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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pdqcis/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pdqcis-lrg.png" alt="Cover of PDQ Cancer Information Summaries" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK65721_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK65721_dtls__"><div>Bethesda (MD): <a href="http://www.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Cancer Institute (US)</a>; 2002-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pdqcis/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK65721_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Malignant Mesothelioma Treatment (PDQ®)</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">Patient Version</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</span>.</p><p class="small">Published online: July 19, 2024.</p><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">April 23, 2005</span>.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="_abs_rndgid_" itemprop="description"><p id="CDR0000269299__217">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of adult malignant mesothelioma. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__218">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change. The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.</p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__1"><h2 id="_CDR0000269299__1_">General Information About Malignant Mesothelioma</h2><div id="CDR0000269299__1.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__2">Malignant mesothelioma is a type of cancer that forms in
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the thin layer of tissue that covers organs in the chest or abdomen.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__7">Being exposed to asbestos can increase the risk of malignant mesothelioma. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__15">Signs and symptoms of malignant mesothelioma include shortness of breath and pain under the rib cage. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__19">Tests that examine the inside of the chest and abdomen are used to diagnose malignant mesothelioma.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__387">After malignant mesothelioma has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__650">Some people decide to get a second opinion.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__134">Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000269299__2"><h3>Malignant mesothelioma is a type of cancer that forms in
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the thin layer of tissue that covers organs in the chest or abdomen.</h3><p id="CDR0000269299__381">Malignant mesothelioma may be found in one or more of the following: </p><ul id="CDR0000269299__382"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the pleura, a thin layer of tissue that lines the chest cavity and covers the lungs </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the peritoneum, a thin layer of tissue that lines the abdomen and covers most of the organs in the abdomen </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the pericardium, a thin layer of tissue that surrounds the heart </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000269299__383">Malignant mesothelioma may also form in the heart or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046611/" class="def">testicles</a>, but this is rare.</p><div id="CDR0000269299__211" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Malignant%20mesothelioma%20forms%20in%20the%20tissue%20that%20lines%20the%20chest%20or%20abdomen%2C%20including%20the%20pleura%20(the%20tissue%20that%20lines%20the%20chest%20cavity%20and%20covers%20the%20lungs)%20and%20the%20peritoneum%20(the%20tissue%20that%20lines%20the%20abdomen%20and%20covers%20most%20of%20the%20organs%20in%20the%20abdomen)&p=BOOKS&id=605095_CDR0000770045.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65721/bin/CDR0000770045.jpg" alt="Drawing shows parts of the body where malignant mesothelioma may form, including the pleura (the tissue that lines the chest cavity and covers the lungs), the pericardium (the tissue that surrounds the heart), the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdomen and covers most of the organs in the abdomen), and the testicles. The heart and lungs are also shown." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Malignant mesothelioma forms in the tissue that lines the chest or abdomen, including the pleura (the tissue that lines the chest cavity and covers the lungs) and the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdomen and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). Malignant mesothelioma may also form in the pericardium (the tissue that surrounds the heart) or the testicles, but this is rare.</p></div></div></div><div id="CDR0000269299__7"><h3>Being exposed to asbestos can increase the risk of malignant mesothelioma. </h3><p id="CDR0000269299__384">Malignant mesothelioma is caused by certain changes to the way the cells that line the organs function, especially how they grow and divide into new cells. Often, the exact cause of the cell change is unknown. Learn more about how cancer develops at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">What Is Cancer?</a></p><p id="CDR0000269299__385">A risk factor is anything that increases the chance of getting a disease. Most people with malignant mesothelioma have worked or lived in places where they <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044600/" class="def">inhaled</a> or swallowed <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046528/" class="def">asbestos</a>, which has been used in the building and textile industries. After being exposed to asbestos, it usually takes a long time for malignant mesothelioma to form. Living with a person who works near asbestos is also a risk factor for malignant mesothelioma. Not every person with one or more of these risk factors will develop malignant mesothelioma. And it can develop in some people who don't have any known risk factors.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__155">Talk to your doctor if you think you may be at risk.</p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__15"><h3>Signs and symptoms of malignant mesothelioma include shortness of breath and pain under the rib cage. </h3><p id="CDR0000269299__17">Sometimes the cancer causes fluid to collect in the chest or in the abdomen. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000750109/" class="def">Signs</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045022/" class="def">symptoms</a> may be caused by the fluid, malignant mesothelioma, or other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000269299__18"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>trouble breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cough</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>pain under the rib cage</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>pain or swelling in the abdomen</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>lumps in the abdomen</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000407757/" class="def">constipation</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> problems with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000476017/" class="def">blood clots</a> (clots form when they shouldn't)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>weight loss for no known reason</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>fatigue (feeling very tired)</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000269299__19"><h3>Tests that examine the inside of the chest and abdomen are used to diagnose malignant mesothelioma.</h3><p id="CDR0000269299__21">Sometimes it is hard to tell the difference between malignant mesothelioma in the chest and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000445043/" class="def">lung cancer</a>. If you have symptoms that suggest mesothelioma, the doctor will need to find out if these are due to cancer or to another problem. The doctor will ask when the symptoms started and how often you have been having them. They will also ask about your <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000642019/" class="def">personal</a> and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000642015/" class="def">family health history</a> and do a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270871/" class="def">physical exam</a>. Depending on these results, they may recommend other tests. If you are diagnosed with mesothelioma, the results of these tests will help you and your doctor plan treatment. </p><p id="CDR0000269299__386">The tests and procedures used to diagnose mesothelioma may include: </p><ul id="CDR0000269299__22"><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">
