170 lines
106 KiB
Text
170 lines
106 KiB
Text
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" class="no-js no-jr">
|
|
<head>
|
|
<!-- For pinger, set start time and add meta elements. -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">var ncbi_startTime = new Date();</script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Logger begin -->
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="books">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="book-part">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_acc" content="NBK65889">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_domain" content="pdqcis">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_report" content="reader">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_type" content="fulltext">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_objectid" content="">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pcid" content="/NBK65889/?report=reader">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pagename" content="Gastric Cancer Treatment - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries - NCBI Bookshelf">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_bookparttype" content="chapter">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_app" content="bookshelf">
|
|
<!-- Logger end -->
|
|
|
|
<!--component id="Page" label="meta"/-->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Gastric Cancer Treatment - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
|
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
|
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="no">
|
|
<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=1,user-scalable=no">
|
|
<meta name="jr-col-layout" content="auto">
|
|
<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE">
|
|
<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]">
|
|
<meta name="citation_title" content="Gastric Cancer Treatment">
|
|
<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Cancer Institute (US)">
|
|
<meta name="citation_date" content="2003/04/23">
|
|
<meta name="citation_pmid" content="26389328">
|
|
<meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65889/">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="gastric cancer">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="gastric cancer">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="coping with gastric cancer">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="coping with gastric cancer treatment">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="coping with stomach cancer">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="coping with stomach cancer treatment">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="gastric cancer">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="gastric cancer diagnosis">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="gastric cancer prognosis">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="gastric cancer stages">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="gastric cancer statistics">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="gastric cancer survival rates">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="gastric cancer symptoms">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="gastric cancer treatment">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="gastric cancer treatment by stage">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="stomach cancer">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="stomach cancer diagnosis">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="stomach cancer prognosis">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="stomach cancer stages">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="stomach cancer statistics">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="stomach cancer survival rates">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="stomach cancer symptoms">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="stomach cancer treatment">
|
|
<meta name="citation_keywords" content="stomach cancer treatment by stage">
|
|
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Title" content="Gastric Cancer Treatment">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Type" content="Text">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Cancer Institute (US)">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2003/04/23">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65889/">
|
|
<meta name="description" content="Gastric (stomach) cancer treatment can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, chemoradiation, and targeted therapy. Learn more about the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of newly diagnosed and recurrent gastric cancer in this expert-reviewed summary.">
|
|
<meta name="og:title" content="Gastric Cancer Treatment">
|
|
<meta name="og:type" content="book">
|
|
<meta name="og:description" content="Gastric (stomach) cancer treatment can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, chemoradiation, and targeted therapy. Learn more about the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of newly diagnosed and recurrent gastric cancer in this expert-reviewed summary.">
|
|
<meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65889/">
|
|
<meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf">
|
|
<meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png">
|
|
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
|
|
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks">
|
|
<meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000271446/?report=reader">
|
|
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65889/">
|
|
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Archivo+Narrow:400,700,400italic,700italic&subset=latin" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/css/libs.min.css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/css/jr.min.css">
|
|
<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css//books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_reader.min.css" type="text/css">
|
|
<style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style>
|
|
|
|
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/favicon.ico">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_phid" content="CE8D04D47C9731D100000000007B006C.m_5">
|
|
<meta name='referrer' content='origin-when-cross-origin'/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3852956/3849091.css"></head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<!-- Book content! -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="jr" data-jr-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/"><div class="jr-unsupported"><table class="modal"><tr><td><span class="attn inline-block"></span><br />Your browser does not support the NLM PubReader view.<br />Go to <a href="/pmc/about/pr-browsers/">this page</a> to see a list of supported browsers<br />or return to the <br /><a href="/books/NBK65889/?report=classic">regular view</a>.</td></tr></table></div><div id="jr-ui" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-head"><div class="flexh tb"><div id="jr-tb1"><a id="jr-links-sw" class="hidden" title="Links"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 70.6 85.3" style="enable-background:new 0 0 70.6 85.3;vertical-align:middle" xml:space="preserve" width="24" height="24">
|
|
<style type="text/css">.st0{fill:#939598;}</style>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M36,0C12.8,2.2-22.4,14.6,19.6,32.5C40.7,41.4-30.6,14,35.9,9.8"></path>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M34.5,85.3c23.2-2.2,58.4-14.6,16.4-32.5c-21.1-8.9,50.2,18.5-16.3,22.7"></path>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M34.7,37.1c66.5-4.2-4.8-31.6,16.3-22.7c42.1,17.9,6.9,30.3-16.4,32.5h1.7c-66.2,4.4,4.8,31.6-16.3,22.7 c-42.1-17.9-6.9-30.3,16.4-32.5"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg> Books</a></div><div class="jr-rhead f1 flexh"><div class="head"></div><div class="body"><div class="t">Gastric Cancer Treatment: Patient Version</div><div class="j">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]</div></div><div class="tail"></div></div><div id="jr-tb2"><a id="jr-bkhelp-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Help with NLM PubReader">?</a><a id="jr-help-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Settings and typography in NLM PubReader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M462,283.742v-55.485l-29.981-10.662c-11.431-4.065-20.628-12.794-25.274-24.001 c-0.002-0.004-0.004-0.009-0.006-0.013c-4.659-11.235-4.333-23.918,0.889-34.903l13.653-28.724l-39.234-39.234l-28.72,13.652 c-10.979,5.219-23.68,5.546-34.908,0.889c-0.005-0.002-0.01-0.003-0.014-0.005c-11.215-4.65-19.933-13.834-24-25.273L283.741,50 h-55.484l-10.662,29.981c-4.065,11.431-12.794,20.627-24.001,25.274c-0.005,0.002-0.009,0.004-0.014,0.005 c-11.235,4.66-23.919,4.333-34.905-0.889l-28.723-13.653l-39.234,39.234l13.653,28.721c5.219,10.979,5.545,23.681,0.889,34.91 c-0.002,0.004-0.004,0.009-0.006,0.013c-4.649,11.214-13.834,19.931-25.271,23.998L50,228.257v55.485l29.98,10.661 c11.431,4.065,20.627,12.794,25.274,24c0.002,0.005,0.003,0.01,0.005,0.014c4.66,11.236,4.334,23.921-0.888,34.906l-13.654,28.723 l39.234,39.234l28.721-13.652c10.979-5.219,23.681-5.546,34.909-0.889c0.005,0.002,0.01,0.004,0.014,0.006 c11.214,4.649,19.93,13.833,23.998,25.271L228.257,462h55.484l10.595-29.79c4.103-11.538,12.908-20.824,24.216-25.525 c0.005-0.002,0.009-0.004,0.014-0.006c11.127-4.628,23.694-4.311,34.578,0.863l28.902,13.738l39.234-39.234l-13.66-28.737 c-5.214-10.969-5.539-23.659-0.886-34.877c0.002-0.005,0.004-0.009,0.006-0.014c4.654-11.225,13.848-19.949,25.297-24.021 L462,283.742z M256,331.546c-41.724,0-75.548-33.823-75.548-75.546s33.824-75.547,75.548-75.547 c41.723,0,75.546,33.824,75.546,75.547S297.723,331.546,256,331.546z"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-cmap-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Table of Contents"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M20,20h10v8H20V20zM36,20h44v8H36V20zM20,37.33h10v8H20V37.33zM36,37.33h44v8H36V37.33zM20,54.66h10v8H20V54.66zM36,54.66h44v8H36V54.66zM20,72h10v8 H20V72zM36,72h44v8H36V72z"></path></svg></a></div></div></nav><nav id="jr-dash" class="noselect"><nav id="jr-dash" class="noselect"><div id="jr-pi" class="hidden"><a id="jr-pi-prev" class="hidden" title="Previous page"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a><div class="pginfo">Page <i class="jr-pg-pn">0</i> of <i class="jr-pg-lp">0</i></div><a id="jr-pi-next" class="hidden" title="Next page"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div><div id="jr-is-tb"><a id="jr-is-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Switch between Figures/Tables strip and Progress bar"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><rect x="10" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect><rect x="40" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect><rect x="70" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect></svg></a></div><nav id="jr-istrip" class="istrip hidden"><a id="jr-is-prev" href="#" class="hidden" title="Previous"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M80,40 60,65 80,90 70,90 50,65 70,40z M50,40 30,65 50,90 40,90 20,65 40,40z"></path><text x="35" y="25" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a><a id="jr-is-next" href="#" class="hidden" title="Next"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M20,40 40,65 20,90 30,90 50,65 30,40z M50,40 70,65 50,90 60,90 80,65 60,40z"></path><text x="15" y="25" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></nav><nav id="jr-progress"></nav></nav></nav><aside id="jr-links-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">NCBI