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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65860_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65860_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65860_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: July 31, 2015.</p><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">December 27, 2007</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000433423__257">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about liver (hepatocellular) cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000433423__258">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000433423__18"><h2 id="_CDR0000433423__18_">What is prevention?</h2><p id="CDR0000433423__19"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevention</a> is action taken to lower the chance of getting cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will lower the number of deaths caused by cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000433423__20">To prevent new cancers from starting, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044724/" class="def">scientists</a> look at <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factors</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a>. Anything that increases your chance of developing cancer is called a cancer risk factor; anything that decreases your chance of developing cancer is called a cancer protective factor.</p><p id="CDR0000433423__64">Some risk factors for cancer can be avoided, but many cannot. For example, both smoking and inheriting certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045693/" class="def">genes</a> are risk factors for some types of cancer, but only smoking can be avoided. Regular exercise and a healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044660/" class="def">diet</a> may be protective factors for some types of cancer. Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may lower your risk, but it does not mean that you will not get cancer. </p><p id="CDR0000433423__68">Different ways to prevent cancer are being studied, including:
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</p><ul id="CDR0000433423__69"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changing lifestyle or eating habits.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicines</a> to treat a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046220/" class="def">precancerous</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> or to keep cancer from starting.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000433423__21"><h2 id="_CDR0000433423__21_">General Information About Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000433423__22">Liver cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells
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form in the tissues of the liver.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000433423__225">Liver cancer is not common in the United States.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000433423__226">Being infected with certain types of the hepatitis virus can cause hepatitis and increase the risk of liver cancer.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000433423__22"><h3>Liver cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells
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form in the tissues of the liver.</h3><p id="CDR0000433423__24">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a> is one of the largest <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> in the body. It has four <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046188/" class="def">lobes</a> and fills the upper right side of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a> inside the rib cage. Three of the many important functions of the liver are:</p><ul id="CDR0000433423__60"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>To filter harmful substances from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">blood</a> so they can be passed from the body in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046605/" class="def">stools</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046642/" class="def">urine</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>To make <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046508/" class="def">bile</a> to help <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463707/" class="def">digest</a> fats from food. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>To store glycogen (sugar), which the body uses for energy. </div></li></ul><div id="CDR0000433423__256" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20liver&p=BOOKS&id=65860_CDR0000658698.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65860.1/bin/CDR0000658698.jpg" alt="Anatomy of the liver; drawing shows the right and left front lobes of the liver, bile ducts, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, colon, and small intestine. The two back lobes of the liver are not shown." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the liver. The liver is in the upper abdomen near the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and pancreas. The liver has four lobes. Two lobes are on the front and two small lobes (not shown) are on the back of the liver.</p></div></div><p id="CDR0000433423__250">See the following <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summaries for more information about <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044242/" class="def">liver (hepatocellular) cancer</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000433423__251"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000569404/">Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000256491/">Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000258119/">Childhood Liver Cancer Treatment</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000433423__225"><h3>Liver cancer is not common in the United States.</h3><p id="CDR0000433423__27">Liver cancer is the fourth most common <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> and the third leading cause of cancer death in the world. In the United States, men, especially Chinese American men, have an increased risk of liver cancer. The number of new cases of liver cancer and the number of deaths from liver cancer continue to increase, especially among middle-aged black, Hispanic, and white men. People are usually older than 40 years when they develop this cancer. </p><p id="CDR0000433423__71">Finding and treating liver cancer early may prevent death from liver cancer. </p></div><div id="CDR0000433423__226"><h3>Being infected with certain types of the hepatitis virus can cause hepatitis and increase the risk of liver cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000433423__249"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046371/" class="def">Hepatitis</a> is most commonly caused by the hepatitis <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045941/" class="def">virus</a>. Hepatitis is a disease that causes <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044042/" class="def">inflammation</a> (swelling) of the liver. Damage to the liver from hepatitis that lasts a long time can increase the risk of liver cancer. </p><p id="CDR0000433423__252">There are six types of the hepatitis virus. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000472904/" class="def">Hepatitis A</a> (HAV), <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046146/" class="def">hepatitis B</a> (HBV), and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044139/" class="def">hepatitis C</a> (HCV) are the three most common types. These three viruses cause similar <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a>, but the ways they spread and affect the liver are different. </p><p id="CDR0000433423__253">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000455134/" class="def">Hepatitis A vaccine</a> and the hepatitis B <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045938/" class="def">vaccine</a> prevent <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045364/" class="def">infection</a> with hepatitis A and hepatitis B. There is no vaccine to prevent infection with hepatitis C. If a person has had one type of hepatitis in the past, it is still possible to get the other types.</p><p id="CDR0000433423__254">Hepatitis viruses include:</p><div id="CDR0000433423__228"><h4>Hepatitis A</h4><p id="CDR0000433423__230">Hepatitis A is caused by eating food or drinking water infected with hepatitis A virus. It does not lead to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045641/" class="def">chronic</a> disease. People with hepatitis A usually get better without treatment.</p></div><div id="CDR0000433423__231"><h4>Hepatitis B</h4><p id="CDR0000433423__233">Hepatitis B is caused by contact with the blood, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046703/" class="def">semen</a>, or other body <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044669/" class="def">fluid</a> of a person infected with hepatitis B virus. It is a serious infection that may become chronic and cause scarring of the liver (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045478/" class="def">cirrhosis</a>). This may lead to liver cancer. Blood banks test all <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000643010/" class="def">donated</a> blood for hepatitis B, which greatly lowers the risk of getting the virus from <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045991/" class="def">blood transfusions</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000433423__237"><h4>Hepatitis C</h4><p id="CDR0000433423__236">Hepatitis C is caused by contact with the blood of a person infected with hepatitis C virus. Hepatitis C may range from a mild illness that lasts a few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness. Most people who have hepatitis C develop a chronic infection that may cause scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). This may lead to liver cancer. Blood banks test all donated blood for hepatitis C, which greatly lowers the risk of getting the virus from blood transfusions.