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<b>Chest x-ray</b> is a type of radiation that can go through the body and make pictures of the organs and bones inside the chest.<div id="CDR0000269299__145" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=A%20chest%20x-ray%20is%20used%20to%20take%20pictures%20of%20the%20structures%20and%20organs%20inside%20the%20chest&p=BOOKS&id=605095_CDR0000428438.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65721/bin/CDR0000428438.jpg" alt="Chest x-ray; drawing shows a patient standing with their back to the x-ray machine. X-rays pass through the patient's body onto film or a computer and take pictures of the structures and organs inside the chest." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>A chest x-ray is used to take pictures of the structures and organs inside the chest. X-rays pass through the patient's body onto film or a computer.</p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046033/" class="def">CT scan</a> (CAT scan)</b> uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are taken from different angles and are used to create 3-D views of tissues and organs. A dye may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography. Learn more at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/ct-scans-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Computed Tomography (CT) Scans and Cancer</a>. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm"><b>Biopsy</b> is the removal of cells or tissues from the pleura or peritoneum so that a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">pathologist</a> can view it under a microscope to check for signs of cancer. </div><div class="half_rhythm">Procedures used to collect the cells or tissues include:<dl id="CDR0000269299__140" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><b>Fine-needle (FNA) aspiration biopsy of the lung</b> uses a thin needle to remove tissue or fluid. An <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045720/" class="def">imaging procedure</a> is used to locate the abnormal tissue or fluid in the lung. A small <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046353/" class="def">incision</a> may be made in the skin where the biopsy needle is inserted into the abnormal tissue or fluid, and a sample is removed.<div id="CDR0000269299__148" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Fine-needle%20aspiration%20biopsy%20of%20the%20lung&p=BOOKS&id=605095_CDR0000531057.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65721/bin/CDR0000531057.jpg" alt="Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the lung; drawing shows a patient lying on a table that slides through the computed tomography (CT) machine with an x-ray picture of a cross-section of the lung on a monitor above the patient. Drawing also shows a doctor using the x-ray picture to help place the biopsy needle through the chest wall and into the area of abnormal lung tissue. Inset shows a side view of the chest cavity and lungs with the biopsy needle inserted into the area of abnormal tissue." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the lung. The patient lies on a table that slides through the computed tomography (CT) machine, which takes x-ray pictures of the inside of the body. The x-ray pictures help the doctor see where the abnormal tissue is in the lung. A biopsy needle is inserted through the chest wall and into the area of abnormal lung tissue. A small piece of tissue is removed through the needle and checked under the microscope for signs of cancer. </p></div></div></p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><b>Thoracoscopy</b> is surgery to look at the organs inside the chest to check for abnormal areas. An incision (cut) is made between two ribs and a thoracoscope (a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000572035/" class="def">lens</a> for viewing) is inserted into the chest.</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><b>Thoracotomy</b> is surgery to look inside the chest. An incision (cut) is made between two ribs to check inside the chest for signs of disease.</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><b>Peritoneoscopy</b> is surgery to look inside the abdomen. An incision (cut) is made in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046684/" class="def">abdominal</a> wall and a peritoneoscope (a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing) is inserted into the abdomen to check for signs of disease.</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000335492/" class="def">Open biopsy</a></b> is surgery to remove abnormal tissues so a pathologist can check it under a microscope for signs of disease. An incision (cut) is made through the skin to expose and remove tissues. </p></dd></dl></div><div class="half_rhythm">The following tests may be done on the cells and tissue samples that are taken:<dl id="CDR0000269299__200" class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">A <b>cytologic exam</b> is a laboratory test to view cells under a microscope to check for anything abnormal. For mesothelioma, fluid is taken from the chest or from the abdomen. A pathologist checks the fluid for signs of cancer.</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><b>Immunohistochemistry</b> is a laboratory test that uses <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044918/" class="def">antibodies</a> to check for certain <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046086/" class="def">antigens</a> (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045776/" class="def">markers</a>) in a sample of a patient's tissue. The antibodies are usually linked to an <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046081/" class="def">enzyme</a> or a fluorescent dye. After the antibodies bind to a specific antigen in the tissue sample, the enzyme or dye is activated, and the antigen can then be seen under a microscope. This type of test is used to help diagnose cancer and to help tell one type of cancer from another type of cancer.</p></dd><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin"><b>Electron microscopy</b> is a laboratory test in which cells in a sample of tissue are viewed under a high-powered microscope to look for certain changes in the cells. An electron microscope shows tiny details better than other types of microscopes.</p></dd></dl></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000269299__387"><h3>After malignant mesothelioma has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. </h3><p id="CDR0000269299__388">The process used to find out if cancer has spread outside the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045842/" class="def">pleura</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045829/" class="def">peritoneum</a> is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046597/" class="def">staging</a>. The information gathered from the
