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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65938_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65938_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65938_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: October 25, 2023.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000258007__173">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about colorectal cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000258007__174">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258007__1"><h2 id="_CDR0000258007__1_">What is prevention?</h2><p id="CDR0000258007__2"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevention</a> is action taken to lower the chance of getting cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will lower the number of deaths caused by cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000258007__103">To prevent new cancers from starting, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044724/" class="def">scientists</a> look at <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factors</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a>. Anything that increases your chance of developing cancer is called a cancer risk factor; anything that decreases your chance of developing cancer is called a cancer protective factor.</p><p id="CDR0000258007__62">Some risk factors for cancer can be avoided, but many cannot. For
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example, both smoking and inheriting certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045693/" class="def">genes</a> are risk factors for some
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types of cancer, but only smoking can be avoided. Regular exercise and a healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044660/" class="def">diet</a> may be protective factors for some types of cancer. Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may lower your risk, but it does
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not mean that you will not get cancer. </p><p id="CDR0000258007__98">Different ways to prevent cancer are being studied, including:</p><ul id="CDR0000258007__99"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changing lifestyle or eating habits.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding things known to cause cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicines</a> to treat a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046220/" class="def">precancerous</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> or to keep cancer from starting.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258007__4"><h2 id="_CDR0000258007__4_">General Information About Colorectal Cancer</h2><div id="CDR0000258007__4.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__5">Colorectal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer)
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cells form in the tissues of the colon or the rectum. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__9">Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of death from
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cancer in the United States. </a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258007__5"><h3>Colorectal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer)
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cells form in the tissues of the colon or the rectum. </h3><p id="CDR0000258007__7">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046462/" class="def">colon</a> is part of the body's <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046446/" class="def">digestive system</a>. The digestive system removes and
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processes <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044697/" class="def">nutrients</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044744/" class="def">vitamins</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045787/" class="def">minerals</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000285960/" class="def">carbohydrates</a>, fats, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046092/" class="def">proteins</a>, and
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water) from foods and helps pass waste material out of the body. The digestive
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system is made up of the mouth, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439429/" class="def">throat</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a>,
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046604/" class="def">stomach</a>, and the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046582/" class="def">small</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045097/" class="def">large intestines</a>. The colon (large <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046500/" class="def">bowel</a>) is the first part of the large intestine and is about 5 feet long. Together, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046555/" class="def">rectum</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044185/" class="def">anal</a> canal make up the last part of the large intestine and are 6 to 8 inches long. The anal canal ends at the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046523/" class="def">anus</a> (the opening of the large intestine to
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the outside of the body). <div id="CDR0000258007__123" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20lower%20gastrointestinal%20(digestive)%20system%20showing%20the%20colon%2C%20rectum%2C%20and%20anus&p=BOOKS&id=596707_CDR0000415499.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65938/bin/CDR0000415499.jpg" alt="Gastrointestinal (digestive) system anatomy; drawing shows the esophagus, liver, stomach, colon, small intestine, rectum, and anus." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the lower gastrointestinal (digestive) system showing the colon, rectum, and anus. Other organs that make up the digestive system are also shown.</p></div></div></p><p id="CDR0000258007__8"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> that begins in the colon is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044237/" class="def">colon cancer</a>, and cancer
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that begins in the rectum is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000529764/" class="def">rectal cancer</a>. Cancer that affects either of
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these <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> may also be called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444983/" class="def">colorectal cancer</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000258007__126">See the following <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summaries for more information about colorectal cancer:</p><ul id="CDR0000258007__127"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000258008/">Colorectal Cancer Screening</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062954/">Colon Cancer Treatment</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062959/">Rectal Cancer Treatment</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062863/">Genetics of Colorectal Cancer</a>
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258007__9"><h3>Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of death from
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cancer in the United States. </h3><p id="CDR0000258007__59">Between 2011 and 2019, the number of new colorectal cancer cases in the United States decreased slightly per year in people aged 50 years and older, but increased slightly per year in people younger than 50 years. For the past 20 years, the rate of deaths from colorectal cancer has been decreasing in both men and women. The number of new cases and the number of deaths are higher in Black people compared with other races; however, studies have found no evidence that Black people have higher rates of precancerous lesions.</p><p id="CDR0000258007__94">Finding and treating colorectal cancer early may prevent death from colorectal cancer. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046171/" class="def">Screening</a> tests may be used to help find colorectal cancer.
