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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65959_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65959_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65959_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: May 23, 2018.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000062957__274">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of pancreatic cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000062957__275">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__110"><h2 id="_CDR0000062957__110_">General Information About Pancreatic Cancer</h2><div id="CDR0000062957__110.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__111">Pancreatic cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer)
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cells form in the tissues of the pancreas.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__118">Smoking and health history can affect the risk of pancreatic cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__122">Signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer include jaundice, pain, and
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weight loss.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__126">Pancreatic cancer is difficult to detect (find) and diagnose
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early.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__130">Tests that examine the pancreas are used to detect (find),
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diagnose, and stage pancreatic cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__134">Certain factors affect prognosis (chance
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of recovery) and treatment options.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062957__111"><h3>Pancreatic cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer)
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cells form in the tissues of the pancreas.</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__113">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046254/" class="def">pancreas</a> is a
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046386/" class="def">gland</a> about 6 inches long that is
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shaped like a thin pear lying on its side. The wider end of the pancreas is
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called the head, the middle section is called the body, and the narrow end is
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called the tail. The pancreas lies between the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046604/" class="def">stomach</a> and the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000415914/" class="def">spine</a>.<div id="CDR0000062957__250" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20pancreas&p=BOOKS&id=506886_CDR0000636528.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65959.8/bin/CDR0000636528.jpg" alt="Anatomy of the pancreas; drawing shows the pancreas, stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, colon, and small intestine. An inset shows the head, body, and tail of the pancreas. The bile duct and pancreatic duct are also shown." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the pancreas. The pancreas has three areas: head, body, and tail. It is found in the abdomen near the stomach, intestines, and other organs. </p></div></div></p><p id="CDR0000062957__114">The pancreas has two main jobs in the body:</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__115"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>To make <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046239/" class="def">juices</a>
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that help <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463707/" class="def">digest</a> (break down) food.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>To make <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045713/" class="def">hormones</a>, such as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046187/" class="def">insulin</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270860/" class="def">glucagon</a>, that help control <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000658770/" class="def">blood sugar</a>
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levels. Both of these hormones help the body use and store the energy it gets
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from food.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062957__116"> The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046446/" class="def">digestive</a> juices are made by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270856/" class="def">exocrine pancreas cells</a> and
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the hormones are made by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270854/" class="def">endocrine pancreas cells</a>. About 95% of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044521/" class="def">pancreatic
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cancers</a> begin in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270856/" class="def">exocrine
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cells</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062957__117">This summary is about exocrine pancreatic cancer.
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For information on endocrine pancreatic cancer, see the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062678/">Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (Islet Cell Tumors) Treatment</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062957__252">For information on pancreatic cancer in children, see the PDQ summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062878/#CDR0000062878__120">Unusual Cancers of Childhood Treatment</a>. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__118"><h3>Smoking and health history can affect the risk of pancreatic cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__120">Anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factor</a>. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn’t mean that you will not get cancer. Talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk. </p><p id="CDR0000062957__268"> Risk
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factors for pancreatic cancer include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__121"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being very overweight.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having a personal history of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044911/" class="def">diabetes</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045641/" class="def">chronic</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045106/" class="def">pancreatitis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000302456/" class="def">family history</a> of pancreatic cancer or pancreatitis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045983/" class="def">hereditary</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">conditions</a>, such as:<ul id="CDR0000062957__264"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270861/" class="def">Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)
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syndrome</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044884/" class="def">Hereditary nonpolyposis colon
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cancer</a> (HNPCC; Lynch syndrome).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045563/" class="def">von
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Hippel-Lindau syndrome</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000377716/" class="def">Peutz-Jeghers syndrome</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000751862/" class="def">Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270857/" class="def">Familial
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atypical multiple mole melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome</a>.</div></li></ul>
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062957__122"><h3>Signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer include jaundice, pain, and
