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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65901_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65901_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65901_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Cervical Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: April 9, 2015.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000062817__96">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about cervical cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__97">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062817__1_">What is prevention?</h2><p id="CDR0000062817__2"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevention</a> is action taken to lower the chance of getting
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cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer
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|
in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will lower
|
|
the number of deaths caused by cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__3">To prevent new cancers from starting, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044724/" class="def">scientists</a> look at <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factors</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a>. Anything that increases your
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chance of developing cancer is called a cancer risk factor;
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anything that decreases your chance of developing cancer is
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called a cancer protective factor.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__4">Some risk factors for cancer can be avoided, but many cannot.
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For example, both smoking and inheriting certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045693/" class="def">genes</a> are
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risk factors for some types of cancer, but only smoking can be
|
|
avoided. Regular exercise and a healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044660/" class="def">diet</a> may be protective
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factors for some types of cancer. Avoiding risk factors and
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increasing protective factors may lower your risk but it does
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not mean that you will not get cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__5">Different ways to prevent cancer are being studied, including:</p><ul id="CDR0000062817__6"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changing lifestyle or eating habits.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding things known to cause cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicines</a> to treat a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046220/" class="def">precancerous</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> or to
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keep cancer from starting.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062817__7"><h2 id="_CDR0000062817__7_">General Information About Cervical Cancer</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062817__8">Cervical cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells
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form in the cervix.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062817__11">Screening for cervical cancer using the Pap test has decreased the number of deaths from cervical cancer.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062817__8"><h3>Cervical cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells
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form in the cervix.</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__10">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046133/" class="def">cervix</a> is the lower, narrow end of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046645/" class="def">uterus</a> (the hollow, pear-shaped <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organ</a> where a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046400/" class="def">fetus</a> grows). The cervix connects the uterus to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046646/" class="def">vagina</a> (birth canal).
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</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR000006281792" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR000006281792"><a href="/books/NBK65901.1/figure/CDR0000062817__92/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR000006281792" rid-ob="figobCDR000006281792"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK65901.1/bin/CDR0000609921.gif" src-large="/books/NBK65901.1/bin/CDR0000609921.jpg" alt="Anatomy of the female reproductive system" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR000006281792"><h4 id="CDR0000062817__92"><a href="/books/NBK65901.1/figure/CDR0000062817__92/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR000006281792">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Anatomy of the female reproductive system. The organs in the female reproductive system include the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, and vagina. The uterus has a muscular outer layer called the myometrium and an inner lining called the endometrium. <a href="/books/NBK65901.1/figure/CDR0000062817__92/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR000006281792">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p id="CDR0000062817__62"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444973/" class="def">Cervical cancer</a> usually develops slowly over time. Before <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> appears in the cervix, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> of the cervix go through a series of changes in which cells that are not normal begin to appear in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044102/" class="def">cervical</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>. When cells change from being normal cells to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a> cells, it is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045675/" class="def">dysplasia</a>. Depending on the number of abnormal cells, dysplasia may go away without treatment. The more abnormal cells there are, the less likely they are to go away. Dysplasia that is not treated may turn into cancer, over time. The cancer cells grow and spread through the cervix. It can take many years for dysplasia to turn into cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__90">See the following <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summaries for more information about cervical cancer: </p><ul id="CDR0000062817__91"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000304518/">Cervical Cancer Screening</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062961/">Cervical Cancer Treatment</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062817__11"><h3>Screening for cervical cancer using the Pap test has decreased the number of deaths from cervical cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__84"> The number of deaths from cervical cancer has decreased since widespread <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046171/" class="def">screening</a> with the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045978/" class="def">Pap test</a> (Pap smear) began. </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062817__14"><h2 id="_CDR0000062817__14_">Cervical Cancer Prevention</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062817__15">Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may
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help prevent cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062817__18">The following <i>risk</i> factors increase
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the risk of cervical cancer:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062817__87">The following <i>risk</i> factors may increase the risk of cervical cancer:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062817__29">The following <i>protective</i> factors may
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decrease the risk of cervical cancer:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062817__40">The effect of diet on cervical cancer risk is not known.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062817__51">Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways
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to prevent cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062817__56">
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New ways to prevent cervical cancer are being studied in clinical
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trials. </a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062817__15"><h3>Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may
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help prevent cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__15_53">Avoiding <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factors</a> may help <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevent</a> certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, being overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a> such as quitting smoking, eating a healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044660/" class="def">diet</a>, and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__18"><h3>The following <i>risk</i> factors increase
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the risk of cervical cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000062817__20"><h4>HPV Infection</h4><p id="CDR0000062817__22">The most common cause of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444973/" class="def">cervical cancer</a> is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045364/" class="def">infection</a> of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046133/" class="def">cervix</a> with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045714/" class="def">human papillomavirus</a> (HPV). There are more than 80 types of human papillomavirus. About 30 types can infect the cervix and about half of them have been linked to cervical cancer. HPV infection is common but only a very small number of women infected with HPV develop cervical cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__25">HPV infections that cause cervical cancer are spread mainly through sexual contact. Women who become sexually active at a young age and who have many sexual partners are at a greater risk of HPV infection and developing cervical cancer. </p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__67"><h4>Smoking</h4><p id="CDR0000062817__69">Smoking cigarettes and breathing in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000538647/" class="def">secondhand smoke</a> increase the risk of cervical cancer. The risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the younger the age when smoking began. Among women infected with HPV, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000764583/" class="def">cervical dysplasia</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045741/" class="def">invasive cancer</a> occur 2 to 3 times more often in current and former smokers.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__93"><h4>DES Exposure</h4><p id="CDR0000062817__95">Being exposed to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046021/" class="def">diethylstilbestrol</a> (DES) while in the mother's <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044473/" class="def">womb</a> increases the risk of cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. Between 1940 and 1971, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drug</a> DES was given to some <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000666677/" class="def">pregnant</a> women in the United States to prevent miscarriage (premature birth of a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046400/" class="def">fetus</a> that cannot survive) and premature labor.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062817__87"><h3>The following <i>risk</i> factors may increase the risk of cervical cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000062817__26"><h4>High number of full-term pregnancies</h4><p id="CDR0000062817__28"> Women who have had 7 or more full-term <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000666677/" class="def">pregnancies</a> may have an increased risk of cervical cancer.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__64"><h4>Long-term use of oral contraceptives</h4><p id="CDR0000062817__66"> Women who have used <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000443306/" class="def">oral contraceptives</a> ("the Pill") for 5 years or more have a greater risk of cervical cancer than women who have never used oral contraceptives.