Bookshelf</div></div><div class="cnt lol f1"><a href="/books/">Home</a><a href="/books/browse/">Browse All Titles</a><a class="btn share" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65889/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 33 33" style="vertical-align:middle" width="24" height="24" preserveAspectRatio="none"><g><path d="M 17.996,32L 12,32 L 12,16 l-4,0 l0-5.514 l 4-0.002l-0.006-3.248C 11.993,2.737, 13.213,0, 18.512,0l 4.412,0 l0,5.515 l-2.757,0 c-2.063,0-2.163,0.77-2.163,2.209l-0.008,2.76l 4.959,0 l-0.585,5.514L 18,16L 17.996,32z"></path></g></svg> Share on Facebook</a><a class="btn share" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65889/&text=Gastric%20Cancer%20Treatment"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 33 33" style="vertical-align:middle" width="24" height="24"><g><path d="M 32,6.076c-1.177,0.522-2.443,0.875-3.771,1.034c 1.355-0.813, 2.396-2.099, 2.887-3.632 c-1.269,0.752-2.674,1.299-4.169,1.593c-1.198-1.276-2.904-2.073-4.792-2.073c-3.626,0-6.565,2.939-6.565,6.565 c0,0.515, 0.058,1.016, 0.17,1.496c-5.456-0.274-10.294-2.888-13.532-6.86c-0.565,0.97-0.889,2.097-0.889,3.301 c0,2.278, 1.159,4.287, 2.921,5.465c-1.076-0.034-2.088-0.329-2.974-0.821c-0.001,0.027-0.001,0.055-0.001,0.083 c0,3.181, 2.263,5.834, 5.266,6.438c-0.551,0.15-1.131,0.23-1.73,0.23c-0.423,0-0.834-0.041-1.235-0.118 c 0.836,2.608, 3.26,4.506, 6.133,4.559c-2.247,1.761-5.078,2.81-8.154,2.81c-0.53,0-1.052-0.031-1.566-0.092 c 2.905,1.863, 6.356,2.95, 10.064,2.95c 12.076,0, 18.679-10.004, 18.679-18.68c0-0.285-0.006-0.568-0.019-0.849 C 30.007,8.548, 31.12,7.392, 32,6.076z"></path></g></svg> Share on Twitter</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-cmap-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">In Page Navigation</div></div><div class="cnt lol f1"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/?report=reader">Title Information</a><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/toc/?report=reader">Table of Contents Page</a><a href="#_NBK65889_">Gastric Cancer Treatment: Patient Version</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-help-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Settings</div></div><div class="cnt f1"><div id="jr-typo-p" class="typo"><div><a class="sf btn wsprkl">A-</a><a class="lf btn wsprkl">A+</a></div><div><a class="bcol-auto btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 200 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text x="10" y="70" style="font-size:60px;font-family: Trebuchet MS, ArialMT, Arial, sans-serif" textLength="180">AUTO</text></svg></a><a class="bcol-1 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M15,25 85,25zM15,40 85,40zM15,55 85,55zM15,70 85,70z"></path></svg></a><a class="bcol-2 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M5,25 45,25z M55,25 95,25zM5,40 45,40z M55,40 95,40zM5,55 45,55z M55,55 95,55zM5,70 45,70z M55,70 95,70z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="lol"><a class="" href="/books/NBK65889/?report=classic">Switch to classic view</a><a href="/books/NBK65889/?report=printable">Print View</a></div></div></aside><aside id="jr-bkhelp-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Help</div></div><div class="cnt f1 lol"><a id="jr-helpobj-sw" data-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/" data-href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/img/bookshelf/help.xml" href="">Help</a><a href="mailto:info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov?subject=PubReader%20feedback%20%2F%20NBK65889%20%2F%20sid%3ACE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID%20%2F%20phid%3ACE8D04D47C9731D100000000007B006C.4">Send us feedback</a><a id="jr-about-sw" data-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/" data-href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/img/bookshelf/about.xml" href="">About PubReader</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-objectbox" class="thidden hidden"><div class="jr-objectbox-close wsprkl">✘</div><div class="jr-objectbox-inner cnt"><div class="jr-objectbox-drawer"></div></div></aside><nav id="jr-pm-left" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Previous Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-pm-right" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Next Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-fip" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-fip-term-p"><input type="search" placeholder="search this page" id="jr-fip-term" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" /><a id="jr-fip-mg" class="wsprkl btn" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65889_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Gastric Cancer Treatment</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Patient Version</div><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK65889_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000271446__268">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of gastric cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__269">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812945_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812945_1_">What Is Stomach Cancer?</h2><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812945_2">Stomach (gastric) cancer is cancer that starts in the cells lining the stomach. The stomach is an organ on the left side of the upper <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a> that digests food. The stomach is part of the digestive tract, a series of hollow, muscular organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The digestive tract processes nutrients in foods that are eaten and helps pass waste material out of the body:</p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812945_3"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Food moves from the throat to the stomach through a tube called the esophagus.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>After food enters the stomach, it is broken down by stomach muscles that mix the food and liquid with digestive juices.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>After leaving the stomach, partly digested food passes into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046582/" class="def">small intestine</a> and then into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045097/" class="def">large intestine</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The end of the large intestine, called the rectum, stores the waste from the digested food until it is pushed out of the anus during a bowel movement.</div></li></ul><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812945_15" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20digestive%20tract&p=BOOKS&id=608886_CDR0000797837.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65889/bin/CDR0000797837.jpg" alt="Anatomy of the digestive tract; drawing shows the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the digestive tract. The digestive tract is made up of organs that food and liquids travel through when they are swallowed, digested, absorbed, and leave the body as feces. These organs include the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812945_4"><h3>Types of stomach cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812945_5"><b>Adenocarcinoma of the stomach</b> begins in the mucus-producing cells in the innermost lining of the stomach. Nearly all stomach cancers are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046216/" class="def">adenocarcinomas</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812945_6">Adenocarcinoma of the stomach is divided into two main classes, depending on where it forms in the stomach:</p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812945_7"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gastric cardia cancer begins in the top inch of the stomach, just below where it meets the esophagus.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-cardia gastric cancer is cancer that begins in all other sections of the stomach.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812945_8">Adenocarcinoma of the stomach also may be described as intestinal or diffuse, depending on how the cells look under a microscope:</p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812945_9"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Intestinal adenocarcinomas are well differentiated, meaning the cancer cells look similar to normal cells under a microscope.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diffuse adenocarcinomas are undifferentiated or poorly differentiated, meaning the cancer cells look different from normal cells under a microscope. Diffuse adenocarcinomas tend to grow and spread more quickly than the intestinal type and be harder to treat.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812945_10"><b>Gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (GEJ)</b> is a cancer that forms in the area where the esophagus meets the gastric cardia. GEJ may be treated similarly to stomach cancer or <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/esophageal" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">esophageal cancer</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812945_11"><b>Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors</b> are cancers that begin in neuroendocrine cells (a type of cell that is like a nerve cell and a hormone-making cell) that line the gastrointestinal tract. Neuroendocrine cells make hormones that help control digestive juices and the muscles used in moving food through the stomach and intestines.  Learn about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/gi-neuroendocrine-tumors" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812945_12"><b>Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST)</b> begin in nerve cells that are found in the wall of the stomach and other digestive organs. GIST is a type of soft tissue sarcoma.  Learn about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/patient/gist-treatment-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">gastrointestinal stromal tumors</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812945_13"><b>Primary gastric lymphoma</b> is a type of <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-nhl-treatment-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">non-Hodgkin lymphoma</a> that forms in the stomach. Most primary gastric lymphomas are either mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) gastric lymphoma or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the stomach.  </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812945_14">Rarely, other types of cancer, such as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046595/" class="def">squamous cell carcinoma</a>, small cell carcinoma, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046027/" class="def">leiomyosarcoma</a>, can also begin in the stomach. </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812941_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812941_1_">Stomach Cancer Symptoms</h2><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812941_2">Early on, stomach cancer usually doesn't have symptoms, making it hard to detect. Symptoms usually begin after the cancer has spread.   </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812941_3">When symptoms of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000561398/" class="def">early-stage</a> stomach cancer do occur, they may include  </p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812941_4"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>indigestion and stomach discomfort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a bloated feeling after eating</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>mild nausea</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>loss of appetite</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>heartburn</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812941_5">Symptoms of advanced stomach cancer (cancer has spread beyond the stomach to other parts of the body) may include the symptoms of early-stage stomach cancer and</p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812941_6"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>blood in the stool</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>vomiting  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>weight loss for no known reason  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>stomach pain  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>jaundice (yellowing of eyes and skin)  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/ascites" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ascites</a> (buildup of fluid in the abdomen)  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>trouble swallowing  </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812941_7">These symptoms may be caused by many conditions other than stomach cancer. It's important to check with your doctor if you have any of these symptoms. Your doctor will ask when your symptoms started and how often you've been having them. If it is stomach cancer, ignoring symptoms can delay treatment and make it less effective.  </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812941_8">To learn more, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/diagnosis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Stomach Cancer Diagnosis</a>.  </p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_1_">Stomach Cancer Diagnosis</h2><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_2">If you have symptoms that suggest stomach cancer, your doctor will need to find out if they’re due to cancer or another condition. They may</p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_3"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>ask about your <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000642019/" class="def">personal</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000642015/" class="def">family medical history</a> to learn about your possible <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/causes-risk-factors" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">risk factors</a> for stomach cancer</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>do a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270871/" class="def">physical exam</a>, which will include feeling your abdomen for anything abnormal</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>run blood tests to check for anemia (a low red blood cell count), which could be a sign of bleeding in the stomach</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>check your stool for hidden (occult) blood, which could be a sign of bleeding in the stomach</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_4">Depending on these results, your doctor may recommend tests to find out if you have stomach cancer.</p><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_5"><h3>Tests to diagnose stomach cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_6">The following tests and procedures are used to diagnose stomach cancer. The results will also help you and your doctor plan treatment.</p><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_7"><h4>Upper endoscopy with biopsy</h4><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_8">Upper endoscopy is a procedure to look inside the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a>, stomach, and duodenum (first part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046582/" class="def">small intestine</a>) to check for abnormal areas. An endoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is passed through the mouth and down the throat into the esophagus. It may also have a tool to remove a sample of cells or tissue (biopsy) so a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">pathologist</a> can view it under a microscope to check for signs of cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_9">The sample of tissue may be checked for <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> (<i>H. pylori</i>) infection and used for biomarker testing.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_10">Talk with your doctor to learn what to expect during and after your biopsy.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_11">To learn about the type of information that can be found in a pathologist's report about the cells or tissue removed during a biopsy, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/diagnosis/pathology-reports-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Pathology Reports</a>.</p><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_32" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Upper%20endoscopy&p=BOOKS&id=608886_CDR0000433287.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65889/bin/CDR0000433287.jpg" alt="Upper endoscopy; drawing shows an endoscope (a thin, lighted tube) inserted through the mouth and down the throat into the esophagus and stomach. An inset shows a patient on a table having an upper endoscopy." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Upper endoscopy. A thin, lighted tube called an endoscope is inserted through the mouth and down the throat to check for abnormal areas in the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine.</p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_12"><h4>Barium swallow</h4><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_13"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046756/" class="def">Barium swallow</a> is a series of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-rays</a> of the esophagus and stomach. The patient drinks a liquid that contains barium (a silver-white metallic compound). The liquid coats the esophagus and stomach, and x-rays are taken. This procedure is also called an upper GI series.</p><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_33" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Barium%20swallow%20for%20stomach%20cancer&p=BOOKS&id=608886_CDR0000681324.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65889/bin/CDR0000681324.jpg" alt="Barium swallow; drawing shows barium liquid flowing down the esophagus and into the stomach. The barium coats and outlines the inside of the esophagus and stomach. Also shown is cancer in the stomach." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Barium swallow for stomach cancer. The patient drinks a liquid that contains barium (a silver-white metallic compound). The barium coats and outlines the inside of the esophagus and stomach. This allows abnormal areas, such as stomach cancer, to be seen on x-rays. </p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_14"><h4>CT (CAT) scan</h4><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_15">A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046033/" class="def">CT scan</a> uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body from different angles. A dye may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography. To learn more, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/ct-scans-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Computed Tomography (CT) Scans and Cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_16"><h4>Biomarker testing</h4><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_17">Biomarker testing is a way to look for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045693/" class="def">genes</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046092/" class="def">proteins</a>, and other substances (called biomarkers or tumor markers) that can provide information about cancer. Some biomarkers affect how certain cancer treatments work. Biomarker testing may help you and your doctor choose a cancer treatment for you. </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_18">To check for these biomarkers, samples of tissue containing stomach cancer cells are removed during a biopsy or surgery. The samples are tested in a laboratory to see whether the stomach cancer cells have these biomarkers.  </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_19">For stomach cancer, biomarker testing includes the following:  </p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_20"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000793177/" class="def">HER2</a></b>: The cancer cells may have larger than normal amounts of a protein called HER2.   </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000797389/" class="def">PD-L1</a></b>: The cells may have larger than normal amounts of an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000809736/" class="def">immune checkpoint protein</a> called PD-L1.   </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000285933/" class="def">Microsatellite instability</a></b>: The cells may have microsatellite instability. This may be caused by mistakes that don’t get corrected when <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045671/" class="def">DNA</a> is copied in a cell.  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000789741/" class="def">Mismatch repair deficiency</a></b>: The cells may have a defect in a mismatch repair gene.   </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000795825/" class="def">Tumor mutational burden</a></b>: If the cells have a high tumor mutational burden, it means they have many gene <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046063/" class="def">mutations</a>.  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><i><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000796818/" class="def">NTRK</a></i></b>: The cells may have changes in one of the <i>NTRK </i>genes.  </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_21">Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/biomarker-testing-cancer-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Biomarker Testing for Cancer Treatment</a>.  </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_22">Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Stomach Cancer Treatment</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_23"><h3>Tests to stage stomach cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_24">If you're diagnosed with stomach cancer, you will be referred to a gastrointestinal oncologist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating cancers of the stomach and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046335/" class="def">intestines</a>. Your doctor will recommend tests to find out if the cancer has spread and if so, how far. Sometimes the cancer is only in the stomach. Or, it may have spread from the stomach to other parts of the body. The process of learning the extent of cancer in the body is called staging. It is important to know the stage of the stomach cancer to plan treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_25">The following imaging tests and procedures may be used to find out your stage:   </p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_26"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Endoscopic ultrasound</b> is a procedure in which an endoscope is inserted into the body, usually through the mouth or rectum. An endoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. A probe at the end of the endoscope is used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. This procedure is also called endosonography.  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>PET-CT scan</b> combines the pictures from a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046218/" class="def">positron emission tomography (PET) scan</a> and a computed tomography (CT) scan. The PET and CT scans are done at the same time on the same machine. The pictures from both scans are combined to make a more detailed picture than either test would make by itself.  