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weight loss.</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__272">Pancreatic cancer may not cause early <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">signs</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a>. Signs and symptoms may be caused by pancreatic cancer or by other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__125"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046328/" class="def">Jaundice</a>
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(yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Light-colored <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046605/" class="def">stools</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dark <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046642/" class="def">urine</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain in the upper or middle <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a> and back. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Weight loss for no known reason. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Loss of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454699/" class="def">appetite</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feeling very tired.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062957__126"><h3>Pancreatic cancer is difficult to detect (find) and diagnose
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early.</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__128">Pancreatic cancer is difficult to detect and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnose</a> for the
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following reasons:</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__129"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>There aren’t any noticeable signs or symptoms in the early
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stages</a> of pancreatic
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cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer, when present, are like the
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signs and symptoms of many other illnesses.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The pancreas is hidden behind other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> such as the
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stomach, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046582/" class="def">small intestine</a>,
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046395/" class="def">gallbladder</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046593/" class="def">spleen</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046738/" class="def">bile
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ducts</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062957__130"><h3>Tests that examine the pancreas are used to detect (find),
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diagnose, and stage pancreatic cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__132">Pancreatic cancer is usually diagnosed with tests and procedures
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that make pictures of the pancreas and the area around it. The process used
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to find out if <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> have spread within and around the pancreas is
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called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046597/" class="def">staging</a>. Tests and procedures
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to detect, diagnose, and stage pancreatic cancer are usually done at the same
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time. In order to plan treatment, it is important to know the stage of
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the disease and whether or not the pancreatic cancer can be removed by
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000062957__266"> The following tests and
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procedures may be used:</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__133"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270871/" class="def">Physical exam</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000689078/" class="def">history</a></b>: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304685/" class="def">Blood chemistry studies</a></b>: A procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances, such as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044518/" class="def">bilirubin</a>, released into the blood by organs and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissues</a> in the body. An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000732562/" class="def">Tumor marker test</a></b>: A procedure in which a sample of blood, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046642/" class="def">urine</a>, or tissue is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances, such as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000633729/" class="def">CA 19-9</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000357558/" class="def">carcinoembryonic antigen</a> (CEA), made by organs, tissues, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> cells in the body. Certain substances are linked to specific types of cancer when found in increased levels in the body. These are called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046636/" class="def">tumor markers</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045788/" class="def">MRI</a> (magnetic
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resonance imaging)</b>: A procedure that uses a magnet, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651209/" class="def">radio waves</a>, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046033/" class="def">CT scan</a> (CAT
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scan)</b>: A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-ray</a> machine. A dye may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a> or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044983/" class="def">spiral</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044460/" class="def">helical CT</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046570/" class="def">scan</a> makes a series of very detailed pictures of areas inside the body using an x-ray machine that scans the body in a spiral path. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046140/" class="def">PET scan</a> (positron
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emission tomography scan)</b>: A procedure to find <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045772/" class="def">malignant</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> cells in the body. A small amount of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044033/" class="def">glucose</a> (sugar) is injected into a vein. The PET scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body. Malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do. A PET scan and CT scan may be done at the same time. This is called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000742485/" class="def">PET-CT</a>.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Abdominal <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046157/" class="def">ultrasound</a></b>: An ultrasound exam used to make pictures of the inside of the abdomen. The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000367430/" class="def">ultrasound transducer</a> is pressed against the skin of the abdomen and directs high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) into the abdomen. The sound waves bounce off the internal tissues and organs and make echoes. The transducer receives the echoes and sends them to a computer, which uses the echoes to make pictures called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046587/" class="def">sonograms</a>. The picture can be printed to be looked at later.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046602/" class="def">Endoscopic
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ultrasound</a> (EUS)</b>: A procedure in which an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046428/" class="def">endoscope</a> is inserted into the body, usually through the mouth or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046555/" class="def">rectum</a>. An endoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000572035/" class="def">lens</a> for viewing. A probe at the end of the endoscope is used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. This procedure is also called endosonography.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046429/" class="def">Endoscopic
