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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65820_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65820_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65820_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Aromatherapy With Essential Oils (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: September 11, 2023.</p><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">March 9, 2007</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000458089__59">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the use of aromatherapy with essential oils in the treatment of people with cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000458089__60">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000458089__1"><h2 id="_CDR0000458089__1_">Overview</h2><ul id="CDR0000458089__10"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462662/" class="def">Aromatherapy</a> is the use of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462677/" class="def">essential oils</a> from plants (flowers, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463714/" class="def">herbs</a>, or trees) as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044737/" class="def">therapy</a> to improve physical, mental, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000441265/" class="def">spiritual</a> well-being (see <a href="/books/NBK65820/#CDR0000458089__45">Question 1</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aromatherapy may be used with other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044951/" class="def">complementary</a> treatments, such as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454761/" class="def">massage</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046724/" class="def">acupuncture</a>, as well as with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard medical treatments</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269453/" class="def">to manage symptoms</a> caused by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> or cancer treatment (see <a href="/books/NBK65820/#CDR0000458089__45">Question 1</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Essential oils are most often used by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044600/" class="def">inhaling</a> them or by applying a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462674/" class="def">diluted</a> form of them to the skin (see <a href="/books/NBK65820/#CDR0000458089__48">Question 2</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aromatherapy research with cancer patients has studied the effect of essential oils on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000430405/" class="def">anxiety</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390302/" class="def">nausea</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390324/" class="def">vomiting</a>, and other health-related <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">conditions</a> (see <a href="/books/NBK65820/#CDR0000458089__50">Question 4</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Safety testing on essential oils has found very few <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a>. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462684/" class="def">Lavender</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462961/" class="def">tea tree</a> essential oils have been found to have some <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045713/" class="def">hormone</a>-like effects (see <a href="/books/NBK65820/#CDR0000458089__51">Question 5</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aromatherapy products do not need approval by the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454785/" class="def">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) (see <a href="/books/NBK65820/#CDR0000458089__52">Question 6</a>).</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000458089__3"><h2 id="_CDR0000458089__3_">Questions and Answers About Aromatherapy</h2><ol id="CDR0000458089__24"><li id="CDR0000458089__45" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b> What is aromatherapy? </b></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462662/" class="def">Aromatherapy</a> is the use of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462677/" class="def">essential oils</a> from plants to improve the mind, body, and spirit. It is used by patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> to improve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045417/" class="def">quality of life</a> and reduce <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000450122/" class="def">stress</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000430405/" class="def">anxiety</a>, pain, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390302/" class="def">nausea</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390324/" class="def">vomiting</a> caused by cancer and its treatment. Aromatherapy is often used with other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044951/" class="def">complementary</a> treatments like <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454761/" class="def">massage therapy</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046724/" class="def">acupuncture</a>, as well as with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard medical treatments</a>, for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269453/" class="def">symptom management</a>.
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">Essential oils are the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462679/" class="def">fragrant</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462664/" class="def">aromatic</a>) part found in many plants, often under the surface of leaves, bark, or peel. The fragrance is released if the plant is crushed or a special steam process is used.
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">There are many essential oils used in aromatherapy, including those from <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462682/" class="def">Roman chamomile</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462680/" class="def">geranium</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462684/" class="def">lavender</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462961/" class="def">tea tree</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000537557/" class="def">lemon</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000340930/" class="def">ginger</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462670/" class="def">cedarwood</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462666/" class="def">bergamot</a>. Each plant's essential oil has a different <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000643008/" class="def">chemical</a> make-up that affects how it smells, how it is absorbed, and how it affects the body.
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">Essential oils are very concentrated. For example, it takes about 220 pounds of lavender flowers to make about 1 pound of essential oil. The aroma of essential oils fades away quickly when left open to air.
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">The chemical compounds in essential oils can change as they get older. Many essential oils do not have an expiration date.
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</div></li><li id="CDR0000458089__48" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b>How is aromatherapy given or taken?</b></div><div class="half_rhythm">Aromatherapy is used in several ways.
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<ul id="CDR0000458089__18"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Indirect <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044600/" class="def">inhalation</a>:</b> The patient breathes in an essential oil by using a room <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044508/" class="def">diffuser</a>, which spreads the essential oil through the air, or by placing drops on a tissue or piece of cotton nearby.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Direct inhalation:</b> The patient breathes in an essential oil by using an individual <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439402/" class="def">inhaler</a> made by floating essential oil drops on top of hot water.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Massage:</b> In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462663/" class="def">aromatherapy massage</a>, one or more essential oils is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462674/" class="def">diluted</a> into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462669/" class="def">carrier oil</a> and massaged into the skin.</div></li></ul>
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">Essential oils may also be mixed with bath salts and lotions or applied to bandages.