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</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258007__14"><h2 id="_CDR0000258007__14_">Colorectal Cancer Prevention</h2><div id="CDR0000258007__14.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__15">Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may
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help prevent cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__71">The following <i>risk </i>factors increase the risk of colorectal cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__90">Age</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__131">Family history of colorectal cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__128">Personal history</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__157">Inherited risk</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__135">Alcohol</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__138">Cigarette smoking</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__184">Race</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__81">Obesity</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__18">The following <i>protective</i> factors decrease the risk of colorectal cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__142">Physical activity</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__145">Aspirin</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__29">Combination hormone replacement therapy </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__32">Polyp removal</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__111">It is not clear if the following affect the risk of colorectal cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__113">Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) other than aspirin</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__152">Calcium</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__108">Diet</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__175">The following factors do not affect the risk of colorectal cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__177">Hormone replacement therapy with estrogen only</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__179">Statins</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__47">Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258007__100">New ways to prevent colorectal cancer are being studied in clinical trials.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258007__15"><h3>Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may
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help prevent cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000258007__15_md_53">Avoiding <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factors</a> may help <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevent</a> certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, having <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304742/" class="def">overweight</a>, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a> such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258007__71"><h3>The following <i>risk </i>factors increase the risk of colorectal cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000258007__90"><h4>Age</h4><p id="CDR0000258007__92">The risk of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444983/" class="def">colorectal cancer</a> increases after age 50. Most cases of colorectal cancer are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosed</a> after age 50.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258007__131"><h4>Family history of colorectal cancer</h4><p id="CDR0000258007__133">Having a parent, brother, sister, or child with colorectal cancer doubles a person's risk of colorectal cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258007__128"><h4>Personal history</h4><p id="CDR0000258007__130">Having a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000642021/" class="def">personal history</a> of the following <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">conditions</a> increases the risk of colorectal cancer: </p><ul id="CDR0000258007__172"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Previous colorectal cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High-risk <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046217/" class="def">adenomas</a> (colorectal <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045844/" class="def">polyps</a> that are 1 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeter</a> or larger in size or that have cells that look <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a> under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445074/" class="def">Ovarian cancer</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045737/" class="def">Inflammatory bowel disease</a> (such as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045493/" class="def">ulcerative colitis</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045661/" class="def">Crohn disease</a>).</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258007__157"><h4>Inherited risk</h4><p id="CDR0000258007__159">The risk of colorectal cancer is increased when certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045693/" class="def">gene</a> changes linked to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045100/" class="def">familial adenomatous polyposis</a> (FAP) or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044884/" class="def">hereditary nonpolyposis colon
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cancer</a> (HNPCC or Lynch Syndrome) are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045098/" class="def">inherited</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258007__135"><h4>Alcohol</h4><p id="CDR0000258007__137">Drinking 3 or more <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463134/" class="def">alcoholic</a> beverages per day increases the risk of
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colorectal cancer. Drinking alcohol is also linked to the risk of forming large colorectal <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046217/" class="def">adenomas</a> (benign tumors).</p></div><div id="CDR0000258007__138"><h4>Cigarette smoking</h4><p id="CDR0000258007__140">Cigarette smoking is linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer and death from colorectal cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000258007__141">Smoking cigarettes is also linked to an increased risk of
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forming colorectal adenomas. Cigarette smokers who have had <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a> to remove colorectal adenomas are at an increased risk for the adenomas to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recur</a> (come back).</p></div><div id="CDR0000258007__184"><h4>Race</h4><p id="CDR0000258007__186">Black individuals have an increased risk of colorectal cancer and death from colorectal cancer compared to other races.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258007__81"><h4>Obesity</h4><p id="CDR0000258007__83"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000527371/" class="def">Obesity</a> is linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer and death from colorectal cancer. </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258007__18"><h3>The following <i>protective</i> factors decrease the risk of colorectal cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000258007__142"><h4>Physical activity</h4><p id="CDR0000258007__144">A lifestyle that includes regular physical activity is linked to a decreased risk of colorectal cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258007__145"><h4>Aspirin</h4><p id="CDR0000258007__183">Studies have shown that taking aspirin daily for at least two years lowers the risk of colorectal cancer and the risk of death from colorectal cancer. The decrease in risk begins 10 to 20 years after patients start taking aspirin.</p><p id="CDR0000258007__148">The possible harms of aspirin use (100 mg or less) daily or every other day include an increased risk of stroke and bleeding in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046604/" class="def">stomach</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046335/" class="def">intestines</a>. These risks may be greater among the elderly, men, and those with conditions linked to a higher than normal risk of bleeding.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258007__29"><h4>Combination hormone replacement therapy </h4><p id="CDR0000258007__168"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651211/" class="def">Studies</a> have shown that combination <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046127/" class="def">hormone replacement therapy</a> (HRT) that includes both <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046076/" class="def">estrogen</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304743/" class="def">progestin</a> lowers the risk of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045741/" class="def">invasive</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044237/" class="def">colorectal cancer</a> in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045269/" class="def">postmenopausal</a> women. </p><p id="CDR0000258007__181">However, in women who take combination HRT and do develop colorectal cancer, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> is more likely to be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000478743/" class="def">advanced</a> when it is diagnosed and the risk of dying from colorectal cancer is not decreased.