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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="author" content="PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Cervical Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Cancer Institute (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2015/10/23" /><meta name="citation_author" content="PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="26389339" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65901/" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="cervical cancer" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="cancer prevention" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="cancer prevention" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="cervical cancer" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Cervical Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Cancer Institute (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2015/10/23" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65901/" /><meta name="DC.Language" content="en" /><meta name="description" content="Expert-reviewed information summary about factors that may increase the risk of developing cervical cancer and about approaches that may help in the prevention of this disease." /><meta name="og:title" content="Cervical Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Expert-reviewed information summary about factors that may increase the risk of developing cervical cancer and about approaches that may help in the prevention of this disease." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65901/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062817/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65901/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><meta name="book-collection" content="NONE" />
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65901_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65901_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65901_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Cervical Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: October 23, 2015.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000062817__125">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about cervical cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__126">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062817__1_">What is prevention?</h2><p id="CDR0000062817__2"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevention</a> is action taken to lower the chance of getting
|
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cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer
|
|
in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will lower
|
|
the number of deaths caused by cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__3">To prevent new cancers from starting, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044724/" class="def">scientists</a> look at <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factors</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a>. Anything that increases your
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chance of developing cancer is called a cancer risk factor;
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anything that decreases your chance of developing cancer is
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called a cancer protective factor.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__4">Some risk factors for cancer can be avoided, but many cannot.
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For example, both smoking and inheriting certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045693/" class="def">genes</a> are
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risk factors for some types of cancer, but only smoking can be
|
|
avoided. Regular exercise and a healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044660/" class="def">diet</a> may be protective
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factors for some types of cancer. Avoiding risk factors and
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increasing protective factors may lower your risk but it does
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not mean that you will not get cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__5">Different ways to prevent cancer are being studied, including:</p><ul id="CDR0000062817__6"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changing lifestyle or eating habits.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding things known to cause cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicines</a> to treat a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046220/" class="def">precancerous</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> or to
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keep cancer from starting.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062817__7"><h2 id="_CDR0000062817__7_">General Information About Cervical Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000062817__10"><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000062817__8"></div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444973/" class="def">Cervical cancer</a> is a disease in which <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045772/" class="def">malignant</a> (cancer) <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a>
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form in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046133/" class="def">cervix</a>. The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046645/" class="def">uterus</a> (the hollow, pear-shaped <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organ</a> where a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046400/" class="def">fetus</a> grows). The cervix connects the uterus to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046646/" class="def">vagina</a> (birth canal).
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</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR000006281792" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR000006281792"><a href="/books/NBK65901.2/figure/CDR0000062817__92/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR000006281792" rid-ob="figobCDR000006281792"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK65901.2/bin/CDR0000609921.gif" src-large="/books/NBK65901.2/bin/CDR0000609921.jpg" alt="Anatomy of the female reproductive system" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR000006281792"><h4 id="CDR0000062817__92"><a href="/books/NBK65901.2/figure/CDR0000062817__92/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR000006281792">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Anatomy of the female reproductive system. The organs in the female reproductive system include the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, and vagina. The uterus has a muscular outer layer called the myometrium and an inner lining called the endometrium. <a href="/books/NBK65901.2/figure/CDR0000062817__92/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR000006281792">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p id="CDR0000062817__62">Cervical cancer usually develops slowly over time. Before <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> appears in the cervix, the cells of the cervix go through a series of changes in which cells that are not normal begin to appear in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044102/" class="def">cervical</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>. When cells change from being normal cells to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a> cells, it is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045675/" class="def">dysplasia</a>. Depending on the number of abnormal cells, dysplasia may go away without treatment. The more abnormal cells there are, the less likely they are to go away. Over time, dysplasia that is not treated may turn into cancer. The cancer cells grow and spread through the cervix. It can take many years for dysplasia to turn into cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__90">See the following <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summaries for more information about cervical cancer: </p><ul id="CDR0000062817__91"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000304518/">Cervical Cancer Screening</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062961/">Cervical Cancer Treatment</a><div class="milestone-end"></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062817__14"><h2 id="_CDR0000062817__14_">Cervical Cancer Prevention</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062817__15">Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may
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help prevent cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062817__18">The following are <i>risk</i> factors for cervical cancer:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062817__29">The following <i>protective</i> factors
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decrease the risk of cervical cancer:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062817__51">Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways
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to prevent cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062817__56">
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New ways to prevent cervical cancer are being studied in clinical
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trials. </a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062817__15"><h3>Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may
