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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65816_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65816_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65816_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: July 23, 2015.</p><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">August 27, 2008</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000593570__164">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__165">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__1"><h2 id="_CDR0000593570__1_">What is prevention?</h2><p id="CDR0000593570__2"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a>
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|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevention</a> is action taken to lower the chance of getting
|
|
cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer
|
|
in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will lower
|
|
the number of deaths caused by cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__3">To prevent new cancers from starting, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044724/" class="def">scientists</a> look at <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk
|
|
factors</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a>. Anything that increases your
|
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chance of developing cancer is called a cancer risk factor;
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|
anything that decreases your chance of developing cancer is
|
|
called a cancer protective factor.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__4">Some risk factors for cancer can be avoided, but many cannot.
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|
For example, both smoking and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045098/" class="def">inheriting</a> certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045693/" class="def">genes</a> are
|
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risk factors for some types of cancer, but only smoking can be
|
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avoided. Regular exercise and a healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044660/" class="def">diet</a> may be protective
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factors for some types of cancer. Avoiding risk factors and
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increasing protective factors may lower your risk but it does
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not mean that you will not get cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__5">Different ways to prevent cancer are being studied, including:</p><ul id="CDR0000593570__6"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changing lifestyle or eating habits.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding things known to cause cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicines</a> to treat a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046220/" class="def">precancerous</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> or to
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keep cancer from starting.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000593570__77">See the following <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summaries for information about <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046171/" class="def">screening</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnosis</a>, and treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445073/" class="def">oral cancer</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000593570__78"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000593427/">Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Screening</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000258017/">Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer Treatment</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000258025/">Oropharyngeal Cancer Treatment</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062889/">Cigarette Smoking: Health Risks and How to Quit</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000593570__7"><h2 id="_CDR0000593570__7_">General Information About Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__8">Oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer are diseases in which malignant (cancer) cells
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form in the mouth or throat.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__17">Oral cancer is more common in men than in women.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000593570__8"><h3>Oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer are diseases in which malignant (cancer) cells
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form in the mouth or throat.</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__159">The term <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445073/" class="def">oral cancer</a> is used to describe cancer that forms in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissues</a> of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000389464/" class="def">oral cavity</a> or the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046024/" class="def">oropharynx</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__10"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000641672/" class="def">Oral cavity cancer </a>forms in any of these tissues of the oral cavity:</p><ul id="CDR0000593570__155"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The front two thirds of the tongue.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000443579/" class="def">gingiva</a> (gums).
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046497/" class="def">buccal mucosa</a> (the lining of the inside of the cheeks).
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The floor (bottom) of the mouth under the tongue.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000389462/" class="def">hard palate</a> (the front, bony part of the roof of the mouth).
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000443580/" class="def">retromolar trigone</a> (the small area behind the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000443581/" class="def">wisdom teeth</a>).
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</div></li></ul><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000593570131" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000593570131"><a href="/books/NBK65816.1/figure/CDR0000593570__131/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000593570131" rid-ob="figobCDR0000593570131"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK65816.1/bin/CDR0000716338.gif" src-large="/books/NBK65816.1/bin/CDR0000716338.jpg" alt="Anatomy of the oral cavity" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000593570131"><h4 id="CDR0000593570__131"><a href="/books/NBK65816.1/figure/CDR0000593570__131/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000593570131">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Anatomy of the oral cavity. The oral cavity includes the lips, hard palate (the bony front portion of the roof of the mouth), soft palate (the muscular back portion of the roof of the mouth), retromolar trigone (the area behind the wisdom teeth), front <a href="/books/NBK65816.1/figure/CDR0000593570__131/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000593570131">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p id="CDR0000593570__156"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446523/" class="def">Oropharyngeal cancer</a> forms in tissues of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046024/" class="def">oropharynx</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000593570__157"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The middle part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046061/" class="def">pharynx</a> (throat) behind the mouth.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The back third of the tongue.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000389466/" class="def">soft palate</a> (the back, soft part of the roof of the mouth).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The side and back walls of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439429/" class="def">throat</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046618/" class="def">tonsils</a>.</div></li></ul><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000593570144" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000593570144"><a href="/books/NBK65816.1/figure/CDR0000593570__144/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000593570144" rid-ob="figobCDR0000593570144"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK65816.1/bin/CDR0000713970.gif" src-large="/books/NBK65816.1/bin/CDR0000713970.jpg" alt="Anatomy of the pharynx (throat)" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000593570144"><h4 id="CDR0000593570__144"><a href="/books/NBK65816.1/figure/CDR0000593570__144/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000593570144">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Anatomy of the pharynx (throat). The three parts of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. </p></div></div><p id="CDR0000593570__15">