</p></div><div id="CDR0000433423__238"><h4>Hepatitis D</h4><p id="CDR0000433423__240">Hepatitis D develops in people already infected with hepatitis B. It is caused by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000600475/" class="def">hepatitis D virus</a> (HDV) and is spread through contact with infected blood or dirty needles, or by having unprotected sex with a person infected with HDV. Hepatitis D causes <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045585/" class="def">acute</a> hepatitis.</p></div><div id="CDR0000433423__241"><h4>Hepatitis E</h4><p id="CDR0000433423__243">Hepatitis E is caused by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000599980/" class="def">hepatitis E virus</a> (HEV). Hepatitis E can be spread through <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044068/" class="def">oral-</a><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044185/" class="def">anal</a> contact or by drinking infected water. Hepatitis E is rare in the United States.</p></div><div id="CDR0000433423__244"><h4>Hepatitis G</h4><p id="CDR0000433423__246">Being infected with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000599981/" class="def">hepatitis G virus</a> (HGV) has not been shown to cause liver cancer.</p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000433423__28"><h2 id="_CDR0000433423__28_">Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Prevention</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000433423__29">Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may
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help prevent cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000433423__35">The following <i>risk</i> factors may increase the risk of liver cancer:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000433423__66">The following <i>protective</i> factor may decrease the risk of liver cancer:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000433423__46">Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer.
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</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000433423__73">New ways to prevent liver cancer are being studied in clinical trials.
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</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000433423__29"><h3>Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may
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help prevent cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000433423__29_53">Avoiding <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factors</a> may help <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevent</a> certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, being <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304742/" class="def">overweight</a>, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a> such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000433423__35"><h3>The following <i>risk</i> factors may increase the risk of liver cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000433423__76"><h4>Hepatitis B and C</h4><p id="CDR0000433423__78">Having <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045641/" class="def">chronic</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046146/" class="def">hepatitis B</a> or chronic <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044139/" class="def">hepatitis C</a> increases the risk of developing <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044242/" class="def">liver cancer</a>. The risk is even greater for people with both hepatitis B and C. Also, the longer the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046371/" class="def">hepatitis</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045364/" class="def">infection</a> lasts (especially hepatitis C), the greater the risk.</p><p id="CDR0000433423__255">In a study of patients with chronic hepatitis C, those who were treated to lower their <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446805/" class="def">iron</a> levels by having <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">blood</a> drawn and eating a low-iron <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044660/" class="def">diet</a> were less likely to develop liver cancer than those who did not have this treatment.</p></div><div id="CDR0000433423__40"><h4>Cirrhosis</h4><p id="CDR0000433423__42">The risk of developing liver cancer is increased for people who have <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045478/" class="def">cirrhosis</a>, a disease in which healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a> is replaced by scar tissue. The scar tissue blocks the flow of blood through the liver and keeps it from working as it should. Chronic <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000450090/" class="def">alcoholism</a> and chronic hepatitis C are the most common causes of cirrhosis.</p></div><div id="CDR0000433423__61"><h4>Aflatoxin</h4><p id="CDR0000433423__63">The risk of developing liver cancer may be increased by eating foods that contain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046206/" class="def">aflatoxin</a> (poison from a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044571/" class="def">fungus</a> that can grow on foods, such as grains and nuts, that have not been stored properly).</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000433423__66"><h3>The following <i>protective</i> factor may decrease the risk of liver cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000433423__37"><h4>Hepatitis B vaccine</h4><p id="CDR0000433423__39">Preventing hepatitis B infection (by being <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044841/" class="def">vaccinated</a> for hepatitis B) has been shown to lower the risk of liver cancer in children. It is not yet known if it lowers the risk in adults.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000433423__46"><h3>Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer.
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</h3><p id="CDR0000433423__48">Cancer prevention <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a> are used to study ways to lower the risk of developing certain types of cancer. Some cancer prevention trials are conducted with healthy people who have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer. Other prevention trials are conducted with people who have had cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type or to lower their chance of developing a new type of cancer. Other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known to have any risk factors for cancer.
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</p><p id="CDR0000433423__72">The purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to find out whether actions people take can prevent cancer. These may include eating fruits and vegetables, exercising, quitting smoking, or taking certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicines</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044744/" class="def">vitamins</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045787/" class="def">minerals</a>, or food <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045916/" class="def">supplements</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000433423__73"><h3>New ways to prevent liver cancer are being studied in clinical trials.
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</h3><p id="CDR0000433423__75">Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about clinical trials can be found in the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Clinical Trials</a> section of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044267/" class="def">NCI</a> website. Check NCI's list of cancer clinical trials for <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search/results?protocolsearchid=7641203&vers=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">liver cancer prevention trials</a> that are now accepting patients.
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</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000433423__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about liver (hepatocellular) cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/screening-prevention" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials are listed in PDQ and can be found online at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_21">PDQ® Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. PDQ Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Prevention. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/patient/liver-prevention-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/patient/liver-prevention-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389299]</p><p id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 2,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000433423__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK65860</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26389299" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">26389299</a></span></div></div></div>
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