimes called re-staging.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__360">Some of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000689578/" class="def">imaging tests</a> will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your child's <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> has changed or if the brain tumor has <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurred</a> (come back). If the imaging tests show <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a> tissue in the brain, a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045164/" class="def">biopsy</a> may also be done to find out if the tissue is made up of dead tumor cells or if new cancer cells are growing. These tests are sometimes called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044671/" class="def">follow-up</a> tests or check-ups.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000552550__291"><h2 id="_CDR0000552550__291_">Treatment Options for Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors and Childhood Pineoblastoma</h2><div id="CDR0000552550__216"><h3>Newly Diagnosed Childhood Medulloblastoma</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__217">In newly <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosed</a> childhood <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045780/" class="def">medulloblastoma</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> itself has not been treated. The child may have received <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drugs</a> or treatment to relieve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">signs</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> caused by the tumor.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__251"><b>Children older than 3 years with average-risk medulloblastoma</b></p><p id="CDR0000552550__431"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">Standard treatment</a> of average-risk medulloblastoma in children older than 3 years includes the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__418"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">Surgery</a> to remove as much of the tumor as possible. This is followed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> to the brain and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000340937/" class="def">spinal cord</a>. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a> is also given during and after radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000346522/" class="def">high-dose chemotherapy</a> with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000666718/" class="def">stem cell rescue</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__252"><b>Children older than 3 years with high-risk medulloblastoma</b></p><p id="CDR0000552550__432">Standard treatment of high-risk medulloblastoma in children older than 3 years includes the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__419"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. This is followed by a larger <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044664/" class="def">dose</a> of radiation therapy to the brain and spinal cord than the dose given for average-risk medulloblastoma. Chemotherapy is also given during and after radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy, and high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of new combinations of radiation therapy and chemotherapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__253"><b>Children aged 3 years and younger</b></p><p id="CDR0000552550__433">Standard treatment of medulloblastoma in children aged 3 years and younger is:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__426"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by chemotherapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__434">Other treatments that may be given after surgery include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__435"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chemotherapy and radiation therapy to the area where the tumor was removed.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__436">Treatment of medulloblastoma in children aged 3 years and younger is often within a clinical trial. Clinical trials are studying new combinations of chemotherapy with stem cell rescue.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__TrialSearch_216_18">Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?Diagnosis=42439&tt=1&format=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">untreated childhood medulloblastoma</a>. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your child's doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child. General information about clinical trials is available from the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__224"><h3>Newly Diagnosed Childhood Central Nervous System Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__225">In newly <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosed</a> childhood <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046481/" class="def">central nervous system</a> (CNS) <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000383920/" class="def">primitive neuroectodermal tumors</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> itself has not been treated. The child may have received <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drugs</a> or treatment to relieve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> caused by the tumor.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__262"><b>Children older than 3 years</b></p><p id="CDR0000552550__437"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">Standard treatment</a> of CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumors in children older than 3 years is:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__420"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">Surgery</a> to remove as much of the tumor as possible. This is followed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> to the brain and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000340937/" class="def">spinal cord</a>. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a> is also given during and after radiation therapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__265"><b>Children aged 3 years and younger</b></p><p id="CDR0000552550__438">Standard treatment of CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumors in children aged 3 years and younger is:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__422"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by chemotherapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__439">Other treatments that may be given after surgery include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__440"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chemotherapy and radiation therapy to the area where the tumor was removed.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000346522/" class="def">High-dose chemotherapy</a> with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000666718/" class="def">stem cell rescue</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__441">Treatment of CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumors in children aged 3 years and younger is often within a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a>. Clinical trials are studying new combinations of chemotherapy with stem cell rescue.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__TrialSearch_224_18">Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?Diagnosis=42431&tt=1&format=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">untreated childhood supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor</a>. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your child's doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child. General information about clinical trials is available from the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__228"><h3>Newly Diagnosed Childhood Medulloepithelioma and Ependymoblastoma</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__268">In newly <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosed</a> childhood medulloepithelioma and ependymoblastoma, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> itself has not been treated. The child may have received <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drugs</a> or treatment to relieve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> caused by the tumor. </p><p id="CDR0000552550__271"><b>Children older than 3 years</b></p><p id="CDR0000552550__442"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">Standard treatment</a> of medulloepithelioma and ependymoblastoma in children older than 3 years includes the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__423"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">Surgery</a> to remove as much of the tumor as possible. This is followed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> to the brain and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000340937/" class="def">spinal cord</a>. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a> is also given during and after radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000346522/" class="def">high-dose chemotherapy</a> with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000666718/" class="def">stem cell rescue</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> of new combinations of radiation therapy and chemotherapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__274"><b>Children aged 3 years and younger</b></p><p id="CDR0000552550__443">Standard treatment of medulloepithelioma and ependymoblastoma in children aged 3 years and younger includes the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__425"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by chemotherapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiation therapy, when the child is older. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of new combinations and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000346524/" class="def">schedules</a> of chemotherapy or new combinations of chemotherapy with stem cell rescue.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__444">Treatment of medulloepithelioma and ependymoblastoma in children aged 3 years and younger is often within a clinical trial. </p><p id="CDR0000552550__TrialSearch_228_18">Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?Diagnosis=586168&tt=1&format=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">childhood ependymoblastoma</a> and <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?Diagnosis=612114&tt=1&format=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">childhood medulloepithelioma</a>. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your child's doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child. General information about clinical trials is available from the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__386"><h3>Newly Diagnosed Childhood Pineoblastoma</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__387">In newly <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosed</a> childhood <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046227/" class="def">pineoblastoma</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> itself has not been treated. The child may have received <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drugs</a> or treatment to relieve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> caused by the tumor.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__388"><b>Children older than 3 years</b></p><p id="CDR0000552550__445"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">Standard treatment</a> of pineoblastoma in children older than 3 years includes the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__428"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">Surgery</a> to remove the tumor. The tumor usually cannot be completely removed because of where it is in the brain. Surgery is often followed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> to the brain and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000340937/" class="def">spinal cord</a>. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> of new combinations and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000346524/" class="def">schedules</a> of chemotherapy and radiation therapy or new combinations of chemotherapy with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000666718/" class="def">stem cell rescue</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__391"><b>Children aged 3 years and younger</b></p><p id="CDR0000552550__446">Standard treatment of pineoblastoma in children aged 3 years and younger includes the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__429"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045164/" class="def">Biopsy</a> to diagnose pineoblastoma followed by chemotherapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If the tumor <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044085/" class="def">responds</a> to chemotherapy, radiation therapy is given when the child is older.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000346522/" class="def">High-dose chemotherapy</a> with stem cell rescue.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__TrialSearch_386_18">Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?Diagnosis=562072&tt=1&format=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">untreated childhood pineoblastoma</a>. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your child's doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child. General information about clinical trials is available from the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__232"><h3>Recurrent Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors and Pineoblastomas</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__416">The treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046481/" class="def">central nervous system</a> (CNS) <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000367442/" class="def">embryonal tumors</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046227/" class="def">pineoblastoma</a> that <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recur</a> (come back) depends on:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__417"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The type of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether the tumor recurred where it first formed or has spread to other parts of the brain, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000340937/" class="def">spinal cord</a>, or body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The type of treatment given in the past.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How much time has passed since the initial treatment ended.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether the patient has <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">signs</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__233">Treatment for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">recurrent</a> childhood CNS embryonal tumors and pineoblastomas may include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__234"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>For children who previously received <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a>, treatment may include repeat radiation at the site where the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> started and where the tumor has spread. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044464/" class="def">Stereotactic radiation therapy</a> and/or chemotherapy may also be used.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>For infants and young children who previously received chemotherapy only and have a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000559442/" class="def">local recurrence</a>, treatment may be chemotherapy with radiation therapy to the tumor and the area close to it. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">Surgery</a> to remove the tumor may also be done.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>For patients who previously received radiation therapy, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000346522/" class="def">high-dose chemotherapy</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000666718/" class="def">stem cell rescue</a> may be used. It is not known whether this treatment improves survival.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270742/" class="def">Targeted therapy</a> with a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044829/" class="def">signal transduction inhibitor</a> for patients whose cancer has certain changes in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045693/" class="def">genes</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__TrialSearch_232_18">Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?Diagnosis=608167&tt=1&format=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">recurrent childhood central nervous system embryonal tumor</a>. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your child's doctor about clinical trials that may be right for your child. General information about clinical trials is available from the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000552550__288"><h2 id="_CDR0000552550__288_">To Learn More About Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors</h2><p id="CDR0000552550__289">For more information about childhood central nervous system embryonal tumor, see the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__290"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/wyntk-brain-tumors" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">What You Need to Know About™ Brain Tumors</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.pbtc.org/public/gen_info.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium (PBTC)</a></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000552550__288_44">For more childhood <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> information and other general cancer resources, see the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000552550__288_45"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">About Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/types/childhood-cancers" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Childhood Cancers</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.curesearch.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CureSearch for Children's Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000373791/">Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/types/aya" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/guide-for-parents" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children with Cancer: A Guide for Parents</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/types/childhood-cancers/child-adolescent-cancers-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer in Children and Adolescents</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Staging</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Coping with Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/questions" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/ocs/resources/survivors.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">For Survivors and Caregivers</a>
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000552550__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of childhood central nervous system embryonal tumors. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/pediatric-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials are listed in PDQ and can be found online at <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_21">PDQ® Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/patient/child-cns-embryonal-treatment-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/patient/child-cns-embryonal-treatment-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389401]</p><p id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="http://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 2,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000552550__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65964.6/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK65964.6/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65964" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65964" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2016 Dec 9. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Version History</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter shutter_closed" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="version_history" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content" style="display: none;"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65964.25/">NBK65964.25</a></span> March 1, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65964.24/">NBK65964.24</a></span> December 15, 2023</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a 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class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65964.3/">NBK65964.3</a></span> September 30, 2015</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65964.2/">NBK65964.2</a></span> September 22, 2015</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65964.1/">NBK65964.1</a></span> August 26, 2015</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#CDR0000552550__1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">General Information About Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000552550__180" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Staging Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000552550__135" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Recurrent Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000552550__146" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Option Overview</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000552550__291" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Options for Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors and Childhood Pineoblastoma</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000552550__288" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">To Learn More About Childhood Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000552550__AboutThis_1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">About This PDQ Summary</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related publications</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="document-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65981/">Health Professional Version</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389351" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors Treatment Overview (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors Treatment Overview (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389295" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Brain Stem Glioma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Brain Stem Glioma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/29337471" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Salivary Gland Tumors (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Salivary Gland Tumors (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/31593392" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Tracheobronchial Tumors (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/29337473" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Esthesioneuroblastoma (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Esthesioneuroblastoma (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li></ul><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed_reviews&uid=26389401" 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