530 lines
No EOL
115 KiB
HTML
530 lines
No EOL
115 KiB
HTML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
|
|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
|
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
|
|
|
|
<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
|
|
<!-- AppResources meta begin -->
|
|
<meta name="paf-app-resources" content="" />
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">var ncbi_startTime = new Date();</script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- AppResources meta end -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- TemplateResources meta begin -->
|
|
<meta name="paf_template" content="" />
|
|
|
|
<!-- TemplateResources meta end -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- Logger begin -->
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="books" /><meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="book-part" /><meta name="ncbi_acc" content="NBK65810" /><meta name="ncbi_domain" content="pdqcis" /><meta name="ncbi_report" content="record" /><meta name="ncbi_type" content="fulltext" /><meta name="ncbi_objectid" content="" /><meta name="ncbi_pcid" content="/NBK65810.1/" /><meta name="ncbi_pagename" content="Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries - NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="ncbi_bookparttype" content="chapter" /><meta name="ncbi_app" content="bookshelf" />
|
|
<!-- Logger end -->
|
|
|
|
<title>Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
|
|
|
|
<!-- AppResources external_resources begin -->
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/jig/1.15.2/css/jig.min.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="/core/jig/1.15.2/js/jig.min.js"></script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- AppResources external_resources end -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- Page meta begin -->
|
|
<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="author" content="PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Cancer Institute (US)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2015/06/15" /><meta name="citation_author" content="PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="26389251" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65810/" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="adult primary liver cancer" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="adult primary liver cancer" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="adult primary liver cancer" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Cancer Institute (US)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2015/06/15" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65810/" /><meta name="DC.Language" content="en" /><meta name="description" content="Expert-reviewed information summary about the treatment of adult primary liver cancer." /><meta name="og:title" content="Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Expert-reviewed information summary about the treatment of adult primary liver cancer." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65810/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000256491/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65810/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><meta name="book-collection" content="NONE" />
|
|
|
|
<!-- Page meta end -->
|
|
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/favicon.ico" /><meta name="ncbi_phid" content="CE8D41037C9429610000000000AA0090.m_13" />
|
|
<meta name='referrer' content='origin-when-cross-origin'/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3852956/3985586/3808861/4121862/3974050/3917732/251717/4216701/14534/45193/4113719/3849091/3984811/3751656/4033350/3840896/3577051/3852958/4008682/4207974/4206132/4062871/12930/3964959/3854974/36029/4128070/9685/3549676/3609192/3609193/3609213/3395586.css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3411343/3882866.css" media="print" /></head>
|
|
<body class="book-part">
|
|
<div class="grid">
|
|
<div class="col twelve_col nomargin shadow">
|
|
<!-- System messages like service outage or JS required; this is handled by the TemplateResources portlet -->
|
|
<div class="sysmessages">
|
|
<noscript>
|
|
<p class="nojs">
|
|
<strong>Warning:</strong>
|
|
The NCBI web site requires JavaScript to function.
|
|
<a href="/guide/browsers/#enablejs" title="Learn how to enable JavaScript" target="_blank">more...</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</noscript>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!--/.sysmessage-->
|
|
<div class="wrap">
|
|
<div class="page">
|
|
<div class="top">
|
|
<div id="universal_header">
|
|
<section class="usa-banner">
|
|
<div class="usa-accordion">
|
|
<header class="usa-banner-header">
|
|
<div class="usa-grid usa-banner-inner">
|
|
<img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png" alt="U.S. flag" />
|
|
<p>An official website of the United States government</p>
|
|
<button class="non-usa-accordion-button usa-banner-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-top" type="button">
|
|
<span class="usa-banner-button-text">Here's how you know</span>
|
|
</button>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</header>
|
|
<div class="usa-banner-content usa-grid usa-accordion-content" id="gov-banner-top" aria-hidden="true">
|
|
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-gov usa-width-one-half">
|
|
<img class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img" src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" alt="Dot gov" />
|
|
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>The .gov means it's official.</strong>
|
|
<br />
|
|
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before
|
|
sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal
|
|
government site.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-ssl usa-width-one-half">
|
|
<img class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img" src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg" alt="Https" />
|
|
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>The site is secure.</strong>
|
|
<br />
|
|
The <strong>https://</strong> ensures that you are connecting to the
|
|
official website and that any information you provide is encrypted
|
|
and transmitted securely.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<div class="usa-overlay"></div>
|
|
<header class="ncbi-header" role="banner" data-section="Header">
|
|
|
|
<div class="usa-grid">
|
|
<div class="usa-width-one-whole">
|
|
|
|
<div class="ncbi-header__logo">
|
|
<a href="/" class="logo" aria-label="NCBI Logo" data-ga-action="click_image" data-ga-label="NIH NLM Logo">
|
|
<img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg" alt="NIH NLM Logo" />
|
|
</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="ncbi-header__account">
|
|
<a id="account_login" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-button header-button" style="display:none" data-ga-action="open_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu">Log in</a>
|
|
<button id="account_info" class="header-button" style="display:none" aria-controls="account_popup" type="button">
|
|
<span class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true">
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="20px" height="20px">
|
|
<g style="fill: #fff">
|
|
<ellipse cx="12" cy="8" rx="5" ry="6"></ellipse>
|
|
<path d="M21.8,19.1c-0.9-1.8-2.6-3.3-4.8-4.2c-0.6-0.2-1.3-0.2-1.8,0.1c-1,0.6-2,0.9-3.2,0.9s-2.2-0.3-3.2-0.9 C8.3,14.8,7.6,14.7,7,15c-2.2,0.9-3.9,2.4-4.8,4.2C1.5,20.5,2.6,22,4.1,22h15.8C21.4,22,22.5,20.5,21.8,19.1z"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<span class="username desktop-only" aria-hidden="true" id="uname_short"></span>
|
|
<span class="sr-only">Show account info</span>
|
|
</button>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="ncbi-popup-anchor">
|
|
<div class="ncbi-popup account-popup" id="account_popup" aria-hidden="true">
|
|
<div class="ncbi-popup-head">
|
|
<button class="ncbi-close-button" data-ga-action="close_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu" type="button">
|
|
<span class="fa fa-times">
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 48 48" width="24px" height="24px">
|
|
<path d="M38 12.83l-2.83-2.83-11.17 11.17-11.17-11.17-2.83 2.83 11.17 11.17-11.17 11.17 2.83 2.83 11.17-11.17 11.17 11.17 2.83-2.83-11.17-11.17z"></path>
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</span>
|
|
<span class="usa-sr-only">Close</span></button>
|
|
<h4>Account</h4>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="account-user-info">
|
|
Logged in as:<br />
|
|
<b><span class="username" id="uname_long">username</span></b>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="account-links">
|
|
<ul class="usa-unstyled-list">
|
|
<li><a id="account_myncbi" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_myncbi">Dashboard</a></li>
|
|
<li><a id="account_pubs" href="/myncbi/collections/bibliography/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_pubs">Publications</a></li>
|
|
<li><a id="account_settings" href="/account/settings/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_settings">Account settings</a></li>
|
|
<li><a id="account_logout" href="/account/signout/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_logout">Log out</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</header>
|
|
<div role="navigation" aria-label="access keys">
|
|
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_0" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="0" tabindex="-1">Access keys</a>
|
|
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="1" tabindex="-1">NCBI Homepage</a>
|
|
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_2" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url usa-sr-only" accesskey="2" tabindex="-1">MyNCBI Homepage</a>
|
|
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_3" href="#maincontent" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="3" tabindex="-1">Main Content</a>
|
|
