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<div id="jr" data-jr-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/"><div class="jr-unsupported"><table class="modal"><tr><td><span class="attn inline-block"></span><br />Your browser does not support the NLM PubReader view.<br />Go to <a href="/pmc/about/pr-browsers/">this page</a> to see a list of supported browsers<br />or return to the <br /><a href="/books/NBK65813/?report=classic">regular view</a>.</td></tr></table></div><div id="jr-ui" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-head"><div class="flexh tb"><div id="jr-tb1"><a id="jr-links-sw" class="hidden" title="Links"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 70.6 85.3" style="enable-background:new 0 0 70.6 85.3;vertical-align:middle" xml:space="preserve" width="24" height="24">
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</svg> Books</a></div><div class="jr-rhead f1 flexh"><div class="head"></div><div class="body"><div class="t">Hypopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version</div><div class="j">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]</div></div><div class="tail"></div></div><div id="jr-tb2"><a id="jr-bkhelp-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Help with NLM PubReader">?</a><a id="jr-help-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Settings and typography in NLM PubReader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M462,283.742v-55.485l-29.981-10.662c-11.431-4.065-20.628-12.794-25.274-24.001 c-0.002-0.004-0.004-0.009-0.006-0.013c-4.659-11.235-4.333-23.918,0.889-34.903l13.653-28.724l-39.234-39.234l-28.72,13.652 c-10.979,5.219-23.68,5.546-34.908,0.889c-0.005-0.002-0.01-0.003-0.014-0.005c-11.215-4.65-19.933-13.834-24-25.273L283.741,50 h-55.484l-10.662,29.981c-4.065,11.431-12.794,20.627-24.001,25.274c-0.005,0.002-0.009,0.004-0.014,0.005 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class="title" itemprop="name">Hypopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contribs">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.</p><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK65813_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000258014__148">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of hypopharyngeal cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000258014__149">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__1"><h2 id="_CDR0000258014__1_">General Information About Hypopharyngeal Cancer</h2><div id="CDR0000258014__1.kp" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__2">Hypopharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer)
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cells form in the tissues of the hypopharynx.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__6">Use of tobacco products and heavy drinking can affect the risk
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of developing hypopharyngeal cancer. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__10">Signs and symptoms of hypopharyngeal cancer include a sore throat
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and ear pain.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__14">Tests that examine the throat and neck are used to help diagnose hypopharyngeal cancer and find out whether the cancer has spread.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__18">Certain factors affect prognosis (chance
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of recovery) and treatment options.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258014__2"><h3>Hypopharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer)
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cells form in the tissues of the hypopharynx.</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__4">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046029/" class="def">hypopharynx</a> is the
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bottom part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046061/" class="def">pharynx</a>.
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The pharynx is a hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose, goes down the neck,
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and ends at the top of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046623/" class="def">trachea</a>
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(windpipe) and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a> (the tube
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that goes from the throat to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046604/" class="def">stomach</a>). Air and food pass through the pharynx on
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the way to the trachea or the esophagus. <div id="CDR0000258014__154" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Hypopharyngeal%20cancer%20forms%20in%20the%20tissues%20of%20the%20hypopharynx%20(the%20bottom%20part%20of%20the%20throat)&p=BOOKS&id=609614_CDR0000780507.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65813/bin/CDR0000780507.jpg" alt="Drawing shows areas where hypopharyngeal cancer may form or spread, including the bone under the tongue (hyoid bone), cartilage around the thyroid and trachea, the thyroid, the trachea, and the esophagus. Also shown are the upper part of the spinal column, the carotid artery, lymph nodes in the neck, and lining of the chest cavity. An inset shows a cross section of the hypopharynx, larynx, esophagus, and trachea." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Hypopharyngeal cancer forms in the tissues of the hypopharynx (the bottom part of the throat). It may spread to nearby tissues or to cartilage around the thyroid or trachea, the bone under the tongue (hyoid bone), the thyroid, the trachea, the larynx, or the esophagus. It may also spread to the lymph nodes in the neck, the carotid artery, the tissues around the upper part of the spinal column, the lining of the chest cavity, and to other parts of the body (not shown).</p></div></div></p><p id="CDR0000258014__5">Most <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446546/" class="def">hypopharyngeal cancers</a> form in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046056/" class="def">squamous cells</a>,
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the thin, flat <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> lining the inside of the
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hypopharynx. The hypopharynx has 3 different areas. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> may be found in 1 or more of these areas.</p><p id="CDR0000258014__143">Hypopharyngeal cancer is a type of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257519/" class="def">head and neck cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__6"><h3>Use of tobacco products and heavy drinking can affect the risk
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of developing hypopharyngeal cancer. </h3><p id="CDR0000258014__8">Anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factor</a>. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn't mean that you will not get cancer. Talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk. Risk factors include:</p><ul id="CDR0000258014__9"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000439432/" class="def">tobacco</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chewing tobacco.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heavy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463134/" class="def">alcohol</a> use.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eating a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044660/" class="def">diet</a> without enough <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044697/" class="def">nutrients</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386432/" class="def">Plummer-Vinson syndrome</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258014__10"><h3>Signs and symptoms of hypopharyngeal cancer include a sore throat
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and ear pain.</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__12">These and other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">signs</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> may be caused by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046029/" class="def">hypopharyngeal</a> cancer or by other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">conditions</a>.
