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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65840_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65840_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65840_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Esophageal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: April 21, 2016.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000062888__121">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about esophageal cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000062888__122">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062888__1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062888__1_">What is prevention?</h2><p id="CDR0000062888__2"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevention</a> is action taken to lower the chance of getting
|
|
cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer
|
|
in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will lower
|
|
the number of deaths caused by cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062888__3">To prevent new cancers from starting, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044724/" class="def">scientists</a> look at <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk
|
|
factors</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a>. Anything that increases your
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chance of developing cancer is called a cancer risk factor;
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|
anything that decreases your chance of developing cancer is
|
|
called a cancer protective factor.</p><p id="CDR0000062888__4">Some risk factors for cancer can be avoided, but many cannot.
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|
For example, both smoking and inheriting certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045693/" class="def">genes</a> are
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risk factors for some types of cancer, but only smoking can be
|
|
avoided. Regular exercise and a healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044660/" class="def">diet</a> may be protective
|
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factors for some types of cancer. Avoiding risk factors and
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|
increasing protective factors may lower your risk but it does
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not mean that you will not get cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062888__5">Different ways to prevent cancer are being studied, including:</p><ul id="CDR0000062888__6"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changing lifestyle or eating habits.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding things known to cause cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicines</a> to treat a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046220/" class="def">precancerous</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> or to
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keep cancer from starting.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062888__7"><h2 id="_CDR0000062888__7_">General Information About Esophageal Cancer</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062888__8">Esophageal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer)
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cells form in the tissues of the esophagus.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062888__16">Esophageal cancer is found more often in men.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062888__8"><h3>Esophageal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer)
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cells form in the tissues of the esophagus.</h3><p id="CDR0000062888__10">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> is the hollow, muscular tube that moves food and
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liquid from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439429/" class="def">throat</a> to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046604/" class="def">stomach</a>. The wall of the esophagus is made up of several layers of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>,
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including <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257212/" class="def">mucous membrane</a> (inner lining), muscle, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a>. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444989/" class="def">Esophageal cancer</a>
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starts in the inner lining of the esophagus and spreads outward through the
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other layers as it grows.<div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR000006288811" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR000006288811"><a href="/books/NBK65840.3/figure/CDR0000062888__11/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR000006288811" rid-ob="figobCDR000006288811"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK65840.3/bin/CDR0000428446.gif" src-large="/books/NBK65840.3/bin/CDR0000428446.jpg" alt="The esophagus and stomach are part of the upper gastrointestinal (digestive) system" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR000006288811"><h4 id="CDR0000062888__11"><a href="/books/NBK65840.3/figure/CDR0000062888__11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR000006288811">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The esophagus and stomach are part of the upper gastrointestinal (digestive) system. </p></div></div></p><p id="CDR0000062888__12">The two most common types of esophageal cancer are named for the
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type of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> that become <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045772/" class="def">malignant</a> (cancerous):</p><ul id="CDR0000062888__13"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046595/" class="def">Squamous cell carcinoma</a>: <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> that begins in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046056/" class="def">squamous cells</a>,
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the thin, flat cells lining the esophagus. This cancer is most often found
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in the upper and middle part of the esophagus but can occur anywhere along the esophagus. This is also called epidermoid
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carcinoma. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046216/" class="def">Adenocarcinoma</a>: Cancer that begins in
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046386/" class="def">glandular</a> (secretory) cells.
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Glandular cells in the lining of the esophagus produce and release <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044669/" class="def">fluids</a> such
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as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046274/" class="def">mucus</a>. Adenocarcinoma usually starts in the lower part of the esophagus, near
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the stomach.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000062888__14">See the following <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summaries for more information about esophageal cancer:</p><ul id="CDR0000062888__15"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000304521/">Esophageal Cancer Screening</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062960/">Esophageal Cancer Treatment</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062888__16"><h3>Esophageal cancer is found more often in men.</h3><p id="CDR0000062888__18">Men are about three times more likely than women to develop esophageal cancer. The chance of developing esophageal cancer increases with age. Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is more common in blacks than in whites.</p><p id="CDR0000062888__72">In the United States, the rates of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus have increased in the last 20 years. It is now more common than squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. The rates of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus are decreasing.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062888__80"><h2 id="_CDR0000062888__80_">Esophageal Cancer Prevention</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062888__127">Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062888__81">The following <i>risk</i> factors increase
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the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062888__89">The following <i>protective</i> factors may
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decrease the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062888__98">The following <i>risk</i> factors increase
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the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062888__104">The following <i>protective</i> factors may
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|
decrease the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062888__113">Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways
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to prevent cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062888__65">
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New ways to prevent esophageal cancer are being studied in clinical
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trials. </a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062888__127"><h3>Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062888__127_53">Avoiding <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factors</a> may help <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevent</a> certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, being <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304742/" class="def">overweight</a>, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a> such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062888__130">The risk factors and protective factors for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046595/" class="def">squamous cell carcinoma</a> of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046216/" class="def">adenocarcinoma</a> of the esophagus are not the same.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062888__81"><h3>The following <i>risk</i> factors increase
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the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus:</h3><div id="CDR0000062888__83"><h4>Smoking and alcohol use</h4><p id="CDR0000062888__85">Studies have shown that the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is increased in people who smoke or drink a lot.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062888__89"><h3>The following <i>protective</i> factors may