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_4" href="#" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="4" tabindex="-1">Main Navigation</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<section data-section="Alerts">
|
|
<div class="ncbi-alerts-placeholder"></div>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="header">
|
|
<div class="res_logo"><h1 class="res_name"><a href="/books/" title="Bookshelf home">Bookshelf</a></h1><h2 class="res_tagline"></h2></div>
|
|
<div class="search"><form method="get" action="/books/"><div class="search_form"><label for="database" class="offscreen_noflow">Search database</label><select id="database"><optgroup label="Recent"><option value="books" selected="selected" data-ac_dict="bookshelf-search">Books</option><option value="pcsubstance">PubChem Substance</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="clinvar" class="last">ClinVar</option></optgroup><optgroup label="All"><option value="gquery">All Databases</option><option value="assembly">Assembly</option><option value="biocollections">Biocollections</option><option value="bioproject">BioProject</option><option value="biosample">BioSample</option><option value="books" data-ac_dict="bookshelf-search">Books</option><option value="clinvar">ClinVar</option><option value="cdd">Conserved Domains</option><option value="gap">dbGaP</option><option value="dbvar">dbVar</option><option value="gene">Gene</option><option value="genome">Genome</option><option value="gds">GEO DataSets</option><option value="geoprofiles">GEO Profiles</option><option value="gtr">GTR</option><option value="ipg">Identical Protein Groups</option><option value="medgen">MedGen</option><option value="mesh">MeSH</option><option value="nlmcatalog">NLM Catalog</option><option value="nuccore">Nucleotide</option><option value="omim">OMIM</option><option value="pmc">PMC</option><option value="protein">Protein</option><option value="proteinclusters">Protein Clusters</option><option value="protfam">Protein Family Models</option><option value="pcassay">PubChem BioAssay</option><option value="pccompound">PubChem Compound</option><option value="pcsubstance">PubChem Substance</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="snp">SNP</option><option value="sra">SRA</option><option value="structure">Structure</option><option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option><option value="toolkit">ToolKit</option><option value="toolkitall">ToolKitAll</option><option value="toolkitbookgh">ToolKitBookgh</option></optgroup></select><div class="nowrap"><label for="term" class="offscreen_noflow" accesskey="/">Search term</label><div class="nowrap"><input type="text" name="term" id="term" title="Search Books. Use up and down arrows to choose an item from the autocomplete." value="" class="jig-ncbiclearbutton jig-ncbiautocomplete" data-jigconfig="dictionary:'bookshelf-search',disableUrl:'NcbiSearchBarAutoComplCtrl'" autocomplete="off" data-sbconfig="ds:'no',pjs:'no',afs:'no'" /></div><button id="search" type="submit" class="button_search nowrap" cmd="go">Search</button></div></div></form><ul class="searchlinks inline_list"><li>
|
|
<a href="/books/browse/">Browse Titles</a>
|
|
</li><li>
|
|
<a href="/books/advanced/">Advanced</a>
|
|
</li><li class="help">
|
|
<a href="/books/NBK3833/">Help</a>
|
|
</li><li class="disclaimer">
|
|
<a target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="link_click" data-ga-label="disclaimer_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/about/disclaimer/">Disclaimer</a>
|
|
</li></ul></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!--<component id="Page" label="headcontent"/>-->
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<!-- site messages -->
|
|
<!-- Custom content 1 -->
|
|
<div class="col1">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="container">
|
|
<div id="maincontent" class="content eight_col col">
|
|
<!-- Custom content in the left column above book nav -->
|
|
<div class="col2">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Book content -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Custom content between navigation and content -->
|
|
<div class="col3">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="document">
|
|
<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65810_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65810_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
|
|
<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65810_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: June 15, 2015.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000256491__268">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of adult primary liver cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000256491__269">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__1"><h2 id="_CDR0000256491__1_">General Information About Adult Primary Liver Cancer</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000256491__2">Adult primary liver cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in
|
|
the tissues of the liver.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000256491__238">There are two types of adult primary liver cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000256491__8">Having hepatitis or cirrhosis can affect the risk of adult primary liver cancer. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000256491__14">Signs and symptoms of adult primary liver cancer include a lump or pain on the right side. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000256491__18">Tests that examine the liver and the blood are used to detect (find) and diagnose adult primary liver cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000256491__24">Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000256491__2"><h3>Adult primary liver cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in
|
|
the tissues of the liver.</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__4">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a> is one of the largest <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> in the body. It has four <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046188/" class="def">lobes</a> and fills the upper right side of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a> inside the rib cage. Three of the many important functions of the liver are:</p><ul id="CDR0000256491__168"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>To filter harmful substances from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">blood</a> so they can be passed from the body in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046605/" class="def">stools</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046642/" class="def">urine</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>To make <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046508/" class="def">bile</a> to help <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463707/" class="def">digest</a> fat that comes from food. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>To store glycogen (sugar), which the body uses for energy. </div></li></ul><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figCDR0000256491185" co-legend-rid="figlgndCDR0000256491185"><a href="/books/NBK65810.1/figure/CDR0000256491__185/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figCDR0000256491185" rid-ob="figobCDR0000256491185"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK65810.1/bin/CDR0000658698.gif" src-large="/books/NBK65810.1/bin/CDR0000658698.jpg" alt="Anatomy of the liver" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndCDR0000256491185"><h4 id="CDR0000256491__185"><a href="/books/NBK65810.1/figure/CDR0000256491__185/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobCDR0000256491185">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Anatomy of the liver. The liver is in the upper abdomen near the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and pancreas. The liver has four lobes. Two lobes are on the front and two small lobes (not shown) are on the back of the liver. </p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000256491__238"><h3>There are two types of adult primary liver cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__240">The two types of adult primary <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044242/" class="def">liver cancer</a> are:</p><ul id="CDR0000256491__241"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046363/" class="def">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000335064/" class="def">Cholangiocarcinoma</a> (bile duct cancer).</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000256491__242">The most common type of adult primary liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma. This type of liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.</p><p id="CDR0000256491__243">This summary is about the treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary</a> liver cancer (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> that begins in the liver). Treatment of cancer that begins in other parts of the body and spreads to the liver is not covered in this summary. </p><p id="CDR0000256491__244">Primary liver cancer can occur in both adults and children. However, treatment for children is different than treatment for adults. (See the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044271/" class="def">PDQ</a> summary on <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000258119/">Childhood Liver Cancer Treatment</a> for more information.) </p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__8"><h3>Having hepatitis or cirrhosis can affect the risk of adult primary liver cancer. </h3><p id="CDR0000256491__10">Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045873/" class="def">risk factor</a>. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn’t mean that you will not get cancer. Talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk. </p><p id="CDR0000256491__264">The following are risk factors for adult primary liver cancer:</p><ul id="CDR0000256491__11"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046146/" class="def">hepatitis B</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044139/" class="def">hepatitis C</a>.