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Check with your doctor if you have:</p><ul id="CDR0000258014__13"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A sore throat that does not go away.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ear pain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A lump in the neck.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Painful or difficult swallowing.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A change in voice.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258014__14"><h3><div class="milestone-start" id="CDR0000258014__15"></div>Tests that examine the throat and neck are used to help diagnose hypopharyngeal cancer and find out whether the cancer has spread.<div class="milestone-end"></div></h3><p id="CDR0000258014__16">The following tests and procedures may be used:</p><ul id="CDR0000258014__17"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270871/" class="def">Physical exam</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000798522/" class="def">health history</a></b>: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270871/" class="def">Physical exam</a> of the throat</b>: An exam in which
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the doctor feels for swollen <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph
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nodes</a> in the neck and looks down the throat with a small,
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long-handled mirror to check for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a> areas.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000322871/" class="def">Neurological exam</a></b>: A series of questions and tests to check the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000797669/" class="def">brain</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000340937/" class="def">spinal cord</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000373935/" class="def">nerve</a> function. The exam checks a person’s <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000441253/" class="def">mental status</a>, coordination, and ability to walk normally, and how well the muscles, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000792756/" class="def">senses</a>, and reflexes work. This may also be called a neuro exam or a neurologic exam.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046033/" class="def">CT scan</a> (CAT
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scan)</b>: A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the head, neck, chest, and lymph nodes, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-ray</a> machine. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000409764/" class="def">dye</a> may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a> or swallowed to help the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissues</a> show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.<div id="CDR0000258014__150" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Computed%20tomography%20(CT)%20scan%20of%20the%20head%20and%20neck&p=BOOKS&id=609614_CDR0000753850.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65813/bin/CDR0000753850.jpg" alt="Computed tomography (CT) scan of the head and neck; drawing shows a patient lying on a table that slides through the CT scanner, which takes x-ray pictures of the inside of the head and neck." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Computed tomography (CT) scan of the head and neck. The patient lies on a table that slides through the CT scanner, which takes x-ray pictures of the inside of the head and neck.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046140/" class="def">PET scan</a> (positron emission tomography scan)</b>: A procedure to find <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045772/" class="def">malignant</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> cells in the body. A small amount of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000774386/" class="def">radioactive glucose</a> (sugar) is injected into a vein. The PET <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386220/" class="def">scanner</a> rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body. Malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do. A PET scan and CT scan may be done at the same time. This is called a PET-CT.<div id="CDR0000258014__198" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=PET%20(positron%20emission%20tomography)%20scan&p=BOOKS&id=609614_CDR0000466545.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65813/bin/CDR0000466545.jpg" alt="PET (positron emission tomography) scan; drawing shows patient lying on table that slides through the PET machine." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>PET (positron emission tomography) scan. The patient lies on a table that slides through the PET machine. The head rest and white strap help the patient lie still. A small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into the patient's vein, and a scanner makes a picture of where the glucose is being used in the body. Cancer cells show up brighter in the picture because they take up more glucose than normal cells do.