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The risk is higher after 10 years of use.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062817__29"><h3>The following <i>protective</i> factors may
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decrease the risk of cervical cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000062817__76"><h4> Preventing HPV infection</h4><p id="CDR0000062817__89">HPV may be prevented by the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000062817__86"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding sexual activity: HPV infection of the cervix is the most common cause of cervical cancer. Avoiding sexual activity decreases the risk of HPV infection.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Using <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454715/" class="def">barrier</a> protection or spermicidal gels: Some methods used to prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) decrease the risk of HPV infection. The use of barrier methods of birth control (such as a condom or gel that kills <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257221/" class="def">sperm</a>) help protect against HPV infection.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Getting an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000505904/" class="def">HPV Vaccine</a>: Two HPV vaccines have been approved by the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454785/" class="def">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA). The HPV vaccines have been shown to prevent infection with the two types of HPV that cause most cervical cancers. The vaccines protect against infection with these types of HPV for 6 to 8 years. It is not known if the protection lasts longer. The vaccines do not protect women who are already infected with HPV.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062817__31"><h4>Screening</h4><p id="CDR0000062817__33"> Regular <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000322873/" class="def">pelvic exams</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045978/" class="def">Pap tests</a> help find <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> in the cervix before cancer develops. However, test and procedures that may be used after an abnormal pelvic exam or Pap test result have risks. For example, the treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386213/" class="def">low-grade</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046324/" class="def">lesions</a> may affect a woman's ability to become pregnant or carry a baby to full term. In women younger than 25 years, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046171/" class="def">screening</a> with the Pap test has more risks than benefits. Screening with the Pap test is not helpful in women older than 60 years who have had recent <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044692/" class="def">negative</a> Pap tests. (See the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000304518/#CDR0000304518__28">Cervical Cancer Screening</a> for more information.)</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062817__40"><h3>The effect of diet on cervical cancer risk is not known.</h3></div><div id="CDR0000062817__51"><h3>Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways
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to prevent cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__54">Cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevention</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a> are used to study ways to
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lower the risk of developing certain types of cancer. Some
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cancer prevention trials are conducted with healthy people who
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have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer.
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Other prevention trials are conducted with people who have had
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cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type
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or to lower their chance of developing a new type of cancer.
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Other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known
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to have any <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factors</a> for cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__55">The purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to
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find out whether actions people take can prevent cancer. These
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may include eating fruits and vegetables, exercising, quitting
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smoking, or taking certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicines</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044744/" class="def">vitamins</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045787/" class="def">minerals</a>, or
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food <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045916/" class="def">supplements</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__56"><h3>
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New ways to prevent cervical cancer are being studied in clinical
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trials. </h3><p id="CDR0000062817__58">Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country.
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Information about clinical trials can be found in the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Clinical
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Trials</a> section of the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044267/" class="def">NCI</a> Web
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site.
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Check NCI's list of cancer clinical trials
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for <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search/results?protocolsearchid=6197728&vers=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">cervical cancer prevention trials</a>
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that are now accepting patients.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062817__59"><h2 id="_CDR0000062817__59_">Changes to This Summary (04/09/2015)</h2><p id="CDR0000062817__60">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> information summaries are reviewed regularly
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and updated as new information becomes available. This
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section describes the latest changes made to this summary as
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of the date above.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__61">
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Changes were made to this summary to match those made to the health professional version.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062817__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about cervical cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/screening-prevention" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials are listed in PDQ and can be found online at <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_21">National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Cervical Cancer Prevention. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/patient/cervical-prevention-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/patient/cervical-prevention-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="http://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 2,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000062817__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062817__ContactUs_2"><h2 id="_CDR0000062817__ContactUs_2_">Questions or Comments About This Summary</h2><p id="CDR0000062817__ContactUs_3">If you have questions or comments about this summary, please send them to Cancer.gov through the website's <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>. We can respond only to email messages written in English.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062817__GetMore_3"><h2 id="_CDR0000062817__GetMore_3_">Get More Information From NCI</h2><p id="CDR0000062817__GetMore_15"><i><b>Call 1-800-4-CANCER</b></i></p><p id="CDR0000062817__GetMore_16">For more information, U.S. residents may call the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Eastern Time. A trained Cancer Information Specialist is available to answer your questions.</p><p id="CDR0000062817__GetMore_25"><i><b>Chat online
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</b></i></p><p id="CDR0000062817__GetMore_26">The <a href="https://livehelp.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's LiveHelp®</a> online chat service provides Internet users with the ability to chat online with an Information Specialist. The service is available from 8:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. Eastern time, Monday through Friday. Information Specialists can help Internet users find information on NCI websites and answer questions about cancer.
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65901.1/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK65901.1/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65901" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65901" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. Cervical Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2015 Apr 9. 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xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389434" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Skin Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Skin Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389410" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention 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class="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389260" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Prostate Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Prostate Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" 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