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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65913_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65913_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65913_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors Treatment Overview (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: January 12, 2021.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000257997__400">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of childhood brain and spinal cord tumors. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000257997__401">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000257997__1"><h2 id="_CDR0000257997__1_">General Information About Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors</h2><div id="CDR0000257997__1.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000257997__2">A childhood brain or spinal cord tumor is a disease in which abnormal cells form in the tissues of the brain or spinal cord. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000257997__272">The brain controls many important body functions.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000257997__273">The spinal cord connects the brain with nerves in most parts of the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000257997__275">Brain and spinal cord tumors are a common type of childhood cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000257997__210">The cause of most childhood brain and spinal cord tumors is unknown.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000257997__155">The signs and symptoms of childhood brain and spinal cord tumors are not the same in every child.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000257997__16">Tests that examine the brain and spinal cord are used to
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detect (find) childhood brain and spinal cord tumors.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000257997__148">Most childhood brain tumors are diagnosed and removed in surgery.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000257997__315">Some childhood brain and spinal cord tumors are diagnosed by imaging tests.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000257997__20">Certain factors affect prognosis (chance
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of recovery).</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000257997__2"><h3>A childhood brain or spinal cord tumor is a disease in which abnormal cells form in the tissues of the brain or spinal cord. </h3><p id="CDR0000257997__4">There are many types of childhood <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000427310/" class="def">brain and spinal cord tumors</a>. The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumors</a> are
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formed by the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a> growth of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> and may begin in different areas
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of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000797669/" class="def">brain</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000340937/" class="def">spinal cord</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000257997__340">The tumors may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045614/" class="def">benign</a> (not <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>) or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045772/" class="def">malignant</a> (cancer). Benign <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000387264/" class="def">brain tumors</a> may grow and press on nearby areas of the brain. They rarely spread into other brain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>. Malignant brain tumors may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386213/" class="def">low grade</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386205/" class="def">high grade</a>. High-grade tumors are likely to grow quickly and spread into other brain tissue. Low-grade tumors tend to grow and spread more slowly than high-grade tumors. When a tumor grows into or presses on an area of the brain, it may stop that part of the brain from working the way it should. Both benign and malignant brain tumors can cause <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">signs</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a>, need treatment, and can <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recur</a> (come back).</p><p id="CDR0000257997__390">Together, the brain and spinal cord make up the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046481/" class="def">central nervous system</a> (CNS).</p><p id="CDR0000257997__448">This summary is about <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary</a> benign and malignant brain and spinal cord tumors.</p></div><div id="CDR0000257997__272"><h3>The brain controls many important body functions.</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__218">The brain has three major parts: </p><ul id="CDR0000257997__6"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046484/" class="def">cerebrum</a> is the largest part of the brain. It is at the top of the head. The cerebrum controls thinking, learning, problem-solving, emotions, speech, reading, writing, and voluntary movement. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046714/" class="def">cerebellum</a> is
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in the lower back of the brain (near the middle of the back of the head). It controls voluntary movement, balance, and
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posture.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046491/" class="def">brain stem</a> connects the brain to the spinal cord. It is
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in the lowest part of the brain (just above the back of the neck). The
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brain stem controls breathing, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748353/" class="def">heart rate</a>, and the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000373935/" class="def">nerves</a> and muscles used in seeing, hearing, walking, talking, and eating.</div></li></ul><div id="CDR0000257997__397" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20brain&p=BOOKS&id=566745_CDR0000772103.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65913/bin/CDR0000772103.jpg" alt="Anatomy of the brain; the right panel shows the supratentorial area (the upper part of the brain) and the posterior fossa/infratentorial area (the lower back part of the brain). The supratentorial area contains the cerebrum, lateral ventricle and third ventricle (with cerebrospinal fluid shown in blue), choroid plexus, pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and optic nerve. The posterior fossa/infratentorial area contains the cerebellum, tectum, fourth ventricle, and brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla). The tentorium and spinal cord are also shown. The left panel shows the cerebrum, ventricles (fluid-filled spaces), meninges, skull, cerebellum, brain stem (pons and medulla), and spinal cord." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the brain. The supratentorial area (the upper part of the brain) contains the cerebrum, lateral ventricle and third ventricle (with cerebrospinal fluid shown in blue), choroid plexus, pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and optic nerve. The posterior fossa/infratentorial area (the lower back part of the brain) contains the cerebellum, tectum, fourth ventricle, and brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla). The tentorium separates the supratentorium from the infratentorium (right panel). The skull and meninges protect the brain and spinal cord (left panel).</p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000257997__273"><h3>The spinal cord connects the brain with nerves in most parts of the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__171">The spinal cord is a column of nerve tissue that runs from the brain stem down the center of the back. It is covered by three thin layers of tissue called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046294/" class="def">membranes</a>. The spinal cord and membranes are surrounded by the vertebrae (back bones). Spinal cord nerves carry messages between the brain and the rest of the body, such as a message from the brain to cause muscles to move or a message from the skin to the brain to feel touch.</p></div><div id="CDR0000257997__275"><h3>Brain and spinal cord tumors are a common type of childhood cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__277">Although <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> is rare in children, brain and spinal cord tumors are the second most