|
|
Having both hepatitis B and hepatitis C increases the risk even more.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
Having <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045478/" class="def">cirrhosis</a>, which can be caused by:<dl id="CDR0000256491__205" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046371/" class="def">hepatitis</a> (especially hepatitis C); or
|
|
</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">drinking large amounts of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463134/" class="def">alcohol</a> for many years or being an alcoholic.</p></dd></dl>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000643126/" class="def">metabolic syndrome</a>, a set of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">conditions</a> that occur together, including extra fat around the abdomen, high <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000658770/" class="def">blood sugar</a>, high <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000462668/" class="def">blood pressure</a>, high levels of triglycerides and low levels of high-density lipoproteins in the blood. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having liver injury that is long-lasting, especially if it leads to cirrhosis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446804/" class="def">hemochromatosis</a>, a condition in which the body takes up and stores more <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000446805/" class="def">iron</a> than it needs. The extra iron is stored in the liver, heart, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046254/" class="def">pancreas</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eating foods tainted with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046206/" class="def">aflatoxin</a> (poison from a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044571/" class="def">fungus</a> that can grow on foods, such as grains and nuts, that have not been stored properly).</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000256491__14"><h3>Signs and symptoms of adult primary liver cancer include a lump or pain on the right side. </h3><p id="CDR0000256491__16">These and other <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">signs</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> may be caused by adult primary liver cancer or by other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000256491__17"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A hard lump on the right side just below the rib cage.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
Discomfort in the upper abdomen on the right side.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A swollen abdomen.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
Pain near the right <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000640076/" class="def">shoulder blade</a> or in the back.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046328/" class="def">Jaundice</a> (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Easy bruising or bleeding.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unusual tiredness or weakness.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390302/" class="def">Nausea</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390324/" class="def">vomiting</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Loss of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454699/" class="def">appetite</a> or feelings of fullness after eating a small meal.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Weight loss for no known reason.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pale, chalky <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651179/" class="def">bowel movements</a> and dark urine.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000450108/" class="def">Fever</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000256491__18"><h3>Tests that examine the liver and the blood are used to detect (find) and diagnose adult primary liver cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__20">The following tests and procedures may be used:</p><ul id="CDR0000256491__21"><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">
|
|
<b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270871/" class="def">Physical exam</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000642019/" class="def">history</a></b>: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354469/" class="def">Serum tumor marker test</a></b>: A procedure in which a sample of blood is examined to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissues</a>, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> in the body. Certain substances are linked to specific types of cancer when found in increased levels in the blood. These are called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046636/" class="def">tumor markers</a>. An increased level of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046208/" class="def">alpha-fetoprotein</a> (AFP) in the blood may be a sign of liver cancer. Other cancers and certain noncancerous conditions, including cirrhosis and hepatitis, may also increase AFP levels. Sometimes the AFP level is normal even when there is liver cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000390293/" class="def">Liver function tests</a></b>: A procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by the liver. A higher than normal amount of a substance can be a sign of liver cancer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046033/" class="def">CT scan</a> (CAT scan)</b>: A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the abdomen, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-ray</a> machine. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000409764/" class="def">dye</a> may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a> or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography. Images may be taken at three different times after the dye is injected, to get the best picture of abnormal areas in the liver. This is called triple-phase CT. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044983/" class="def">spiral</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044460/" class="def">helical CT</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046570/" class="def">scan</a> makes a series of very detailed pictures of areas inside the body using an x-ray machine that scans the body in a spiral path.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045788/" class="def">MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging)</b>: A procedure that uses a magnet, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651209/" class="def">radio waves</a>, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the liver. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI). To create detailed pictures of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045020/" class="def">blood vessels</a> in and near the liver, dye is injected into a vein. This procedure is called MRA (magnetic resonance <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046531/" class="def">angiography</a>). Images may be taken at three different times after the dye is injected, to get the best picture of abnormal areas in the liver. This is called triple-phase MRI.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046157/" class="def">Ultrasound</a> exam</b>: A procedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046587/" class="def">sonogram</a>. The picture can be printed to be looked at later.
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045164/" class="def">Biopsy</a></b>: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000638184/" class="def">microscope</a> by a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">pathologist</a> to check for signs of cancer. Procedures used to collect the sample of cells or tissues include the following:<ul id="CDR0000256491__245"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045691/" class="def">Fine-needle aspiration biopsy</a></b>: The removal of cells, tissue or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044669/" class="def">fluid</a> using a thin needle.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000641799/" class="def">Core needle biopsy</a></b>: The removal of cells or tissue using a slightly wider needle.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045556/" class="def">Laparoscopy</a></b>: A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">surgical</a> procedure to look at the organs inside the abdomen to check for signs of disease. Small <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046353/" class="def">incisions</a> (cuts) are made in the wall of the abdomen and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044360/" class="def">laparoscope</a> (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into one of the incisions. Another instrument is inserted through the same or another incision to remove the tissue samples.</div></li></ul></div><div class="half_rhythm">A biopsy is not always needed to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnose</a> adult primary liver cancer.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000256491__24"><h3>Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__159">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045849/" class="def">prognosis</a> (chance of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454708/" class="def">recovery</a>) and treatment options depend on the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000256491__160"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer (the size of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>, whether it affects part or all of the liver, or has spread to other places in the body).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How well the liver is working.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The patient’s general health, including whether there is cirrhosis of the liver.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="CDR0000256491__27"><h2 id="_CDR0000256491__27_">Stages of Adult Primary Liver Cancer</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000256491__28">After adult primary liver cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the liver or to other parts of the body. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000256491__177">There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000256491__202">Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000256491__206">The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Staging System may be used to stage adult primary liver cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000256491__218">The following groups are used to plan treatment.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000256491__28"><h3>After adult primary liver cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the liver or to other parts of the body. </h3><p id="CDR0000256491__30">The process used to find out if <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> has spread within the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a> or to other parts of the body is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046597/" class="def">staging</a>. The information gathered from the staging process determines the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. The following tests and procedures may be used in the staging
|
|
process:</p><ul id="CDR0000256491__119"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046033/" class="def">CT scan</a> (CAT
|
|
scan)</b>: A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the chest, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046246/" class="def">pelvis</a>, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-ray</a> machine. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000409764/" class="def">dye</a> may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476471/" class="def">vein</a> or swallowed to help the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000257523/" class="def">organs</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissues</a> show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography,
|
|
computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045788/" class="def">MRI</a> (magnetic
|
|
resonance imaging)</b>: A procedure that uses a magnet, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651209/" class="def">radio waves</a>, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046140/" class="def">PET scan</a> (positron emission tomography scan)</b>: A procedure to find <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045772/" class="def">malignant</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> in the body. A small amount of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046550/" class="def">radioactive</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044033/" class="def">glucose</a> (sugar) is injected into a vein. The PET <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386220/" class="def">scanner</a> rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body. Malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do.
