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itemprop="name">All-cause mortality</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Menopause: identification and management</div><p><b>Evidence review H</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 23</i></p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2024 Nov</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-6566-3</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2024.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1"><h2 id="_niceng23er9_s1_">All-cause mortality</h2><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1"><h3>Review question</h3><p>What are the effects of hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms on all-cause mortality?</p><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.1"><h4>Introduction</h4><p>Hormone replacement therapy is an option available to treat menopausal symptoms. There is uncertainty surrounding the effects of taking hormone replacement therapy on risks of various conditions, and subsequently all-cause mortality. This review aims to investigate the effects, if any, on taking hormone replacement therapy and the incidence of all-cause mortality.</p></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.2"><h4>Summary of the protocol</h4><p>See <a href="/books/NBK609950/table/niceng23er9.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng23er9tab1">Table 1</a> for a summary of the Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome (PICO) characteristics of this review.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng23er9tab1"><a href="/books/NBK609950/table/niceng23er9.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng23er9tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng23er9.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK609950/table/niceng23er9.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng23er9tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of the protocol (PICO table). </p></div></div><p>For further details see the review protocol in <a href="#niceng23er9.appa">Appendix A</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.3"><h4>Methods and process</h4><p>This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/introduction" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>. Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in <a href="#niceng23er9.appa">Appendix A</a> and the <a href="/books/NBK609950/bin/NG23-Menopause-supplement-1-methods.pdf">methods</a> document (<a href="/books/NBK609950/bin/NG23-Menopause-supplement-1-methods.pdf">Supplement 1</a>).</p><p>Declarations of interest were recorded according to <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/about/who-we-are/policies-and-procedures" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NICE’s conflicts of interest policy</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.4"><h4>Effectiveness evidence</h4><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.4.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>Six publications were included for this review: four randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref1" rid="niceng23er9.ref1">Chlebowski 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref3" rid="niceng23er9.ref3">Mulnard 2000</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref5" rid="niceng23er9.ref5">Os 2000</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref6" rid="niceng23er9.ref6">PEPI 1995</a>) and two systematic reviews of RCTs (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref2" rid="niceng23er9.ref2">Kim 2020</a> and <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref4" rid="niceng23er9.ref4">Nudy 2019</a>).</p><p>This review was limited to RCT data only as observational studies would be subject to residual confounder bias, which is a particular problem for mortality.</p><p>For the systematic reviews, individual RCT data which matched the protocol was extracted and meta-analysed (see <a href="#niceng23er9.appe">Appendix E</a>). The individual RCTs incorporated from the systematic reviews are listed below:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>From <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref2" rid="niceng23er9.ref2">Kim 2020</a> data from 11 RCTs were individually extracted: <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref8" rid="niceng23er9.ref8">Cherry 2014</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref9" rid="niceng23er9.ref9">Collins 2006</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref14" rid="niceng23er9.ref14">Herrington 2000</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref18" rid="niceng23er9.ref18">Hulley 2002</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref16" rid="niceng23er9.ref16">Hodis 2003</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref17" rid="niceng23er9.ref17">Hodis 2016</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref22" rid="niceng23er9.ref22">Manson 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref25" rid="niceng23er9.ref25">Tierney 2009</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref26" rid="niceng23er9.ref26">Veerus 2006</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref27" rid="niceng23er9.ref27">Vickers 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref28" rid="niceng23er9.ref28">Viscoli 2001</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>From <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref4" rid="niceng23er9.ref4">Nudy 2019</a> data from 11 RCTs were individually extracted: <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref7" rid="niceng23er9.ref7">Angerer 2000</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref10" rid="niceng23er9.ref10">Giske 2002</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref11" rid="niceng23er9.ref11">Guidozzi 1999</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref12" rid="niceng23er9.ref12">Hall 1998</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref13" rid="niceng23er9.ref13">Harmann 2014</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref15" rid="niceng23er9.ref15">Hodis 2001</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref19" rid="niceng23er9.ref19">Jirapinyo 2003</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref20" rid="niceng23er9.ref20">Komulainen 1999</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref21" rid="niceng23er9.ref21">Kyllonen 1998</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref23" rid="niceng23er9.ref23">Nachtigall 1979</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref24" rid="niceng23er9.ref24">Samaras 1999</a>.