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Most oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers start in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046056/" class="def">squamous cells</a> (thin, flat <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a>) that line the oral cavity and oropharynx. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> that forms in squamous cells is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046595/" class="def">squamous cell carcinoma</a>. Squamous cell carcinoma can form from <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046324/" class="def">lesions</a> on the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257212/" class="def">mucous membranes</a> (the lining of the mouth and throat). These lesions include <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045954/" class="def">leukoplakia</a> (an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a> white patch of cells) and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046413/" class="def">erythroplakia</a> (an abnormal red patch of cells).</p><p id="CDR0000593570__132">In Western countries, such as the United States, the most common areas for oral cancer are the tongue and the floor of the mouth. </p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__17"><h3>Oral cancer is more common in men than in women.</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__19">Men are more than twice as likely as women to have oral cancer and die from it.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000593570__20"><h2 id="_CDR0000593570__20_">Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Prevention</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__21">Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may
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help prevent cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__24">The following are <i>risk</i> factors for oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__149">The following is a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__133">The following is a <i>protective</i> factor for oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__94">It is not clear whether avoiding certain risk factors will decrease the risk of oral cavity cancer or oropharyngeal cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__57">Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways
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to prevent cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000593570__62">
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New ways to prevent oral cancer and oropharyngeal cancer are being studied in clinical
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trials. </a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000593570__21"><h3>Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may
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help prevent cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__21_53">Avoiding <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factors</a> may help <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevent</a> certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, being overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439422/" class="def">protective factors</a> such as quitting smoking, eating a healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044660/" class="def">diet</a>, and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__145"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000641672/" class="def">Oral cavity cancer</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446523/" class="def">oropharyngeal cancer</a> are two different diseases, but they have some risk factors in common.</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__24"><h3>The following are <i>risk</i> factors for oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000593570__26"><h4>Tobacco use</h4><p id="CDR0000593570__28">Using <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439432/" class="def">tobacco</a> is the leading cause of oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer. The risk of these <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancers</a> is about 10 times higher for current smokers than for people who have never smoked.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__69">All forms of tobacco, including <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748148/" class="def">cigarettes</a>, pipes, cigars, and chewing (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748220/" class="def">smokeless</a>) tobacco, can cause cancer of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000389464/" class="def">oral cavity</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046024/" class="def">oropharynx</a>. For cigarette smokers, the risk of oral cancer increases with the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Tobacco use is most likely to cause oral cancer in the floor of the mouth, but also causes cancer in other parts of mouth and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439429/" class="def">throat</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__160"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000748134/" class="def">Betel quid</a> chewinghas also been shown to increase the risk of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__86">Tobacco users who have had oral cancer may develop second cancers in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000389464/" class="def">oral cavity</a> or nearby areas. These areas include the nose, throat, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046650/" class="def">vocal cords</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046623/" class="def">trachea</a> (windpipe). This is because the oral cavity and nearby areas have been exposed to the harmful substances in tobacco, and new cancers may form over time.</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__29"><h4>Alcohol use</h4><p id="CDR0000593570__31">Using <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463134/" class="def">alcohol</a> is a major <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factor</a> for oral cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__70">The risk of oral cancer increases with the number of alcoholic drinks consumed per day. The risk of oral cancer is about twice as high in people who have 3 to 4 alcoholic drinks per day compared to those who don't drink alcohol. </p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__146"><h4>Tobacco and alcohol use</h4><p id="CDR0000593570__148">The risk of oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer is 2 to 3 times higher in people who use both tobacco and alcohol than it is in people who use only tobacco or only alcohol.</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__161"><h4>Family history of oral cancer</h4><p id="CDR0000593570__163">People with a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000302456/" class="def">family history</a> of oral cancer have an increased risk of oral cancer.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000593570__149"><h3>The following is a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000593570__152"><h4>HPV infection</h4><p id="CDR0000593570__151">Being <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045364/" class="def">infected</a> with certain types of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044386/" class="def">HPV</a>, especially HPV type 16, increases the risk of oropharyngeal cancer. HPV infection is spread mainly through sexual contact. </p><p id="CDR0000593570__158">The risk of oropharyngeal cancer is about 15 times higher in people with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044068/" class="def">oral</a> HPV 16 infection, compared to people without oral HPV 16 infection. Tobacco and alcohol use do not appear to further increase the risk in people with oral HPV infection. </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000593570__133"><h3>The following is a <i>protective</i> factor for oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer:</h3><div id="CDR0000593570__122"><h4>Quitting smoking</h4><p id="CDR0000593570__124">Studies have shown that when people stop smoking cigarettes, their risk of oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer decreases by one-half (50%) within 5 years. Within 10 years of quitting, their risk of oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer is the same as for a person who never smoked cigarettes.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000593570__94"><h3>It is not clear whether avoiding certain risk factors will decrease the risk of oral cavity cancer or oropharyngeal cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__136"><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000593570__135"></div>It has not been proven that the following will decrease the risk of oral cavity cancer or oropharyngeal cancer:</p><ul id="CDR0000593570__154"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Getting an HPV <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045937/" class="def">vaccination</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stopping alcohol use.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changing your <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044660/" class="def">diet</a>.<div class="milestone-end"></div></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000593570__57"><h3>Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways
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to prevent cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__60"><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000593570__59"></div>Cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439419/" class="def">prevention</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a> are used to study ways to
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lower the risk of certain types of cancer. Some
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cancer prevention trials are done with healthy people who
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have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer.