|
|
</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000256491__177"><h3>There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__177_69">Cancer can spread through <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045764/" class="def">lymph system</a>, and the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">blood</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000256491__177_70"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tissue. The cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas.
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymph system. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system. The cancer travels through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269462/" class="def">lymph vessels</a> to other parts of the body.
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood. The cancer travels through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045020/" class="def">blood vessels</a> to other parts of the body.
|
|
</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000256491__202"><h3>Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__202_66">When cancer spreads to another part of the body, it is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046710/" class="def">metastasis</a>. Cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a> break away from where they began (the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary tumor</a>) and travel through the lymph system or blood.</p><ul id="CDR0000256491__202_67"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymph system. The cancer gets into the lymph system, travels through the lymph vessels, and forms a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044058/" class="def">metastatic</a> tumor) in another part of the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood. The cancer gets into the blood, travels through the blood vessels, and forms a tumor (metastatic tumor) in another part of the body.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000256491__204">The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if primary <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044242/" class="def">liver cancer</a> spreads to the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a>, the cancer cells in the lung are actually liver cancer cells. The disease is metastatic liver cancer, not lung cancer.</p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__206"><h3>The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Staging System may be used to stage adult primary liver cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__208">There are several <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000689095/" class="def">staging systems</a> for liver cancer. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Staging System is widely used and is described below. This system is used to predict the patient's chance of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454708/" class="def">recovery</a> and to plan treatment, based on the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000256491__209"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether the cancer has spread within the liver or to other parts of the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How well the liver is working.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The general health and wellness of the patient.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> caused by the cancer.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000256491__216">The BCLC staging system has five stages:</p><ul id="CDR0000256491__217"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stage 0: Very early </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stage A: Early
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stage B: Intermediate
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stage C: Advanced
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stage D: End-stage
|
|
</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000256491__218"><h3>The following groups are used to plan treatment.</h3><div id="CDR0000256491__220"><h4>BCLC stages 0, A, and B</h4><p id="CDR0000256491__222">Treatment to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000318813/" class="def">cure</a> the cancer is given for BCLC stages 0, A, and B.</p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__223"><h4>BCLC stages C and D</h4><p id="CDR0000256491__225">Treatment to relieve the symptoms caused by liver cancer and improve the patient's <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045417/" class="def">quality of life</a> is given for BCLC stages C and D. Treatments are not likely to cure the cancer. </p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000256491__42"><h2 id="_CDR0000256491__42_">Recurrent Adult Primary Liver Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000256491__43"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">Recurrent</a> adult <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044242/" class="def">liver cancer</a> is <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a> or in other parts of the body. </p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__44"><h2 id="_CDR0000256491__44_">Treatment Option Overview</h2><div class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000256491__45">There are different types of treatment for patients with adult primary liver cancer.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000256491__257">Patients with liver cancer are treated by a team of specialists who are experts in treating
|
|
liver cancer. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000256491__49">Seven types of standard treatment are used:</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000256491__55">New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000256491__179">Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000256491__181">Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000256491__183">Follow-up tests may be needed.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000256491__45"><h3>There are different types of treatment for patients with adult primary liver cancer.</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__47">Different types of treatments are available for patients with adult <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044242/" class="def">liver cancer</a>. Some treatments are <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard</a> (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trials</a>. A treatment clinical trial is a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651211/" class="def">research study</a> meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a>. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.</p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__257"><h3>Patients with liver cancer are treated by a team of specialists who are experts in treating
|
|
liver cancer. </h3><p id="CDR0000256491__259">The patient's treatment will be overseen by a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046290/" class="def">medical oncologist</a>, a doctor who specializes in treating people with cancer. The medical oncologist may refer the patient to other health professionals who have special training in treating patients with liver cancer. These may include the following <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000478785/" class="def">specialists</a>:</p><ul id="CDR0000256491__260"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hepatologist (specialist in liver disease).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044735/" class="def">Surgical oncologist</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044569/" class="def">Transplant surgeon</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046546/" class="def">Radiation oncologist</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Interventional radiologist (a specialist who <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnoses</a> and treats diseases using <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046361/" class="def">imaging</a> and the smallest <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046353/" class="def">incisions</a> possible).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">Pathologist</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000256491__49"><h3>Seven types of standard treatment are used:</h3><div id="CDR0000256491__265"><h4>Surveillance</h4><p id="CDR0000256491__267"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000496506/" class="def">Surveillance</a> for lesions smaller than 1 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeter</a> found during <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046171/" class="def">screening</a>. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044671/" class="def">Follow-up</a> every three months is common.</p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__51"><h4>Surgery</h4><p id="CDR0000256491__53">A partial <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044562/" class="def">hepatectomy</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045570/" class="def">(surgery</a> to remove the part of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a> where cancer is found) may be done. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000322895/" class="def">wedge</a> of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a>, an entire <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046188/" class="def">lobe</a>, or a larger part of the liver, along with some of the healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046683/" class="def">tissue</a> around it is removed. The remaining liver tissue takes over the functions of the liver and may regrow.</p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__247"><h4>Liver transplant</h4><p id="CDR0000256491__249">In a liver <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046631/" class="def">transplant</a>, the entire liver is removed and replaced with a healthy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000643010/" class="def">donated</a> liver. A liver transplant may be done when the disease is in the liver only and a donated liver can be found. If the patient has to wait for a donated liver, other treatment is given as needed.</p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__232"><h4>Ablation therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000256491__234"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000335061/" class="def">Ablation</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044737/" class="def">therapy</a> removes or destroys tissue. Different types of ablation therapy are used for liver cancer:</p><ul id="CDR0000256491__235"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044865/" class="def">Radiofrequency ablation</a>: The use of special needles that are inserted directly through the skin or through an incision in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a> to reach the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a>. High-energy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651209/" class="def">radio waves</a> heat the needles and tumor which kills cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044565/" class="def">Microwave therapy</a>: A type of treatment in which the tumor is exposed to high temperatures created by microwaves. This can damage and kill cancer cells or make them more sensitive to the effects of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation</a> and certain anticancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drugs</a>. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044567/" class="def">Percutaneous ethanol injection</a>: A cancer treatment in which a small needle is used to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">inject</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000644768/" class="def">ethanol</a> (pure alcohol) directly into a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> to kill cancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046476/" class="def">cells</a>. Several treatments may be needed. Usually <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044523/" class="def">local anesthesia</a> is used, but if the patient has many tumors in the liver, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044561/" class="def">general anesthesia</a> may be used.