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staging process determines the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the disease. It is important to know whether the cancer has spread in order to plan treatment. </p><p id="CDR0000269299__389">The following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process:</p><ul id="CDR0000269299__390"><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046033/" class="def">CT scan</a> (CAT scan)</b> uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the chest and abdomen. The pictures are taken from different angles and are used to create 3-D views of tissues and organs. A dye may be <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography. Learn more at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/ct-scans-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Computed Tomography (CT) Scans and Cancer</a>. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046140/" class="def">PET scan</a> (positron emission tomography scan)</b> uses a small amount of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000774386/" class="def">radioactive sugar</a> that is injected into a vein. The PET scanner rotates around the body to make detailed, computerized pictures of areas inside the body where the glucose is taken up. Because cancer cells often take up more glucose than normal cells, the pictures can be used to find cancer cells in the body. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045788/" class="def">MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging)</b> uses a magnet, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000651209/" class="def">radio waves</a>, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)</b> is a procedure in which an endoscope is inserted into the body. An endoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000572035/" class="def">lens</a> for viewing. A probe at the end of the endoscope is used to bounce high-energy sound waves (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046157/" class="def">ultrasound</a>) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. This procedure is also called endosonography. EUS may be used to guide <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045691/" class="def">fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy</a> of the lung, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a>, or other areas.
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<div id="CDR0000269299__391" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Endoscopic%20ultrasound-guided%20fine-needle%20aspiration%20biopsy&p=BOOKS&id=605095_CDR0000466552.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK65721/bin/CDR0000466552.jpg" alt="Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy; drawing shows an endoscope with an ultrasound probe and biopsy needle inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus. Also shown are the lymph nodes near the esophagus and cancer in one lung. An inset shows the ultrasound probe locating the lymph nodes with cancer and the biopsy needle removing tissue from one of the lymph nodes near the esophagus." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. An endoscope that has an ultrasound probe and a biopsy needle is inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus. The probe bounces sound waves off body tissues to make echoes that form a sonogram (computer picture) of the lymph nodes near the esophagus. The sonogram helps the doctor see where to place the biopsy needle to remove tissue from the lymph nodes. This tissue is checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. </p></div></div></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Laparoscopy</b> is surgery to look at the organs inside the abdomen to check for signs of disease. Small incisions (cuts) are made in the wall of the abdomen and a laparoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into one of the incisions. Other instruments may be inserted through the same or other incisions to perform procedures such as taking tissue samples to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000793499/" class="def">Lymph node biopsy</a></b> is the removal of all or part of a lymph node. A <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046244/" class="def">pathologist</a> views the lymph node tissue under a microscope to check for cancer cells.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046287/" class="def">Mediastinoscopy</a></b> is surgery to look at the organs, tissues, and lymph nodes between the lungs for abnormal areas. An incision (cut) is made at the top of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000549425/" class="def">breastbone</a> and a mediastinoscope is inserted into the chest. A mediastinoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue or lymph node samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000269299__650"><h3>Some people decide to get a second opinion.</h3><p id="CDR0000269299__649">You may want to get a second opinion to confirm your cancer diagnosis and treatment plan. If you seek a second opinion, you will need to get medical test results and reports from the first doctor to share with the second doctor. The second doctor will review the pathology report, slides, and scans. They may agree with the first doctor, suggest changes or another treatment approach, or provide more information about your cancer.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__645">Learn more about choosing a doctor and getting a second opinion at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care/finding-cancer-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Finding Cancer Care</a>. You can contact <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's Cancer Information Service</a> via chat, email, or phone (both in English and Spanish) for help finding a doctor, hospital, or getting a second opinion. For questions you might want to ask at your appointments, visit <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/questions" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Questions to Ask Your Doctor About Cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__134"><h3>Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.</h3><p id="CDR0000269299__136">The <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045849/" class="def">prognosis</a> and treatment options depend on: </p><ul id="CDR0000269299__137"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> of the cancer </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the size of the tumor</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>whether the tumor can be removed completely by surgery</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the amount of fluid in the chest or abdomen</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the patient's age</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the patient's activity level</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the patient's general health, including lung and heart health</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the type of mesothelioma cells and how they look under a microscope</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the number of <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045993/" class="def">white blood cells</a> and how much <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045108/" class="def">hemoglobin</a> is in the blood</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>whether the patient is male or female</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045862/" class="def">recurred</a> (come back)</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="CDR0000269299__26"><h2 id="_CDR0000269299__26_">Stages of Malignant Mesothelioma</h2><div id="CDR0000269299__26.