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</p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045788/" class="def">MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging)</b>: A procedure that uses a magnet, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651209/" class="def">radio waves</a>, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the head, neck, chest, and lymph nodes. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI). </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045678/" class="def">Endoscopy</a></b>: A
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procedure used to look at areas in the throat that cannot be seen
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with a mirror during the physical exam of the throat. An <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046428/" class="def">endoscope</a> (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted through the
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nose or mouth to check the throat for anything that seems unusual. Tissue samples may be taken for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045164/" class="def">biopsy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Biopsy</b>: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> to check for signs of cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046499/" class="def">Bone scan</a></b>: A procedure to check if there are rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells, in the bone. A very small amount of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a> material is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. The radioactive material collects in the bones with cancer and is detected by a scanner.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046514/" class="def">Barium</a> esophagogram</b>: An x-ray of the esophagus. The patient drinks a liquid that contains barium (a silver-white <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463718/" class="def">metallic</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000422394/" class="def">compound</a>). The liquid coats the esophagus and x-rays are taken.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046417/" class="def">Esophagoscopy</a></b>: A procedure to look inside the esophagus to check for abnormal areas. An esophagoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted through the mouth or nose and down the throat into the esophagus. Tissue samples may be taken for biopsy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045628/" class="def">Bronchoscopy</a></b>: A procedure to look inside the trachea and large airways in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a> for abnormal areas. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046496/" class="def">bronchoscope</a> (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted through the nose or mouth into the trachea and lungs. Tissue samples may be taken for biopsy.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258014__18"><h3>Certain factors affect prognosis (chance
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of recovery) and treatment options.</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__20"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045849/" class="def">Prognosis</a> depends on:</p><ul id="CDR0000258014__98"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer (whether it
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affects part of the hypopharynx, involves the whole hypopharynx, or has spread
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to other places in the body). Hypopharyngeal cancer is usually detected in later stages because early signs and symptoms rarely occur.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The patient's age, gender, and general health.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The location of the cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether the patient smokes during <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258014__96">Treatment options depend on:</p><ul id="CDR0000258014__97"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The stage of the cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keeping the patient's ability to talk, eat, and breathe as normal as possible.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The patient's general health.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258014__21">Patients who have had hypopharyngeal cancer are at an increased risk of developing a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046658/" class="def">second
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cancer</a> in the head or neck. Frequent and
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careful <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044671/" class="def">follow-up</a> is important.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258014__22"><h2 id="_CDR0000258014__22_">Stages of Hypopharyngeal Cancer</h2><div id="CDR0000258014__22.kp" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__23">After hypopharyngeal cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done
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to find out if cancer cells have spread within the hypopharynx or to other
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parts of the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__120">There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__145">Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__28">The following stages are used for hypopharyngeal
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cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__99">Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ)</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__30">Stage I</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__33">Stage II</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__37">Stage III</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__166">Stage IV</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__160">After surgery, the stage of the cancer may change and more treatment may be needed.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__174">Hypopharyngeal cancer can recur (come back) after it has been treated.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258014__23"><h3>After hypopharyngeal cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done
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to find out if cancer cells have spread within the hypopharynx or to other
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parts of the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__25">The process used to find out if <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread within the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046029/" class="def">hypopharynx</a> or to other parts of the
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body is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046597/" class="def">staging</a>. The
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information gathered from the staging process determines the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the disease. It is
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important to know the stage of the disease in order to plan treatment.
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The results of some of the <a href="#CDR0000258014__15">tests and procedures</a> used to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnose</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446546/" class="def">hypopharyngeal cancer</a> are often also used to stage the disease.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__120"><h3>There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__120_md_69">Cancer can spread through <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045764/" class="def">lymph system</a>, and the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">blood</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000258014__120_md_70"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tissue. The cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymph system. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system. The cancer travels through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269462/" class="def">lymph vessels</a> to other parts of the body.
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood. The cancer travels through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045020/" class="def">blood vessels</a> to other parts of the body.
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258014__145"><h3>Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__145_md_66">When cancer spreads to another part of the body, it is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046710/" class="def">metastasis</a>. Cancer cells break away from where they began (the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary tumor</a>) and travel through the lymph system or blood.</p><ul id="CDR0000258014__145_md_67"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymph system. The cancer gets into the lymph system, travels through the lymph vessels, and forms a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044058/" class="def">metastatic</a> tumor) in another part of the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood. The cancer gets into the blood, travels through the blood vessels, and forms a tumor (metastatic tumor) in another part of the body.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258014__147">The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if hypopharyngeal cancer spreads to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a>, the cancer cells in the lung are actually hypopharyngeal cancer cells. The disease is metastatic hypopharyngeal cancer, not lung cancer.</p><div id="CDR0000258014__155" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h3><span class="title">metastasis: how cancer spreads</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Many cancer deaths are caused when cancer moves from the original tumor and spreads to other tissues and organs. This is called metastatic cancer. This animation shows how cancer cells travel from the place in the body where they first formed to other parts of the body.</p></div><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQwar_-QdiQ" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">YouTube</a></p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258014__28"><h3>The following stages are used for hypopharyngeal
