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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Cancer Institute (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2007/12/27" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="26389386" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65948/" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="liver and intrahepatic biliary tract cancer" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="disease screening" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="adult primary liver cancer" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="disease screening" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="liver and intrahepatic biliary tract cancer" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="liver cancer" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Cancer Institute (US)" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2007/12/27" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65948/" /><meta name="description" content="Liver (hepatocellular) cancer screening is not currently recommended as a routine part of cancer screening. Not all screening tests are helpful, and many have risks. Learn more about liver cancer and the tests used to detect it in this expert-reviewed summary." /><meta name="og:title" content="Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Liver (hepatocellular) cancer screening is not currently recommended as a routine part of cancer screening. Not all screening tests are helpful, and many have risks. Learn more about liver cancer and the tests used to detect it in this expert-reviewed summary." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65948/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000569404/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65948/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><meta name="book-collection" content="NONE" />
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65948_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65948_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65948_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Patient Version</div><p class="small">Published online: May 15, 2024.</p><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">December 27, 2007</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000569404__76">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about liver (hepatocellular) cancer screening. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000569404__77">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809688_20"><h2 id="_CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809688_20_">What Is Liver Cancer?</h2><p id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809688_22">Primary liver cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the liver. Cancer that forms in other parts of the body and spreads to the liver is not primary liver cancer. The liver is one of the largest organs in the body. It has two lobes and fills the upper right side of the abdomen inside the rib cage. The main functions of the liver include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809688_23"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>to make <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046508/" class="def">bile</a> to help digest fat that comes from food</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>to store glycogen (sugar), which the body uses for energy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>to filter harmful substances from the blood so they can be passed from the body in stools and urine</div></li></ul><div id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809688_24" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20liver&p=BOOKS&id=603834_CDR0000658698.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65948/bin/CDR0000658698.jpg" alt="Anatomy of the liver; drawing shows the right and left lobes of the liver. Also shown are the bile ducts, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, and colon." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the liver. The liver is in the upper abdomen near the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and pancreas. The liver has a right lobe and a left lobe. Each lobe is divided into two sections (not shown). </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809688_25"><h3>Types of liver cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809688_26"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046363/" class="def">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a> and <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/bile-duct-cancer/treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)</a> are the main types of adult primary liver cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809688_28">Most adult primary liver cancers are hepatocellular carcinomas. This type of liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.</p><p id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809688_29">Primary liver cancer can occur in both adults and children. However, treatment for children is different than treatment for adults. For more information, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/childhood-liver-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Childhood Liver Cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809688_30"><h3>Signs and symptoms of liver cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809688_31">These and other signs and symptoms may be caused by adult primary liver cancer or by other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809688_17"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a hard lump on the right side just below the rib cage</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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discomfort in the upper abdomen on the right side</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a swollen abdomen</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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pain near the right shoulder blade or in the back</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>jaundice
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(yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>easy bruising or bleeding</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>unusual tiredness or weakness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>nausea and vomiting</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>loss of appetite or feelings of fullness after eating a small meal</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>weight loss for no known reason</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>pale, chalky <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651179/" class="def">bowel movements</a> and dark urine</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>fever</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_1_">Liver Cancer Screening</h2><p id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_2">Screening is looking for cancer before a person has any symptoms. This can help find cancer at an early stage. When <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a> tissue or cancer is found early, it may be easier to treat.</p><p id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_24">It is important to remember that your doctor does not necessarily think you have cancer if he or she suggests a screening test. Screening tests are given when you have no cancer symptoms.
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If a screening test result is abnormal, you may need to have more tests done to find out if you have cancer. These are called diagnostic tests.</p><div id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_3"><h3>Tests to screen for liver cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_4">Although there is no standard or routine screening tests for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044242/" class="def">liver cancer</a>, the following tests are being used or studied to screen for it:</p><div id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_9"><h4>Ultrasound</h4><p id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_10">Ultrasound is a procedure in which high-energy waves (ultrasound) are bounced off the liver and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of the liver called a sonogram.</p></div><div id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_11"><h4>CT scan</h4><p id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_12"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046033/" class="def">CT scan</a> is a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of the liver, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a vein or swallowed to help the liver show up more clearly. This procedure is also called CAT scan or computed tomography.</p></div><div id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_5"><h4>Alpha-fetoprotein tumor marker</h4><p id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_6"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046636/" class="def">Tumor markers</a>, also called biomarkers, are substances made by the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> that may be found in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues. A high level of a specific tumor marker may mean that a certain type of cancer is present in the body.</p><p id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_7"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046208/" class="def">Alpha-fetoprotein</a> (AFP) is the most widely used tumor marker for detecting liver cancer. However, other cancers and certain conditions, including pregnancy, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046371/" class="def">hepatitis</a>, and other types of cancer, may also increase AFP levels.</p><p id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_8">Specific tumor markers that may lead to early detection of liver cancer are being studied.</p><p id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_25">Doctors use these screening tests to find, or diagnose, liver cancer. Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/what-is-liver-cancer/diagnosis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Liver Cancer Diagnosis</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_15"><h3>Risks of liver cancer screening</h3><p id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_16">Decisions about screening tests can be difficult. Not all screening tests are helpful and most have risk of harms associated with them. Before having any screening test, you may want to discuss the test with your doctor. It is important to be aware of any possible harms of the test and whether the test has been proven to reduce the risk of dying from cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_17">The risks of liver cancer screening include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_18"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>False-negative test results can occur.</b> Screening test results may appear to be normal even though liver cancer is present. A person who receives a false-negative test result (one that shows there is no cancer when there really is) may delay seeking medical care even if there are symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>False-positive test results can occur.</b> Screening test results may appear to be abnormal even though no cancer is present. A false-positive test result (one that shows there is cancer when there really isn't) can cause <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000430405/" class="def">anxiety</a> and is usually followed by diagnostic tests and procedures, such as a liver <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045164/" class="def">biopsy</a>, which also have risks.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Procedures to diagnose liver cancer can cause complications.</b> Abnormal screening results may be followed up with a liver biopsy to diagnose liver cancer. Liver biopsy may cause the following rare, but serious, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463706/" class="def">complications</a>:<ul id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_22"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000373015/" class="def">hemorrhage</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>trouble breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>leakage of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046508/" class="def">bile</a>, which can cause an infection of the lining of the abdomen</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a small puncture (hole) in an organ in the abdomen</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>spread of cancer cells along the needle path where the biopsy needle is inserted and withdrawn (taken out)</div></li></ul></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000569404__sm_CDR0000809693_23">Your doctor can advise you about your risk for liver cancer and your need for screening tests.</p></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65948/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK65948/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65948" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65948" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening: Patient Version. 2024 May 15.<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Version History</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter shutter_closed" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="version_history" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content" style="display: none;"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><span class="bk_col_itm">NBK65948.7</span> May 15, 2024 (Displayed Version)</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65948.6/">NBK65948.6</a></span> May 18, 2022</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65948.5/">NBK65948.5</a></span> April 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