</p><p id="CDR0000258007__170">The possible harms of combination HRT include an increased risk of having:</p><ul id="CDR0000258007__171"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444971/" class="def">Breast cancer</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heart disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476017/" class="def">Blood clots</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258007__32"><h4>Polyp removal</h4><p id="CDR0000258007__34">Most colorectal polyps are adenomas, which may develop into cancer. Removing colorectal polyps that are larger than 1 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeter</a> (pea-sized) may lower the risk of colorectal cancer. It is not known if removing smaller polyps lowers the risk of colorectal cancer. </p><p id="CDR0000258007__161">The possible harms of polyp removal during <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045648/" class="def">colonoscopy</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045880/" class="def">sigmoidoscopy</a> include a tear in the wall of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046462/" class="def">colon</a> and bleeding.</p><div id="CDR0000258007__124" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Polyps%20in%20the%20colon&p=BOOKS&id=596707_CDR0000415500.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65938/bin/CDR0000415500.jpg" alt="Colon polyps; shows two polyps (one flat and one pedunculated) inside the colon. Inset shows photo of a pedunculated polyp." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Polyps in the colon. Some polyps have a stalk and others do not. Inset shows a photo of a polyp with a stalk.</p></div></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000258007__111"><h3>It is not clear if the following affect the risk of colorectal cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000258007__113"><h4>Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) other than aspirin</h4><p id="CDR0000258007__115">It is not known if the use of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044481/" class="def">nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a> or NSAIDs (such as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045372/" class="def">sulindac</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045969/" class="def">celecoxib</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000615394/" class="def">naproxen</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000613511/" class="def">ibuprofen</a>) lowers the risk of colorectal cancer.
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</p><p id="CDR0000258007__162">Studies have shown that taking the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib reduces the risk of colorectal adenomas (benign tumors) coming back after they have been removed. It is not clear if this results in a lower risk of colorectal cancer. </p><p id="CDR0000258007__182">Taking sulindac or celecoxib has been shown to reduce the number and size of polyps that form in the colon and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046555/" class="def">rectum</a> of people with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). It is not clear if this results in a lower risk of colorectal cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000258007__163">The possible harms of NSAIDs include:</p><ul id="CDR0000258007__164"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046325/" class="def">Kidney</a> problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bleeding in the stomach, intestines, or brain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heart problems such as heart attack and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045143/" class="def">congestive heart failure</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258007__152"><h4>Calcium</h4><p id="CDR0000258007__154">It is not known if taking <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045632/" class="def">calcium</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000441266/" class="def">supplements</a> lowers the risk of colorectal cancer. </p></div><div id="CDR0000258007__108"><h4>Diet</h4><p id="CDR0000258007__110">It is not known if a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044660/" class="def">diet</a> low in fat and meat and high in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046401/" class="def">fiber</a>, fruits, and vegetables lowers the risk of colorectal cancer. </p><p id="CDR0000258007__119">Some studies have shown that a diet high in fat, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046092/" class="def">proteins</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044651/" class="def">calories</a>, and meat increases the risk of colorectal cancer, but other studies have not. </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258007__175"><h3>The following factors do not affect the risk of colorectal cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000258007__177"><h4>Hormone replacement therapy with estrogen only</h4><p id="CDR0000258007__169">Hormone replacement therapy with estrogen only does not lower the risk of having invasive colorectal cancer or the risk of dying from colorectal cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258007__179"><h4>Statins</h4><p id="CDR0000258007__167">Studies have shown that taking <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390255/" class="def">statins</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drugs</a> that lower <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000407756/" class="def">cholesterol</a>) does not increase or decrease the risk of colorectal cancer.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258007__47"><h3>Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000258007__50"><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000258007__49"></div>Cancer prevention <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a> are used to study ways to lower the risk
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of developing certain types of cancer. Some cancer prevention trials are
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conducted with healthy people who have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer. Other prevention trials
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are conducted with people who have had cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type or to lower their chance of developing a
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new type of cancer. Other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known to have any risk factors for cancer. </p><p id="CDR0000258007__51">The purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to find out
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whether actions people take can prevent cancer. These may include exercising more or quitting smoking
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or taking certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicines</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044744/" class="def">vitamins</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045787/" class="def">minerals</a>, or food
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045916/" class="def">supplements</a>.<div class="milestone-end"></div></p></div><div id="CDR0000258007__100"><h3>New ways to prevent colorectal cancer are being studied in clinical trials.</h3><p id="CDR0000258007__100_md_95">Information about <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a> supported by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044267/" class="def">NCI</a> can be found on NCI’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trials search</a> webpage. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> website.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000258007__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about colorectal cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/screening-prevention" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials can be found online at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. For more information, call the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/contact-center" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Information Service</a> (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_21">PDQ® Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. PDQ Colorectal Cancer Prevention. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/patient/colorectal-prevention-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/patient/colorectal-prevention-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389376]</p><p id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000258007__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65938/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK65938/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65938" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65938" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2023 Oct 25. 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