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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65836_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65836_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65836_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma Treatment (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: September 15, 2023.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000258015__245">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of intraocular melanoma. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000258015__246">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__1"><h2 id="_CDR0000258015__1_">General Information About Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma</h2><div id="CDR0000258015__1.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__2">Intraocular melanoma is a disease in which malignant
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(cancer) cells form in the tissues of the eye.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__118">Being older and having fair skin may increase the risk of intraocular melanoma.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__8">Signs and symptoms of intraocular melanoma may include blurred vision or a dark
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spot on the iris. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__12">Tests that examine the eye are used to diagnose intraocular melanoma.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__233">A biopsy of the tumor is rarely needed to diagnose intraocular melanoma.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__85">Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258015__2"><h3>Intraocular melanoma is a disease in which malignant
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(cancer) cells form in the tissues of the eye.</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__90"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269460/" class="def">Intraocular melanoma</a> begins in the middle of three layers of the wall of the eye. The outer layer includes the white <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000546599/" class="def">sclera</a> (the "white of the eye") and the clear <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044199/" class="def">cornea</a> at the front of the eye. The inner layer has a lining of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000373935/" class="def">nerve</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>, called the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000440115/" class="def">retina</a>, which senses light and sends images along the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046248/" class="def">optic nerve</a> to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000797669/" class="def">brain</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000258015__130">The middle layer, where intraocular melanoma forms, is called the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534220/" class="def">uvea</a> or uveal tract, and has three main parts:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__91" class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b>Iris</b>
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534221/" class="def">iris</a> is the colored area at the front of the eye (the "eye color"). It can be seen through the clear cornea. The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000546600/" class="def">pupil</a> is in the center of the iris, and it changes size to let more or less light into the eye. Intraocular melanoma of the iris is usually a small <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> that grows slowly and rarely spreads to other parts of the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">
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<b>Ciliary body</b>
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534222/" class="def">ciliary body</a> is a ring of tissue with muscle <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046401/" class="def">fibers</a> that change the shape of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000572035/" class="def">lens</a>. It is found behind the iris. Changes in the shape of the lens help the eye focus. The ciliary body also makes the clear fluid that fills the space between the cornea and the iris. Intraocular melanoma of the ciliary body is often larger and more likely to spread to other parts of the body than intraocular melanoma of the iris.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">
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<b>Choroid</b>
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534223/" class="def">choroid</a> is a layer of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045020/" class="def">blood vessels</a> that bring <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000538149/" class="def">oxygen</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044697/" class="def">nutrients</a> to the eye. Most intraocular melanomas begin in the choroid. Intraocular melanoma of the choroid is often larger and more likely to spread to other parts of the body than intraocular melanoma of the iris.
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</div></li></ul><div id="CDR0000258015__144" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20eye%2C%20showing%20the%20outside%20and%20inside%20of%20the%20eye%20including%20the%20sclera%2C%20cornea%2C%20iris%2C%20ciliary%20body%2C%20choroid%2C%20retina%2C%20vitreous%20humor%2C%20and%20optic%20nerve&p=BOOKS&id=595018_CDR0000543553.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65836/bin/CDR0000543553.jpg" alt="Eye anatomy; two-panel drawing showing the outside and inside of the eye. The top panel shows the outside of the eye, including the eyelid, pupil, sclera, and iris. The bottom panel shows the inside of the eye, including the cornea, lens, ciliary body, retina, choroid, optic nerve, and vitreous humor." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the eye, showing the outside and inside of the eye including the sclera, cornea, iris, ciliary body, choroid, retina, vitreous humor, and optic nerve. The vitreous humor is a liquid that fills the center of the eye.</p></div></div><p id="CDR0000258015__6">Intraocular melanoma is a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000791790/" class="def">rare cancer</a> that forms from cells that make <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046291/" class="def">melanin</a> in the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. It is the most common <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444991/" class="def">eye cancer</a> in
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adults.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__118"><h3>Being older and having fair skin may increase the risk of intraocular melanoma.</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__120">Anything that increases a person's chance of getting a disease is called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factor</a>. Not every person with one or more of these risk factors will develop intraocular melanoma, and it can develop in people who don't have any known risk factors. Talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk. </p><p id="CDR0000258015__232">Risk factors for intraocular melanoma include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__121"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having a fair complexion, which includes the following:
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<dl id="CDR0000258015__156" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Fair skin that freckles and burns easily, does not tan, or tans poorly.</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Blue or green or other light-colored eyes.</p></dd></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Older age.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being White.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258015__8"><h3>Signs and symptoms of intraocular melanoma may include blurred vision or a dark