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retrograde cholangiopancreatography</a> (ERCP)</b>: A procedure used to x-ray the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046441/" class="def">ducts</a> (tubes) that carry <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046508/" class="def">bile</a> from the liver to the gallbladder and from the gallbladder to the small intestine. Sometimes pancreatic cancer causes these ducts to narrow and block or slow the flow of bile, causing jaundice. An endoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is passed through the mouth, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a>, and stomach into the first part of the small intestine. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045637/" class="def">catheter</a> (a smaller tube) is then inserted through the endoscope into the pancreatic ducts. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000409764/" class="def">dye</a> is injected through the catheter into the ducts and an x-ray is taken. If the ducts are blocked by a tumor, a fine tube may be inserted into the duct to unblock it. This tube (or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044903/" class="def">stent</a>) may be left in place to keep the duct open. Tissue samples may also be taken.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046238/" class="def">Percutaneous
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transhepatic cholangiography</a> (PTC)</b>: A procedure used to x-ray the liver and bile ducts. A thin needle is inserted through the skin below the ribs and into the liver. Dye is injected into the liver or bile ducts and an x-ray is taken. If a blockage is found, a thin, flexible tube called a stent is sometimes left in the liver to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000407759/" class="def">drain</a> bile into the small intestine or a collection bag outside the body. This test is done only if <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046424/" class="def">ERCP</a> cannot be
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done.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045556/" class="def">Laparoscopy</a></b>: A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgical</a> procedure to look at the organs inside the abdomen to check for signs of disease. Small <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046353/" class="def">incisions</a> (cuts) are made in the wall of the abdomen and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044360/" class="def">laparoscope</a> (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into one of the incisions. The laparoscope may have an ultrasound probe at the end in order to bounce high-energy sound waves off internal organs, such as the pancreas. This is called laparoscopic ultrasound. Other instruments may be inserted through the same or other incisions to perform procedures such as taking tissue samples from the pancreas or a sample of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044669/" class="def">fluid</a> from the abdomen to check for cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Biopsy</b>: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> by a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">pathologist</a> to check for signs of cancer. There are several ways to do a biopsy for pancreatic cancer.
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A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045691/" class="def">fine needle</a> or a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000641799/" class="def">core needle</a> may be inserted into the pancreas during an x-ray or
|
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ultrasound to remove cells. Tissue
|
|
may also be removed during a laparoscopy or surgery to remove the tumor.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062957__134"><h3>Certain factors affect prognosis (chance
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of recovery) and treatment options.</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__227">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045849/" class="def">prognosis</a> (chance of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454708/" class="def">recovery</a>) and treatment options depend on the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__228"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether or not the tumor can be removed by surgery.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The stage
|
|
of the cancer (the size of the tumor and whether the cancer has spread outside
|
|
the pancreas to nearby tissues or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph
|
|
nodes</a> or to other places in the body).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The patient’s general
|
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health.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurred</a> (come back).</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062957__137">Pancreatic cancer can be controlled only if it is found before it
|
|
has spread, when it can be completely removed by surgery. If the cancer has spread,
|
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045815/" class="def">palliative treatment</a> can improve the patient's
|
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045417/" class="def">quality of life</a> by controlling the
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symptoms and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463706/" class="def">complications</a> of this disease. </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062957__139"><h2 id="_CDR0000062957__139_">Stages of Pancreatic Cancer</h2><div id="CDR0000062957__139.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__140">Tests and procedures to stage pancreatic cancer are usually
|
|
done at the same time as diagnosis. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__241">There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__269">Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__143">The following stages are used for pancreatic
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cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__230">Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__145">Stage I</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__148">Stage II</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__151">Stage III</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__154">Stage IV</a></div></li></ul></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062957__140"><h3>Tests and procedures to stage pancreatic cancer are usually
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done at the same time as diagnosis. </h3><p id="CDR0000062957__267">The process used to find out if <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread within the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046254/" class="def">pancreas</a> or to other parts of the body is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046597/" class="def">staging</a>. The information gathered from the staging process determines the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the disease. It is important to know the stage of the disease in order to plan treatment. The results of some of the tests used to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnose</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044521/" class="def">pancreatic cancer</a> are often also used to stage the disease. See the <a href="#CDR0000062957__110">General Information</a> section for more information.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__241"><h3>There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__241_69">Cancer can spread through <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045764/" class="def">lymph system</a>, and the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">blood</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__241_70"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tissue. The cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymph system. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system. The cancer travels through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269462/" class="def">lymph vessels</a> to other parts of the body.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood. The cancer travels through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045020/" class="def">blood vessels</a> to other parts of the body.