|
|
<ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_27"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>For the PET scan, a small amount of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000774386/" class="def">radioactive glucose</a> is injected into a vein. The scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body. Cancer cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells.   </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>For the CT scan, a series of detailed x-ray pictures of areas inside the body is taken from different angles. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly.  </div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045997/" class="def">Magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) with gadolinium</b> is a procedure that uses a magnet, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651209/" class="def">radio waves</a>, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. A substance called gadolinium is injected into a vein. The gadolinium collects around the cancer cells so they show up brighter in the picture. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Laparoscopy </b>is a surgical procedure to look at the organs inside the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a> to check for signs of disease. Small incisions (cuts) are made in the wall of the abdomen and a laparoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into one of the incisions. Other instruments may be inserted through the same or other incisions to perform procedures such as removing organs or taking tissue samples to be checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. A solution may be washed over the surface of the organs in the abdomen and then removed to collect cells. These cells are also looked at under a microscope to check for signs of cancer.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_28"><h3>Getting a second opinion</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_29">You may want to get a second opinion to confirm your stomach cancer diagnosis and treatment plan. If you seek a second opinion, you will need to get important medical test results and reports from the first doctor to share with the second doctor. The second doctor will review the pathology report, slides, and scans before giving a recommendation. The doctor who gives the second opinion may agree with your first doctor, suggest changes or another approach, or provide more information about your cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_30">To learn more about choosing a doctor and getting a second opinion, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care/finding-cancer-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Finding Cancer Care</a>. For questions you might want to ask at your appointments, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/questions" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Cancer</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813013_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813013_1_">Stomach Cancer Survival Rates and Prognosis</h2><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813013_2">If you’ve been diagnosed with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445087/" class="def">stomach cancer</a>, you may have questions about how serious the cancer is and your chances of survival. The likely outcome or course of a disease is called prognosis.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813013_3">The prognosis for stomach cancer depends on</p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813013_4"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the stage of the cancer, including whether the cancer is only in the stomach or has spread to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> or other places in the body  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>your overall health  </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813013_5">When stomach cancer is found early, there is a better chance of recovery. Stomach cancer is often <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000478743/" class="def">advanced</a> when it is diagnosed. At advanced stages, stomach cancer can be treated but is rarely cured. Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Stomach Cancer Treatment</a>.</p><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813013_6"><h3>Survival rates for stomach cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813013_7">Doctors estimate stomach cancer prognosis by using statistics collected over many years from people with stomach cancer. One statistic that is commonly used in making a prognosis is the 5-year <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044296/" class="def">relative survival rate</a>. The 5-year relative survival rate tells you what percent of people with the same type and stage of stomach cancer are alive 5 years after their cancer was diagnosed, compared with people in the overall population. For example, the 5-year relative survival rate for stomach cancer is 36%. This means that, overall, people diagnosed with stomach cancer are 36% as likely as similar people who do not have stomach cancer to be alive 5 years after diagnosis.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813013_8">The 5-year relative survival rates for different stages of stomach cancer are:</p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813013_9"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>75% for localized stomach cancer (cancer is in the stomach only)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>35% for regional stomach cancer (cancer has spread beyond the stomach to nearby lymph nodes or organs)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>7% for metastatic stomach cancer (cancer has spread beyond the stomach to a distant part of the body)</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813013_10"><h3>Understanding survival rate statistics</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813013_11">Because survival statistics are based on large groups of people, they cannot be used to predict exactly what will happen to you. The doctor who knows the most about your situation is in the best position to discuss these statistics and talk with you about your prognosis. It is important to note the following when reviewing survival statistics:    </p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813013_12"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No two people are alike, and responses to treatment can vary greatly.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Survival statistics use information collected from large groups of people who may have received different types of treatment.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>It takes several years to see the effect of newer and better treatments, so current survival statistics may not reflect newer treatments.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813013_13">To learn more about survival statistics and to see videos of patients and their doctors exploring their feelings about prognosis see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/prognosis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Understanding Cancer Prognosis</a>.  </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_1_">Stomach Cancer Stages</h2><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_2">Cancer stage describes the extent of cancer in the body, such as the size of the tumor, whether it has spread, and how far it has spread from where it first formed. It is important to know the stage of the stomach cancer to plan the best treatment.   </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_3">There are several staging systems for cancer that describe the extent of the cancer. Stomach cancer staging usually uses the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000672851/" class="def">TNM staging system</a>. You may see your cancer described by this staging system in your <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044702/" class="def">pathology report</a>. Based on the TNM results, a stage (I, II, III, or IV, also written as 1, 2, 3, or 4) is assigned to your cancer. When talking to you about your cancer, your doctor may describe it as one of these stages.   </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_4">For information about how doctors stage stomach cancer, see the tests to stage stomach cancer section on <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/diagnosis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Stomach Cancer Diagnosis</a>. Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Staging</a>.  </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_5">The information on this page is about staging for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046216/" class="def">adenocarcinoma</a> of the stomach, the most common type of stomach cancer. </p><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_6"><h3>Layers of the stomach wall</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_7">The stomach wall is made up of five layers of tissue and muscle. Knowing about these layers can help you understand the stage of your cancer.</p><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_41" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Layers%20of%20the%20stomach%20wall&p=BOOKS&id=608886_CDR0000793595.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65889/bin/CDR0000793595.jpg" alt="Layers of the stomach wall; drawing of the stomach with an inset showing the layers of the stomach wall, including the mucosa (innermost layer), submucosa, muscle layer, subserosa, and serosa (outermost layer)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Layers of the stomach wall. The wall of the stomach is made up of the mucosa (innermost layer), submucosa, muscle layer, subserosa, and serosa (outermost layer). The stomach is an organ in the upper abdomen. </p></div></div><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_8"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The mucosa is the innermost layer of the stomach wall. It is made of both <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045682/" class="def">epithelial</a> cells and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046386/" class="def">glandular</a> cells. The glandular cells make mucus to protect the stomach lining and digestive juices to help break down food. Most stomach cancers start in glandular cells of the mucosa. Cancers that start in glandular cells are adenocarcinomas.   </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The submucosa is the layer of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a> between the mucosa and the muscle layer. It contains blood vessels, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269462/" class="def">lymph vessels</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269443/" class="def">nerve cells</a>.  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The muscle layer is the next layer. The muscle layer helps the stomach mix food with digestive juices and move it into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046582/" class="def">small intestine</a>, where nutrients are absorbed.  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The subserosa is a thin layer of connective tissue between the muscle layer and the serosa.  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The serosa is the outermost layer of the stomach wall.  </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_9">Stomach cancers become more advanced as they spread from the mucosa to the outer layers.  </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_10">To learn more about the stomach, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">What Is Stomach Cancer?</a>  </p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_11"><h3>Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ) of the stomach</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_12">Stage 0 refers to carcinoma in situ. This means that <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a> cells are found in the mucosa. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.   </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_13">