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__31">Cancer stage describes the extent of cancer in the body.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__310">The following stages are used for malignant mesothelioma of the lung:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__167">Stage I (also called stage 1) malignant mesothelioma</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__171">Stage II (also called stage 2) malignant mesothelioma</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__174">Stage III (also called stage 3) malignant mesothelioma</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__180">Stage IV (also called stage 4) malignant mesothelioma</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__252">Malignant mesothelioma can recur (come back) after it has been treated.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000269299__31"><h3>Cancer stage describes the extent of cancer in the body.</h3><p id="CDR0000269299__393">Cancer stage describes the extent of cancer in the body, such as the size of the tumor, whether it has spread, and how far it has spread from where it first formed. It is important to know the stage of mesothelioma to plan the best treatment.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__394">There are several staging systems for cancer that describe the extent of the cancer. Malignant mesothelioma staging usually uses the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000672851/" class="def">TNM staging system</a>. The cancer may be described by this staging system in your <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044702/" class="def">pathology report</a>. Based on the TNM results, a stage (I, II, III, or IV, also written as 1, 2, 3, or 4) is assigned to your cancer. When talking to you about your diagnosis, your doctor may describe the cancer as one of these stages.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__395">Learn about <a href="#CDR0000269299__387">tests to stage mesothelioma</a>. Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Staging</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__310"><h3>The following stages are used for malignant mesothelioma of the lung:</h3><div id="CDR0000269299__167"><h4>Stage I (also called stage 1) malignant mesothelioma</h4><p id="CDR0000269299__169"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046726/" class="def">Stage I</a> is divided into stages IA and IB:</p><ul id="CDR0000269299__231"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In stage IA, cancer is found in the inside lining of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044996/" class="def">chest wall</a> on one side of the chest. On the same side of the chest, cancer may also be found in one or more of the following:<ul id="CDR0000269299__232"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the thin layer of tissue that covers the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the thin layer of tissue that covers the organs between the lungs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the thin layer of tissue that covers the top of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046451/" class="def">diaphragm</a></div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In stage IB, cancer is found in the inside lining of the chest wall, and in each of the thin layers of tissue that cover the lung, the organs between the lungs, and the top of the diaphragm on one side of the chest. On the same side of the chest, cancer has also spread into one or more of the following:<ul id="CDR0000269299__233"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>diaphragm</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>lung tissue</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>tissue between the ribs and the inside lining of the chest wall</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>fat in the area between the lungs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045882/" class="def">soft tissues</a> of the chest wall</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>sac around the heart</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000269299__171"><h4>Stage II (also called stage 2) malignant mesothelioma</h4><p id="CDR0000269299__234">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046727/" class="def">stage II</a>, cancer is found in the inside lining of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044996/" class="def">chest wall</a> on one side of the chest. On the same side of the chest, cancer may also be found in one or more of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000269299__235"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the thin layer of tissue that covers the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the thin layer of tissue that covers the organs between the lungs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the thin layer of tissue that covers the top of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046451/" class="def">diaphragm</a></div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000269299__236">Cancer has spread to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> along the center of the chest on the same side of the chest as the tumor.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__237">
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<i>
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<b>or</b>
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</i>
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</p><p id="CDR0000269299__238">Cancer is found in the inside lining of the chest wall, and in each of the thin layers of tissue that cover the lung, the organs between the lungs, and the top of the diaphragm on one side of the chest. On the same side of the chest, cancer has also spread into one or both of the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000269299__239"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>diaphragm</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>lung tissue</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000269299__240">Cancer has spread to lymph nodes along the center of the chest on the same side of the chest as the tumor.</p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__174"><h4>Stage III (also called stage 3) malignant mesothelioma</h4><p id="CDR0000269299__241"><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046728/" class="def">Stage III</a> is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB.</p><ul id="CDR0000269299__242"><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">In stage IIIA, cancer is found in the inside lining of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044996/" class="def">chest wall</a>, and in each of the thin layers of tissue that cover the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a>, the organs between the lungs, and the top of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046451/" class="def">diaphragm</a> on one side of the chest. On the same side of the chest, cancer has also spread into one or more of the following:<ul id="CDR0000269299__243"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>tissue between the ribs and the inside lining of the chest wall</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>fat in the area between the lungs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045882/" class="def">soft tissues</a> of the chest wall</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>sac around the heart</div></li></ul></div><div class="half_rhythm">Cancer has spread to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> along the center of the chest on the same side of the chest as the tumor.