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">There are some essential oils used to treat specific <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">conditions</a>. However, the types of essential oils used and the ways they are combined vary, depending on the experience and training of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000537555/" class="def">aromatherapist</a>.
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</div></li><li id="CDR0000458089__49" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b>Have any preclinical (laboratory or animal) studies been done using
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aromatherapy?
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</b></div><div class="half_rhythm">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044512/" class="def">laboratory studies</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are used to test a substance to find out if it is likely to have any anticancer effects. In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454774/" class="def">animal studies</a>, tests are done to see if a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drug</a>, procedure, or treatment is safe and effective in animals. Laboratory and animal studies are done before a substance is tested in people.
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">Laboratory and animal studies have tested the effects of essential oils. For information on laboratory and animal studies done using essential oils, see the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000441069/#CDR0000441069__10">Laboratory/Animal/Preclinical Studies</a> section of the health professional version of Aromatherapy With Essential Oils.
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</div></li><li id="CDR0000458089__50" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b>Have any clinical trials (research studies with people) of aromatherapy been done?</b></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">Clinical trials</a> of aromatherapy have studied its use in the treatment of anxiety, nausea, vomiting, and other health-related conditions in cancer patients. No studies of aromatherapy used to treat cancer have been published in a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000537399/" class="def">peer-reviewed scientific journal</a>.
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">Studies of aromatherapy have shown mixed results. There have been some reports of improved mood, anxiety, sleep, nausea, and pain. Other studies reported that aromatherapy showed no change in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a>.
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">
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<b>Studies on anxiety and depression</b>
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<ul id="CDR0000458089__71"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A trial of 103 cancer patients studied the effects of massage compared to massage with Roman chamomile essential oil. Two weeks later, a decrease in anxiety and improved symptoms were noted in the group that had massage with essential oil. The group that had massage only did not have the same benefit.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Another study of 58 patients with various cancers who completed six aromatherapy sessions showed a decrease in anxiety and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000430479/" class="def">depression</a> compared with before the sessions began.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045858/" class="def">randomized</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044014/" class="def">controlled trial</a> studied the effects of inhalation aromatherapy on anxiety during <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a>. There were 313 patients randomly assigned to either lavender, bergamot, or cedarwood essential oils. There were no differences reported in depression or anxiety between the groups.</div></li></ul>
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">
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<b>Study on sleep</b>
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<ul id="CDR0000458089__77"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Newly <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosed</a> patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046347/" class="def">acute myeloid leukemia</a> who were hospitalized to receive <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000796903/" class="def">intensive chemotherapy</a> inhaled an essential oil through a diffuser overnight for 3 weeks. Patients were given the choice of lavender, peppermint, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462671/" class="def">chamomile</a>. Improvement was reported in sleep, tiredness, drowsiness, lack of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454699/" class="def">appetite</a>, depression, anxiety, and well-being.</div></li></ul>
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">
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<b>Study on dry mouth</b>
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<ul id="CDR0000458089__79"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045855/" class="def">Radioactive iodine</a> may cause damage to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046196/" class="def">salivary glands</a>. Increased <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257526/" class="def">saliva</a> production during treatment may decrease damage to salivary glands. In a randomized controlled trial, patients who inhaled a mixture of lemon and ginger essential oils had increased saliva production compared with the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046688/" class="def">placebo</a> group.</div></li></ul>
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">
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<b>Studies on nausea and vomiting</b>
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<ul id="CDR0000458089__81"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A study of inhaled ginger essential oil in women receiving <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a> for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444971/" class="def">breast cancer</a> somewhat decreased <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045585/" class="def">acute</a> nausea, but did not lessen vomiting or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045641/" class="def">chronic</a> nausea.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In a study of adult patients at the time of stem cell infusion, tasting or sniffing sliced oranges was more effective at reducing nausea, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476298/" class="def">retching</a>, and coughing than inhaling an orange essential oil.</div></li></ul>
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">
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<b>Study on aromatherapy in children</b>
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">Aromatherapy is used or claimed to be useful for a variety of childhood symptoms and conditions. When used safely, aromatherapy can help children feel calmer and sleep better.