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/treatment/by-stage#treatment-of-stage-0-stomach-cancer-carcinoma-in-situ" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Learn about treatment of stage 0 (carcinoma in situ) of the stomach.</a>
|
|
</p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_14"><h3>Stage I (also called stage 1) stomach cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_15">Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB.  </p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_16"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In stage IA,  
|
|
<ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_17"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cancer has formed in the mucosa and may have spread to the submucosa.</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In stage IB,  
|
|
<ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_18"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cancer has formed in the mucosa and may have spread to the submucosa and has spread to 1 or 2 nearby <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a>; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cancer has formed in the mucosa and has spread to the muscle layer.</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_19">
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/treatment/by-stage#treatment-of-stage-i-stomach-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Learn about treatment of stage I stomach cancer.</a></p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_20"><h3>Stage II (also called stage 2) stomach cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_21">Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB.  </p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_22"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In stage IIA,  
|
|
<ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_23"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cancer may have spread to the submucosa and has spread to 3 to 6 nearby lymph nodes; or  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cancer has spread to the muscle layer and to 1 or 2 nearby lymph nodes; or  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cancer has spread to the subserosa.</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In stage IIB,  
|
|
<ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_24"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cancer may have spread to the submucosa and has spread to 7 to 15 nearby lymph nodes; or  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cancer has spread to the muscle layer and to 3 to 6 nearby lymph nodes; or  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cancer has spread to the subserosa and to 1 or 2 nearby lymph nodes; or  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cancer has spread to the serosa.</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_25">
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/treatment/by-stage#treatment-of-stages-ii-and-iii-stomach-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Learn about treatment of stage II stomach cancer.</a>
|
|
</p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_26"><h3>Stage III (also called stage 3) stomach cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_27">Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC.  </p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_28"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In stage IIIA,  
|
|
<ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_29"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cancer has spread to the muscle layer and to 7 to 15 nearby lymph nodes; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cancer has spread to the subserosa and to 3 to 6 nearby lymph nodes; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cancer has spread to the serosa and to 1 to 6 nearby lymph nodes; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cancer has spread to nearby organs, such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046593/" class="def">spleen</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046462/" class="def">colon</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046451/" class="def">diaphragm</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046254/" class="def">pancreas</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a> wall, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046678/" class="def">adrenal gland</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046325/" class="def">kidney</a>, or small intestine, or to the back of the abdomen.</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In stage IIIB,  
|
|
<ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_30"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cancer may have spread to the submucosa or to the muscle layer and has spread to 16 or more nearby lymph nodes; or  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cancer has spread to the subserosa or to the serosa and has spread to 7 to 15 nearby lymph nodes; or  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cancer has spread to nearby organs, such as the spleen, colon, liver, diaphragm, pancreas, abdomen wall, adrenal gland, kidney, or small intestine, or to the back of the abdomen. Cancer has also spread to 1 to 6 nearby lymph nodes.  </div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In stage IIIC,  
|
|
<ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_31"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cancer has spread to the subserosa or to the serosa, and to 16 or more nearby lymph nodes; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cancer has spread to nearby organs, such as the spleen, colon, liver, diaphragm, pancreas, abdomen wall, adrenal gland, kidney, or small intestine, or to the back of the abdomen. Cancer also has spread to 7 or more nearby lymph nodes.</div></li></ul>
|
|
</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_32">
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/treatment/by-stage#treatment-of-stages-ii-and-iii-stomach-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Learn about treatment of stage III stomach cancer.</a>
|
|
</p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_33"><h3>Stage IV (also called stage 4) stomach cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_34">In stage IV, cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lungs</a>, liver, distant lymph nodes, and the tissue that lines the abdomen wall.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_35">Stage IV stomach cancer is also called metastatic stomach cancer. Metastatic cancer happens when cancer cells travel through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045764/" class="def">lymphatic system</a> or blood and form tumors in other parts of the body. The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if stomach cancer spreads to the lung, the cancer cells in the lung are actually stomach cancer cells. The disease is called metastatic stomach cancer, not lung cancer. Learn more in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/metastatic-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Metastatic Cancer: When Cancer Spreads</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_36">
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/treatment/by-stage#treatment-of-stage-iv-stomach-cancer-stomach-cancer-that-cannot-be-removed-by-surgery-and-recurrent-stomach-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Learn about treatment of stage IV stomach cancer.</a></p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_37"><h3>Recurrent stomach cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_38">Recurrent stomach cancer is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. Stomach cancer may come back in the stomach, lymph nodes, or other parts of the body, such as the liver, lung, or bone. Tests will be done to help determine where the cancer has returned in your body. The type of treatment that you have for recurrent stomach cancer will depend on where it has come back.  </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_39">Learn more in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/recurrent-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Recurrent Cancer: When Cancer Comes Back</a>. Information to help you cope and talk with your health care team can be found in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/coping" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Coping with Stomach Cancer</a> and the booklet <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/when-cancer-returns" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">When Cancer Returns</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_40">
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/treatment/by-stage#treatment-of-stage-iv-stomach-cancer-stomach-cancer-that-cannot-be-removed-by-surgery-and-recurrent-stomach-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Learn about treatment of recurrent stomach cancer.</a></p></div></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_1_">Stomach Cancer Treatment</h2><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_2">Different types of treatments are available for stomach cancer. You and your cancer care team will work together to decide your treatment plan, which may include more than one type of treatment. Many factors will be considered, such as the stage of the cancer, your overall health, and your preferences. Your plan will include information about your cancer, the goals of treatment, your treatment options and the possible side effects, and the expected length of treatment.    </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_3">Talking with your cancer care team before treatment begins about what to expect will be helpful. You’ll want to learn what you need to do before treatment begins, how you’ll feel while going through it, and what kind of help you will need. To learn more, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/questions" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Your Treatment</a>.    </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_4">For treatment by stage, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/treatment/by-stage" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Stomach Cancer Treatment by Stage</a>. </p><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_5"><h3>Endoscopic mucosal resection</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_6">Endoscopic mucosal resection is a procedure that uses an endoscope to remove <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000812063/" class="def">carcinoma in situ</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000561398/" class="def">early-stage cancer</a> from the lining of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046447/" class="def">digestive tract</a>. An endoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens and tools to remove tissue.