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">In stage IIIB, cancer is found in the inside lining of the chest wall, and may also be found in the thin layers of tissue that cover the lung, the organs between the lungs, and/or the top of the diaphragm on one side of the chest. On the same side of the chest, cancer may have also spread into one or more of the following:<ul id="CDR0000269299__245"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>diaphragm</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>lung tissue</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>tissue between the ribs and the inside lining of the chest wall</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>fat in the area between the lungs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>soft tissues of the chest wall</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>sac around the heart</div></li></ul></div><div class="half_rhythm">Cancer has spread to lymph nodes above the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000639993/" class="def">collarbone</a> on either side of the chest or cancer has spread to lymph nodes along the center of the chest on the opposite side of the chest as the tumor.</div><div class="half_rhythm"><b><i>or</i></b></div><div class="half_rhythm">Cancer is found in the inside lining of the chest wall, and in each of the thin layers of tissue that cover the lung, the organs between the lungs, and the top of the diaphragm on one side of the chest. Cancer has also spread to one or more of the following:<ul id="CDR0000269299__249"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the chest wall and may be found in the rib</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>through the diaphragm into the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045829/" class="def">peritoneum</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the tissue lining the chest on the opposite side of the body as the tumor</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the organs in the area between the lungs (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046408/" class="def">esophagus</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046623/" class="def">trachea</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046616/" class="def">thymus</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045020/" class="def">blood vessels</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000415914/" class="def">spine</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>through the sac around the heart or into the heart muscle</div></li></ul></div><div class="half_rhythm">Cancer may have spread to lymph nodes.</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000269299__180"><h4>Stage IV (also called stage 4) malignant mesothelioma</h4><p id="CDR0000269299__251">In <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046729/" class="def">stage IV</a>, cancer has spread to the tissue covering the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lung</a> or the lung on the opposite side of the chest, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045829/" class="def">peritoneum</a>, bones, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046312/" class="def">liver</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045762/" class="def">lymph nodes</a> outside the chest, or to other parts of the body.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__653">Stage IV malignant mesothelioma is also called metastatic mesothelioma. Metastatic cancer happens when cancer cells travel through the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045764/" class="def">lymphatic system</a> or blood and form tumors in other parts of the body. The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045847/" class="def">primary tumor</a>. For example, if malignant mesothelioma spreads to the liver, the cancer cells in the liver are actually malignant mesothelioma cells. The disease is called metastatic mesothelioma, not liver cancer. Learn more in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/metastatic-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Metastatic Cancer: When Cancer Spreads</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000269299__252"><h3>Malignant mesothelioma can recur (come back) after it has been treated.</h3><p id="CDR0000269299__254">Recurrent malignant mesothelioma is cancer that has come back after it has been treated. If mesothelioma comes back, it may come back in the chest or in other parts of the body, such as the liver, lungs, or both. Tests will be done to help determine where the cancer has returned. The type of treatment for recurrent mesothelioma will depend on where it has come back.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__396">Learn more in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/recurrent-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Recurrent Cancer: When Cancer Comes Back</a>. Information to help you cope and talk with your health care team can be found in the booklet <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/when-cancer-returns" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">When Cancer Returns</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000269299__50"><h2 id="_CDR0000269299__50_">Treatment Option Overview</h2><div id="CDR0000269299__50.kp" class="box"><h4><span class="title">Key Points for This Section</span></h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__51">There are different types of treatment for patients with malignant mesothelioma.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__59">The following types of treatment are used:</a></div><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__61">Surgery</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__65">Radiation therapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__68">Chemotherapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__375">Immunotherapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__221">Targeted therapy</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__83">New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. </a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__227">Treatment for malignant mesothelioma may cause side effects.</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="#CDR0000269299__163">Follow-up care may be needed.</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000269299__51"><h3>There are different types of treatment for patients with malignant mesothelioma.</h3><p id="CDR0000269299__53">Different types of treatments are available for malignant mesothelioma. You and your cancer care team will work together to decide your treatment plan, which may include more than one type of treatment. Many factors will be considered, such as the stage of the cancer, your overall health, and your preferences. Your plan will include information about your cancer, the goals of treatment, your treatment options and the possible side effects, and the expected length of treatment. </p><p id="CDR0000269299__397">Talking with your cancer care team before treatment begins about what to expect will be helpful. You’ll want to learn what you need to do before treatment begins, how you’ll feel while going through it, and what kind of help you will need. To learn more, visit <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/questions" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Questions to Ask Your Doctor About Treatment</a>. </p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__59"><h3>The following types of treatment are used:</h3><div id="CDR0000269299__61"><h4>Surgery</h4><p id="CDR0000269299__63"> The following surgical treatments may be used for malignant mesothelioma in the chest:</p><ul id="CDR0000269299__113"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wide local excision is surgery to remove the cancer and some of the healthy tissue around it. The amount of healthy tissue removed depends on how deep or how large the tumor being removed is.