</div></li></ul></p><p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref22" rid="niceng23er9.ref22">Manson 2017</a> reported results from the same trial as <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref1" rid="niceng23er9.ref1">Chlebowski 2017</a> however different subgroups were reported in each publication.</p><p>Combined effect estimates from the systematic review were not used as there was overlap with the RCT data from the two systematic reviews. The systematic reviews were primarily used to aid data extraction and risk of bias assessment. Therefore, effect estimates were reported separately for the individual RCTs and meta-analysed as appropriate according to the criteria set out in the protocol of this review. The included studies are summarised in <a href="/books/NBK609950/table/niceng23er9.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng23er9tab2">Table 2</a>, please refer to the systematic review extraction tables in <a href="#niceng23er9.appd">Appendix D</a> for details of the incorporated RCTs.</p><p>See the literature search strategy in <a href="#niceng23er9.appb">Appendix B</a> and study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng23er9.appc">Appendix C</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.4.2"><h5>Excluded studies</h5><p>Studies not included in this review are listed, and reasons for their exclusion are provided in <a href="#niceng23er9.appj">Appendix J</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.5"><h4>Summary of included studies</h4><p>Summaries of the studies that were included in this review are presented in <a href="/books/NBK609950/table/niceng23er9.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng23er9tab2">Table 2</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng23er9tab2"><a href="/books/NBK609950/table/niceng23er9.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng23er9tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng23er9.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK609950/table/niceng23er9.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng23er9tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of included studies. </p></div></div><p>See the full evidence tables in <a href="#niceng23er9.appd">Appendix D</a> and the forest plots in <a href="#niceng23er9.appe">Appendix E</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.6"><h4>Summary of the evidence</h4><p>For this review outcomes have been judged for clinical importance based on statistical significance. Please see <a href="/books/NBK609950/bin/NG23-Menopause-supplement-1-methods.pdf">Supplement 1</a> for further details.</p><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.6.1"><h5>Comparison 1. Oestrogen + progesterone (any combination) versus placebo or no HRT</h5><p>For the comparison oestrogen plus progesterone versus placebo or no HRT, high quality evidence showed no important difference in overall all-cause mortality. However, there were some differences when analysed by subgroup. Low to high quality evidence showed there were no important differences for the progestogenic constituents synthetic progestins, medroxyprogesterone and noresthisterone acetate on all-cause mortality. When looking at the subgroup age at first use, high quality evidence showed there was no important difference if age at first use was 50–59, 60–69 or over 69. Some of the evidence of very low to low quality was analysed separately due to low event numbers, and there was no important difference for all the subgroups for these studies.</p></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.6.2"><h5>Comparison 2. Sequential combined oestrogen + progesterone versus placebo or no HRT</h5><p>There were relatively few studies contributing to sequential combined regimens and very low to low quality evidence showed no important difference for all subgroups.</p></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.6.3"><h5>Comparison 3. Continuous combined oestrogen + progesterone versus placebo or no HRT</h5><p>Most of the evidence for oestrogen plus progesterone combined was in a continuous combined regimen and was of moderate to high quality. The evidence showed that there were no important differences between oestrogen plus progesterone and placebo or no HRT, overall and for all the subgroups. Some of the evidence of very low to low quality, was analysed separately due to low event numbers, and there was no important difference for all the subgroups for these studies.</p></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.6.4"><h5>Comparison 4. Oestrogen-only versus placebo or no HRT</h5><p>For the comparison oestrogen-only versus placebo or no HRT, high quality evidence showed no important difference in overall all-cause mortality. The evidence showed no important differences for most of the subgroups. For constituent, moderate to high quality evidence showed there was no important difference for all-cause mortality with oestradiol, or equine oestrogen. The test for subgroup differences showed that there was not a statistically significant difference between the different ages at first use. Low quality evidence showed there was no important difference between arms for black ethnicity and high-quality evidence showed no important difference for white ethnicity. Some of the evidence of very low to low quality was analysed separately due to low event numbers, and there was no important difference for all the subgroups for these studies.</p><p>See <a href="#niceng23er9.appf">Appendix F</a> for full GRADE tables.</p></div></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.7"><h4>Economic evidence</h4><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.7.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>A systematic review of the economic literature was conducted but no economic studies were identified which were applicable to this review question.</p><p>A single economic search was undertaken for all topics included in the scope of this guideline. See <a href="/books/NBK609950/bin/NG23-Menopause-supplement-2-health-economics.pdf">Supplement 2</a> for details.