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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65819_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65819_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65819_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Prostate Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: October 20, 2023.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000062853__108">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about prostate cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000062853__109">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__49"><h2 id="_CDR0000062853__49_">What is prevention?</h2><p id="CDR0000062853__50"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevention</a> is action taken to lower the chance of getting
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cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer
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|
in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will lower
|
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the number of deaths caused by cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062853__51">To prevent new cancers from starting, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044724/" class="def">scientists</a> look at <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk
|
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factors</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a>. Anything that increases your
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chance of developing cancer is called a cancer risk factor;
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anything that decreases your chance of developing cancer is
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|
called a cancer protective factor.</p><p id="CDR0000062853__52">Some risk factors for cancer can be avoided, but many cannot.
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For example, both smoking and inheriting certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045693/" class="def">genes</a> are
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risk factors for some types of cancer, but only smoking can be
|
|
avoided. Regular exercise and a healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044660/" class="def">diet</a> may be protective
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factors for some types of cancer. Avoiding risk factors and
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increasing protective factors may lower your risk but it does
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not mean that you will not get cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062853__53">Different ways to prevent cancer are being studied.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__4"><h2 id="_CDR0000062853__4_">General Information About Prostate Cancer</h2><div id="CDR0000062853__4.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__5">Prostate cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells
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form in the tissues of the prostate.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__9">Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men in
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the United States.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062853__5"><h3>Prostate cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells
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form in the tissues of the prostate.</h3><p id="CDR0000062853__7">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046539/" class="def">prostate</a> is a
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046386/" class="def">gland</a> in the male
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046564/" class="def">reproductive system</a>. The prostate is just
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below the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046501/" class="def">bladder</a> (the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organ</a> that
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collects and empties <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046642/" class="def">urine</a>) and in
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front of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046555/" class="def">rectum</a> (the lower part
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of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046335/" class="def">intestine</a>). It is about the
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size of a walnut and surrounds part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046640/" class="def">urethra</a> (the tube that empties urine from the
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bladder). The prostate gland produces <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044669/" class="def">fluid</a> that makes up part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046703/" class="def">semen</a>.
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<div id="CDR0000062853__81" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20male%20reproductive%20and%20urinary%20systems%20showing%20the%20ureters%2C%20bladder%2C%20prostate%20gland%2C%20urethra%2C%20penis%2C%20testicles%2C%20and%20other%20organs&p=BOOKS&id=596483_CDR0000450023.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65819/bin/CDR0000450023.jpg" alt="Drawing of the male reproductive system and urinary system anatomy showing the front and side views of the ureters, bladder, prostate gland, vas deferens, urethra, penis, and testicles. A side view of the seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct is also shown. The drawing also shows front and side views of the rectum and lymph nodes in the pelvis." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the male reproductive and urinary systems showing the ureters, bladder, prostate gland, urethra, penis, testicles, and other organs.</p></div></div></p><p id="CDR0000062853__8"> As men age, the prostate may get bigger. A bigger prostate may block the flow of urine from the bladder and cause problems with sexual function. This <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046509/" class="def">benign prostatic hyperplasia</a> (BPH). BPH is not <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>, but <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a> may be
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needed to correct it. The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a>
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of BPH or of other problems in the prostate may be
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like symptoms of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445079/" class="def">prostate cancer</a>. <div id="CDR0000062853__82" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK65819/bin/CDR0000462221.jpg" alt="Two-panel drawing shows normal male reproductive and urinary anatomy and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Panel on the left shows the normal prostate and flow of urine from the bladder through the urethra. Panel on the right shows an enlarged prostate pressing on the bladder and urethra, blocking the flow of urine." /></div><div class="caption"><p>Normal prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). A normal prostate does not block the flow of urine from the bladder. An enlarged prostate presses on the bladder and urethra and blocks the flow of urine. </p></div></div></p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__9"><h3>Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men in
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the United States.</h3><p id="CDR0000062853__11"> Prostate cancer is most common in older men. In the United States, about one out of every eight men will be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosed</a> with prostate cancer. Most men diagnosed with prostate cancer do not die of it. </p><p id="CDR0000062853__99">See the following <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summaries for more information about prostate cancer:</p><ul id="CDR0000062853__100"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000258032/">Prostate Cancer Screening</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062965/">Prostate Cancer Treatment</a>
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</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="CDR0000062853__12"><h2 id="_CDR0000062853__12_">Prostate Cancer Prevention</h2><div id="CDR0000062853__12.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__13">Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may
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help prevent cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__55">The following <i>risk</i> factors may increase
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the risk of prostate cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__18">Age </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__21">Family history of prostate cancer </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__24">Race </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__27">Hormones</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__105">Vitamin E</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__84">Folic acid</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__91">Dairy and calcium</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__68">The following <i>protective</i> factors may
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decrease the risk of prostate cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__87">Folate</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__70">Finasteride and dutasteride</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__73">The following have been proven not to affect the risk of prostate cancer, or
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their effects on prostate cancer risk are not known:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__75">
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Selenium and vitamin E</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__78">Diet</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__94">Multivitamins</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__97">Lycopene</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__57">Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways
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to prevent cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000062853__62">
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New ways to prevent prostate cancer are being studied in clinical
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trials. </a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000062853__13"><h3>Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may
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help prevent cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062853__13_md_53">Avoiding <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factors</a> may help <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevent</a> certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, having <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304742/" class="def">overweight</a>, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a> such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__55"><h3>The following <i>risk</i> factors may increase
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the risk of prostate cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000062853__18"><h4>Age </h4><p id="CDR0000062853__20"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445079/" class="def">Prostate cancer</a> is rare in men younger than 50 years of age.