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help prevent cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__15_53">Avoiding <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factors</a> may help <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevent</a> certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, being overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a> such as quitting smoking, eating a healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044660/" class="def">diet</a>, and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__18"><h3>The following are <i>risk</i> factors for cervical cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000062817__145"><h4>HPV infection</h4><p id="CDR0000062817__147"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045364/" class="def">Infection</a> with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045714/" class="def">human papillomavirus</a> (HPV) is the most common cause of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444973/" class="def">cervical cancer</a>. HPV infections that cause cervical cancer are spread through sexual contact. There are more than 80 types of human papillomavirus and about 30 of these can infect the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046133/" class="def">cervix</a>. HPV types 16 and 18 are most often linked to cervical cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__148">Most of the time, the body’s <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046356/" class="def">immune system</a> can fight the HPV infection. Only a very small number of women infected with HPV develop cervical cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__96"><h4>Having a weakened immune system</h4><p id="CDR0000062817__98">Having a weakened immune system caused by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045727/" class="def">immunosuppression</a> increases the risk of HPV infection and cervical cancer. Immunosuppression is a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> in which the body's immune system is weakened and its ability to fight infections and other diseases is lessened. Long-term immunosuppression may increase the risk of cervical cancer because it lowers the body's ability to fight HPV infection. </p><p id="CDR0000062817__127">Immunosuppression can be caused by the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062817__128"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044366/" class="def">Human immunodeficiency virus</a> (HIV). This virus causes <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045950/" class="def">AIDS</a> and weakens the body's immune system. Women who are infected with the HIV virus have an increased risk of HPV infection and cervical cancer compared with women who are not infected with HIV.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def"> Medicine</a> to prevent <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organ</a> rejection after <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046631/" class="def">transplant</a>. Women who have an organ transplant are given medicine to weaken the body’s immune system and help prevent organ rejection.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062817__129"><h4>DES exposure</h4><p id="CDR0000062817__131">Being exposed to a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drug</a> called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046021/" class="def">diethylstilbestrol</a> (DES) while in the mother's <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044473/" class="def">womb</a> increases the risk of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000764583/" class="def">cervical dysplasia</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000335091/" class="def">clear cell adenocarcinoma</a> of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046646/" class="def">vagina</a> and cervix. Between 1940 and 1971, DES was given to some <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000666677/" class="def">pregnant</a> women in the United States to prevent miscarriage (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748342/" class="def">premature birth</a> of a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046400/" class="def">fetus</a> that cannot survive) and premature labor.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__144"><h4>In women with HPV infection, other risk factors are also associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer.</h4><div id="CDR0000062817__134"><h5>Many full-term pregnancies </h5><p id="CDR0000062817__136">Among women who are infected with HPV, those who have had 7 or more full-term <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000666677/" class="def">pregnancies</a> have an increased risk of cervical cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__137"><h5>Long-term use of oral contraceptives</h5><p id="CDR0000062817__139">Among women who are infected with HPV, those who have used <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000443306/" class="def">oral contraceptives</a> ("the Pill") for 5 to 9 years have a risk of cervical cancer that is 3 times greater than that of women who have never used oral contraceptives.
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The risk is 4 times greater after 10 or more years of use. In women who stop taking oral contraceptives, over a 10 year period, the risk of cervical cancer returns to that of women who never used oral contraceptives.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__140"><h5>Smoking</h5><p id="CDR0000062817__142">Women who either smoke <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748148/" class="def">cigarettes</a> or breathe in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000538647/" class="def">secondhand smoke</a> have an increased risk of cervical cancer. The risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked per day and how long the woman has smoked. Among women infected with HPV, current and former smokers have 2 to 3 times the risk of cervical dysplasia and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045741/" class="def">invasive</a> cervical cancer.</p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000062817__29"><h3>The following <i>protective</i> factors
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decrease the risk of cervical cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000062817__116"><h4>Avoiding sexual activity</h4><p id="CDR0000062817__118">Almost all cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV infection, which is spread through sexual activity. Cervical cancer is seen more often in women who are sexually active at an early age and who have multiple sexual partners. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__113"><h4>Getting an HPV vaccine</h4><p id="CDR0000062817__124"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045938/" class="def">Vaccines</a> that protect against HPV infection greatly reduce the risk of cervical cancer. These vaccines do not protect women who are already infected with HPV.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__115">Several <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000505904/" class="def">HPV vaccines</a> have been approved by the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454785/" class="def">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA). These vaccines have been shown to prevent infection with the types of HPV that cause most cervical cancers. Protection against HPV infection lasts for 6 to 8 years. It is not known if the protection lasts longer. </p><p id="CDR0000062817__123">Harms of HPV vaccines include dizziness, feeling faint, headache, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000450108/" class="def">fever</a>, and redness, tenderness, or warmth at the place of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injection</a>. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000443292/" class="def">Allergic reactions</a> are rare.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__119"><h4>Using barrier protection during sexual activity</h4><p id="CDR0000062817__121">Some methods used to prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) decrease the risk of HPV infection. The use of a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454715/" class="def">barrier</a> method of birth control, such as a condom or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046451/" class="def">diaphragm</a>, helps protect against HPV infection.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062817__51"><h3>Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways
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to prevent cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__54">Cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevention</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a> are used to study ways to
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lower the risk of developing certain types of cancer. Some
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cancer prevention trials are conducted with healthy people who
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have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer.
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Other prevention trials are conducted with people who have had
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cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type
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or to lower their chance of developing a new type of cancer.
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Other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known
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to have any <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factors</a> for cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__55">The purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to
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find out whether actions people take can prevent cancer. These
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may include eating fruits and vegetables, exercising, quitting
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smoking, or taking certain medicines, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044744/" class="def">vitamins</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045787/" class="def">minerals</a>, or
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food <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045916/" class="def">supplements</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__56"><h3>
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New ways to prevent cervical cancer are being studied in clinical
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trials. </h3><p id="CDR0000062817__58">Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country.
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Information about clinical trials can be found in the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Clinical
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Trials</a> section of the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044267/" class="def">NCI</a> website.
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Check NCI's list of cancer clinical trials
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for <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search/results?protocolsearchid=6197728&vers=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">cervical cancer prevention trials</a>
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that are now accepting patients.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062817__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about cervical cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/screening-prevention" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials are listed in PDQ and can be found online at <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_21">National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Cervical Cancer Prevention. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/patient/cervical-prevention-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/patient/cervical-prevention-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="http://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 2,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div>
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Lung Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Lung Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389434" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Skin Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Skin Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389410" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389376" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span 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