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<ul id="CDR0000458089__86"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A study of aromatherapy inhaled by children and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000776825/" class="def">adolescents</a> undergoing <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046695/" class="def">stem cell transplant</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045738/" class="def">infusions</a> compared essential oil from the peel of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462666/" class="def">bergamot</a> (a type of orange from trees grown in Italy) with a pleasant-smelling shampoo that did not contain essential oils. Bergamot oil is used in aromatherapy to relieve depression, anxiety, and poor <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463707/" class="def">digestion</a>. The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044840/" class="def">placebo-controlled</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045673/" class="def">double-blind</a>, randomized trial in 37 children and adolescents found that aromatherapy was not effective in reducing nausea, anxiety, or pain.</div></li></ul>
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">
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<b>Studies on procedure-related symptoms</b>
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<ul id="CDR0000458089__75"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Women having <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304766/" class="def">breast</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045164/" class="def">biopsies</a> were <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000322881/" class="def">randomly</a> assigned to receive lavender-sandalwood or orange-peppermint essential oil drops placed on a felt tab and attached to their hospital gown or to no scent on the felt tab. Women who received the lavender-sandalwood aromatherapy tab had less anxiety than women who received the orange-peppermint aromatherapy tab or no scent tab.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In a study of inhaled lavender essential oil, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462678/" class="def">eucalyptus</a> essential oil, or no essential oil in cancer patients having needles inserted into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045962/" class="def">central venous port catheter</a>, patients who inhaled lavender essential oil reported less pain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A randomized controlled trial compared aromatherapy, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000640061/" class="def">music therapy</a>, a combination of both, or a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046688/" class="def">placebo</a> in women with breast cancer before and after they had a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045777/" class="def">mastectomy</a>. The aromatherapy group received a mixture of lavender, bergamot, and geranium essential oils, while the music group was given a choice of music styles. The combination of treatments was found to be more effective in lessening pain and anxiety than either treatment alone.</div></li></ul>
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</div></li><li id="CDR0000458089__51" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b>Have any side effects or risks been reported from aromatherapy?</b></div><div class="half_rhythm">Safety testing on essential oils shows very few side effects or risks when they are used as directed. Most essential oils have been approved as ingredients in food and fragrances and are labeled as GRAS (generally recognized as safe) by the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454785/" class="def">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA). Swallowing large amounts of essential oils is not recommended.
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</div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000443292/" class="def">Allergic reactions</a> and skin irritation may occur when essential oils are in contact with the skin for long periods of time. Sun <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000322883/" class="def">sensitivity</a> may occur when citrus or other essential oils are applied to the skin before going out in the sun.
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">Lavender and tea tree essential oils have been found to have effects similar to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046076/" class="def">estrogen</a> (female sex <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045713/" class="def">hormone</a>) and also block or decrease the effect of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045592/" class="def">androgens</a> (male sex hormones). Applying lavender and tea tree essential oils to the skin over a long period of time was linked in one study to breast growth in boys who had not yet reached <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000440113/" class="def">puberty</a>.
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</div></li><li id="CDR0000458089__52" class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b>Is aromatherapy approved by the FDA for use as a cancer treatment in the United States?</b></div><div class="half_rhythm">Aromatherapy products do not need FDA approval.
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">Aromatherapy is not regulated by state law, and there is no licensing required to practice aromatherapy in the United States. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463164/" class="def">Practitioners</a> often combine aromatherapy training with another field in which they are licensed, for example, massage therapy, nursing, acupuncture, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000537556/" class="def">naturopathy</a>.
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</div><div class="half_rhythm"> The National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy (<a href="http://www.naha.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.naha.org</a>) and the Alliance of International Aromatherapists (<a href="http://www.alliance-aromatherapists.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.alliance-aromatherapists.org</a>) are two organizations that have national educational standards for aromatherapists. A list of schools that offer certificate programs approved by NAHA can be found at <a href="https://naha.org/index.php/education/approved-schools/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://naha.org/index.php/education/approved-schools/</a>.
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</div><div class="half_rhythm">The Canadian Federation of Aromatherapists (<a href="http://www.cfacanada.com/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.cfacanada.com</a>) certifies aromatherapists in Canada. For a list of international aromatherapy programs, see the International Federation of Aromatherapists website (<a href="http://www.ifaroma.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.ifaroma.org/</a>).