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The chance of developing prostate cancer increases as men get older.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__21"><h4>Family history of prostate cancer </h4><p id="CDR0000062853__23">A man whose father, brother, or son has had prostate cancer has a
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higher-than-average risk of prostate cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__24"><h4>Race </h4><p id="CDR0000062853__26">Prostate cancer occurs more often in African American men than in White men. African American men with prostate cancer are more likely to die from the disease than White men with prostate cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__27"><h4>Hormones</h4><p id="CDR0000062853__29">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046539/" class="def">prostate</a> needs male <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045713/" class="def">hormones</a> to work the way it should. The main
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male sex hormone is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045581/" class="def">testosterone</a>. Testosterone helps the body develop and maintain male sex characteristics.</p><p id="CDR0000062853__102">Testosterone is changed into <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000597120/" class="def">dihydrotestosterone</a> (DHT) by an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046081/" class="def">enzyme</a> in the
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body. DHT is important for normal prostate growth but can also cause the
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prostate to get bigger and may play a part in the development of prostate <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__105"><h4>Vitamin E</h4><p id="CDR0000062853__107">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045113/" class="def">Selenium</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045023/" class="def">Vitamin E</a> Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) found that vitamin E taken alone increased the risk of prostate cancer. The risk continued even after the men stopped taking vitamin E.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__84"><h4>Folic acid</h4><p id="CDR0000062853__86">Folate is a kind of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044744/" class="def">vitamin</a> B that occurs naturally in some foods, such as green vegetables, beans, and orange juice. Folic acid is a man-made form of folate that is found in vitamin <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000441266/" class="def">supplements</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000655066/" class="def">fortified foods</a>, such as whole-grain breads and cereals. A 10-year study showed that the risk of prostate cancer was increased in men who took 1 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044213/" class="def">milligram</a> (mg) supplements of folic acid. However, the risk of prostate cancer was lower in men who had enough folate in their <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044660/" class="def">diets</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__91"><h4>Dairy and calcium</h4><p id="CDR0000062853__93">A diet high in dairy foods and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045632/" class="def">calcium</a> may cause a small increase in the risk of prostate cancer.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062853__68"><h3>The following <i>protective</i> factors may
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decrease the risk of prostate cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000062853__87"><h4>Folate</h4><p id="CDR0000062853__89">Folate is a kind of vitamin B that occurs naturally in some foods, such as green vegetables, beans, and orange juice. Folic acid is a man-made form of folate that is found in vitamin supplements and fortified foods, such as whole-grain breads and cereals. A 10-year study showed that the risk of prostate cancer was lower in men who had enough folate in their diets. However, the risk of prostate cancer was increased in men who took 1 milligram (mg) supplements of folic acid.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__70"><h4>Finasteride and dutasteride</h4><p id="CDR0000062853__103"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045336/" class="def">Finasteride</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000488413/" class="def">dutasteride</a> are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drugs</a> used to lower the amount of male sex hormones made by the body. These drugs block the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046081/" class="def">enzyme</a> that changes testosterone into <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000597120/" class="def">dihydrotestosterone</a> (DHT). Higher than normal levels of DHT may play a part in developing prostate cancer. Taking finasteride or dutasteride has been shown to lower the risk for prostate cancer, but it is not known if these drugs lower the risk of death from prostate cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062853__83">The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) studied
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whether the drug finasteride can prevent prostate cancer in healthy men 55
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years of age and older. This <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevention</a> study showed there were fewer prostate cancers in the group of men that took finasteride compared with the group of men that did not. The number of deaths from prostate cancer was the same in both groups. Men who took finasteride reported more <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> compared with the group of men that did not, including <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000321372/" class="def">erectile dysfunction</a>, loss of desire for sex, and enlarged <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304766/" class="def">breasts</a>. In the PCPT, the men who took finasteride who did have prostate cancer had more <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046053/" class="def">aggressive</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumors</a>, but a follow-up analysis of the PCPT found that these men did not have more aggressive tumors.</p><p id="CDR0000062853__104">The Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events Trial (REDUCE) studied whether the drug dutasteride can prevent prostate cancer in men aged 50 to 75 years at higher risk for the disease. This prevention study showed there were fewer prostate cancers in the group of men who took dutasteride compared with the group of men that did not. The number of less aggressive prostate cancers was lower, but the number of more aggressive prostate cancers was not. Men who took dutasteride reported more side effects than men who did not, including erectile dysfunction, loss of desire for sex, less <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046703/" class="def">semen</a>, and enlarged breasts.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062853__73"><h3>The following have been proven not to affect the risk of prostate cancer, or
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|
their effects on prostate cancer risk are not known:</h3><div id="CDR0000062853__75"><h4>
|
|
Selenium and vitamin E</h4><p id="CDR0000062853__77">The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)
|
|
studied whether taking vitamin E and selenium (a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045787/" class="def">mineral</a>) will prevent prostate cancer. The selenium and vitamin E were taken separately or together by healthy men 55 years of age and older
|
