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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65816_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65816_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65816_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Oral Cavity, Pharyngeal, and Laryngeal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: July 20, 2018.</p><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">August 27, 2008</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000593570__164">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about oral cavity, oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__165">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__1"><h2 id="_CDR0000593570__1_">What is prevention?</h2><p id="CDR0000593570__2"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevention</a> is action taken to lower the chance of getting
|
|
cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer
|
|
in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will lower
|
|
the number of deaths caused by cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__3">To prevent new cancers from starting, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044724/" class="def">scientists</a> look at <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk
|
|
factors</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a>. Anything that increases your
|
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chance of developing cancer is called a cancer risk factor;
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|
anything that decreases your chance of developing cancer is
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called a cancer protective factor.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__4">Some risk factors for cancer can be avoided, but many cannot.
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For example, both smoking and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045098/" class="def">inheriting</a> certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045693/" class="def">genes</a> are
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risk factors for some types of cancer, but only smoking can be
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avoided. Regular exercise and a healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044660/" class="def">diet</a> may be protective
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factors for some types of cancer. Avoiding risk factors and
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increasing protective factors may lower your risk but it does
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not mean that you will not get cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__5">Different ways to prevent cancer are being studied, including:</p><ul id="CDR0000593570__6"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changing lifestyle or eating habits.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding things known to cause cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicines</a> to treat a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046220/" class="def">precancerous</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> or to
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keep cancer from starting.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000593570__77">See the following <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summaries for information about <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046171/" class="def">screening</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosis</a>, and treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000641672/" class="def">oral cavity</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445075/" class="def">pharyngeal</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445040/" class="def">laryngeal cancer</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000593570__78"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000593427/">Oral Cavity, Pharyngeal, and Laryngeal Cancer Screening</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000258017/">Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer Treatment (Adult)</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000258025/">Oropharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult)</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062889/">Cigarette Smoking: Health Risks and How to Quit</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000258016/">Laryngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult)</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062966/">Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult)</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000258014/">Hypopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult)</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000593570__7"><h2 id="_CDR0000593570__7_">General Information About Oral Cavity, Pharyngeal, and Laryngeal Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000593570__177"><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000593570__8"></div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000641672/" class="def">Oral cavity</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445075/" class="def">pharyngeal</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445040/" class="def">laryngeal cancers</a> usually form in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046056/" class="def">squamous cells</a> (thin, flat <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> that line the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000389464/" class="def">oral cavity</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046061/" class="def">pharynx</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046026/" class="def">larynx</a>).</p><p id="CDR0000593570__10">Oral cavity cancer forms in any of these <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissues</a> of the oral cavity:</p><ul id="CDR0000593570__155"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The lips.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The front two thirds of the tongue.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000443579/" class="def">gingiva</a> (gums).
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046497/" class="def">buccal mucosa</a> (the lining of the inside of the cheeks).
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The floor (bottom) of the mouth under the tongue.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000389462/" class="def">hard palate</a> (the front, bony part of the roof of the mouth).
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000443580/" class="def">retromolar trigone</a> (the small area behind the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000443581/" class="def">wisdom teeth</a>).
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</div></li></ul><div id="CDR0000593570__131" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20oral%20cavity&p=BOOKS&id=513471_CDR0000716338.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65816.5/bin/CDR0000716338.jpg" alt="Anatomy of the oral cavity; drawing shows the lip, hard palate, soft palate, retromolar trigone, front two-thirds of the tongue, gingiva, buccal mucosa, and floor of mouth. Also shown are the teeth, uvula, and tonsil." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the oral cavity. The oral cavity includes the lips, hard palate (the bony front portion of the roof of the mouth), soft palate (the muscular back portion of the roof of the mouth), retromolar trigone (the area behind the wisdom teeth), front two-thirds of the tongue, gingiva (gums), buccal mucosa (the inner lining of the lips and cheeks), and floor of the mouth under the tongue.</p></div></div><p id="CDR0000593570__178">Pharyngeal cancer forms in any of these tissues of the pharynx (throat):</p><ul id="CDR0000593570__105"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046025/" class="def">nasopharynx</a> (the upper part of the throat behind the nose).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046024/" class="def">oropharynx</a>, which includes the following tissues:<ul id="CDR0000593570__106"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The middle part of the throat behind the mouth.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The back one third of the tongue.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000389466/" class="def">soft palate</a> (the back of the roof of the mouth), including the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000389467/" class="def">uvula</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The side and back walls of the throat.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046618/" class="def">tonsils</a>. </div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046029/" class="def">hypopharynx</a> (the bottom part of the throat).