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spot on the iris. </h3><p id="CDR0000258015__10">Intraocular melanoma may not cause early <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">signs</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a>. It is sometimes found during a regular eye exam when the doctor <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257207/" class="def">dilates</a> the pupil and looks into the eye. These and other signs and symptoms may be caused by intraocular melanoma or by other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following symptoms that do not go away:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__137"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blurred vision or other change in vision.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Floaters (spots that drift in your field of vision) or flashes of light.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A dark spot on the iris.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A change in the size or shape of the pupil.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A change in the position of the eyeball in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000797677/" class="def">eye socket</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258015__12"><h3>Tests that examine the eye are used to diagnose intraocular melanoma.</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__14">In addition to asking about your <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000642019/" class="def">personal</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000642015/" class="def">family health history</a> and doing a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270871/" class="def">physical exam</a>, your doctor may perform the following tests and procedures:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__15"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Eye exam with dilated pupil</b>: An exam of the eye in which the pupil is dilated (enlarged) with medicated eye drops to allow the doctor to look through the lens and pupil to the retina. The inside of the eye, including the retina and the optic nerve, is checked. Pictures may be taken over time to keep track of changes in the size of the tumor. There are several types of eye exams:<ul id="CDR0000258015__221"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000749897/" class="def">Ophthalmoscopy</a></b>: An exam of the inside of the back of the eye to check the retina and optic nerve using a small magnifying lens and a light.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534233/" class="def">Slit-lamp biomicroscopy</a></b>: An exam of the inside of the eye to check the retina, optic nerve, and other parts of the eye using a strong beam of light and a microscope.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534232/" class="def">Gonioscopy</a></b>: An exam of the front part of the eye between the cornea and iris. A special instrument is used to see if the area where fluid drains out of the eye is blocked.</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046157/" class="def">Ultrasound</a> exam of the eye</b>: A procedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off the internal tissues of the eye to make echoes. Eye drops are used to numb the eye, and a small probe that sends and receives sound waves is placed gently on the surface of the eye. The echoes make a picture of the inside of the eye, and the distance from the cornea to the retina is measured. The picture, called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046587/" class="def">sonogram</a>, shows on the screen of the ultrasound <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454803/" class="def">monitor</a>. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>High-resolution <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000536401/" class="def">ultrasound biomicroscopy</a></b>: A procedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off the internal tissues of the eye to make echoes. Eye drops are used to numb the eye, and a small probe that sends and receives sound waves is placed gently on the surface of the eye. The echoes make a more detailed picture of the inside of the eye than a regular ultrasound. The tumor is checked for its size, shape, and thickness, and for signs that the tumor has spread to nearby tissue.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Transillumination of the globe and iris</b>: An exam of the iris, cornea, lens, and ciliary body with a light placed on either the upper or lower lid.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Fluorescein <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046531/" class="def">angiography</a></b>: A procedure to look at blood vessels and the flow of blood inside the eye. An orange fluorescent <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000409764/" class="def">dye</a> (fluorescein) is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a blood vessel in the arm and goes into the bloodstream. As the dye travels through blood vessels of the eye, a special camera takes pictures of the retina and choroid to find any areas that are blocked or leaking. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Indocyanine green angiography</b>: A procedure to look at blood vessels in the choroid layer of the eye. A green dye (indocyanine green) is injected into a blood vessel in the arm and goes into the bloodstream. As the dye travels through blood vessels of the eye, a special camera takes pictures of the retina and choroid to find any areas that are blocked or leaking. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Ocular coherence <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044260/" class="def">tomography</a></b>: An <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000689578/" class="def">imaging test</a> that uses light waves to take cross-section pictures of the retina, and sometimes the choroid, to see if there is swelling or fluid beneath the retina.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258015__233"><h3>A biopsy of the tumor is rarely needed to diagnose intraocular melanoma.</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__235">A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045164/" class="def">biopsy</a> is the removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">pathologist</a> to check for signs of cancer. Rarely, a biopsy of the tumor is needed to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnose</a> intraocular melanoma. Tissue that is removed during a biopsy or surgery to remove the tumor may be tested to get more information about <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045849/" class="def">prognosis</a> and which treatment options are best. </p><p id="CDR0000258015__236">The following tests may be done on the sample of tissue:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__237"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000798756/" class="def">Cytogenetic analysis</a></b>: A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046590/" class="def">laboratory test</a> in which the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046470/" class="def">chromosomes</a> of cells in a sample of tissue are counted and checked for any changes, such as broken, missing, rearranged, or extra chromosomes. Changes in certain chromosomes may be a sign of cancer. Cytogenetic analysis is used to help diagnose cancer, plan treatment, or find out how well treatment is working.