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common type of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000728326/" class="def">childhood cancer</a>, after <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045343/" class="def">leukemia</a>. Brain tumors can occur in both children and adults. Treatment for children is usually different than treatment for adults. (See
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the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062697/">Adult Central Nervous System Tumors Treatment</a> for more information about the treatment of adults.) </p><p id="CDR0000257997__278"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044058/" class="def">Metastatic</a> tumors are formed by cancer cells that begin in other parts of the body and spread to the brain or spinal cord. Treatment of metastatic
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brain and spinal cord tumors is not covered in
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this summary. </p></div><div id="CDR0000257997__210"><h3>The cause of most childhood brain and spinal cord tumors is unknown.</h3></div><div id="CDR0000257997__155"><h3>The signs and symptoms of childhood brain and spinal cord tumors are not the same in every child.</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__395">Signs and symptoms depend on the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000257997__396"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Where the tumor forms in the brain or spinal cord.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The size of the tumor.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How fast the tumor grows.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The child's age and development.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000257997__157">Signs and symptoms may be caused by childhood brain and spinal cord tumors or by other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">conditions</a>. Check with your child's doctor if your child has any of the following:</p><h4><span class="title">Brain Tumor Signs and Symptoms</span></h4><ul id="CDR0000257997__158"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Morning headache or headache that goes away after <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390324/" class="def">vomiting</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Frequent <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390302/" class="def">nausea</a> and vomiting.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Vision, hearing, and speech problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Loss of balance and trouble walking.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unusual sleepiness or change in activity level.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unusual changes in personality or behavior.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045484/" class="def">Seizures</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increase in the head size (in infants).</div></li></ul><h4><span class="title">Spinal Cord Tumor Signs and Symptoms</span></h4><ul id="CDR0000257997__223"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Back pain or pain that spreads from the back towards the arms or legs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A change in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046500/" class="def">bowel</a> habits or trouble <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046642/" class="def">urinating</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Weakness in the legs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Trouble walking.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000257997__333">In addition to these signs and symptoms of brain and spinal cord tumors, some children are unable to reach certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000637716/" class="def">growth and development milestones</a> such as sitting up, walking, and talking in sentences.</p></div><div id="CDR0000257997__16"><h3>Tests that examine the brain and spinal cord are used to
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detect (find) childhood brain and spinal cord tumors.</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__18">The following tests and procedures may be used:</p><ul id="CDR0000257997__19"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270871/" class="def">Physical exam</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000798522/" class="def">health history</a></b>: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000322871/" class="def">Neurological exam</a></b>: A series of questions and tests to check the brain, spinal cord, and nerve function. The exam checks a person’s mental status, coordination, and ability to walk normally, and how well the muscles, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000792756/" class="def">senses</a>, and reflexes work. This may also be called a neuro exam or a neurologic exam.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045788/" class="def">MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging) with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000597153/" class="def">gadolinium</a></b>: A procedure that uses a magnet, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651209/" class="def">radio waves</a>, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of the brain and spinal cord. A substance called gadolinium is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a>. The gadolinium collects around the cancer cells so they show up brighter in the picture. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354469/" class="def">Serum tumor marker test</a></b>: A procedure in which a sample of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">blood</a> is examined to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a>, tissues, or tumor cells in the body. Certain substances are linked to specific types of cancer when found in increased levels in the blood. These are called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046636/" class="def">tumor markers</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000257997__148"><h3>Most childhood brain tumors are diagnosed and removed in surgery.</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__150">If doctors think there might be a brain tumor, a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045164/" class="def">biopsy</a> may be done to remove a sample of tissue. For tumors in the brain, a part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000763008/" class="def">skull</a> is removed and a needle is used to remove a sample of tissue. Sometimes, the needle is guided by a computer. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">pathologist</a> views the tissue under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> to look for cancer cells. If cancer cells are found, the doctor may remove as much tumor as safely possible during the same <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>. The pathologist checks the cancer cells to find out the type and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045702/" class="def">grade</a> of brain tumor. The grade of the tumor is based on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread.</p><div id="CDR0000257997__393" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Craniotomy%3A%20An%20opening%20is%20made%20in%20the%20skull%20and%20a%20piece%20of%20the%20skull%20is%20removed%20to%20show%20part%20of%20the%20brain&p=BOOKS&id=566745_CDR0000691155.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65913/bin/CDR0000691155.jpg" alt="Drawing of a craniotomy showing a section of the scalp that has been pulled back to remove a piece of the skull; the dura covering the brain has been opened to expose the brain. The layer of muscle under the scalp is also shown." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Craniotomy: An opening is made in the skull and a piece of the skull is removed to show part of the brain.</p></div></div><p id="CDR0000257997__187">The following test may be done on the sample of tissue that is removed:</p><ul id="CDR0000257997__186"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000653117/" class="def">Immunohistochemistry</a></b>: A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046590/" class="def">laboratory test</a> that uses <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044918/" class="def">antibodies</a> to check for certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046086/" class="def">antigens</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045776/" class="def">markers</a>) in a sample of a patient’s tissue. The antibodies are usually linked to an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046081/" class="def">enzyme</a> or a fluorescent dye. After the antibodies bind to a specific antigen in the tissue sample, the enzyme or dye is activated, and the antigen can then be seen under a microscope. This type of test is used to help <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnose</a> cancer and to help tell one type of cancer from another type of cancer.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000257997__315"><h3>Some childhood brain and spinal cord tumors are diagnosed by imaging tests.</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__317">Sometimes a biopsy or surgery cannot be done safely because of where the tumor formed in the brain or spinal cord. These tumors are diagnosed based on the results of <a href="#CDR0000257997__16">imaging tests and other procedures</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000257997__20"><h3>Certain factors affect prognosis (chance
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of recovery).</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__22">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045849/" class="def">prognosis</a> depends on the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000257997__164"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether there are any cancer cells left after surgery.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The type of tumor.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Where the tumor is in the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The child's age.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether the tumor has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="CDR0000257997__98"><h2 id="_CDR0000257997__98_">Treatment of Newly Diagnosed and Recurrent Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors</h2><p id="CDR0000257997__389">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000797669/" class="def">brain</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000340937/" class="def">spinal cord</a> are made of different kinds of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a>. Childhood <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000387264/" class="def">brain tumors</a> and spinal cord <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumors</a> can be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045614/" class="def">benign</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045772/" class="def">malignant</a> and are grouped and treated based on the type of cell the tumor formed in and where the tumor began growing in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046481/" class="def">central nervous system</a> (CNS). Some types of tumors are divided into subtypes based on how the tumor looks under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> and whether it has certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045693/" class="def">gene</a> changes. See the list below for more information about <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046597/" class="def">staging</a> and treatment of newly <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosed</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">recurrent</a> childhood brain and spinal cord tumors. </p><div id="CDR0000257997__449"><h3>Childhood Astrocytomas</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__450">See the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000574295/">Childhood Astrocytomas Treatment</a> for more information on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045602/" class="def">astrocytomas</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045700/" class="def">gliomas</a>, xanthroastrocytomas, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045096/" class="def">neurofibromatosis type 1</a> (NF1).</p></div><div id="CDR0000257997__451"><h3>Childhood Brain Stem Glioma</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__452">See the PDQ summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062962/">Childhood Brain Stem Glioma Treatment</a> for more information on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000637273/" class="def">diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044499/" class="def">focal</a> gliomas. </p></div><div id="CDR0000257997__453"><h3>Childhood CNS Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__454">See the PDQ summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000574573/">Childhood Central Nervous System Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor Treatment</a> for more information.</p></div><div id="CDR0000257997__455"><h3>Childhood CNS Germ Cell Tumor</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__456">See the PDQ summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000719453/">Childhood Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors Treatment</a> for more information on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000800814/" class="def">germinomas</a>, embryonal <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045963/" class="def">carcinomas</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000791306/" class="def">yolk sac tumors</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046753/" class="def">choriocarcinoma</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000443575/" class="def">mature teratomas</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000443576/" class="def">immature teratomas</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044248/" class="def">teratoma</a> with malignant <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046628/" class="def">transformation</a>, and mixed <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045695/" class="def">germ cell tumors</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000257997__457"><h3>Childhood Craniopharyngioma</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__458">See the PDQ summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000574137/">Childhood Craniopharyngioma Treatment</a> for more information.