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cancer:</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__165">The staging described below is only used for patients who have not had <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> in the neck removed and checked for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">signs</a> of cancer.</p><div id="CDR0000258014__99"><h4>Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ)</h4><p id="CDR0000258014__101">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000428432/" class="def">stage 0</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044636/" class="def">abnormal</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> are found in the lining of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046029/" class="def">hypopharynx</a>. These abnormal cells may become <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> and spread into nearby normal <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>. Stage 0 is also called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046488/" class="def">carcinoma in situ</a>.</p><div id="CDR0000258014__114" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Tumor%20sizes%20are%20often%20measured%20in%20centimeters%20(cm)%20or%20inches&p=BOOKS&id=609614_CDR0000415526.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65813/bin/CDR0000415526.jpg" alt="Drawing shows different sizes of a tumor in centimeters (cm) compared to the size of a pea (1 cm), a peanut (2 cm), a grape (3 cm), a walnut (4 cm), a lime (5 cm), an egg (6 cm), a peach (7 cm), and a grapefruit (10 cm). Also shown is a 10-cm ruler and a 4-inch ruler." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Tumor sizes are often measured in centimeters (cm) or inches. Common food items that can be used to show tumor size in cm include: a pea (1 cm), a peanut (2 cm), a grape (3 cm), a walnut (4 cm), a lime (5 cm or 2 inches), an egg (6 cm), a peach (7 cm), and a grapefruit (10 cm or 4 inches).</p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000258014__30"><h4>Stage I</h4><p id="CDR0000258014__32">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046103/" class="def">stage I</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has formed in only one area of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046029/" class="def">hypopharynx</a> and/or the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is 2 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a> or smaller.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__33"><h4>Stage II</h4><p id="CDR0000258014__35">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046104/" class="def">stage II</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> is:</p><ul id="CDR0000258014__36"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>found in more than one area of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046029/" class="def">hypopharynx</a> or in a nearby area; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>larger than 2 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a> but not larger than 4 centimeters and has not spread to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046026/" class="def">larynx</a> (voice box).</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258014__37"><h4>Stage III</h4><p id="CDR0000258014__39">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046101/" class="def">stage III</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000258014__163"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>is larger than 4 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a> or has spread to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046026/" class="def">larynx</a> (voice box) or the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257213/" class="def">mucosa</a> (inner lining) of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a>. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> may have spread to one <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph node</a> on the same side of the neck as the tumor. The affected lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor. The affected lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller. Cancer is also found:<ul id="CDR0000258014__164"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>in only one area of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046029/" class="def">hypopharynx</a> and/or the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>in more than one area of the hypopharynx or in a nearby area, or the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 4 centimeters and has not spread to the larynx.</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258014__166"><h4>Stage IV</h4><p id="CDR0000258014__168">Stage IV is divided into stages IVA, IVB, and IVC as follows:</p><ul id="CDR0000258014__169"><li class="half_rhythm"><div> In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000430497/" class="def">stage IVA</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>:<ul id="CDR0000258014__172"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>has spread to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000797788/" class="def">thyroid cartilage</a>, the bone above the thyroid cartilage, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044751/" class="def">thyroid gland</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044190/" class="def">cartilage</a> around the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046623/" class="def">trachea</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046414/" class="def">esophageal</a> muscle, or the nearby muscles and fatty <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a> in the neck. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">Cancer</a> may have also spread to one <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph node</a> on the same side of the neck as the tumor. The affected lymph node is 3 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeters</a> or smaller; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> is found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046029/" class="def">hypopharynx</a> and may have spread to the thyroid cartilage, the bone above the thyroid cartilage, the thyroid gland, the cartilage around the trachea, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a>, or the nearby muscles and fatty tissue in the neck. Cancer has spread to one of the following:<ul id="CDR0000258014__171"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the tumor. The affected lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>more than one lymph node anywhere in the neck. The affected lymph nodes are 6 centimeters or smaller.</div></li></ul>
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</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000428436/" class="def">stage IVB</a>, the tumor:<ul id="CDR0000258014__173"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>may be any size and cancer may have spread to the thyroid cartilage, the bone above the thyroid cartilage, the thyroid gland, the cartilage around the trachea, the esophagus, or the nearby muscles and fatty tissue in the neck. Cancer has spread to a lymph node that is larger than 6 centimeters or has spread through the outside covering of a lymph node into nearby <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044013/" class="def">connective tissue</a>; or</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>has spread to the connective tissue covering the muscles that support the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000396787/" class="def">spinal column</a>, the area around the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000396786/" class="def">carotid artery</a>, or the area between the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lungs</a>. Cancer may have also spread to lymph nodes in the neck.</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000428437/" class="def">stage IVC</a>, cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lung, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a>, or bone.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="CDR0000258014__160"><h3>After surgery, the stage of the cancer may change and more treatment may be needed.</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__162">If the cancer is removed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>, a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">pathologist</a> will examine a sample of the cancer tissue under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a>. Sometimes, the pathologist’s review results in a change to the stage of the cancer and more treatment is needed after surgery.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__174"><h3>Hypopharyngeal cancer can recur (come back) after it has been treated.</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__176">The cancer may come back in the hypopharynx or in other parts of the body.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258014__48"><h2 id="_CDR0000258014__48_">Treatment Option Overview</h2><div id="CDR0000258014__48.kp" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__49">There are different types of treatment for patients with
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hypopharyngeal cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__53">The following types of treatment are used:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__56">Surgery</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__61">Radiation therapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__65">Chemotherapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__199">Immunotherapy</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__68">New types of treatment are being tested in clinical
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trials.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__156">Treatment for hypopharyngeal cancer may cause side effects.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__128">Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__130">Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__132">Follow-up care may be needed.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258014__49"><h3>There are different types of treatment for patients with
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hypopharyngeal cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__51">Different types of treatment are available for patients with
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446546/" class="def">hypopharyngeal cancer</a>. Some treatments
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are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard</a> (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a>. A
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treatment clinical trial is a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651211/" class="def">research study</a> meant to help improve current
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treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>.