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386201/" class="def">Gene expression profiling</a></b>: A laboratory test that identifies all of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045693/" class="def">genes</a> in a cell or tissue that are making (expressing) <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000662000/" class="def">messenger RNA</a>. Messenger RNA <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045065/" class="def">molecules</a> carry the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046391/" class="def">genetic</a> information that is needed to make <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046092/" class="def">proteins</a> from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045671/" class="def">DNA</a> in the cell <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000597161/" class="def">nucleus</a> to the protein-making machinery in the cell <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044586/" class="def">cytoplasm</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258015__240">A biopsy may result in retinal detachment (the retina separates from other tissues in the eye). This can be repaired by surgery.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__85"><h3>Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__87">The prognosis and treatment options depend on the following: </p><ul id="CDR0000258015__88"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045135/" class="def">melanoma</a> cells look under a microscope.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The size and thickness of the tumor.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether the tumor is in the
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iris, ciliary body, or choroid part of the eye.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether the tumor has spread within the eye or to
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other places in the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether there are certain changes in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045693/" class="def">genes</a> linked to intraocular melanoma.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The patient's age and general health.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether the tumor has <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurred</a> (come back) after treatment. </div></li></ul></div></div><div id="CDR0000258015__19"><h2 id="_CDR0000258015__19_">Stages of Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma</h2><div id="CDR0000258015__19.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__20">After intraocular melanoma has been diagnosed, tests are
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done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts
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of the body. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__154">There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__241">Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__95">The following sizes are used to describe intraocular melanoma and plan treatment: </a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__97">Small</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__100">Medium</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__103">Large</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__310">There is no staging system for intraocular melanoma of the <i>iris</i>.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__180">The following stages are used for intraocular melanoma of the <i>ciliary body and choroid</i>:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__161">Stage I</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__164">Stage II</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__166">Stage III</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__168">Stage IV</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__312">Intraocular melanoma can recur (come back) after it has been treated.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258015__20"><h3>After intraocular melanoma has been diagnosed, tests are
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done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts
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of the body. </h3><p id="CDR0000258015__22">The process used to find out if cancer has spread to other parts of the body is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046597/" class="def">staging</a>. The information gathered from the staging process determines the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. </p><p id="CDR0000258015__225">The following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__135"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304685/" class="def">Blood chemistry studies</a></b>: A procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body. An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">sign</a> of disease. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390293/" class="def">Liver function tests</a></b>: A procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a>. A higher than normal amount of a substance can be a sign the cancer has spread to the liver.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046157/" class="def">Ultrasound</a> exam</b>: A procedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off internal tissues or organs, such as the liver, and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046587/" class="def">sonogram</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304687/" class="def">Chest x-ray</a></b>: An <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-ray</a> of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045788/" class="def">MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging)</b>: A procedure that uses a magnet, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651209/" class="def">radio waves</a>, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the liver. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046033/" class="def">CT scan</a> (CAT scan)</b>: A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the chest, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a>, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046246/" class="def">pelvis</a>, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000409764/" class="def">dye</a> may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046140/" class="def">PET scan</a> (positron emission tomography scan)</b>: A procedure to find malignant <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> cells in the body. A very small amount of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044033/" class="def">glucose</a> (sugar) is injected into a vein. The PET <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386220/" class="def">scanner</a> rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body. Malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do. Sometimes a PET scan and a CT scan are done at the same time. If there is any cancer, this increases the chance that it will be found.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258015__154"><h3>There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__154_md_69">Cancer can spread through <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045764/" class="def">lymph system</a>, and the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">blood</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__154_md_70"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tissue. The cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymph system. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system. The cancer travels through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269462/" class="def">lymph vessels</a> to other parts of the body.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood. The cancer travels through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045020/" class="def">blood vessels</a> to other parts of the body.