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pleurectomy and decortication is surgery to remove part of the covering of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000270740/" class="def">lungs</a> and lining of the chest and part of the outside surface of the lungs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000367446/" class="def">Extrapleural pneumonectomy</a> is surgery to remove one whole lung and part of the lining of the chest, the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046451/" class="def">diaphragm</a>, and the lining of the sac around the heart.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044294/" class="def">Pleurodesis</a> is surgery that uses chemicals or drugs to make a scar in the space between the layers of the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045842/" class="def">pleura</a>. Fluid is first drained from the space using a <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045637/" class="def">catheter</a> or chest tube and the chemical or drug is put into the space. The scarring stops the build-up of fluid in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046222/" class="def">pleural cavity</a>.</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000269299__64">After the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery, some people may receive <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044971/" class="def">radiation therapy</a> to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after the surgery, to lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045587/" class="def">adjuvant therapy</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__65"><h4>Radiation therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000269299__67">Radiation therapy uses high-energy <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045944/" class="def">x-rays</a> or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046686/" class="def">External radiation therapy</a> uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the area of the body with cancer. It may also be used as <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269448/" class="def">palliative care</a> to relieve symptoms and improve <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045417/" class="def">quality of life</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__68"><h4>Chemotherapy</h4><p id="CDR0000269299__70">Chemotherapy (also called chemo) uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Combination chemotherapy is the use of more than one anticancer drug.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__398"><b>Systemic chemotherapy</b> is when chemotherapy is taken by mouth or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044678/" class="def">injected</a> into a vein or muscle. When given this way, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__399"><b>Regional chemotherapy</b> is when chemotherapy is placed directly into an organ or a body <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463703/" class="def">cavity</a>, such as the chest or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045829/" class="def">peritoneum</a>. When given this way, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas. <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000809547/" class="def">Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy</a> (HIPEC) is a type of regional chemotherapy used to treat malignant mesothelioma:</p><ul id="CDR0000269299__400"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HIPEC may be used to treat mesothelioma that has spread to the peritoneum (tissue that lines the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045070/" class="def">abdomen</a> and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). After the surgeon removes all the cancer that can be seen, a solution containing anticancer drugs is heated and pumped into and out of the abdomen to kill cancer cells that remain. Heating the anticancer drugs may kill more cancer cells. </div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000269299__204">The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__401">Learn more about how chemotherapy works, how it is given, common side effects, and more at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/chemotherapy" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chemotherapy to Treat Cancer</a> and <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/chemo-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__184">Visit <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/mesothelioma" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drugs Approved for Malignant Mesothelioma</a> for more information.</p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__375"><h4>Immunotherapy</h4><p id="CDR0000269299__402">Immunotherapy helps a person's immune system fight cancer. Your doctor may suggest biomarker tests to help predict your response to certain immunotherapy drugs. Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/biomarker-testing-cancer-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Biomarker Testing for Cancer Treatment</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__403">Immunotherapy drugs used to treat <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000478743/" class="def">advanced</a> mesothelioma include:</p><ul id="CDR0000269299__652"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/ipilimumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ipilimumab</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/nivolumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">nivolumab</a>
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</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000269299__654">Other immunotherapy drugs, such as <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/durvalumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">durvalumab</a>, are being studied in malignant mesothelioma.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__406">Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Immunotherapy to Treat Cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__221"><h4>Targeted therapy</h4><p id="CDR0000269299__407">Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/bevacizumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Bevacizumab</a> is a targeted therapy drug used to treat malignant mesothelioma.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__409">Other targeted therapies, such as <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/ramucirumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ramucirumab</a>, are being studied in malignant mesothelioma.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__410">Learn more about <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/targeted-therapies" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Targeted Therapy to Treat Cancer</a>.</p></div></div><div id="CDR0000269299__83"><h3>New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. </h3><p id="CDR0000269299__422">Joining a clinical trial may be an option. There are different types of clinical trials for people with mesothelioma. For example, a treatment trial tests new treatments or new ways of using existing treatments. Supportive care and palliative care trials look at ways to improve quality of life, especially for those who have side effects from cancer and its treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000269299__423">You can use the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting participants. This search allows you to filter trials based on the type of cancer, your age, and where the trials are being done.