</p></div><div id="CDR0000257997__459"><h3>Childhood Ependymoma</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__460">See the PDQ summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062971/">Childhood Ependymoma Treatment</a> for more information.</p></div><div id="CDR0000257997__461"><h3>Childhood Medulloblastoma and Other CNS Embryonal Tumors</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__462">See the PDQ summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000552550/">Childhood Medulloblastoma and Other Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors Treatment</a> for more information on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045780/" class="def">medulloblastomas</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000367442/" class="def">embryonal tumors</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046227/" class="def">pineoblastomas</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000257997__192"><h2 id="_CDR0000257997__192_">To Learn More About Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors</h2><p id="CDR0000257997__193">For more information about childhood <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000427310/" class="def">brain and spinal cord tumors</a>, see the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000257997__194"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.pbtc.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium (PBTC)</a>
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</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000257997__192_md_44">For more childhood <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> information and other general cancer resources, see the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000257997__192_md_45"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">About Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/childhood-cancers" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Childhood Cancers</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.curesearch.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CureSearch for Children's Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000373791/">Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/aya" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/guide-for-parents" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children with Cancer: A Guide for Parents</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/childhood-cancers/child-adolescent-cancers-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer in Children and Adolescents</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Staging</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Coping with Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/questions" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/ocs/resources/survivors.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">For Survivors and Caregivers</a>
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000257997__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of childhood brain and spinal cord tumors. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/pediatric-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials can be found online at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. For more information, call the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/contact-center" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Information Service</a> (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_21">PDQ® Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors Treatment Overview. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/patient/child-brain-treatment-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/patient/child-brain-treatment-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389351]</p><p id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000257997__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK65913</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26389351" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">26389351</a></span></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65913/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK65913/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65913" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65913" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors Treatment Overview (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2021 Jan 12. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Version History</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter shutter_closed" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="version_history" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content" style="display: none;"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><span class="bk_col_itm">NBK65913.19</span> January 12, 2021 (Displayed Version)</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65913.18/">NBK65913.18</a></span> May 7, 2020</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65913.17/">NBK65913.17</a></span> April 6, 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August 18, 2017</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65913.6/">NBK65913.6</a></span> February 8, 2017</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65913.5/">NBK65913.5</a></span> December 9, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65913.4/">NBK65913.4</a></span> August 26, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65913.3/">NBK65913.3</a></span> August 18, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65913.2/">NBK65913.2</a></span> September 17, 2015</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65913.1/">NBK65913.1</a></span> August 26, 2015</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#CDR0000257997__1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">General Information About Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000257997__98" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment of Newly Diagnosed and Recurrent Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000257997__192" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">To Learn More About Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000257997__AboutThis_1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">About This PDQ Summary</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related publications</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="document-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK66018/">Health Professional Version</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389295" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Brain Stem Glioma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Brain Stem Glioma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/29337471" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Salivary Gland Tumors (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div 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xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Esthesioneuroblastoma (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Esthesioneuroblastoma (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li></ul><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed_reviews&uid=26389351" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedreviews_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See 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