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062957__269"><h3>Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__269_66">When cancer spreads to another part of the body, it is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046710/" class="def">metastasis</a>. Cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> break away from where they began (the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary tumor</a>) and travel through the lymph system or blood.</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__269_67"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymph system. The cancer gets into the lymph system, travels through the lymph vessels, and forms a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044058/" class="def">metastatic</a> tumor) in another part of the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood. The cancer gets into the blood, travels through the blood vessels, and forms a tumor (metastatic tumor) in another part of the body.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062957__271">The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if pancreatic cancer spreads to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a>, the cancer cells in the liver are actually pancreatic cancer cells. The disease is metastatic pancreatic cancer, not liver cancer.</p><div id="CDR0000062957__278" class="box"><h3><span class="title">metastasis: how cancer spreads</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Many cancer deaths are caused when cancer moves from the original tumor and spreads to other tissues and organs. This is called metastatic cancer. This animation shows how cancer cells travel from the place in the body where they first formed to other parts of the body.</p></div><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQwar_-QdiQ" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">YouTube</a></p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062957__143"><h3>The following stages are used for pancreatic
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cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000062957__230"><h4>Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ)</h4><div id="CDR0000062957__285" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%200%20pancreatic%20cancer&p=BOOKS&id=506886_CDR0000793188.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65959.8/bin/CDR0000793188.jpg" alt="Stage 0 pancreatic cancer; drawing shows abnormal cells in the pancreas." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage 0 pancreatic cancer. Abnormal cells are found in the lining of the pancreas. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.
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</p></div></div><p id="CDR0000062957__232">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000535776/" class="def">stage 0</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are found in the lining of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046254/" class="def">pancreas</a>. These abnormal cells may become <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> and spread into nearby normal <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>. Stage 0 is also called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046488/" class="def">carcinoma in situ</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__145"><h4>Stage I</h4><div id="CDR0000062957__259" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20I%20pancreatic%20cancer&p=BOOKS&id=506886_CDR0000687928.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65959.8/bin/CDR0000687928.jpg" alt="Stage I pancreatic cancer; drawing on the left shows stage IA pancreatic cancer. The cancer is in the pancreas and the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller. An inset shows 2 centimeters is about the size of a peanut. The drawing on the right shows stage IB pancreatic cancer. The cancer is in the pancreas and the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters. An inset shows 2 centimeters is about the size of a peanut and 4 centimeters is about the size of a walnut." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage I pancreatic cancer. Cancer is found in the pancreas only. In stage IA, the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller. In stage IB, the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters.</p></div></div><p id="CDR0000062957__147">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045482/" class="def">stage I</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has formed and is
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found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046254/" class="def">pancreas</a> only. Stage I is divided into
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stages IA and IB, depending on the size of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>.</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__222"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stage IA: The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is 2 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a> or smaller.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stage IB: The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is larger than 2 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a> but not larger than 4 centimeters.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062957__148"><h4>Stage II</h4><p id="CDR0000062957__150"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045490/" class="def">Stage II</a> is divided into
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stages IIA and IIB, depending on the size of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> and where the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread.</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__223"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stage IIA: The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is larger than 4 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a>.<div id="CDR0000062957__260" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IIA%20pancreatic%20cancer&p=BOOKS&id=506886_CDR0000687932.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65959.8/bin/CDR0000687932.jpg" alt="Stage IIA pancreatic cancer; drawing shows cancer in the pancreas and the tumor is larger than 4 centimeters. An inset shows 4 centimeters is about the size of a walnut." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IIA pancreatic cancer. The tumor is larger than 4 centimeters.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stage IIB: The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is any size and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread to 1 to 3 nearby <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a>.<div id="CDR0000062957__261" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IIB%20pancreatic%20cancer&p=BOOKS&id=506886_CDR0000742418.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65959.8/bin/CDR0000742418.jpg" alt="Stage IIB pancreatic cancer; drawing shows cancer in the pancreas and in 1 to 3 nearby lymph nodes." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IIB pancreatic cancer. The tumor is any size and cancer has spread to 1 to 3 nearby lymph nodes.</p></div></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062957__151"><h4>Stage III</h4><div id="CDR0000062957__262" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20III%20pancreatic%20cancer&p=BOOKS&id=506886_CDR0000687940.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65959.8/bin/CDR0000687940.jpg" alt="Stage III pancreatic cancer; drawing shows cancer in the pancreas and in (a) 4 or more nearby lymph nodes and (b) the common hepatic artery. Also shown are the portal vein, celiac axis (trunk), and superior mesenteric artery." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage III pancreatic cancer. The tumor is any size and cancer has spread to (a) 4 or more nearby lymph nodes; or (b) the major blood vessels near the pancreas. These include the portal vein, common hepatic artery, celiac axis (trunk), and superior mesenteric artery. </p></div></div><p id="CDR0000062957__283">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045497/" class="def">stage III</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is any size and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread to:</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__284"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>four or more nearby <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a>; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the major <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045020/" class="def">blood vessels</a> near the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046254/" class="def">pancreas</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062957__154"><h4>Stage IV</h4><div id="CDR0000062957__263" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Stage%20IV%20pancreatic%20cancer&p=BOOKS&id=506886_CDR0000687943.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65959.8/bin/CDR0000687943.jpg" alt="Stage IV pancreatic cancer; drawing shows other parts of the body where pancreatic cancer may spread, including the lung, liver, and peritoneal cavity. An inset shows cancer cells spreading from the pancreas, through the blood and lymph system, to another part of the body where metastatic cancer has formed." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Stage IV pancreatic cancer. The tumor is any size and cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lung, liver, or peritoneal cavity (the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen). </p></div></div><p id="CDR0000062957__156">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045511/" class="def">stage IV</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is any size and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread to other parts of the body, such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a>, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046125/" class="def">peritoneal cavity</a> (the body cavity that contains most of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a>). </p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000062957__160"><h2 id="_CDR0000062957__160_">Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062957__161"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">Recurrent</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044521/" class="def">pancreatic