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When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the
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standard treatment, the new
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treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__53"><h3>The following types of treatment are used:</h3><div id="CDR0000258014__56"><h4>Surgery</h4><p id="CDR0000258014__58"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">Surgery</a> (removing the cancer in
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an operation) is a common treatment for all <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stages</a> of hypopharyngeal cancer. The following
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surgical procedures may be used:</p><ul id="CDR0000258014__59"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Laryngopharyngectomy: Surgery to remove the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046026/" class="def">larynx</a> (voice box) and part of
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the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046061/" class="def">pharynx</a> (throat).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Partial laryngopharyngectomy: Surgery to remove part of the
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larynx and part of the pharynx. A partial laryngopharyngectomy prevents loss of
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the voice.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046281/" class="def">Neck dissection</a>:
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Surgery to remove <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> and
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other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissues</a> in the neck.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258014__60">After the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the
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time of the surgery, some patients may be given <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation
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therapy</a> after surgery to kill any cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> that are left. Treatment given
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after the surgery, to lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045587/" class="def">adjuvant therapy</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__61"><h4>Radiation therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000258014__63">Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-rays</a> or other types of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045072/" class="def">radiation</a> to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046686/" class="def">External radiation therapy</a> uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the area of the body with cancer.</p><div id="CDR0000258014__177" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=External-beam%20radiation%20therapy%20of%20the%20head%20and%20neck&p=BOOKS&id=609614_CDR0000732667.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65813/bin/CDR0000732667.jpg" alt="External-beam radiation therapy of the head and neck; drawing shows a patient lying on a table under a machine that is used to aim high-energy radiation at the cancer. An inset shows a mesh mask that helps keep the patient's head and neck from moving during treatment. The mask has pieces of white tape with small ink marks on it. The ink marks are used to line up the radiation machine in the same position before each treatment." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>External-beam radiation therapy of the head and neck. A machine is used to aim high-energy radiation at the cancer. The machine can rotate around the patient, delivering radiation from many different angles to provide highly conformal treatment. A mesh mask helps keep the patient’s head and neck from moving during treatment. Small ink marks are put on the mask. The ink marks are used to line up the radiation machine in the same position before each treatment.</p></div></div><p id="CDR0000258014__64">Radiation therapy may work better in patients who have
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stopped smoking before beginning treatment. External radiation therapy to the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046036/" class="def">thyroid</a> or the
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046229/" class="def">pituitary gland</a> may change the way
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the thyroid gland works. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000688783/" class="def">blood test</a> to check the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044558/" class="def">thyroid hormone</a> level in the body may be done before
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and after therapy to make sure the thyroid gland is working properly.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__65"><h4>Chemotherapy</h4><p id="CDR0000258014__67">Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drugs</a> to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a> or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000301626/" class="def">systemic chemotherapy</a>).</p><p id="CDR0000258014__109">Chemotherapy may be used to shrink the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> before surgery or radiation therapy. This is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045800/" class="def">neoadjuvant</a> chemotherapy.</p><p id="CDR0000258014__141">For more information, see <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/head-neck" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drugs Approved for Head and Neck Cancer</a>. (Hypopharyngeal cancer is a type of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257519/" class="def">head and neck cancer</a>.)</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__199"><h4>Immunotherapy</h4><p id="CDR0000258014__201"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045729/" class="def">Immunotherapy</a> is a treatment that uses a person's immune system to fight cancer. Your doctor may suggest biomarker tests to help predict your response to certain immunotherapy drugs. Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/biomarker-testing-cancer-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Biomarker Testing for Cancer Treatment</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000258014__202"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000764538/" class="def">Pembrolizumab</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000767747/" class="def">nivolumab</a> are types of immunotherapy used to treat <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044058/" class="def">metastatic</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">recurrent</a> hypopharyngeal cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000258014__203">Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Immunotherapy to Treat Cancer</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258014__68"><h3>New types of treatment are being tested in clinical
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trials.</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__71">Information about clinical trials is available from the
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__156"><h3>Treatment for hypopharyngeal cancer may cause side effects.</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__156_md_73">For information about <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> caused by treatment for cancer, visit our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Side Effects</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__128"><h3>Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__128_md_23">For some patients, taking part in a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard treatment</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000258014__128_md_24">Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000258014__128_md_25">Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__130"><h3>Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__130_md_29">Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring (coming back) or reduce the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> of cancer treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000258014__130_md_30">Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about clinical trials supported by NCI can be found on NCI’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trials search</a> webpage. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> website.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__132"><h3>Follow-up care may be needed.</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__132_md_33">As you go through treatment, you will have follow-up tests or check-ups. Some tests that were done to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnose</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> the cancer may be repeated to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.</p><p id="CDR0000258014__132_md_34">Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred (come back). </p><p id="CDR0000258014__134">For hypopharyngeal cancer, follow-up to check for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045861/" class="def">recurrence</a> should include careful head and neck exams once a month in the first year after treatment ends, every 2 months in the second year, every 3 months in the third year, and every 6 months thereafter.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000258014__178"><h2 id="_CDR0000258014__178_">Treatment of Stage I Hypopharyngeal Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000258014__179">For information about the treatments listed below, see the <a href="#CDR0000258014__53">Treatment Option Overview</a> section.</p><p id="CDR0000258014__180">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046103/" class="def">stage I hypopharyngeal