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000518326/" class="def">Cryoablation</a>: A treatment that uses an instrument to freeze and destroy cancer cells. This type of treatment is also called cryotherapy and cryosurgery. The doctor may use <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046157/" class="def">ultrasound</a> to guide the instrument.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046012/" class="def">Electroporation therapy</a>: A treatment that sends electrical pulses through an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000454755/" class="def">electrode</a> placed in a tumor to kill cancer cells. Electroporation therapy is being studied in clinical trials.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000256491__250"><h4>Embolization therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000256491__256"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046436/" class="def">Embolization</a> therapy is the use of substances to block or decrease the flow of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270735/" class="def">blood</a> through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044563/" class="def">hepatic artery</a> to the tumor. When the tumor does not get the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000538149/" class="def">oxygen</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044697/" class="def">nutrients</a> it needs, it will not continue to grow. Embolization therapy is used for patients who cannot have surgery to remove the tumor or ablation therapy and whose tumor has not spread outside the liver.</p><p id="CDR0000256491__252">The liver receives blood from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044564/" class="def">hepatic portal vein</a> and the hepatic artery. Blood that comes into the liver from the hepatic portal vein usually goes to the healthy liver tissue. Blood that comes from the hepatic artery usually goes to the tumor. When the hepatic artery is blocked during embolization therapy, the healthy liver tissue continues to receive blood from the hepatic portal vein. </p><p id="CDR0000256491__253">There are two main types of embolization therapy:</p><ul id="CDR0000256491__254"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000757012/" class="def">Transarterial embolization</a> (TAE): A small incision (cut) is made in the inner thigh and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045637/" class="def">catheter</a> (thin, flexible tube) is inserted and threaded up into the hepatic artery. Once the catheter is in place, a substance that blocks the hepatic artery and stops blood flow to the tumor is injected.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000663329/" class="def">Transarterial chemoembolization</a> (TACE): This procedure is like TAE except an anticancer <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drug</a> is also given. The procedure can be done by attaching the anticancer drug to small beads that are injected into the hepatic artery or by injecting the anticancer drug through the catheter into the hepatic artery and then injecting the substance to block the hepatic artery. Most of the anticancer drug is trapped near the tumor and only a small amount of the drug reaches other parts of the body. This type of treatment is also called chemoembolization.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000256491__187"><h4>Targeted therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000256491__189"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270742/" class="def">Targeted therapy</a> is a treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells. Adult liver cancer may be treated with a targeted therapy drug that stops cells from dividing and prevents the growth of new <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045020/" class="def">blood vessels</a> that tumors need to grow. </p><p id="CDR0000256491__190">See <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/liver" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drugs Approved for Liver Cancer</a> for more information.</p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__57"><h4>Radiation therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000256491__157"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">Radiation therapy</a> is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-rays</a> or other types of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045072/" class="def">radiation</a> to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. Radiation therapy is given in different ways:</p><ul id="CDR0000256491__155"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046686/" class="def">External radiation</a> therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer.<dl id="CDR0000256491__237" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270731/" class="def">3-D conformal radiation therapy</a> uses a computer to create a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045582/" class="def">3-dimensional picture</a> of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044664/" class="def">dose</a> of radiation to the tumor, while preventing damage to normal tissue as much as possible. </p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386233/" class="def">Stereotactic body radiation therapy</a> uses special equipment to position a patient and deliver radiation directly to the tumors. The total dose of radiation is divided into smaller doses given over several days. This type of radiation therapy helps prevent damage to normal tissue. This type of radiation therapy is being studied in clinical trials.</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270726/" class="def">Proton-beam radiation therapy</a> is a type of high-energy radiation therapy that uses streams of protons (small, positively-charged particles of matter) to kill tumor cells. This type of radiation therapy is being studied in clinical trials.</p></dd></dl></div></li></ul></div></div><div id="CDR0000256491__55"><h3>New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. </h3><p id="CDR0000256491__176">Information about clinical trials is available from the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI Web site</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__179"><h3>Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__179_23">For some patients, taking part in a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044930/" class="def">standard treatment</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000256491__179_24">Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000256491__179_25">Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.</p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__181"><h3>Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__181_29">Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurring</a> (coming back) or reduce the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> of cancer treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000256491__181_30">Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. See the Treatment Options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials. These have been retrieved from <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044267/" class="def">NCI's</a> listing of clinical trials. </p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__183"><h3>Follow-up tests may be needed.</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__183_33">Some of the tests that were done to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnose</a> the cancer or to find out the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.</p><p id="CDR0000256491__183_34">Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651193/" class="def">condition</a> has changed or if the cancer has <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046556/" class="def">recurred</a> (come back). These tests are sometimes called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044671/" class="def">follow-up</a> tests or check-ups.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000256491__147"><h2 id="_CDR0000256491__147_">Treatment Options for Adult Primary Liver Cancer</h2><div id="CDR0000256491__226"><h3>Stages 0, A, and B Adult Primary Liver Cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__227">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stages</a> 0, A, and B adult <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044242/" class="def">liver cancer</a> may include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000256491__228"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000496506/" class="def">Surveillance</a> for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046324/" class="def">lesions</a> smaller than 1 <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000354457/" class="def">centimeter</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Partial <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044562/" class="def">hepatectomy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Total <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044562/" class="def">hepatectomy</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046631/" class="def">transplant</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000335061/" class="def">Ablation</a> of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046634/" class="def">tumor</a> using one of the following methods:<dl id="CDR0000256491__236" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044865/" class="def">Radiofrequency ablation</a>.</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044565/" class="def">Microwave therapy</a>.