</p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_7"><h3>Surgery</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_8">Surgery is a common treatment for stomach cancer. The type of surgery depends on where the cancer is located.   </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_9">Other treatments may be given in addition to surgery:  </p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_10"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treatment given before surgery is called preoperative therapy or neoadjuvant therapy. Chemotherapy may be given before surgery to shrink the tumor and reduce the amount of tissue that needs to be removed during surgery. Chemoradiation given before surgery, to shrink the tumor, is being studied.  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treatment given after surgery, to lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called adjuvant therapy. After the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen, some patients may be given chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both to kill any cancer cells that are left.    </div></li></ul><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_11"><h4>Gastrectomy</h4><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_12">Gastrectomy, the removal of part or all of the stomach, is the main surgery for stomach cancer:  </p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_13"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Subtotal gastrectomy</b> is the removal of the part of the stomach that contains cancer, nearby <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a>, and parts of other tissues and organs near the tumor. The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046593/" class="def">spleen</a> may also be removed. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Total gastrectomy</b> is the removal of the entire stomach, nearby lymph nodes, and parts of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046582/" class="def">small intestine</a>, and other tissues near the tumor. The spleen may also be removed. Then the surgeon attaches the esophagus to the small intestine so the patient can continue to eat and swallow.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_14"><h4>Endoluminal stent placement</h4><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_15">Endoluminal stent placement may be done when the tumor blocks the passage into or out of the stomach. In this procedure, the surgeon places a stent (a thin, expandable tube) from the esophagus to the stomach or from the stomach to the small intestine to allow the patient to eat normally.</p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_16"><h4>Endoluminal laser therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_17">Endoluminal laser therapy is a procedure in which an endoscope (a thin, lighted tube) with a laser attached is used as a knife to open a gastrointestinal blockage.</p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_18"><h4>Gastrojejunostomy</h4><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_19">Gastrojejunostomy is the removal of the part of the stomach with cancer that is blocking the opening into the small intestine. Then the surgeon connects the stomach to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000751987/" class="def">jejunum</a> (a part of the small intestine) to allow food and medicine to pass from the stomach into the small intestine.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_20"><h3>Radiation therapy</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_21">Radiation therapy uses high-energy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-rays</a> or other types of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045072/" class="def">radiation</a> to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. Stomach cancer is sometimes treated with external radiation therapy. This type of radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the area of the body with cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_22">Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/radiation-therapy/external-beam" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">External Beam Radiation Therapy for Cancer</a> and <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/radiation-therapy/side-effects" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Radiation Therapy Side Effects</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_23"><h3>Chemotherapy</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_24">Chemotherapy (also called chemo) uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_25">Chemotherapy for stomach cancer is usually systemic, meaning it is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a vein or given by mouth. When given this way, the drugs enter the bloodstream to reach cancer cells throughout the body.  </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_26">Chemotherapy drugs used to treat stomach cancer include  </p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_27"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/capecitabine" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">capecitabine</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/cisplatin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">cisplatin</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/docetaxel" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">docetaxel</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/doxorubicinhydrochloride" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">doxorubicin</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/epirubicinhydrochloride" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">epirubicin</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/fluorouracil" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">fluorouracil (5-FU)</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/irinotecanhydrochloride" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">irinotecan</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/leucovorincalcium" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">leucovorin</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/oxaliplatin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">oxaliplatin</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/paclitaxel" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">paclitaxel </a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/trifluridine-tipiracilhydrochloride" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">trifluridine/tipiracil</a>
|
|
</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_28">To learn more about how chemotherapy works, how it is given, common side effects, and more, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/chemotherapy" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chemotherapy to Treat Cancer</a> and <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/chemo-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_29"><h3>Targeted therapy</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_30">Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells. Your doctor may suggest <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045618/" class="def">biomarker</a> tests to help predict your response to certain targeted therapy drugs. Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/biomarker-testing-cancer-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Biomarker Testing for Cancer</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_31">Targeted therapies used to treat stomach cancer include  </p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_32"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/ramucirumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ramucirumab</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/regorafenib" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">regorafenib</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/trastuzumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">trastuzumab</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/famtrastuzumabderuxtecan-nxki" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">trastuzumab deruxtecan</a>
|
|
</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_33">Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/targeted-therapies" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Targeted Therapy to Treat Cancer</a>.  </p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_34"><h3>Immunotherapy</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_35">Immunotherapy helps a person’s <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046356/" class="def">immune system</a> fight cancer. Your doctor may suggest biomarker tests to help predict your response to certain immunotherapy drugs. Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/biomarker-testing-cancer-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Biomarker Testing for Cancer</a>.   </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_36">Immunotherapy drugs used to treat stomach cancer include  </p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_37"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/nivolumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">nivolumab</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/pembrolizumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">pembrolizumab</a>
|
|
</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_38">These drugs work in more than one way to kill cancer cells. They are also considered targeted therapy because they target specific changes or substances in cancer cells.    </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_39">Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Immunotherapy to Treat Cancer </a>and <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy/side-effects" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Immunotherapy Side Effects</a>.   </p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_40"><h3>Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC)</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_41">Regional chemotherapy is a method of placing chemotherapy directly into an organ or a body cavity, such as the abdomen, to mainly affect cancer cells in those areas.   </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_42">A type of regional chemotherapy called hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, or hot chemotherapy, is being studied to treat stomach cancer and may be offered at certain treatment centers. After the surgeon has removed as much of the cancer as possible during surgery, a chemotherapy drug, such as <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/mitomycin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">mitomycin</a> or <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/cisplatin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">cisplatin</a>, is warmed and pumped directly into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046125/" class="def">peritoneal cavity</a> through a thin tube for about 2 hours. The surgeon then drains the chemotherapy from the abdomen and rinses the abdomen before closing the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046353/" class="def">incision</a>.   </p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_43"><h3>Clinical trials</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_44">A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be an option.