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cancer</a> may include:</p><ul id="CDR0000258014__181"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Laryngopharyngectomy and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046281/" class="def">neck dissection</a> with or without
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000440106/" class="def">high-dose radiation</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044737/" class="def">therapy</a> to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a>
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of the neck.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Partial laryngopharyngectomy with or without high-dose radiation
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therapy to the lymph nodes on both sides of the neck.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258014__TrialSearch_178_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__182"><h2 id="_CDR0000258014__182_">Treatment of Stage II Hypopharyngeal Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000258014__183">For information about the treatments listed below, see the <a href="#CDR0000258014__53">Treatment Option Overview</a> section.</p><p id="CDR0000258014__184">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046104/" class="def">stage II hypopharyngeal
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cancer</a> may include:</p><ul id="CDR0000258014__185"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Laryngopharyngectomy and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046281/" class="def">neck dissection</a>. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000440106/" class="def">High-dose radiation</a>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044737/" class="def">therapy</a> to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> of the neck may be given before or after <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Partial laryngopharyngectomy. High-dose radiation therapy to the lymph nodes of the neck may be given before or after surgery.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a> given during or after <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> or after surgery.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> of chemotherapy followed by
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radiation therapy or surgery.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258014__TrialSearch_182_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__186"><h2 id="_CDR0000258014__186_">Treatment of Stage III Hypopharyngeal Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000258014__187">For information about the treatments listed below, see the <a href="#CDR0000258014__53">Treatment Option Overview</a> section.</p><p id="CDR0000258014__188">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046101/" class="def">stage III hypopharyngeal
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cancer</a> may include:</p><ul id="CDR0000258014__189"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">Radiation therapy</a> before or after <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a> given during or after radiation therapy or after surgery.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> of chemotherapy followed by surgery and/or radiation
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therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of surgery followed by chemotherapy given at the same time as radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial
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of chemotherapy given at the same time as radiation therapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258014__190">Treatment and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044671/" class="def">follow-up</a> of stage III hypopharyngeal cancer is complex and is ideally overseen by a team of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000478785/" class="def">specialists</a> with experience and expertise in treating this type of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>. If all or part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046029/" class="def">hypopharynx</a> is removed, the patient may need <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269468/" class="def">plastic surgery</a> and other special help with breathing, eating, and talking.</p><p id="CDR0000258014__TrialSearch_186_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__191"><h2 id="_CDR0000258014__191_">Treatment of Stage IV Hypopharyngeal Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000258014__192">For information about the treatments listed below, see the <a href="#CDR0000258014__53">Treatment Option Overview</a> section.</p><p id="CDR0000258014__193">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000430497/" class="def">stages IVA</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000428436/" class="def">IVB</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000428437/" class="def">IVC hypopharyngeal cancer</a> that can be treated with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgery</a> may include:</p><ul id="CDR0000258014__194"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">Radiation therapy</a> before or after surgery.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a> followed by surgery and/or radiation
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therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of surgery followed by chemotherapy given at the same time as radiation therapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258014__195">Surgical treatment and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044671/" class="def">follow-up</a> of stage IV hypopharyngeal cancer is complex and is ideally overseen by a team of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000478785/" class="def">specialists</a> with experience and expertise in treating this type of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>. If all or part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046029/" class="def">hypopharynx</a> is removed, the patient may need <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269468/" class="def">plastic surgery</a> and other special help with breathing, eating, and talking. </p><p id="CDR0000258014__196">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000430497/" class="def">stages IVA</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000428436/" class="def">IVB</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000428437/" class="def">IVC hypopharyngeal cancer</a> that cannot be treated
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with surgery may include:</p><ul id="CDR0000258014__197"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiation therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chemotherapy given at the same time as radiation
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therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of radiation therapy with chemotherapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258014__TrialSearch_191_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__89"><h2 id="_CDR0000258014__89_">Treatment of Recurrent and Metastatic Hypopharyngeal Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000258014__159">For information about the treatments listed below, see the <a href="#CDR0000258014__53">Treatment Option Overview</a> section.</p><p id="CDR0000258014__90">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446546/" class="def">hypopharyngeal cancer</a> that has <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurred</a> (come back) or that has spread to other parts of the body may include:</p><ul id="CDR0000258014__91"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">Surgery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">Radiation