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</div></li></ol></div><div id="CDR0000458089__57"><h2 id="_CDR0000458089__57_">Current Clinical Trials</h2><p id="CDR0000458089__TrialSearch_57_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000458089__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the use of aromatherapy with essential oils in the treatment of people with cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/cam" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials can be found online at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. For more information, call the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/contact-center" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Information Service</a> (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_21">PDQ® Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board. PDQ Aromatherapy With Essential Oils. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/patient/aromatherapy-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/patient/aromatherapy-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389261]</p><p id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000458089__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000458089__AboutIACT_2"><h2 id="_CDR0000458089__AboutIACT_2_">General CAM Information</h2><p id="CDR0000458089__AboutIACT_3">Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)—also called integrative medicine—includes a broad range of healing philosophies, approaches, and therapies. A therapy is generally called complementary when it is used in addition to conventional treatments; it is often called alternative when it is used instead of conventional treatment. (Conventional treatments are those that are widely accepted and practiced by the mainstream medical community.) Depending on how they are used, some therapies can be considered either complementary or alternative. Complementary and alternative therapies are used in an effort to prevent illness, reduce stress, prevent or reduce side effects and symptoms, or control or cure disease. </p><p id="CDR0000458089__AboutIACT_4">Unlike conventional treatments for cancer, complementary and alternative therapies are often not covered by insurance companies. Patients should check with their insurance provider to find out about coverage for complementary and alternative therapies. </p><p id="CDR0000458089__AboutIACT_5">Cancer patients considering complementary and alternative therapies should discuss this decision with their doctor, nurse, or pharmacist as they would any type of treatment. Some complementary and alternative therapies may affect their standard treatment or may be harmful when used with conventional treatment. </p></div><div id="CDR0000458089__AboutIACT_6"><h2 id="_CDR0000458089__AboutIACT_6_">Evaluation of CAM Therapies</h2><p id="CDR0000458089__AboutIACT_7">It is important that the same scientific methods used to test conventional therapies are used to test CAM therapies. The National Cancer Institute and the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) are sponsoring a number of clinical trials (research studies) at medical centers to test CAM therapies for use in cancer. </p><p id="CDR0000458089__AboutIACT_8">Conventional approaches to cancer treatment have generally been studied for safety and effectiveness through a scientific process that includes clinical trials with large numbers of patients. Less is known about the safety and effectiveness of complementary and alternative methods. Few CAM therapies have been tested using demanding scientific methods. A small number of CAM therapies that were thought to be purely alternative approaches are now being used in cancer treatment—not as cures, but as complementary therapies that may help patients feel better and recover faster. One example is acupuncture. According to a panel of experts at a National Institutes of Health (NIH) meeting in November 1997, acupuncture has been found to help control nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy and pain related to surgery. However, some approaches, such as the use of laetrile, have been studied and found not to work and to possibly cause harm.</p><p id="CDR0000458089__AboutIACT_9"><a href="https://cam.cancer.gov/indentifying_novel_cam_therapies/best_case_series_program.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">The NCI Best Case Series Program</a> which was started in 1991, is one way CAM approaches that are being used in practice are being studied. The program is overseen by the NCI’s Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine (OCCAM). Health care professionals who offer alternative cancer therapies submit their patients’ medical records and related materials to OCCAM. OCCAM carefully reviews these materials to see if any seem worth further research.</p></div><div id="CDR0000458089__QandA_2"><h2 id="_CDR0000458089__QandA_2_">Questions to Ask Your Health Care Provider About CAM</h2><p id="CDR0000458089__QandA_3">When considering complementary and alternative therapies, patients should ask their health care provider the following questions: </p><ul id="CDR0000458089__QandA_4"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What side effects can be expected?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What are the risks related to this therapy?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What benefits can be expected from this therapy?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Do the known benefits outweigh the risks?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Will the therapy affect conventional treatment?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Is this therapy part of a clinical trial?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If so, who is the sponsor of the trial?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Will the therapy be covered by health insurance?</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000458089__ToLearnMore_2"><h2 id="_CDR0000458089__ToLearnMore_2_">To Learn More About CAM</h2><p id="CDR0000458089__ToLearnMore_3">
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<b>
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<i>National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)</i>
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</b>
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</p><p id="CDR0000458089__ToLearnMore_4">The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) facilitates research and evaluation of complementary and alternative practices, and provides information about a variety of approaches to health professionals and the public.</p><ul id="CDR0000458089__ToLearnMore_5" class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>NCCIH Clearinghouse</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Post Office Box 7923 Gaithersburg, MD 20898–7923</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Telephone: 1-888-644-6226 (toll free)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>TTY (for deaf and hard of hearing callers): 1-866-464-3615</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>E-mail: info@nccih.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Website: <a href="https://nccih.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://nccih.nih.gov</a></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000458089__ToLearnMore_15">
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<b>
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<i>CAM on PubMed</i>
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</b>
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</p><p id="CDR0000458089__ToLearnMore_16">NCCIH and the NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM) jointly developed <a href="https://nccih.nih.gov/research/camonpubmed" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CAM on PubMed</a>, a free and easy-to-use search tool for finding CAM-related journal citations. As a subset of the NLM's PubMed bibliographic database, CAM on PubMed features more than 230,000 references and abstracts for CAM-related articles from scientific journals. This database also provides links to the websites of over 1,800 journals, allowing users to view full-text articles. (A subscription or other fee may be required to access full-text articles.) </p><p id="CDR0000458089__ToLearnMore_17">
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<b>