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Other prevention trials are done with people who have had
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cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type
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or to lower their chance of developing a new type of cancer.
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Other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known
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to have any risk factors for cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__61">The purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to
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find out whether actions people take can prevent cancer. These
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may include eating fruits and vegetables, exercising, quitting smoking, or taking
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certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000482419/" class="def">medicines</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044744/" class="def">vitamins</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045787/" class="def">minerals</a>, or food <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045916/" class="def">supplements</a>.<div class="milestone-end"></div></p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__62"><h3>
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New ways to prevent oral cancer and oropharyngeal cancer are being studied in clinical
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trials. </h3><div id="CDR0000593570__137"><h4>Chemoprevention</h4><p id="CDR0000593570__139"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045487/" class="def">Chemoprevention</a> is the use of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drugs</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044744/" class="def">vitamins</a>, or other agents to
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prevent or delay the growth of cancer. One study found no decrease in the risk of oropharyngeal cancer in male smokers who took <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045023/" class="def">vitamin E</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045328/" class="def">beta carotene</a> supplements (pills).</p><p id="CDR0000593570__140">Other studies of chemoprevention are being done in patients at high risk of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer. This includes patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046324/" class="def">lesions</a> on the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257212/" class="def">mucous membranes</a>, which may become cancer, and patients with a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000642021/" class="def">history</a> of oral cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__64">Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country.
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Information about clinical trials can be found in the Clinical
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Trials section of the
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<a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.
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Check NCI's list of cancer clinical trials for <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search/results?protocolsearchid=7053328&vers=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">lip and oral cavity cancer prevention trials</a> and <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/search/results?protocolsearchid=11395250&vers=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">oropharyngeal cancer prevention trials</a>
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that are now accepting patients.</p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000593570__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer prevention. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/screening-prevention" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials are listed in PDQ and can be found online at <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_21">National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Prevention. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/oral-prevention-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/oral-prevention-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>.</p><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="http://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 2,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000593570__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65816.1/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK65816.1/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65816" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65816" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2015 Jul 23. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Version History</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter shutter_closed" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="version_history" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content" style="display: none;"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65816.14/">NBK65816.14</a></span> November 8, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65816.13/">NBK65816.13</a></span> September 11, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65816.12/">NBK65816.12</a></span> June 30, 2023</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65816.11/">NBK65816.11</a></span> May 12, 2023</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65816.10/">NBK65816.10</a></span> March 31, 2023</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65816.9/">NBK65816.9</a></span> October 12, 2022</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65816.8/">NBK65816.8</a></span> October 8, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65816.7/">NBK65816.7</a></span> February 11, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65816.6/">NBK65816.6</a></span> March 28, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65816.5/">NBK65816.5</a></span> July 20, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65816.4/">NBK65816.4</a></span> June 22, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65816.3/">NBK65816.3</a></span> January 12, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65816.2/">NBK65816.2</a></span> February 19, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm">NBK65816.1</span> July 23, 2015 (Displayed Version)</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#CDR0000593570__1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">What is prevention?</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000593570__7" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">General Information About Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000593570__20" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Prevention</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000593570__AboutThis_1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">About This PDQ Summary</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related publications</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="document-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65979/">Health Professional Version</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" 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2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/29337481" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Oral Cavity Cancer (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Childhood Oral Cavity Cancer (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ 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