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therapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">Chemotherapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045729/" class="def">Immunotherapy</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000767747/" class="def">nivolumab</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000764538/" class="def">pembrolizumab</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> of
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chemotherapy.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258014__TrialSearch_89_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__115"><h2 id="_CDR0000258014__115_">To Learn More About Hypopharyngeal Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000258014__116">For more information from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044266/" class="def">National Cancer Institute</a> about hypopharyngeal cancer, see:</p><ul id="CDR0000258014__142"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Head and Neck Cancer Home Page</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000062871/?report=reader">Oral Complications of Cancer Therapies</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/head-neck" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drugs Approved for Head and Neck Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/head-neck-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Head and Neck Cancers</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Tobacco</a> (includes help with quitting)</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000258014__115_md_40">For general cancer information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, visit:</p><ul id="CDR0000258014__115_md_41"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">About Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Staging</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/chemo-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/radiation-therapy-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Radiation Therapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Coping with Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/questions" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/ocs/resources/survivors.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">For Survivors, Caregivers, and Advocates</a>
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000258014__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of hypopharyngeal cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/adult-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials can be found online at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. For more information, call the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/contact-center" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Information Service</a> (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_21">PDQ® Adult Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Hypopharyngeal Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/hypopharyngeal-treatment-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/hypopharyngeal-treatment-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389254]</p><p id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000258014__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK65813_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Author Information and Affiliations</h3><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</span>.</p><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Published online: November 22, 2024.</p><h3>Version History</h3><ul class="simple-list" style="padding:0"><li><span class="bk_col_itm">NBK65813.13</span> November 22, 2024 (Displayed Version)</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65813.12/?report=reader">NBK65813.12</a></span> November 8, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65813.11/?report=reader">NBK65813.11</a></span> July 22, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65813.10/?report=reader">NBK65813.10</a></span> October 4, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65813.9/?report=reader">NBK65813.9</a></span> May 1, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65813.8/?report=reader">NBK65813.8</a></span> February 27, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65813.7/?report=reader">NBK65813.7</a></span> January 29, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65813.6/?report=reader">NBK65813.6</a></span> January 12, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65813.5/?report=reader">NBK65813.5</a></span> May 11, 2017</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65813.4/?report=reader">NBK65813.4</a></span> December 29, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65813.3/?report=reader">NBK65813.3</a></span> August 19, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65813.2/?report=reader">NBK65813.2</a></span> May 6, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65813.1/?report=reader">NBK65813.1</a></span> May 19, 2015</li></ul><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. Hypopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2024 Nov 22. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobCDR00002580141kp"><div id="CDR0000258014__1.kp" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__2">Hypopharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer)
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cells form in the tissues of the hypopharynx.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__6">Use of tobacco products and heavy drinking can affect the risk
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of developing hypopharyngeal cancer. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__10">Signs and symptoms of hypopharyngeal cancer include a sore throat
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and ear pain.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__14">Tests that examine the throat and neck are used to help diagnose hypopharyngeal cancer and find out whether the cancer has spread.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__18">Certain factors affect prognosis (chance
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of recovery) and treatment options.</a></div></li></ul></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobCDR0000258014154"><div id="CDR0000258014__154" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Hypopharyngeal%20cancer%20forms%20in%20the%20tissues%20of%20the%20hypopharynx%20(the%20bottom%20part%20of%20the%20throat)&p=BOOKS&id=609614_CDR0000780507.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK65813/bin/CDR0000780507.jpg" alt="Drawing shows areas where hypopharyngeal cancer may form or spread, including the bone under the tongue (hyoid bone), cartilage around the thyroid and trachea, the thyroid, the trachea, and the esophagus. Also shown are the upper part of the spinal column, the carotid artery, lymph nodes in the neck, and lining of the chest cavity. An inset shows a cross section of the hypopharynx, larynx, esophagus, and trachea." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Hypopharyngeal cancer forms in the tissues of the hypopharynx (the bottom part of the throat). It may spread to nearby tissues or to cartilage around the thyroid or trachea, the bone under the tongue (hyoid bone), the thyroid, the trachea, the larynx, or the esophagus. It may also spread to the lymph nodes in the neck, the carotid artery, the tissues around the upper part of the spinal column, the lining of the chest cavity, and to other parts of the body (not shown).</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobCDR0000258014150"><div id="CDR0000258014__150" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Computed%20tomography%20(CT)%20scan%20of%20the%20head%20and%20neck&p=BOOKS&id=609614_CDR0000753850.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK65813/bin/CDR0000753850.jpg" alt="Computed tomography (CT) scan of the head and neck; drawing shows a patient lying on a table that slides through the CT scanner, which takes x-ray pictures of the inside of the head and neck." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Computed tomography (CT) scan of the head and neck. The patient lies on a table that slides through the CT scanner, which takes x-ray pictures of the inside of the head and neck.</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobCDR0000258014198"><div id="CDR0000258014__198" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=PET%20(positron%20emission%20tomography)%20scan&p=BOOKS&id=609614_CDR0000466545.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK65813/bin/CDR0000466545.jpg" alt="PET (positron emission tomography) scan; drawing shows patient lying on table that slides through the PET machine." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>PET (positron emission tomography) scan. The patient lies on a table that slides through the PET machine. The head rest and white strap help the patient lie still. A small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into the patient's vein, and a scanner makes a picture of where the glucose is being used in the body. Cancer cells show up brighter in the picture because they take up more glucose than normal cells do.