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</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258015__311"> If <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269460/" class="def">intraocular melanoma</a> spreads to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046248/" class="def">optic nerve</a> or nearby tissue of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000797677/" class="def">eye socket</a>, it is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000537398/" class="def">extraocular</a> extension.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__241"><h3>Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__241_md_66">When cancer spreads to another part of the body, it is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046710/" class="def">metastasis</a>. Cancer cells break away from where they began (the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary tumor</a>) and travel through the lymph system or blood.</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__241_md_67"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymph system. The cancer gets into the lymph system, travels through the lymph vessels, and forms a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044058/" class="def">metastatic</a> tumor) in another part of the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood. The cancer gets into the blood, travels through the blood vessels, and forms a tumor (metastatic tumor) in another part of the body.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258015__243">The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if intraocular melanoma spreads to the liver, the cancer cells in the liver are actually intraocular melanoma cells. The disease is metastatic intraocular melanoma, not liver cancer.</p><div id="CDR0000258015__254" class="box"><h3><span class="title">metastasis: how cancer spreads</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Many cancer deaths are caused when cancer moves from the original tumor and spreads to other tissues and organs. This is called metastatic cancer. This animation shows how cancer cells travel from the place in the body where they first formed to other parts of the body.</p></div><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQwar_-QdiQ" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">YouTube</a></p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258015__95"><h3>The following sizes are used to describe intraocular melanoma and plan treatment: </h3><div id="CDR0000258015__97"><h4>Small</h4><p id="CDR0000258015__99">The tumor is 5 to 16 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044215/" class="def">millimeters</a> in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044224/" class="def">diameter</a> and
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from 1 to 3 millimeters thick. <div id="CDR0000258015__196" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Millimeters%20(mm)&p=BOOKS&id=595018_CDR0000578121.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65836/bin/CDR0000578121.jpg" alt="Millimeters; drawing shows millimeters (mm) using everyday objects. A sharp pencil point shows 1 mm, a new crayon point shows 2 mm, and a new pencil-top eraser shows 5 mm." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Millimeters (mm). A sharp pencil point is about 1 mm, a new crayon point is about 2 mm, and a new pencil eraser is about 5 mm.</p></div></div></p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__100"><h4>Medium</h4><p id="CDR0000258015__102">The
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tumor is 16 millimeters or smaller in diameter and
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from 3.1 to 8 millimeters thick.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__103"><h4>Large</h4><p id="CDR0000258015__105">The tumor is:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__189"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>more than 8 millimeters thick and any diameter; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>at least 2 millimeters thick and more than 16 millimeters in diameter.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258015__158">Though most intraocular melanoma tumors are raised, some are flat. These <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044508/" class="def">diffuse</a> tumors grow widely across the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534220/" class="def">uvea</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258015__310"><h3>There is no staging system for intraocular melanoma of the <i>iris</i>.</h3></div><div id="CDR0000258015__180"><h3>The following stages are used for intraocular melanoma of the <i>ciliary body and choroid</i>:</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__188"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269460/" class="def">Intraocular melanoma</a> of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534222/" class="def">ciliary body</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534223/" class="def">choroid</a> has four size categories. The category depends on how wide and thick the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is. Category 1 tumors are the smallest, and category 4 tumors are the largest.</p><p id="CDR0000258015__197">Category 1:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__198"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is not more than 12 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044215/" class="def">millimeters</a> wide and not more than 3 millimeters thick; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the tumor is not more than 9 millimeters wide and 3.1 to 6 millimeters thick.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258015__199">Category 2:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__200"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is 12.1 to 18 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044215/" class="def">millimeters</a> wide and not more than 3 millimeters thick; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the tumor is 9.1 to 15 millimeters wide and 3.1 to 6 millimeters thick; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the tumor is not more than 12 millimeters wide and 6.1 to 9 millimeters thick.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258015__201">Category 3:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__202"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is 15.1 to 18 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044215/" class="def">millimeters</a> wide and 3.1 to 6 millimeters thick; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the tumor is 12.1 to 18 millimeters wide and 6.1 to 9 millimeters thick; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the tumor is not more than 18 millimeters wide and 9.1 to 12 millimeters thick; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the tumor is not more than 15 millimeters wide and 12.1 to 15 millimeters thick.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258015__203">Category 4:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__204"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is more than 18 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044215/" class="def">millimeters</a> wide and may be any thickness; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the tumor is 15.1 to 18 millimeters wide and more than 12 millimeters thick; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the tumor is not more than 15 millimeters wide and more than 15 millimeters thick.