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<i>Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine</i>
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</b>
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</p><p id="CDR0000458089__ToLearnMore_18">The NCI Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine (OCCAM) coordinates the activities of the NCI in the area of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). OCCAM supports CAM cancer research and provides information about cancer-related CAM to health providers and the general public via the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>. </p><p id="CDR0000458089__ToLearnMore_19">
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<b>
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<i>National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Information Service</i>
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</b>
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</p><p id="CDR0000458089__ToLearnMore_20">U.S. residents may call the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/contact-center" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Information Service</a> (CIS), NCI's contact center, toll free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) Monday through Friday from 9:00 am to 9:00 pm. A trained Cancer Information Specialist is available to answer your questions.</p><p id="CDR0000458089__ToLearnMore_8">
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<b>
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<i>Food and Drug Administration </i>
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</b>
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</p><p id="CDR0000458089__ToLearnMore_9">The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates drugs and medical devices to ensure that they are safe and effective.</p><ul id="CDR0000458089__ToLearnMore_10" class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Food and Drug Administration </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>10903 New Hampshire Avenue</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Silver Spring, MD 20993</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Telephone: 1-888-463-6332 (toll free)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Website: <a href="https://www.fda.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.fda.gov</a></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000458089__ToLearnMore_11">
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<b>
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<i>Federal Trade Commission </i>
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</b>
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</p><p id="CDR0000458089__ToLearnMore_12">The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) enforces consumer protection laws. Publications available from the FTC include: </p><ul id="CDR0000458089__ToLearnMore_13"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<i>Who Cares: Sources of Information About Health Care Products and Services </i>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<i>Fraudulent Health Claims: Don’t Be Fooled </i>
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</div></li></ul><ul id="CDR0000458089__ToLearnMore_14" class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Consumer Response Center</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Federal Trade Commission</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Washington, DC 20580</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Telephone: 1-877-FTC-HELP (1-877-382-4357) (toll free)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>TTY (for deaf and hard of hearing callers): 202-326-2502</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Website: <a href="https://www.ftc.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.ftc.gov</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK65820</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26389261" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">26389261</a></span></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65820/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK65820/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65820" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65820" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board. Aromatherapy With Essential Oils (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2023 Sep 11. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Version History</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter shutter_closed" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="version_history" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content" style="display: none;"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><span class="bk_col_itm">NBK65820.11</span> September 11, 2023 (Displayed Version)</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65820.10/">NBK65820.10</a></span> August 16, 2022</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65820.9/">NBK65820.9</a></span> October 26, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65820.8/">NBK65820.8</a></span> November 7, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65820.7/">NBK65820.7</a></span> May 21, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65820.6/">NBK65820.6</a></span> November 5, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65820.5/">NBK65820.5</a></span> August 7, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65820.4/">NBK65820.4</a></span> February 23, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65820.3/">NBK65820.3</a></span> June 9, 2017</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65820.2/">NBK65820.2</a></span> April 13, 2017</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65820.1/">NBK65820.1</a></span> December 17, 2014</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#CDR0000458089__1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Overview</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000458089__3" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Questions and Answers About Aromatherapy</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000458089__57" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Current Clinical Trials</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000458089__AboutThis_1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">About This PDQ Summary</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000458089__AboutIACT_2" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">General CAM Information</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000458089__AboutIACT_6" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Evaluation of CAM Therapies</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000458089__QandA_2" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Questions to Ask Your Health Care Provider About CAM</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000458089__ToLearnMore_2" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">To Learn More About CAM</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related publications</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="document-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65874/">Health Professional Version</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389508" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Topics in Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Topics in Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389214" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> 714-X (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> 714-X (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389167" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Laetrile/Amygdalin (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Laetrile/Amygdalin (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and 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class="author">PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389314" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Cannabis and Cannabinoids (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Cannabis and Cannabinoids (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" 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