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</p></div></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobCDR000025801422kp"><div id="CDR0000258014__22.kp" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__23">After hypopharyngeal cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done
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to find out if cancer cells have spread within the hypopharynx or to other
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parts of the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__120">There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__145">Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__28">The following stages are used for hypopharyngeal
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cancer:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__99">Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ)</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__30">Stage I</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__33">Stage II</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__37">Stage III</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__166">Stage IV</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__160">After surgery, the stage of the cancer may change and more treatment may be needed.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__174">Hypopharyngeal cancer can recur (come back) after it has been treated.</a></div></li></ul></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobCDR0000258014155"><div id="CDR0000258014__155" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h3><span class="title">metastasis: how cancer spreads</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Many cancer deaths are caused when cancer moves from the original tumor and spreads to other tissues and organs. This is called metastatic cancer. This animation shows how cancer cells travel from the place in the body where they first formed to other parts of the body.</p></div><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQwar_-QdiQ" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">YouTube</a></p></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobCDR0000258014114"><div id="CDR0000258014__114" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Tumor%20sizes%20are%20often%20measured%20in%20centimeters%20(cm)%20or%20inches&p=BOOKS&id=609614_CDR0000415526.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK65813/bin/CDR0000415526.jpg" alt="Drawing shows different sizes of a tumor in centimeters (cm) compared to the size of a pea (1 cm), a peanut (2 cm), a grape (3 cm), a walnut (4 cm), a lime (5 cm), an egg (6 cm), a peach (7 cm), and a grapefruit (10 cm). Also shown is a 10-cm ruler and a 4-inch ruler." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Tumor sizes are often measured in centimeters (cm) or inches. Common food items that can be used to show tumor size in cm include: a pea (1 cm), a peanut (2 cm), a grape (3 cm), a walnut (4 cm), a lime (5 cm or 2 inches), an egg (6 cm), a peach (7 cm), and a grapefruit (10 cm or 4 inches).</p></div></div></article><article data-type="boxed-text" id="figobCDR000025801448kp"><div id="CDR0000258014__48.kp" class="box boxed-text-box whole_rhythm hide-overflow"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__49">There are different types of treatment for patients with
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hypopharyngeal cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__53">The following types of treatment are used:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__56">Surgery</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__61">Radiation therapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__65">Chemotherapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__199">Immunotherapy</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__68">New types of treatment are being tested in clinical
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trials.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__156">Treatment for hypopharyngeal cancer may cause side effects.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__128">Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__130">Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000258014__132">Follow-up care may be needed.</a></div></li></ul></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobCDR0000258014177"><div id="CDR0000258014__177" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=External-beam%20radiation%20therapy%20of%20the%20head%20and%20neck&p=BOOKS&id=609614_CDR0000732667.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK65813/bin/CDR0000732667.jpg" alt="External-beam radiation therapy of the head and neck; drawing shows a patient lying on a table under a machine that is used to aim high-energy radiation at the cancer. An inset shows a mesh mask that helps keep the patient's head and neck from moving during treatment. The mask has pieces of white tape with small ink marks on it. The ink marks are used to line up the radiation machine in the same position before each treatment." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>External-beam radiation therapy of the head and neck. A machine is used to aim high-energy radiation at the cancer. The machine can rotate around the patient, delivering radiation from many different angles to provide highly conformal treatment. A mesh mask helps keep the patient’s head and neck from moving during treatment. Small ink marks are put on the mask. The ink marks are used to line up the radiation machine in the same position before each treatment.</p></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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