</div></li></ul><div id="CDR0000258015__161"><h4>Stage I</h4><p id="CDR0000258015__163">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000744611/" class="def">stage I</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is size category 1 and is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534223/" class="def">choroid</a> only.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__164"><h4>Stage II</h4><p id="CDR0000258015__174">Stage II is divided into stages IIA and IIB.</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__175"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000744613/" class="def">stage IIA</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>: <dl id="CDR0000258015__176" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">is size category 1 and has spread to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534222/" class="def">ciliary body</a>; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">is size category 1 and has spread through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000546599/" class="def">sclera</a> to the outside of the eyeball. The part of the tumor outside the eyeball is not more than 5 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044215/" class="def">millimeters</a> thick. The tumor may have spread to the ciliary body; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">is size category 2 and is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534223/" class="def">choroid</a> only.</p></dd></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000744885/" class="def">stage IIB</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>:<dl id="CDR0000258015__182" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">is size category 2 and has spread to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534222/" class="def">ciliary body</a>; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">is size category 3 and is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534223/" class="def">choroid</a> only.</p></dd></dl></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258015__166"><h4>Stage III</h4><p id="CDR0000258015__183">Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC.</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__184"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000744618/" class="def">stage IIIA</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>:<dl id="CDR0000258015__185" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">is size category 2 and has spread through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000546599/" class="def">sclera</a> to the outside of the eyeball. The part of the tumor outside the eyeball is not more than 5 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044215/" class="def">millimeters</a> thick. The tumor may have spread to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534222/" class="def">ciliary body</a>; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">is size category 3 and has spread to the ciliary body; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">is size category 3 and has spread through the sclera to the outside of the eyeball. The part of the tumor outside the eyeball is not more than 5 millimeters thick. The tumor has not spread to the ciliary body; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">is size category 4 and is in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534223/" class="def">choroid</a> only.</p></dd></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000744887/" class="def">stage IIIB</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>:<dl id="CDR0000258015__186" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">is size category 3 and has spread through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000546599/" class="def">sclera</a> to the outside of the eyeball. The part of the tumor outside the eyeball is not more than 5 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044215/" class="def">millimeters</a> thick. The tumor has spread to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534222/" class="def">ciliary body</a>; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">is size category 4 and has spread to the ciliary body; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">is size category 4 and has spread through the sclera to the outside of the eyeball. The part of the tumor outside the eyeball is not more than 5 millimeters thick. The tumor has not spread to the ciliary body.</p></dd></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000744889/" class="def">stage IIIC</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>:<dl id="CDR0000258015__187" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">is size category 4 and has spread through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000546599/" class="def">sclera</a> to the outside of the eyeball. The part of the tumor outside the eyeball is not more than 5 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044215/" class="def">millimeters</a> thick. The tumor has spread to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534222/" class="def">ciliary body</a>; or</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">may be any size and has spread through the sclera to the outside of the eyeball. The part of the tumor outside the eyeball is more than 5 millimeters thick. </p></dd></dl></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258015__168"><h4>Stage IV</h4><p id="CDR0000258015__179">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000744621/" class="def">stage IV</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> may be any size and has spread:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__191"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>to one or more nearby <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> or to the eye socket separate from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary tumor</a>; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>to other parts of the body, such as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a>, bone, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000797669/" class="def">brain</a>, or tissue under the skin.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="CDR0000258015__312"><h3>Intraocular melanoma can recur (come back) after it has been treated.</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__314">The melanoma may come back in the eye or in other parts of the body.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258015__38"><h2 id="_CDR0000258015__38_">Treatment Option Overview</h2><div id="CDR0000258015__38.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__39">There are different types of treatment for patients with
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intraocular melanoma. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__43">The following types of treatment are used:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__45">Surgery</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__50">Watchful
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Waiting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__79">Radiation therapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__124">