</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044567/" class="def">Percutaneous ethanol injection</a>.</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000518326/" class="def">Cryoablation</a>.</p></dd></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial </a>of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046012/" class="def">electroporation therapy</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000256491__TrialSearch_226_10">Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?Diagnosis=752916&tt=1&format=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">stage 0 adult primary liver cancer (BCLC)</a>, <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?Diagnosis=752917&tt=1&format=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">stage A adult primary liver cancer (BCLC)</a> and <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?Diagnosis=752918&tt=1&format=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">stage B adult primary liver cancer (BCLC)</a>. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you. General information about clinical trials is available from the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__229"><h3>Stages C and D Adult Primary Liver Cancer</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__230">Treatment of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stages</a> C and D adult <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044242/" class="def">liver cancer</a> may include the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000256491__231"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046436/" class="def">Embolization</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044737/" class="def">therapy</a> using one of the following methods:<dl id="CDR0000256491__255" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000757012/" class="def">Transarterial embolization</a> (TAE).</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000663329/" class="def">Transarterial chemoembolization</a> (TACE).</p></dd></dl></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270742/" class="def">Targeted therapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">Radiation therapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> of targeted therapy after <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046708/" class="def">chemoembolization</a> or combined with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of new targeted therapy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000348921/" class="def">drugs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of targeted therapy with or without <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386233/" class="def">stereotactic body radiation therapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A clinical trial of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000386233/" class="def">stereotactic body radiation therapy</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270726/" class="def">proton-beam radiation therapy</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000256491__TrialSearch_229_10">Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?Diagnosis=752919&tt=1&format=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">stage C adult primary liver cancer (BCLC)</a> and <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?Diagnosis=752920&tt=1&format=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">stage D adult primary liver cancer (BCLC)</a>. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you. General information about clinical trials is available from the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000256491__261"><h2 id="_CDR0000256491__261_">Treatment of Recurrent Adult Primary Liver Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000256491__262">Treatment options for <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">recurrent</a> adult <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044242/" class="def">liver cancer</a> may include the following:
|
|
</p><ul id="CDR0000256491__263"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Total <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044562/" class="def">hepatectomy</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046631/" class="def">transplant</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Partial <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044562/" class="def">hepatectomy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000335061/" class="def">Ablation</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000663329/" class="def">Transarterial chemoembolization</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270742/" class="def">targeted therapy</a> with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000509041/" class="def">sorafenib</a>, as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045815/" class="def">palliative therapy</a> to relieve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> and improve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045417/" class="def">quality of life</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045961/" class="def">clinical trial</a> of a new treatment.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000256491__TrialSearch_261_10">Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?Diagnosis=38637&tt=1&format=1" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">recurrent adult primary liver cancer</a>. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you. General information about clinical trials is available from the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI website</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__171"><h2 id="_CDR0000256491__171_">To Learn More About Adult Primary Liver Cancer</h2><p id="CDR0000256491__172">For more information from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044266/" class="def">National Cancer Institute</a> about adult primary liver cancer, see the following: </p><ul id="CDR0000256491__173"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/types/liver" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Liver and Bile Duct Cancer Home Page</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/wyntk-liver-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">What You Need to Know About™ Liver Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000433423/">Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Prevention</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/CDR0000569404/">Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/surgery/cryosurgery-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cryosurgery in Cancer Treatment: Questions and Answers</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/liver" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drugs Approved for Liver Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/targeted-therapies/targeted-therapies-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Targeted Cancer Therapies</a></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000256491__171_40">For general <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045333/" class="def">cancer</a> information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, see the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000256491__171_41"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging/staging-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Staging</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/chemo-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/radiation-therapy-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Radiation Therapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Coping with Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/questions" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/ocs/resources/survivors.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">For Survivors and Caregivers</a>
|
|
</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000256491__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of adult primary liver cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change.
|
|
</p><p id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/adult-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</a>.
|
|
</p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
|
|
</p><p id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials are listed in PDQ and can be found online at <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
|
|
</p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
|
|
</p><p id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_21">National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/patient/adult-liver-treatment-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/patient/adult-liver-treatment-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>.</p><p id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="http://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 2,000 scientific images.
|
|
</p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000256491__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div>
|
|
<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK65810</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26389251" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">26389251</a></span></div></div></div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Custom content below content -->
|
|
<div class="col4">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Book content -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- Custom contetnt below bottom nav -->
|
|