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cancer</a> is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> that has <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurred</a>
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(come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come
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back in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046254/" class="def">pancreas</a> or in other
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parts of the body.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__162"><h2 id="_CDR0000062957__162_">Treatment Option Overview</h2><div id="CDR0000062957__162.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__163">There are different types of treatment for patients with
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pancreatic cancer. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__167">Five types of standard treatment are used:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__169">Surgery </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__175">Radiation therapy
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</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__178">Chemotherapy </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__256">Chemoradiation therapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__253">Targeted therapy</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__188">There are treatments for pain caused by pancreatic
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cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__191">Patients with pancreatic cancer have special nutritional
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needs.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__181">New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__279">Treatment for pancreatic cancer may cause side effects.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__243">Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__245">Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062957__247">Follow-up tests may be needed</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062957__163"><h3>There are different types of treatment for patients with
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pancreatic cancer. </h3><p id="CDR0000062957__165">Different types of treatment are available for patients with
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044521/" class="def">pancreatic cancer</a>. Some treatments are
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard</a> (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a>. A
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treatment clinical trial is a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651211/" class="def">research study</a> meant to help improve current
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treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>.
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When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the
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standard treatment, the new
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treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__167"><h3>Five types of standard treatment are used:</h3><div id="CDR0000062957__169"><h4>Surgery </h4><p id="CDR0000062957__171">One of the following types of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a> may be used to take out the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__172"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046653/" class="def">Whipple
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procedure</a>: A surgical procedure in which the head of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046254/" class="def">pancreas</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046395/" class="def">gallbladder</a>, part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046604/" class="def">stomach</a>, part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046582/" class="def">small intestine</a>, and the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046738/" class="def">bile duct</a> are removed. Enough of the pancreas is left to produce <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046446/" class="def">digestive</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046239/" class="def">juices</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046187/" class="def">insulin</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046694/" class="def">Total
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pancreatectomy</a>: This operation removes the whole pancreas, part
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of the stomach, part of the small
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intestine, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046466/" class="def">common bile
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duct</a>, the gallbladder, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046593/" class="def">spleen</a>, and nearby <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044519/" class="def">Distal pancreatectomy</a>: Surgery to remove the body and the tail of the
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pancreas. The spleen may also be removed if cancer has spread to the spleen.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062957__173">If the cancer has spread and cannot be removed, the following
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types of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045815/" class="def">palliative surgery</a> may be
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done to relieve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> and improve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045417/" class="def">quality of life</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__174"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Biliary bypass: If cancer is blocking the bile duct
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and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046508/" class="def">bile</a> is building up in the
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gallbladder, a biliary bypass may be done. During this operation, the doctor
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will cut the gallbladder or bile duct in the area before the blockage and sew it to the small intestine to
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create a new pathway around the blocked area. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046428/" class="def">Endoscopic</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044903/" class="def">stent</a> placement: If the tumor is blocking the
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bile duct, surgery may be done to put in a stent (a thin tube) to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000407759/" class="def">drain</a> bile
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that has built up in the area. The doctor may place the stent through a
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045637/" class="def">catheter</a> that drains the bile into a bag on the outside
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of the body or the stent may go around the blocked area and drain the bile into
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the small intestine.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046770/" class="def">Gastric</a> bypass:
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If the tumor is blocking the flow of food from the stomach, the stomach may be
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sewn directly to the small intestine so the patient can continue to eat
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normally. </div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062957__175"><h4>Radiation therapy
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</h4><p id="CDR0000062957__177"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">Radiation