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Photocoagulation</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__127">
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Thermotherapy</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__56">New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
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</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__251">Treatment for intraocular (uveal) melanoma may cause side effects.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__148">Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__150">Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258015__152">Follow-up tests may be needed.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258015__39"><h3>There are different types of treatment for patients with
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intraocular melanoma. </h3><p id="CDR0000258015__41">Different types of treatment are available for patients with
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269460/" class="def">intraocular melanoma</a>. Some treatments are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard</a> (the currently used
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treatment), and some are being tested in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical
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trials</a>. A treatment clinical trial is a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651211/" class="def">research
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study</a> meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new
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treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new
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treatment is better than the standard
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treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__43"><h3>The following types of treatment are used:</h3><div id="CDR0000258015__45"><h4>Surgery</h4><p id="CDR0000258015__47">Surgery is the most common treatment for intraocular melanoma. The following types of surgery may be used:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__48"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Resection: Surgery to remove the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> and a small amount of healthy tissue around it.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Enucleation: Surgery to remove the eye and part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046248/" class="def">optic nerve</a>. This is done if vision cannot be saved and the tumor is large, has spread to the optic nerve, or causes high pressure inside the eye. After surgery, the patient is usually fitted for an artificial eye to match the size and color of the other eye. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Exenteration: Surgery to remove the eye and eyelid, and
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muscles, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000373935/" class="def">nerves</a>, and fat in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000797677/" class="def">eye socket</a>. After surgery, the patient may be fitted for an artificial eye to match the size and color of the other eye or a facial <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046542/" class="def">prosthesis</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258015__50"><h4>Watchful
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Waiting</h4><p id="CDR0000258015__52"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045942/" class="def">Watchful waiting</a> is closely <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454803/" class="def">monitoring</a> a patient’s condition without giving any treatment until <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">signs</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> appear or change. Pictures are taken over
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time to keep track of changes in the size of the tumor and how fast it is growing.</p><p id="CDR0000258015__226">Watchful waiting is used for patients who do not have signs or symptoms, and the tumor is not growing. It is also used when the tumor is in the only eye with useful vision.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__79"><h4>Radiation therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000258015__81"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">Radiation therapy</a> is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-rays</a> or other types of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045072/" class="def">radiation</a> to kill cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__247"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046686/" class="def">External radiation therapy</a> uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. Certain ways of giving radiation therapy can help keep radiation from damaging nearby healthy tissue. These types of external radiation therapy include the following:<dl id="CDR0000258015__248" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534234/" class="def">Charged-particle external-beam radiation therapy</a> is a type of external-beam radiation therapy. A special radiation therapy machine aims tiny, invisible particles, called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044715/" class="def">protons</a> or helium <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000643017/" class="def">ions</a>, at the cancer cells to kill them with little damage to nearby normal tissues. Charged-particle radiation therapy uses a different type of radiation than the x-ray type of radiation therapy.</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046396/" class="def">Gamma Knife therapy</a> is a type of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046701/" class="def">stereotactic radiosurgery</a> used for some <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045135/" class="def">melanomas</a>. This treatment can be given in one treatment. It aims tightly focused <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270730/" class="def">gamma rays</a> directly at the tumor so there is little damage to healthy tissue. Gamma Knife therapy does not use a knife to remove the tumor and is not an operation.</p></dd></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046345/" class="def">Internal radiation therapy</a> uses a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a> substance sealed in needles, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257219/" class="def">seeds</a>, wires, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045637/" class="def">catheters</a> that are placed directly into or near the cancer. Certain ways of giving radiation therapy can help keep radiation from damaging healthy tissue. This type of internal radiation therapy may include the following:<dl id="CDR0000258015__249" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045755/" class="def">Localized</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476765/" class="def">plaque radiation therapy</a> is a type of internal radiation therapy that may be used for tumors of the eye. Radioactive seeds are attached to one side of a disk, called a plaque, and placed directly on the outside wall of the