</div></li></ul><div id="CDR0000593570__107" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20pharynx%20(throat)&p=BOOKS&id=513471_CDR0000713970.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65816.5/bin/CDR0000713970.jpg" alt="Anatomy of the pharynx; drawing shows the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. Also shown are the nasal cavity, oral cavity, hyoid bone, larynx, esophagus, and trachea." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the pharynx (throat). The pharynx is a hollow tube that starts behind the nose, goes down the neck, and ends at the top of the trachea and esophagus. The three parts of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx.</p></div></div><p id="CDR0000593570__179">Laryngeal cancer forms in any of these tissues of the larynx (voice box):</p><ul id="CDR0000593570__109"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046610/" class="def">supraglottis</a> (the area above the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046650/" class="def">vocal cords</a>, including the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046421/" class="def">epiglottis</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The vocal cords (two small bands of muscle within the larynx that vibrate to produce the voice).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046380/" class="def">glottis</a> (the middle part of the larynx, including the vocal cords).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046607/" class="def">subglottis</a> (the lowest part of the larynx, from just below the vocal cords to the top of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046623/" class="def">trachea</a>).</div></li></ul><div id="CDR0000593570__110" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Anatomy%20of%20the%20larynx&p=BOOKS&id=513471_CDR0000716231.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65816.5/bin/CDR0000716231.jpg" alt="Anatomy of the larynx; drawing shows the epiglottis, supraglottis, glottis, subglottis, and vocal cords. Also shown are the tongue, trachea, and esophagus." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Anatomy of the larynx. The three parts of the larynx are the supraglottis (including the epiglottis), the glottis (including the vocal cords), and the subglottis.<div class="milestone-end"></div></p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000593570__20"><h2 id="_CDR0000593570__20_">Oral Cavity, Pharyngeal, and Laryngeal Cancer Prevention</h2><div id="CDR0000593570__20.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__21">Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may
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help prevent cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__24">The following are <i>risk</i> factors for oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__26">Tobacco use</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__29">Alcohol use</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__146">Tobacco and alcohol use</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__173">Betel quid or gutka chewing</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__166">Personal history of head and neck cancer</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__149">The following is a risk factor for oral cavity, and oropharyngeal cancer:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__183">The following are risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__185">Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__189">Other risk factors</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__133">The following is a <i>protective</i> factor for oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__94">It is not clear whether avoiding certain risk factors will decrease the risk of oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__57">Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways
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to prevent cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__62">
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New ways to prevent oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer are being studied in clinical
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trials. </a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000593570__21"><h3>Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may
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help prevent cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__21_53">Avoiding <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factors</a> may help <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevent</a> certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, being <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000304742/" class="def">overweight</a>, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a> such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__145"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000641672/" class="def">Oral cavity</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445075/" class="def">pharyngeal</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445040/" class="def">laryngeal cancers</a> have common <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factors</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__24"><h3>The following are <i>risk</i> factors for oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000593570__26"><h4>Tobacco use</h4><p id="CDR0000593570__28">Using <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439432/" class="def">tobacco</a> is the most common cause of oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer. The risk of these <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancers</a> is about 5 to10 times higher for current smokers than for people who have never smoked.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__69">The use of all types of tobacco, including <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748148/" class="def">cigarettes</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748824/" class="def">pipes</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748146/" class="def">cigars</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748220/" class="def">smokeless tobacco</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748153/" class="def">snuff</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748143/" class="def">chewing tobacco</a>) can cause cancer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000389464/" class="def">oral cavity</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046024/" class="def">oropharynx</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046029/" class="def">hypopharynx</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046026/" class="def">larynx</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__29"><h4>Alcohol use</h4><p id="CDR0000593570__31">Using <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463134/" class="def">alcohol</a> is also an important risk factor for oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__70">The risk of oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer increases with the number of alcoholic drinks consumed per day. The risk of oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer is 5 to 6 times higher in people who have 5 or more alcoholic drinks per day compared with those who don't drink alcohol.</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__146"><h4>Tobacco and alcohol use</h4><p id="CDR0000593570__148">The risk of oral cavity, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446523/" class="def">oropharyngeal</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446546/" class="def">hypopharyngeal</a>, and laryngeal cancer is higher in people who use both tobacco and alcohol than it is in people who use only tobacco or only alcohol. The risk of oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer is about 35 times higher in people who smoke 2 or more packs of cigarettes per day and have more than 4 alcoholic drinks per day than it is in people who have never smoked cigarettes or consumed alcohol. </p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__173"><h4>Betel quid or gutka chewing</h4><p id="CDR0000593570__175">Chewing <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748134/" class="def">betel quid</a> or gutka (betel quid mixed with tobacco) has been shown to increase the risk of oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer. Betel quid contains areca nut, which is a cancer-causing substance. The risk of oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer increases with how long and how often betel quid or gutka are chewed. The risk for oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer is higher when chewing gutka than when chewing betel quid alone. Betel quid and gutka chewing is common in many countries in South Asia and Southeast Asia, including China and India. </p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__166"><h4>Personal history of head and neck cancer</h4><p id="CDR0000593570__168">A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000642021/" class="def">personal history</a> of head and neck cancer increases the risk of oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer. </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000593570__149"><h3>The following is a risk factor for oral cavity, and oropharyngeal cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000593570__152"><h4>HPV infection</h4><p id="CDR0000593570__151">Being <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045364/" class="def">infected</a> with certain types of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044386/" class="def">HPV</a>, especially HPV type 16, increases the risk of oral cavity (tongue) and oropharyngeal cancer. HPV infection is spread mainly through sexual contact. </p><p id="CDR0000593570__158">The risk of oropharyngeal cancer is about 15 times higher in people who have <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044068/" class="def">oral</a> HPV 16 infection compared with people who do not have oral HPV 16 infection. </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000593570__183"><h3>The following are risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000593570__185"><h4>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection</h4><p id="CDR0000593570__187">Being infected with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045684/" class="def">Epstein-Barr virus</a> (EBV) increases the risk of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445072/" class="def">nasopharyngeal cancer</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__188">The risk of nasopharyngeal cancer is about 33 times higher in people with EBV infection compared with people who do not have EBV infection.</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__189"><h4>Other risk factors</h4><p id="CDR0000593570__191">Other risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer may include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000593570__192"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drinking large amounts of alcohol on a regular basis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000302456/" class="def">family history</a> of nasopharyngeal cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being Asian.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="CDR0000593570__133"><h3>The following is a <i>protective</i> factor for oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000593570__122"><h4>Quitting smoking</h4><p id="CDR0000593570__124">Studies have shown that when people stop smoking cigarettes, their risk of oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer decreases by one half (50%) within 5 to 9 years. Within 20 years of quitting, their risk of oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer is the same as for a person who never smoked cigarettes.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000593570__94"><h3>It is not clear whether avoiding certain risk factors will decrease the risk of oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__176"><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000593570__135"></div>It has not been proven that stopping alcohol use will decrease the risk of oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__136">Getting an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000505904/" class="def">HPV vaccination</a> greatly lessens the risk of oral HPV infection. It is not yet known whether getting an HPV vaccination at any age will decrease the risk of oropharyngeal cancer from HPV infection. See the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062817/#CDR0000062817__29">Cervical Cancer Prevention</a> for information about the use of HPV vaccination to prevent <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000444973/" class="def">cervical cancer</a>.<div class="milestone-end"></div></p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__57"><h3>Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways
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to prevent cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__60"><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000593570__59"></div>Cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevention</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a> are used to study ways to
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lower the risk of certain types of cancer. Some
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cancer prevention trials are done with healthy people who
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have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer.
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Other prevention trials are done with people who have had
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cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type
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or to lower their chance of developing a new type of cancer.
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Other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known
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to have any risk factors for cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__61">The purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to
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find out whether actions people take can prevent cancer. These
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may include eating fruits and vegetables, exercising, quitting smoking, or taking
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certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicines</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044744/" class="def">vitamins</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045787/" class="def">minerals</a>, or food <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045916/" class="def">supplements</a>.<div class="milestone-end"></div></p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__62"><h3>
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New ways to prevent oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer are being studied in clinical
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trials. </h3><p id="CDR0000593570__194">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000593570__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/screening-prevention" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials can be found online at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. For more information, call the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/contact-center" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Information Service</a> (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_21">PDQ® Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. PDQ Oral Cavity, Pharyngeal, and Laryngeal Cancer Prevention. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/oral-prevention-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/oral-prevention-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389257]</p><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK65816</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26389257" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">26389257</a></span></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65816.5/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK65816.5/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65816" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65816" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. Oral Cavity, Pharyngeal, and Laryngeal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2018 Jul 20. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. 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href="/books/NBK65816.2/">NBK65816.2</a></span> February 19, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65816.1/">NBK65816.1</a></span> July 23, 2015</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#CDR0000593570__1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">What is prevention?</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000593570__7" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">General Information About Oral Cavity, Pharyngeal, and Laryngeal Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000593570__20" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Oral Cavity, Pharyngeal, and Laryngeal Cancer Prevention</a></li><li><a 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