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decrease the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: </h3><div id="CDR0000062888__91"><h4>Avoiding tobacco and alcohol use</h4><p id="CDR0000062888__93">Studies have shown that the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is lower in people who do not use <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439432/" class="def">tobacco</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463134/" class="def">alcohol.</a>
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062888__94"><h4>Chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</h4><p id="CDR0000062888__131"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045487/" class="def">Chemoprevention</a> is the use of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drugs</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044744/" class="def">vitamins</a>, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of cancer. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044481/" class="def">Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a> (NSAIDs) include <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045176/" class="def">aspirin</a> and other drugs that reduce swelling and pain.</p><p id="CDR0000062888__96">Some studies have shown that the use of NSAIDs
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may lower the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. However, the use of NSAIDs increases the risk of heart attack, heart failure, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439425/" class="def">stroke</a>, bleeding in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046604/" class="def">stomach</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046335/" class="def">intestines</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046325/" class="def">kidney</a> damage.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062888__98"><h3>The following <i>risk</i> factors increase
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the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus:</h3><div id="CDR0000062888__100"><h4>Gastric reflux and Barrett esophagus</h4><p id="CDR0000062888__102">Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is strongly linked to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257517/" class="def">gastroesophageal reflux</a> disease (GERD), especially when the GERD lasts a long time and the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> are severe. GERD is a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> in which the contents of the stomach, including <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000657842/" class="def">stomach acid</a>, flow up into the lower part of the esophagus. This irritates the inside of the esophagus, and over time, may affect the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> lining the lower part of the esophagus. This condition is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046013/" class="def">Barrett esophagus</a>. Over time, the affected cells are replaced with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a> cells, which may later become adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000527371/" class="def">Obesity</a> in combination with GERD may further increase the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.</p><p id="CDR0000062888__123">The use of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicines</a> that relax the lower <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257222/" class="def">sphincter</a> muscle of the esophagus may increase the likelihood of developing GERD. When the lower sphincter muscle is relaxed, stomach acid may flow up into the lower part of the esophagus.</p><p id="CDR0000062888__103">It is not known if <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a> or other medical treatment to stop <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046770/" class="def">gastric</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046558/" class="def">reflux</a> lowers the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">Clinical trials</a> are being done to see if surgery or medical treatments can prevent Barrett esophagus.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062888__104"><h3>The following <i>protective</i> factors may
|
|
decrease the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. </h3><div id="CDR0000062888__106"><h4>Chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</h4><p id="CDR0000062888__132">Chemoprevention is the use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of cancer. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) include aspirin and other drugs that reduce swelling and pain.
|
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</p><p id="CDR0000062888__108">Some studies have shown that the use of NSAIDs
|
|
may lower the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. However, the use of NSAIDs increases the risk of heart attack, heart failure, stroke, bleeding in the stomach and intestines, and kidney damage.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062888__109"><h4>Radiofrequency ablation of the esophagus</h4><p id="CDR0000062888__111">Patients with Barrett esophagus who have abnormal cells in the lower esophagus may be treated with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044865/" class="def">radiofrequency ablation</a>. This procedure uses <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651209/" class="def">radio waves</a> to heat and destroy abnormal cells, which may become cancer. Risks of using radiofrequency ablation include narrowing of the esophagus and bleeding in the esophagus, stomach, or intestines.</p><p id="CDR0000062888__126">One study of patients who have Barrett esophagus and abnormal cells in the esophagus compared patients who received radiofrequency ablation with patients who did not. Patients who received radiofrequency ablation were less likely to be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosed</a> with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444989/" class="def">esophageal cancer</a>. More study is needed in order to know whether radiofrequency ablation decreases the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus in patients with these conditions.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062888__113"><h3>Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways
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to prevent cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062888__115"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a>
|
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevention</a> clinical trials are used to study ways to
|
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lower the risk of certain types of cancer. Some
|
|
cancer prevention trials are conducted with healthy people who
|
|
have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer.
|
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Other prevention trials are conducted with people who have had
|
|
cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type
|
|
or to lower their chance of developing a new type of cancer.
|
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Other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known
|
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to have any risk factors for cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062888__116">The purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to
|
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find out whether actions people take can prevent cancer. These
|
|
may include eating fruits and vegetables, exercising, quitting
|
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smoking, or taking certain medicines, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044744/" class="def">vitamins</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045787/" class="def">minerals</a>, or
|
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food <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045916/" class="def">supplements</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062888__65"><h3>
|
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New ways to prevent esophageal cancer are being studied in clinical
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trials. </h3><p id="CDR0000062888__124">Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country.
|
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Information about clinical trials can be found in the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Clinical
|
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Trials</a> section of the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044267/" class="def">NCI</a> website.
|
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Check NCI's list of cancer clinical trials for <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search/results?protocolsearchid=6121935&vers=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">esophageal cancer prevention trials</a> that are now accepting patients.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062888__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about esophageal cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/screening-prevention" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials are listed in PDQ and can be found online at <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_21">PDQ® Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. PDQ Esophageal Cancer Prevention. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/types/esophageal/patient/esophageal-prevention-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.cancer.gov/types/esophageal/patient/esophageal-prevention-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389280]</p><p id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="http://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 2,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000062888__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK65840</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26389280" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">26389280</a></span></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65840.3/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK65840.3/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65840" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65840" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. Esophageal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2016 Apr 21. 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class="invert">Review</span> Esophageal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Esophageal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/31593388" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" 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