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eye near the tumor. The
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side of the plaque with the seeds on it faces the eyeball, aiming radiation at the tumor. The plaque helps protect other nearby tissue from the radiation.</p></dd></dl></div></li></ul><div id="CDR0000258015__195" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Plaque%20radiotherapy%20is%20a%20type%20of%20radiation%20therapy%20used%20to%20treat%20eye%20cancer&p=BOOKS&id=595018_CDR0000736669.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65836/bin/CDR0000736669.jpg" alt="Drawing of a cross-section of the eye showing the sclera, choroid, retina, and optic nerve. An inset shows a plaque with radioactive seeds that is placed on the outside of the eye. The seeds are aimed at the cancer." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Plaque radiotherapy is a type of radiation therapy used to treat eye cancer. Radioactive seeds are attached to one side of a thin piece of metal (usually gold) called a plaque. The plaque is sewn onto the outside wall of the eye near the tumor. The seeds give off radiation which kills the cancer. The plaque is removed at the end of treatment, which usually lasts for several days.</p></div></div><p id="CDR0000258015__250">The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer being treated. External and internal radiation therapy are used to treat intraocular melanoma.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__124"><h4>
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Photocoagulation</h4><p id="CDR0000258015__126">Photocoagulation is a procedure that uses <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045748/" class="def">laser</a> light to destroy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045020/" class="def">blood vessels</a> that bring <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044697/" class="def">nutrients</a> to the tumor, causing the tumor cells to die. Photocoagulation may be used to treat small tumors. This is also called light coagulation.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__127"><h4>
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Thermotherapy</h4><p id="CDR0000258015__129">Thermotherapy is the use of heat from a laser to destroy cancer cells and shrink the tumor. </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258015__56"><h3>New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
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</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__58">Information about clinical trials is available from the
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__251"><h3>Treatment for intraocular (uveal) melanoma may cause side effects.</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__251_md_73">For information about <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> caused by treatment for cancer, visit our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Side Effects</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__148"><h3>Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__148_md_23">For some patients, taking part in a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard treatment</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000258015__148_md_24">Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000258015__148_md_25">Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__150"><h3>Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__150_md_29">Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring (coming back) or reduce the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> of cancer treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000258015__150_md_30">Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about clinical trials supported by NCI can be found on NCI’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trials search</a> webpage. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> website.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__152"><h3>Follow-up tests may be needed.</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__152_md_33">As you go through treatment, you will have follow-up tests or check-ups. Some tests that were done to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnose</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> the cancer may be repeated to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.</p><p id="CDR0000258015__152_md_34">Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred (come back). </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258015__59"><h2 id="_CDR0000258015__59_">Treatment of Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma</h2><p id="CDR0000258015__253">For information about the treatments listed below, see the <a href="#CDR0000258015__43">Treatment Option Overview</a> section.</p><div id="CDR0000258015__60"><h3>Iris Melanoma</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__61">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534221/" class="def">iris</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269460/" class="def">melanoma</a> may include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__62"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045942/" class="def">Watchful waiting</a>. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046565/" class="def">resection</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000335065/" class="def">enucleation</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476765/" class="def">Plaque radiation therapy</a>, for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumors</a> that cannot be removed by surgery.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258015__TrialSearch_60_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__63"><h3>Ciliary Body Melanoma</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__64">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534222/" class="def">ciliary body</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045135/" class="def">melanoma</a> may
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include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__65"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476765/" class="def">Plaque radiation therapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534234/" class="def">Charged-particle external-beam radiation therapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046565/" class="def">resection</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000335065/" class="def">enucleation</a>).</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258015__TrialSearch_63_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__67"><h3>Choroid Melanoma</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__68">Treatment of small <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534223/" class="def">choroid</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269460/" class="def">melanoma</a> may include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__69"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045942/" class="def">Watchful waiting</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476765/" class="def">Plaque radiation therapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000534234/" class="def">Charged-particle external-beam radiation therapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046396/" class="def">Gamma Knife therapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000458100/" class="def">Thermotherapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046565/" class="def">resection</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000335065/" class="def">enucleation</a>).