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therapy</a> is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-rays</a> or other types of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045072/" class="def">radiation</a> to kill cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy:</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__276"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046686/" class="def">External radiation therapy</a> uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046345/" class="def">Internal radiation therapy</a> uses a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a> substance sealed in needles, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257219/" class="def">seeds</a>, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062957__277">The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer being treated. External radiation therapy is used to treat pancreatic cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__178"><h4>Chemotherapy </h4><p id="CDR0000062957__180"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a> is a cancer treatment that uses <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drugs</a> to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a> or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000301626/" class="def">systemic chemotherapy</a>). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046483/" class="def">cerebrospinal fluid</a>, an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organ</a>, or a body <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463703/" class="def">cavity</a> such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a>, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046559/" class="def">regional chemotherapy</a>). <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045650/" class="def">Combination chemotherapy</a> is treatment using more than one anticancer drug. The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated. </p><p id="CDR0000062957__251">See <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/pancreatic" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drugs Approved for Pancreatic Cancer</a> for more information.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__256"><h4>Chemoradiation therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000062957__258"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000306495/" class="def">Chemoradiation</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044737/" class="def">therapy</a> combines chemotherapy and radiation therapy to increase the effects of both.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__253"><h4>Targeted therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000062957__255"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270742/" class="def">Targeted therapy</a> is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells.
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044833/" class="def">Tyrosine kinase inhibitors</a> (TKIs) are targeted therapy drugs that block signals needed for tumors to grow.
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000508929/" class="def">Erlotinib</a> is a type of TKI used to treat pancreatic cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062957__273">See <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/pancreatic" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drugs Approved for Pancreatic Cancer</a> for more information.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062957__188"><h3>There are treatments for pain caused by pancreatic
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cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__190">Pain can occur when the tumor presses on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000373935/" class="def">nerves</a> or other organs
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near the pancreas. When pain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicine</a> is not enough, there are treatments that
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act on nerves in the abdomen to
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relieve the pain. The doctor may inject medicine into the area around affected
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nerves or may cut the nerves to block the feeling of pain. Radiation therapy
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with or without chemotherapy can also help relieve pain by shrinking the tumor.
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See the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062845/">Cancer Pain</a> for more information.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__191"><h3>Patients with pancreatic cancer have special nutritional
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needs.</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__193">Surgery to remove the pancreas may affect its ability to make <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046704/" class="def">pancreatic enzymes</a> that help to
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463707/" class="def">digest</a> food. As a result, patients may have problems digesting food and
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absorbing <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044697/" class="def">nutrients</a> into the body. To prevent <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046014/" class="def">malnutrition</a>, the doctor may prescribe medicines
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that replace these enzymes. See the PDQ summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000286996/">Nutrition in Cancer Care</a> for more information.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__181"><h3>New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__240">This summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials. It may not mention every new treatment being studied. Information about clinical trials is available from the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p><div id="CDR0000062957__183"><h4>Biologic therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000062957__185"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045617/" class="def">Biologic therapy</a> is a treatment that uses the patient’s <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046356/" class="def">immune system</a> to fight cancer. Substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost, direct, or restore the body’s natural defenses against cancer. This type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062957__279"><h3>Treatment for pancreatic cancer may cause side effects.</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__279_73">For information about <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> caused by treatment for cancer, see our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Side Effects</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__243"><h3>Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__243_23">For some patients, taking part in a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard treatment</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062957__243_24">Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000062957__243_25">Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__245"><h3>Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__245_29">Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurring</a> (coming back) or reduce the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> of cancer treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000062957__245_30">Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about clinical trials supported by NCI can be found on NCI’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trials search</a> webpage. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> website.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__247"><h3>Follow-up tests may be needed</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__247_33">Some of the tests that were done to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnose</a> the cancer or to find out the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.</p><p id="CDR0000062957__247_34">Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> has changed or if the cancer has <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurred</a> (come back). These tests are sometimes called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044671/" class="def">follow-up</a> tests or check-ups.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062957__194"><h2 id="_CDR0000062957__194_">Treatment Options by Stage </h2><p id="CDR0000062957__281">For information about the treatments listed below, see the <a href="#CDR0000062957__167">Treatment Option Overview</a> section.</p><div id="CDR0000062957__195"><h3>Stages I and II Pancreatic Cancer </h3><p id="CDR0000062957__196">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045482/" class="def">stage I</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045490/" class="def">stage II pancreatic cancer</a> may include the