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(50 years of age and older for African American men). The study showed that taking selenium alone or selenium and vitamin E together did not decrease the risk of prostate cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__78"><h4>Diet</h4><p id="CDR0000062853__80">It is not known if decreasing fat or increasing fruits and vegetables in the diet helps decrease the risk of prostate cancer or death from prostate cancer. In the PCPT trial, certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045689/" class="def">fatty acids</a> increased the risk of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386205/" class="def">high-grade</a> prostate cancer while others decreased the risk of high-grade prostate cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__94"><h4>Multivitamins</h4><p id="CDR0000062853__90">Regular use of multivitamins has not been proven to increase the risk of early or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045754/" class="def">localized</a> prostate cancer. However, a large study showed an increased risk of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000478743/" class="def">advanced</a> prostate cancer among men who took multivitamins more than seven times a week.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__97"><h4>Lycopene</h4><p id="CDR0000062853__96">Some studies have shown that a diet high in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044909/" class="def">lycopene</a> may be linked to a decreased risk of prostate cancer, but other studies have not. It has not been proven that taking lycopene supplements decreases the risk of prostate cancer.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062853__57"><h3>Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways
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to prevent cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000062853__60"><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000062853__59"></div>Cancer prevention <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a> are used to study ways to
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lower the risk of developing certain types of cancer. Some
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|
cancer prevention trials are conducted with healthy people who
|
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have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer.
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Other prevention trials are conducted with people who have had
|
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cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type
|
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or to lower their chance of developing a new type of cancer.
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Other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known
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to have any <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factors</a> for cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000062853__61">The purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to
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find out whether actions people take can prevent cancer. These
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may include eating fruits and vegetables, exercising, quitting
|
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smoking, or taking certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicines</a>, vitamins, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045787/" class="def">minerals</a>, or
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food supplements.<div class="milestone-end"></div></p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__62"><h3>
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New ways to prevent prostate cancer are being studied in clinical
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trials. </h3><p id="CDR0000062853__62_md_95">Information about <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a> supported by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044267/" class="def">NCI</a> can be found on NCI’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trials search</a> webpage. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> website.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000062853__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about prostate cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/screening-prevention" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials can be found online at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. For more information, call the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/contact-center" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Information Service</a> (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_21">PDQ® Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. PDQ Prostate Cancer Prevention. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/patient/prostate-prevention-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/patient/prostate-prevention-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389260]</p><p id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000062853__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65819/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK65819/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65819" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65819" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. Prostate Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2023 Oct 20. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Version History</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter shutter_closed" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="version_history" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content" style="display: none;"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><span class="bk_col_itm">NBK65819.7</span> October 20, 2023 (Displayed Version)</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65819.6/">NBK65819.6</a></span> May 6, 2022</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65819.5/">NBK65819.5</a></span> August 27, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65819.4/">NBK65819.4</a></span> May 10, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65819.3/">NBK65819.3</a></span> April 10, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65819.2/">NBK65819.2</a></span> September 8, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65819.1/">NBK65819.1</a></span> July 31, 2015</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#CDR0000062853__49" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">What is prevention?</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062853__4" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">General Information About Prostate Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062853__12" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Prostate Cancer Prevention</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000062853__AboutThis_1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">About This PDQ Summary</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related publications</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="document-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65968/">Health Professional Version</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" 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Prevention Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389376" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389497" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Lung Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Lung Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" 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