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Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the <a href="https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> website.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__424">Learn more about clinical trials at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Clinical Trials Information for Patients and Caregivers</a>. </p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__227"><h3>Treatment for malignant mesothelioma may cause side effects.</h3><p id="CDR0000269299__227_md_73">For information about <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046580/" class="def">side effects</a> caused by treatment for cancer, visit our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Side Effects</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__163"><h3>Follow-up care may be needed.</h3><p id="CDR0000269299__163_md_33">As you go through treatment, you will have follow-up tests or check-ups. Some tests that were done to <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046450/" class="def">diagnose</a> or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045885/" class="def">stage</a> the cancer may be repeated to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__163_md_34">Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred (come back). </p></div></div><div id="CDR0000269299__255"><h2 id="_CDR0000269299__255_">Treatment of Localized Malignant Mesothelioma (Stage I)</h2><p id="CDR0000269299__95">If <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046726/" class="def">stage I malignant mesothelioma</a> is in one part of the chest lining, treatment may include surgery to remove the cancer and the tissue around it.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__420">Treatment of stage I <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044682/" class="def">intracavitary</a> mesothelioma may include:</p><ul id="CDR0000269299__421"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a surgery called <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000367446/" class="def">extrapleural pneumonectomy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>palliative surgery with pleurectomy and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044275/" class="def">decortication</a>, which may be followed by radiation therapy, to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>palliative radiation therapy to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000269299__419">Learn more about these treatments in the <a href="#CDR0000269299__59">Treatment Option Overview</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__TrialSearch_255_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__256"><h2 id="_CDR0000269299__256_">Treatment of Advanced Malignant Mesothelioma (Stages II, III, and IV) </h2><p id="CDR0000269299__99">If <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046727/" class="def">stage II</a>, <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046728/" class="def">stage III</a>, or <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000046729/" class="def">stage IV</a> malignant mesothelioma is found in the chest, treatment may include:</p><ul id="CDR0000269299__100"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>immunotherapy (<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/nivolumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">nivolumab</a> and <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/ipilimumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">ipilimumab</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>combination chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy (<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/bevacizumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">bevacizumab</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>combination chemotherapy and palliative care, which may be followed by maintenance chemotherapy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000269448/" class="def">palliative care</a>, which may include draining fluid from the chest, a procedure to prevent fluid from collecting in the chest (<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044294/" class="def">pleurodesis</a>), surgery, or radiation therapy, to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>chemotherapy placed directly into the chest or abdominal <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000463703/" class="def">cavity</a> to shrink the tumors and keep fluid from building up</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000269299__208">If stage II, stage III, or stage IV malignant mesothelioma is found in the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045829/" class="def">peritoneum</a>, treatment may include:</p><ul id="CDR0000269299__209"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>surgery to remove the tumor followed by <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000809547/" class="def">hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>chemotherapy</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000269299__411">Learn more about these treatments in the <a href="#CDR0000269299__59">Treatment Option Overview</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__TrialSearch_256_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__257"><h2 id="_CDR0000269299__257_">Treatment of Recurrent Malignant Mesothelioma</h2><p id="CDR0000269299__412">When malignant mesothelioma recurs (comes back), the treatment strategy often involves options that weren’t used in the initial treatment. If you haven’t received systemic therapy before, treatment may include:</p><ul id="CDR0000269299__413"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045214/" class="def">chemotherapy</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a combination of chemotherapy and <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000045729/" class="def">immunotherapy</a> (<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/nivolumab" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">nivolumab</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>immunotherapy alone</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000269299__414">If you have received systemic therapy, treatment might include the following, given alone or in combination: </p><ul id="CDR0000269299__415"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>chemotherapy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>immunotherapy</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000269299__417">For certain people with <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000559442/" class="def">locally recurrent cancer</a>, surgery to remove the affected part of the chest wall may be an option. </p><p id="CDR0000269299__418">Learn more about these treatments in the <a href="#CDR0000269299__59">Treatment Option Overview</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__TrialSearch_257_19">Use our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials-search" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">clinical trial search</a> to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">General information</a> about clinical trials is also available.</p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__149"><h2 id="_CDR0000269299__149_">To Learn More About Malignant Mesothelioma</h2><p id="CDR0000269299__150">For more from the <a href="/books/n/pdqcis/glossary/def-item/glossary_CDR0000044266/" class="def">National Cancer Institute</a> about malignant mesothelioma, see the following:</p><ul id="CDR0000269299__151"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/mesothelioma/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Malignant Mesothelioma Home Page</a>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/mesothelioma" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Drugs Approved for Malignant Mesothelioma</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances/asbestos/asbestos-fact-sheet" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Asbestos Exposure and Cancer Risk</a>