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following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__197"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">Surgery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery followed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery followed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000306495/" class="def">chemoradiation</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045650/" class="def">combination chemotherapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of chemotherapy and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270742/" class="def">targeted therapy</a>, with or without chemoradiation.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of chemotherapy and/or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> before surgery. </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062957__TrialSearch_195_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__203"><h3>Stage III Pancreatic Cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__204">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045497/" class="def">stage III pancreatic
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cancer</a> may include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__205"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045815/" class="def">Palliative</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044903/" class="def">stent</a> placement to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046498/" class="def">bypass</a> blocked areas in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046441/" class="def">ducts</a>
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or the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046582/" class="def">small intestine</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a> followed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000306495/" class="def">chemoradiation</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chemoradiation followed by chemotherapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chemotherapy with or without <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270742/" class="def">targeted therapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> of new anticancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044737/" class="def">therapies</a> together with chemotherapy or chemoradiation. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> given during surgery or
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046345/" class="def">internal radiation</a> therapy. </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062957__TrialSearch_203_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__211"><h3>Stage IV Pancreatic Cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__212">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045511/" class="def">stage IV pancreatic
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cancer</a> may include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__213"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045815/" class="def">Palliative treatments</a> to relieve pain, such as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044693/" class="def">nerve blocks</a>, and
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other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046609/" class="def">supportive care</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Palliative <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044903/" class="def">stent</a> placement to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046498/" class="def">bypass</a> blocked areas
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in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046441/" class="def">ducts</a> or the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046582/" class="def">small intestine</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a> with or without <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270742/" class="def">targeted therapy</a>. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">Clinical trials</a> of new anticancer agents with or without chemotherapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062957__TrialSearch_211_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062957__215"><h2 id="_CDR0000062957__215_">Treatment Options for Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062957__282">For information about the treatments listed below, see the <a href="#CDR0000062957__167">Treatment Option Overview</a> section.</p><p id="CDR0000062957__216">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">recurrent</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044521/" class="def">pancreatic cancer</a> may include the
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following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__217"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045815/" class="def">Palliative</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>
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or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044903/" class="def">stent</a> placement to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046498/" class="def">bypass</a> blocked areas in
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046441/" class="def">ducts</a> or the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046582/" class="def">small intestine</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> Palliative <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation
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therapy</a> to shrink the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Other palliative medical care to reduce
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a>, such as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044693/" class="def">nerve blocks</a> to
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relieve pain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">Clinical trials</a> of
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chemotherapy, new anticancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044737/" class="def">therapies</a>, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045617/" class="def">biologic therapy</a>.
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</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062957__TrialSearch_215_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__235"><h2 id="_CDR0000062957__235_">To Learn More About Pancreatic Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062957__236">For more information from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044266/" class="def">National Cancer Institute</a> about pancreatic cancer, see the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__237"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/pancreatic" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Pancreatic Cancer Home Page</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062878/#CDR0000062878__120">Unusual Cancers of Childhood Treatment</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/pancreatic" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drugs Approved for Pancreatic Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/targeted-therapies/targeted-therapies-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Targeted Cancer Therapies</a></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062957__235_40">For general <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, see the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062957__235_41"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">About Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Staging</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/chemo-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/radiation-therapy-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Radiation Therapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Coping with Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/questions" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/ocs/resources/survivors.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">For Survivors and Caregivers</a>
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062957__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of pancreatic cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/adult-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials can be found online at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. For more information, call the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/contact-center" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Information Service</a> (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_21">PDQ® Adult Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Pancreatic Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/pancreatic/patient/pancreatic-treatment-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.cancer.gov/types/pancreatic/patient/pancreatic-treatment-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389396]</p><p id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000062957__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK65959</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26389396" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">26389396</a></span></div></div></div>
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