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_45">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> website.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_46">To learn more, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Clinical Trials Information for Patients and Caregivers</a>.   </p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_47"><h3>Follow-up testing</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_48">Some tests that were done to <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/diagnosis" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">diagnose or stage</a> the cancer may be repeated to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests. These tests are sometimes called follow-up tests or check-ups.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812937_49">You may also have blood tests for tumor markers such as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046474/" class="def">CEA</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000377727/" class="def">CA 19-9</a>. Increased levels of these markers may mean your stomach cancer has come back. Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/diagnosis/tumor-markers-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Tumor Markers</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_1_">Stomach Cancer Treatment by Stage</h2><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_2">Cancer stage is an important factor in deciding the best treatment for stomach cancer. Other factors, such as your preferences and overall health, are also important.  </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_3">For some people, taking part in a clinical trial may be an option. Clinical trials of new cancer drugs or treatment combinations may be available. To learn more about clinical trials, including how to find and join a trial, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Clinical Trials Information for Patients and Caregivers</a>.  </p><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_4"><h3>Treatment of stage 0 stomach cancer (carcinoma in situ)</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_5">Gastrectomy (surgery to remove all or part of the stomach and nearby <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a>) is the main treatment for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000812063/" class="def">stage 0 stomach cancer</a> (carcinoma in situ). </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_6"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000798598/" class="def">Endoscopic mucosal resection</a> uses an endoscope to remove abnormal growths or tissue from the lining of the digestive tract without open surgery. It may be done in people with small tumors that have a low risk of spreading to nearby lymph nodes.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_7">To learn more about these treatments, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Stomach Cancer Treatment</a>.  </p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_8"><h3>Treatment of stage I stomach cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_9">Gastrectomy (surgery to remove all or part of the stomach and nearby <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a>) is the main treatment for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000812064/" class="def">stage I stomach cancer</a>. Some people may receive <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a> and/or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> before or after surgery. Giving chemotherapy at the same time as radiation therapy may help the radiation therapy work better.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_10">There are many chemotherapy drugs used for stage I stomach cancer, including <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/capecitabine" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">capecitabine</a>, <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/cisplatin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">cisplatin</a>, <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/docetaxel" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">docetaxel</a>, <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/epirubicinhydrochloride" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">epirubicin</a>, <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/fluorouracil" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">fluorouracil (5-FU)</a>, <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/leucovorincalcium" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">leucovorin</a>, and <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/oxaliplatin" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">oxaliplatin</a>. These drugs may be given alone or in combination.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_11">Endoscopic mucosal resection is a less invasive procedure that may be used in people with small tumors that have a low risk of spreading to nearby lymph nodes.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_12">To learn more about these treatments, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Stomach Cancer Treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_13"><h3>Treatment of stages II and III stomach cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_14">Gastrectomy (surgery to remove all or part of the stomach and nearby <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a>) is the main treatment for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000812065/" class="def">stage II stomach cancer</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000812066/" class="def">stage III stomach cancer</a>. Some people may receive chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy before or after surgery. Giving chemotherapy at the same time as radiation therapy may help the radiation therapy work better.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_15">There are many chemotherapy drugs used for stage II and stage III stomach cancer, including capecitabine, cisplatin, docetaxel, epirubicin, fluorouracil (5-FU), leucovorin, and oxaliplatin. These drugs may be given alone or in combination.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_16">To learn more about these treatments, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Stomach Cancer Treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_17"><h3>Treatment of stage IV stomach cancer, stomach cancer that cannot be removed by surgery, and recurrent stomach cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_18">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000812067/" class="def">stage IV stomach cancer</a>, any stage of stomach cancer that cannot be removed by surgery, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">recurrent</a> stomach cancer is palliative. Palliative therapy is treatment meant to improve the quality of life of people who have a serious or life-threatening disease, such as cancer. Many of the same treatments for cancer, such as chemotherapy or other kinds of drugs and radiation therapy, can also be used for palliative therapy to help a patient feel more comfortable. Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/advanced-cancer/care-choices/palliative-care-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Palliative Care in Cancer</a>.  </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_19">The first palliative treatment for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000774531/" class="def">HER2-negative</a> tumors might include chemotherapy with or without the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045729/" class="def">immunotherapy</a> drug <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/nivolumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">nivolumab</a>. For <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000737998/" class="def">HER2-positive</a> tumors, it might include the immunotherapy drug <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/pembrolizumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">pembrolizumab</a> and the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270742/" class="def">targeted therapy</a> drug <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/trastuzumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">trastuzumab</a> combined with chemotherapy.  </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_20">Subsequent palliative therapy may include one of the following: </p><ul id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_21"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>chemotherapy  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/ramucirumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ramucirumab</a> with or without chemotherapy  </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>pembrolizumab for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045671/" class="def">DNA</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000789741/" class="def">mismatch repair deficiency</a> cancer, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000789683/" class="def">microsatellite instability-high cancer</a>, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000795825/" class="def">tumor mutational burden</a>-high cancer</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/famtrastuzumabderuxtecan-nxki" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">trastuzumab deruxtecan</a> for HER2-positive cancer   </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_22">There are many chemotherapy drugs used as palliative therapy for advanced stomach cancer, including capecitabine, cisplatin, docetaxel, <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/doxorubicinhydrochloride" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">doxorubicin</a>, epirubicin, <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/etoposide" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">etoposide</a>, fluorouracil (5-FU), <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/irinotecanhydrochloride" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">irinotecan</a>, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/paclitaxel" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">paclitaxel</a>, and <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/trifluridine-tipiracilhydrochloride" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">trifluridine and tipiracil</a>. These drugs may be given alone or in combination.   </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_23">A specific way of giving chemotherapy called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000809547/" class="def">hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy</a>, or HIPEC, may be an option at some treatment centers. This treatment uses warmed chemotherapy to wash the inside of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a> during surgery.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_24">If you have side effects from the cancer or its treatment, you may be given other treatments to help reduce those side effects so you are more comfortable. For example, if you have a blockage in your stomach, you may receive <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000797679/" class="def">endoluminal</a> <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045154/" class="def">laser therapy</a> or endoluminal <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044903/" class="def">stent</a> placement to relieve the blockage or a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000797681/" class="def">gastrojejunostomy</a> to bypass the blockage. Radiation therapy or surgery may be done to stop bleeding, relieve pain, or shrink a tumor that is blocking the stomach.  </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812939_25">To learn more about these treatments, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Stomach Cancer Treatment</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812943_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812943_1_">Coping with Stomach Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812943_2">Stomach cancer and its treatments may cause physical and emotional side effects. When you first learn that you have stomach cancer, you may wonder how you’re going to cope with the upcoming changes in your life. One step you can take is to be informed of the changes that may occur and what resources are available to help you. Speaking up about any problems you have can give you a greater sense of control. Your health care team can talk with you about ways to reduce these side effects so you feel better.   </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812943_3">For resources on the common physical side effects of treatment for stomach cancer, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Stomach Cancer Treatment</a>. Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">side effects of cancer treatment</a> and ways to manage them. For help with emotional side effects, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/feelings" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Emotions and Cancer</a>.</p><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812943_4"><h3>Changes in eating and nutrition</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812943_5">Stomach cancer and its treatments may affect your ability to eat enough food or absorb the nutrients from food. If part or all of your stomach has been removed, you might need to eat smaller amounts of food more often or make changes to what you eat. Your doctor or dietitian may recommend that you stay upright for some time after eating. They can also help you adjust your diet to make sure you get the nutrition you need.  </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812943_6">To get tips on eating during cancer treatment, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/eating-hints" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Eating Hints: Before, during, and after Cancer Treatment</a>.  </p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812943_7">Learn more about how cancer affects nutrition in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/appetite-loss/nutrition-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Nutrition in Cancer Care</a>.   </p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812943_8"><h3>Changes in body image</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812943_9">Stomach cancer and its treatment can change how you look and feel about yourself. Know that you aren't alone in how you feel. Coping with changes to your body and the way you see yourself can be hard. But, over time, many people learn to adjust and move forward.</p><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812943_10">Learn more about how body changes may affect your self-image and sex life after treatment and ways to cope and communicate your feelings in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/self-image" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">How Cancer Affects Your Self-Image and Sexuality</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812943_11"><h3>Stress in dealing with follow-up care</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812943_12">Many people who have been treated for stomach cancer need to visit their doctor regularly to get follow-up exams or tests. Planning and scheduling these appointments can be stressful and time-consuming. Waiting for test results can cause <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000430405/" class="def">anxiety</a> and an ongoing fear of recurrence. The added costs of things such as copays, medicines, and parking and transportation fees only add to the stress. For tips on how to deal with the fear of cancer coming back, see the section Coping with Fear of Recurrence on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/survivorship/new-normal" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">A New Normal</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812943_13"><h3>Cost of cancer treatment</h3><p id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812943_14">Cancer is one of the most costly diseases to treat in the United States. Even if you have health insurance, you may face major financial challenges and need help dealing with the costs of stomach cancer treatment. The problems a person has related to the cost of treatment is known as financial toxicity. For tips and ways to cope, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care/track-care-costs" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Costs and Medical Information</a>. To learn about financial toxicity and find out if you are at risk, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care/track-care-costs/financial-toxicity-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Financial Toxicity (Financial Distress) and Cancer Treatment</a>.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK65889_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Published online: October 30, 2024.</p><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">April 23, 2003</span>.</p><h3>Version History</h3><ul class="simple-list" style="padding:0"><li><span class="bk_col_itm">NBK65889.22</span> October 30, 2024 (Displayed Version)</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.21/?report=reader">NBK65889.21</a></span> April 10, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.20/?report=reader">NBK65889.20</a></span> December 20, 2023</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.19/?report=reader">NBK65889.19</a></span> May 31, 2023</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.18/?report=reader">NBK65889.18</a></span> June 2, 2023</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.17/?report=reader">NBK65889.17</a></span> September 23, 2022</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.16/?report=reader">NBK65889.16</a></span> April 6, 2022</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.15/?report=reader">NBK65889.15</a></span> August 24, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.14/?report=reader">NBK65889.14</a></span> June 25, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.13/?report=reader">NBK65889.13</a></span> May 8, 2020</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.12/?report=reader">NBK65889.12</a></span> April 10, 2020</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.11/?report=reader">NBK65889.11</a></span> March 20, 2020</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.10/?report=reader">NBK65889.10</a></span> January 31, 2020</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.9/?report=reader">NBK65889.9</a></span> June 5, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.8/?report=reader">NBK65889.8</a></span> March 7, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.7/?report=reader">NBK65889.7</a></span> December 27, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.6/?report=reader">NBK65889.6</a></span> October 25, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.5/?report=reader">NBK65889.5</a></span> August 16, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.4/?report=reader">NBK65889.4</a></span> February 16, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.3/?report=reader">NBK65889.3</a></span> April 27, 2017</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.2/?report=reader">NBK65889.2</a></span> July 1, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65889.1/?report=reader">NBK65889.1</a></span> June 25, 2015</li></ul><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. Gastric Cancer Treatment: Patient Version. 2024 Oct 30.<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobCDR0000271446smCDR000081294515"><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812945_15" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20digestive%20tract&p=BOOKS&id=608886_CDR0000797837.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK65889/bin/CDR0000797837.jpg" alt="Anatomy of the digestive tract; drawing shows the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the digestive tract. The digestive tract is made up of organs that food and liquids travel through when they are swallowed, digested, absorbed, and leave the body as feces. These organs include the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobCDR0000271446smCDR000081293532"><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_32" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Upper%20endoscopy&p=BOOKS&id=608886_CDR0000433287.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK65889/bin/CDR0000433287.jpg" alt="Upper endoscopy; drawing shows an endoscope (a thin, lighted tube) inserted through the mouth and down the throat into the esophagus and stomach. An inset shows a patient on a table having an upper endoscopy." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Upper endoscopy. A thin, lighted tube called an endoscope is inserted through the mouth and down the throat to check for abnormal areas in the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine.</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobCDR0000271446smCDR000081293533"><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000812935_33" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Barium%20swallow%20for%20stomach%20cancer&p=BOOKS&id=608886_CDR0000681324.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK65889/bin/CDR0000681324.jpg" alt="Barium swallow; drawing shows barium liquid flowing down the esophagus and into the stomach. The barium coats and outlines the inside of the esophagus and stomach. Also shown is cancer in the stomach." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Barium swallow for stomach cancer. The patient drinks a liquid that contains barium (a silver-white metallic compound). The barium coats and outlines the inside of the esophagus and stomach. This allows abnormal areas, such as stomach cancer, to be seen on x-rays. </p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobCDR0000271446smCDR000081300841"><div id="CDR0000271446__sm_CDR0000813008_41" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Layers%20of%20the%20stomach%20wall&p=BOOKS&id=608886_CDR0000793595.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK65889/bin/CDR0000793595.jpg" alt="Layers of the stomach wall; drawing of the stomach with an inset showing the layers of the stomach wall, including the mucosa (innermost layer), submucosa, muscle layer, subserosa, and serosa (outermost layer)." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Layers of the stomach wall. The wall of the stomach is made up of the mucosa (innermost layer), submucosa, muscle layer, subserosa, and serosa (outermost layer). The stomach is an organ in the upper abdomen. </p></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Book content -->
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js"> </script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID /projects/books/PBooks@9.11 portal106 v4.1.r689238 Tue, Oct 22 2024 16:10:51 -->
|
|
<span id="portal-csrf-token" style="display:none" data-token="CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID"></span>
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3968615.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
|
|
</html>
|