<div class="col5">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div id="rightcolumn" class="four_col col last">
|
|
<!-- Custom content above discovery portlets -->
|
|
<div class="col6">
|
|
<div id="ncbi_share_book"><a href="#" class="ncbi_share" data-ncbi_share_config="popup:false,shorten:true" ref="id=NBK65810&db=books">Share</a></div>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65810.1/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK65810.1/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65810" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65810" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2015 Jun 15. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Version History</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter shutter_closed" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="version_history" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content" style="display: none;"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65810.18/">NBK65810.18</a></span> May 15, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65810.17/">NBK65810.17</a></span> May 2, 2024</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65810.16/">NBK65810.16</a></span> October 26, 2023</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65810.15/">NBK65810.15</a></span> July 1, 2022</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65810.14/">NBK65810.14</a></span> May 18, 2022</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65810.13/">NBK65810.13</a></span> October 27, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65810.12/">NBK65810.12</a></span> September 2, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65810.11/">NBK65810.11</a></span> August 23, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65810.10/">NBK65810.10</a></span> July 2, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65810.9/">NBK65810.9</a></span> March 22, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65810.8/">NBK65810.8</a></span> February 21, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65810.7/">NBK65810.7</a></span> May 15, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65810.6/">NBK65810.6</a></span> March 30, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65810.5/">NBK65810.5</a></span> December 7, 2017</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65810.4/">NBK65810.4</a></span> October 20, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65810.3/">NBK65810.3</a></span> July 6, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65810.2/">NBK65810.2</a></span> March 21, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm">NBK65810.1</span> June 15, 2015 (Displayed Version)</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#CDR0000256491__1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">General Information About Adult Primary Liver Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000256491__27" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Stages of Adult Primary Liver Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000256491__42" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Recurrent Adult Primary Liver Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000256491__44" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Option Overview</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000256491__147" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Options for Adult Primary Liver Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000256491__261" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment of Recurrent Adult Primary Liver Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000256491__171" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">To Learn More About Adult Primary Liver Cancer</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000256491__AboutThis_1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">About This PDQ Summary</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related publications</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="document-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK66030/">Health Professional Version</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389386" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening: Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening: Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389165" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Delirium (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Delirium (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Supportive and Palliative Care Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389398" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Pruritus (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Pruritus (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Supportive and Palliative Care Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389474" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Depression (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Depression (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Supportive and Palliative Care Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389214" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> 714-X (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> 714-X (PDQ®): Patient Version.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li></ul><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed_reviews&uid=26389251" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedreviews_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See reviews...</a><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&uid=26389251" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedarticles_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See all...</a></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Recent Activity</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="recent_activity" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="HTDisplay" class=""><div class="action"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('ClearHT')">Clear</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOff')" class="HTOn">Turn Off</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')" class="HTOff">Turn On</a></div><ul id="activity"><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=1" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c94c27b15b832ebcc498bd">Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=2" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c94c1ab15b832ebcc4296b">Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_qry two_line"><a class="htb" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=3" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c94bf6f4a390645ee6c5ea">PMC Links for Books (Select 5626656) <span class="number">(20)</span></a><div class="tertiary">PMC</div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=4" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c94be3b15b832ebcc265af">Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summarie...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li></ul><p class="HTOn">Your browsing activity is empty.</p><p class="HTOff">Activity recording is turned off.</p><p id="turnOn" class="HTOff"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')">Turn recording back on</a></p><a class="seemore" href="/sites/myncbi/recentactivity">See more...</a></div></div></div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Custom content below discovery portlets -->
|
|
<div class="col7">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Custom content after all -->
|
|
<div class="col8">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="col9">
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.scrollTo-1.4.2.js"></script>
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|
(function($){
|
|
$('.skiplink').each(function(i, item){
|
|
var href = $($(item).attr('href'));
|
|
href.attr('tabindex', '-1').addClass('skiptarget'); // ensure the target can receive focus
|
|
$(item).on('click', function(event){
|
|
event.preventDefault();
|
|
$.scrollTo(href, 0, {
|
|
onAfter: function(){
|
|
href.focus();
|
|
}
|
|
});
|
|
});
|
|
});
|
|
})(jQuery);
|
|
</script>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="bottom">
|
|
|
|
<div id="NCBIFooter_dynamic">
|
|
<!--<component id="Breadcrumbs" label="breadcrumbs"/>
|
|
<component id="Breadcrumbs" label="helpdesk"/>-->
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="footer" id="footer">
|
|
<section class="icon-section">
|
|
<div id="icon-section-header" class="icon-section_header">Follow NCBI</div>
|
|
<div class="grid-container container">
|
|
<div class="icon-section_container">
|
|
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_twitter" href="https://twitter.com/ncbi" aria-label="Twitter"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
|
<defs>
|
|
<style>
|
|
.cls-11 {
|
|
fill: #737373;
|
|
}
|
|
</style>
|
|
</defs>
|
|
<title>Twitter</title>
|
|
<path class="cls-11" d="M250.11,105.48c-7,3.14-13,3.25-19.27.14,8.12-4.86,8.49-8.27,11.43-17.46a78.8,78.8,0,0,1-25,9.55,39.35,39.35,0,0,0-67,35.85,111.6,111.6,0,0,1-81-41.08A39.37,39.37,0,0,0,81.47,145a39.08,39.08,0,0,1-17.8-4.92c0,.17,0,.33,0,.5a39.32,39.32,0,0,0,31.53,38.54,39.26,39.26,0,0,1-17.75.68,39.37,39.37,0,0,0,36.72,27.3A79.07,79.07,0,0,1,56,223.34,111.31,111.31,0,0,0,116.22,241c72.3,0,111.83-59.9,111.83-111.84,0-1.71,0-3.4-.1-5.09C235.62,118.54,244.84,113.37,250.11,105.48Z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</svg></a>
|
|
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/ncbi.nlm" aria-label="Facebook"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