</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258015__238">Treatment of medium choroid melanoma may include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__227"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Plaque radiation therapy with or without <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476764/" class="def">photocoagulation</a> or thermotherapy. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Charged-particle external-beam radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery (resection or enucleation).</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258015__228">Treatment of large choroid melanoma may include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__229"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Enucleation when the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is too large for treatments that save the eye.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258015__TrialSearch_67_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__71"><h3>Extraocular Extension Melanoma and Metastatic Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__72">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000537398/" class="def">extraocular</a> extension <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269460/" class="def">melanoma</a> that has spread to the bone around the eye may include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__193"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000506029/" class="def">exenteration</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258015__230">An effective treatment for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044058/" class="def">metastatic</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269460/" class="def">intraocular melanoma</a> has not been found. A clinical trial may be a treatment option. Talk with your doctor about your treatment options.</p><p id="CDR0000258015__TrialSearch_71_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__75"><h3>Recurrent Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__231">An effective treatment for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">recurrent</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269460/" class="def">intraocular melanoma</a> has not been found. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> may be a treatment option. Talk with your doctor about your treatment options.</p><p id="CDR0000258015__TrialSearch_75_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258015__143"><h2 id="_CDR0000258015__143_">To Learn More About Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma</h2><p id="CDR0000258015__145">For more information from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044266/" class="def">National Cancer Institute</a> about intraocular (uveal) melanoma, see the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/eye" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Intraocular (Eye) Melanoma Home Page</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000258015__143_md_40">For general cancer information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, visit:</p><ul id="CDR0000258015__143_md_41"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">About Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Staging</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/chemo-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/radiation-therapy-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Radiation Therapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Coping with Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/questions" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/ocs/resources/survivors.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">For Survivors, Caregivers, and Advocates</a>
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000258015__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of intraocular melanoma. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/adult-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials can be found online at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. For more information, call the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/contact-center" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Information Service</a> (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_21">PDQ® Adult Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/eye/patient/intraocular-melanoma-treatment-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.cancer.gov/types/eye/patient/intraocular-melanoma-treatment-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389277]</p><p id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000258015__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK65836</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26389277" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">26389277</a></span></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65836/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK65836/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65836" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65836" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2023 Sep 15. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Version History</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter shutter_closed" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="version_history" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content" style="display: none;"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><span class="bk_col_itm">NBK65836.13</span> September 15, 2023 (Displayed Version)</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65836.12/">NBK65836.12</a></span> July 23, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65836.11/">NBK65836.11</a></span> April 22, 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2014</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#CDR0000258015__1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">General Information About Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258015__19" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Stages of Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258015__38" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Option Overview</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258015__59" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment of Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258015__143" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">To Learn More About Intraocular (Uveal) Melanoma</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000258015__AboutThis_1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">About This PDQ Summary</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related publications</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="document-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK66047/">Health Professional Version</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div 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