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</div></li></ul><p id="CDR0000269299__149_md_40">For general cancer information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, visit:</p><ul id="CDR0000269299__149_md_41"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">About Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Staging</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/chemo-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/radiation-therapy-and-you" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Radiation Therapy and You: Support for People With Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Coping with Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/questions" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Cancer</a>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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<a href="https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/ocs/resources/survivors.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">For Survivors, Caregivers, and Advocates</a>
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_1"><h2 id="_CDR0000269299__AboutThis_1_">About This PDQ Summary</h2><div id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_2"><h3>About PDQ</h3><p id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_3">Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/publicaciones/pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Spanish</a>.</p><p id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_4">PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.</p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_5"><h3>Purpose of This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_6">This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of adult malignant mesothelioma. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.</p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_7"><h3>Reviewers and Updates</h3><p id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_8">Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.
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</p><p id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_9">The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/pdq/editorial-boards/adult-treatment" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board</a>.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_10"><h3>Clinical Trial Information</h3><p id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_11">A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
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</p><p id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_12">Clinical trials can be found online at <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NCI's website</a>. For more information, call the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/contact-center" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cancer Information Service</a> (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_13"><h3>Permission to Use This Summary</h3><p id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_14">PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
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</p><p id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_15">The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:</p><p id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_21">PDQ® Adult Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Malignant Mesothelioma Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/mesothelioma/patient/mesothelioma-treatment-pdq" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www.cancer.gov/types/mesothelioma/patient/mesothelioma-treatment-pdq</a>. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389166]</p><p id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_16">Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in <a href="https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Visuals Online</a>. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.
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</p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_17"><h3>Disclaimer</h3><p id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_18">The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/managing-care" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Managing Cancer Care</a> page.</p></div><div id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_19"><h3>Contact Us</h3><p id="CDR0000269299__AboutThis_20">More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Contact Us for Help</a> page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s <a href="https://www.cancer.gov/contact/email-us" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">E-mail Us</a>.</p></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK65721</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26389166" title="PubMed record of this page" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">26389166</a></span></div></div></div>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65721/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK65721/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65721" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK65721" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. Malignant Mesothelioma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version. 2024 Jul 19. In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Version History</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter shutter_closed" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="version_history" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content" style="display: none;"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><span class="bk_col_itm">NBK65721.12</span> July 19, 2024 (Displayed Version)</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65721.11/">NBK65721.11</a></span> November 2, 2023</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65721.10/">NBK65721.10</a></span> May 21, 2021</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65721.9/">NBK65721.9</a></span> November 6, 2020</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65721.8/">NBK65721.8</a></span> October 15, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65721.7/">NBK65721.7</a></span> March 7, 2019</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65721.6/">NBK65721.6</a></span> July 30, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65721.5/">NBK65721.5</a></span> May 2, 2018</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65721.4/">NBK65721.4</a></span> November 9, 2017</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65721.3/">NBK65721.3</a></span> October 21, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65721.2/">NBK65721.2</a></span> August 9, 2016</li><li><span class="bk_col_itm"><a href="/books/NBK65721.1/">NBK65721.1</a></span> September 4, 2015</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#CDR0000269299__1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">General Information About Malignant Mesothelioma</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000269299__26" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Stages of Malignant Mesothelioma</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000269299__50" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment Option Overview</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000269299__255" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment of Localized Malignant Mesothelioma (Stage I)</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000269299__256" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment of Advanced Malignant Mesothelioma (Stages II, III, and IV) </a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000269299__257" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment of Recurrent Malignant Mesothelioma</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000269299__149" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">To Learn More About Malignant Mesothelioma</a></li><li><a href="#CDR0000269299__AboutThis_1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">About This PDQ Summary</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related publications</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="document-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK65983/">Health Professional Version</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in 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class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/26389499" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version.</a><span class="source">[PDQ Cancer Information Summari...]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> 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