|
<title>Facebook</title>
|
|
<path class="cls-11" d="M210.5,115.12H171.74V97.82c0-8.14,5.39-10,9.19-10h27.14V52l-39.32-.12c-35.66,0-42.42,26.68-42.42,43.77v19.48H99.09v36.32h27.24v109h45.41v-109h35Z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</svg></a>
|
|
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ncbinlm" aria-label="LinkedIn"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
|
<title>LinkedIn</title>
|
|
<path class="cls-11" d="M101.64,243.37H57.79v-114h43.85Zm-22-131.54h-.26c-13.25,0-21.82-10.36-21.82-21.76,0-11.65,8.84-21.15,22.33-21.15S101.7,78.72,102,90.38C102,101.77,93.4,111.83,79.63,111.83Zm100.93,52.61A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,163,182v61.39H119.18s.51-105.23,0-114H163v13a54.33,54.33,0,0,1,34.54-12.66c26,0,44.39,18.8,44.39,55.29v58.35H198.1V182A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,180.56,164.44Z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</svg></a>
|
|
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_github" href="https://github.com/ncbi" aria-label="GitHub"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
|
<defs>
|
|
<style>
|
|
.cls-11,
|
|
.cls-12 {
|
|
fill: #737373;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
.cls-11 {
|
|
fill-rule: evenodd;
|
|
}
|
|
</style>
|
|
</defs>
|
|
<title>GitHub</title>
|
|
<path class="cls-11" d="M151.36,47.28a105.76,105.76,0,0,0-33.43,206.1c5.28,1,7.22-2.3,7.22-5.09,0-2.52-.09-10.85-.14-19.69-29.42,6.4-35.63-12.48-35.63-12.48-4.81-12.22-11.74-15.47-11.74-15.47-9.59-6.56.73-6.43.73-6.43,10.61.75,16.21,10.9,16.21,10.9,9.43,16.17,24.73,11.49,30.77,8.79,1-6.83,3.69-11.5,6.71-14.14C108.57,197.1,83.88,188,83.88,147.51a40.92,40.92,0,0,1,10.9-28.39c-1.1-2.66-4.72-13.42,1-28,0,0,8.88-2.84,29.09,10.84a100.26,100.26,0,0,1,53,0C198,88.3,206.9,91.14,206.9,91.14c5.76,14.56,2.14,25.32,1,28a40.87,40.87,0,0,1,10.89,28.39c0,40.62-24.74,49.56-48.29,52.18,3.79,3.28,7.17,9.71,7.17,19.58,0,14.15-.12,25.54-.12,29,0,2.82,1.9,6.11,7.26,5.07A105.76,105.76,0,0,0,151.36,47.28Z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M85.66,199.12c-.23.52-1.06.68-1.81.32s-1.2-1.06-.95-1.59,1.06-.69,1.82-.33,1.21,1.07.94,1.6Zm-1.3-1">
|
|
</path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M90,203.89c-.51.47-1.49.25-2.16-.49a1.61,1.61,0,0,1-.31-2.19c.52-.47,1.47-.25,2.17.49s.82,1.72.3,2.19Zm-1-1.08">
|
|
</path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M94.12,210c-.65.46-1.71,0-2.37-.91s-.64-2.07,0-2.52,1.7,0,2.36.89.65,2.08,0,2.54Zm0,0"></path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M99.83,215.87c-.58.64-1.82.47-2.72-.41s-1.18-2.06-.6-2.7,1.83-.46,2.74.41,1.2,2.07.58,2.7Zm0,0">
|
|
</path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M107.71,219.29c-.26.82-1.45,1.2-2.64.85s-2-1.34-1.74-2.17,1.44-1.23,2.65-.85,2,1.32,1.73,2.17Zm0,0">
|
|
</path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M116.36,219.92c0,.87-1,1.59-2.24,1.61s-2.29-.68-2.3-1.54,1-1.59,2.26-1.61,2.28.67,2.28,1.54Zm0,0">
|
|
</path>
|
|
<path class="cls-12" d="M124.42,218.55c.15.85-.73,1.72-2,1.95s-2.37-.3-2.52-1.14.73-1.75,2-2,2.37.29,2.53,1.16Zm0,0"></path>
|
|
</svg></a>
|
|
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_blog" href="https://ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" aria-label="Blog">
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="Layer_1" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 40 40">
|
|
<defs><style>.cls-1{fill:#737373;}</style></defs>
|
|
<title>NCBI Insights Blog</title>
|
|
<path class="cls-1" d="M14,30a4,4,0,1,1-4-4,4,4,0,0,1,4,4Zm11,3A19,19,0,0,0,7.05,15a1,1,0,0,0-1,1v3a1,1,0,0,0,.93,1A14,14,0,0,1,20,33.07,1,1,0,0,0,21,34h3a1,1,0,0,0,1-1Zm9,0A28,28,0,0,0,7,6,1,1,0,0,0,6,7v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1A23,23,0,0,1,29,33a1,1,0,0,0,1,1h3A1,1,0,0,0,34,33Z"></path>
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
|
<section class="container-fluid bg-primary">
|
|
<div class="container pt-5">
|
|
<div class="row mt-3">
|
|
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12">
|
|
<p><a class="text-white" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html">Connect with NLM</a></p>
|
|
<ul class="list-inline social_media">
|
|
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH" aria-label="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
|
|
<style type="text/css">
|
|
.st20 {
|
|
fill: #FFFFFF;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
.st30 {
|
|
fill: none;
|
|
stroke: #FFFFFF;
|
|
stroke-width: 8;
|
|
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
|
|
}
|
|
</style>
|
|
<title>Twitter</title>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<path class="st20" d="M192.9,88.1c-5,2.2-9.2,2.3-13.6,0.1c5.7-3.4,6-5.8,8.1-12.3c-5.4,3.2-11.4,5.5-17.6,6.7 c-10.5-11.2-28.1-11.7-39.2-1.2c-7.2,6.8-10.2,16.9-8,26.5c-22.3-1.1-43.1-11.7-57.2-29C58,91.6,61.8,107.9,74,116 c-4.4-0.1-8.7-1.3-12.6-3.4c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.4c0,13.2,9.3,24.6,22.3,27.2c-4.1,1.1-8.4,1.3-12.5,0.5c3.6,11.3,14,19,25.9,19.3 c-11.6,9.1-26.4,13.2-41.1,11.5c12.7,8.1,27.4,12.5,42.5,12.5c51,0,78.9-42.2,78.9-78.9c0-1.2,0-2.4-0.1-3.6 C182.7,97.4,189.2,93.7,192.9,88.1z"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<circle class="st30" cx="124.4" cy="128.8" r="108.2"></circle>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg></a></li>
|
|
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
|
|
<style type="text/css">
|
|
.st10 {
|
|
fill: #FFFFFF;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
.st110 {
|
|
fill: none;
|
|
stroke: #FFFFFF;
|
|
stroke-width: 8;
|
|
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
|
|
}
|
|
</style>
|
|
<title>Facebook</title>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<path class="st10" d="M159,99.1h-24V88.4c0-5,3.3-6.2,5.7-6.2h16.8V60l-24.4-0.1c-22.1,0-26.2,16.5-26.2,27.1v12.1H90v22.5h16.9 v67.5H135v-67.5h21.7L159,99.1z"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<circle class="st110" cx="123.6" cy="123.2" r="108.2"></circle>
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</a></li>
|
|
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH" aria-label="Youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
|
|
<title>Youtube</title>
|
|
<style type="text/css">
|
|
.st4 {
|
|
fill: none;
|
|
stroke: #FFFFFF;
|
|
stroke-width: 8;
|
|
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
.st5 {
|
|
fill: #FFFFFF;
|
|
}
|
|
</style>
|
|
<circle class="st4" cx="124.2" cy="123.4" r="108.2"></circle>
|
|
<g transform="translate(0,-952.36218)">
|
|
<path class="st5" d="M88.4,1037.4c-10.4,0-18.7,8.3-18.7,18.7v40.1c0,10.4,8.3,18.7,18.7,18.7h72.1c10.4,0,18.7-8.3,18.7-18.7 v-40.1c0-10.4-8.3-18.7-18.7-18.7H88.4z M115.2,1058.8l29.4,17.4l-29.4,17.4V1058.8z"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg></a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12">
|
|
<p class="address_footer text-white">National Library of Medicine<br />
|
|
<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323" class="text-white" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">8600 Rockville Pike<br />
|
|
Bethesda, MD 20894</a></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
|
|
<p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html" class="text-white">Web Policies</a><br />
|
|
<a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office" class="text-white">FOIA</a><br />
|
|
<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" class="text-white" id="vdp">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
|
|
<p><a class="supportLink text-white" href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/">Help</a><br />
|
|
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html" class="text-white">Accessibility</a><br />
|
|
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html" class="text-white">Careers</a></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="row">
|
|
<div class="col-lg-12 centered-lg">
|
|
<nav class="bottom-links">
|
|
<ul class="mt-3">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a class="text-white" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentOmnitureBaseJS/InstrumentNCBIConfigJS/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js?v=1"> </script>
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/static/js/hfjs2.js"> </script>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!--/.page-->
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!--/.wrap-->
|
|
</div><!-- /.twelve_col -->
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!-- /.grid -->
|
|
|
|
<span class="PAFAppResources"></span>
|
|
|
|
<!-- BESelector tab -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<noscript><img alt="statistics" src="/stat?jsdisabled=true&ncbi_db=books&ncbi_pdid=book-part&ncbi_acc=NBK65810&ncbi_domain=pdqcis&ncbi_report=record&ncbi_type=fulltext&ncbi_objectid=&ncbi_pcid=/NBK65810.1/&ncbi_pagename=Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) - PDQ Cancer Information Summaries - NCBI Bookshelf&ncbi_bookparttype=chapter&ncbi_app=bookshelf" /></noscript>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- usually for JS scripts at page bottom -->
|
|
<!--<component id="PageFixtures" label="styles"></component>-->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID /projects/books/PBooks@9.11 portal106 v4.1.r689238 Tue, Oct 22 2024 16:10:51 -->
|
|
<span id="portal-csrf-token" style="display:none" data-token="CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID"></span>
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3879255/4121861/3501987/4008961/3893018/3821238/4062932/4209313/4212053/4076480/3921943/3400083/3426610.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
|
|
</html> |