</p></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.7.2"><h5>Excluded studies</h5><p>Economic studies not included in this review are listed, and reasons for their exclusion are provided in <a href="#niceng23er9.appk">Appendix K</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.8"><h4>Summary of included economic evidence</h4><p>No economic studies were identified which were applicable to this review question.</p></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.9"><h4>Economic model</h4><p>No economic modelling was undertaken for this review because the committee agreed that other topics were higher priorities for economic evaluation.</p></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.10"><h4>The committee's discussion and interpretation of the evidence</h4><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.10.1"><h5>The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The critical outcome was all-cause mortality. This was chosen because HRT could have a variety of different positive and negative effects on health, but any serious overall positive or negative effect should be apparent as a difference in overall mortality.</p></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.10.2"><h5>The quality of the evidence</h5><p>The quality of the evidence for outcomes was assessed with GRADE and was rated as very low to high. Where the evidence was downgraded, there were mainly concerns around imprecision when 95% confidence intervals crossed 1 or more decision-making thresholds. Findings were also downgraded due to risk of bias for example around deviations for the intended intervention, as prescription registries or women’s self-reporting may indicate the use of HRT, but it cannot be fully confirmed that they took the HRT. The evidence was not downgraded for inconsistency or indirectness.</p></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.10.3"><h5>Benefits and harms</h5><p>Due to the number of possible known and unknown confounders for the outcome all-cause mortality (life expectancy) only RCT data were included.</p><p>The committee discussed that some of the evidence was from people with underlying health conditions which may have impacted on the results. They also noted that the length of follow-up was relatively short in many of the studies and there may not have been sufficient time for a difference in mortality to become apparent. However, they noted that the study findings from the Women’s Health Initiative trial were given most weight and this included a population without underlying health conditions, and a longer follow-up period of 18 years. The committee discussed that overall high-quality evidence showed no difference in mortality, with either oestrogen-only, or combined HRT.</p><p>The committee looked at the analysis by subgroup and noted that for most of the subgroups there was no difference between HRT user and placebo. Whilst they noted that there was an isolated statistically significant decreased rate of all-cause mortality in a subgroup of people starting oestrogen-only HRT between 50 and 59, they noted that the confidence intervals in all age groups overlapped, there was no clear age trend, and the test for subgroup differences was not significant, meaning that there were no differences between subgroups by age. There was no such difference in the combined HRT analysis by age group of starting HRT.</p><p>The committee discussed some of the specific aspects of the Women’s Health Initiative. They considered that the regimen in the Women’s Health Initiative included a dose of equine oestrogen that is no longer used in practice, and that the route of administration was oral, whereas transdermal is more commonly used in practice. They discussed that the results were therefore specific to these characteristics of HRT. However, the committee agreed that there was high quality evidence to support a recommendation that would help to counsel a person who is considering HRT, and the results of the trial were still important.</p><p>The committee recommended that, when discussing HRT as a treatment option, it should be explained to people that HRT is unlikely to increase or decrease their life expectancy. This recommendation was based on the evidence which showed no important differences in risk of death from any cause with either oestrogen-only or combined HRT. The committee agreed that people should be aware of this when deciding whether or not to start or continue HRT, and that it would help them make a more informed decision. Though HRT treatment does not affect overall life-expectancy, the committee agreed that discussions should aim to establish the best balance between effectively treating symptoms and alleviating risks from the treatment (see <a href="/books/NBK609950/table/niceng23er9.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng23er9tab1">Tables 1</a> and <a href="/books/NBK609950/table/niceng23er9.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng23er9tab2">2</a> in the NICE guideline), taking into account the person’s age, symptoms, medical history, preferences and personal circumstances. See also the section on discussing treatment options (see evidence review D) which highlights what should be discussed and taken into account in relation to HRT treatment.</p><p>In the absence of any good evidence to suggest that different types of progestogens have different effects on all-cause mortality, it was assumed that the findings could be generalised to all HRT.</p><p>There was also a lack of evidence on how HRT treatment in trans men and non-binary people can affect the risk all-cause mortality (or any other health outcomes). The committee assumed that the existing evidence discussed above could be generalised to transgender men and non-binary people who have never taken gender affirming hormone therapy. However, there was uncertainty about transgender people or non-binary people who have taken gender affirming hormone therapy in the past. The committee also noted that there was no evidence from people from minority ethnic family backgrounds. They agreed to make research recommendations for these groups to fill this evidence gap. The descriptions of the research recommendations can be found in appendix K of evidence report C.</p></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.10.4"><h5>Other factors the committee took into account</h5><p>Whilst it is unclear how HRT might affect long term health outcomes (such as breast and endometrial cancer, CVD, and stroke) in trans men and non-binary people who have previously taken as gender affirming hormone therapy because evidence is lacking, the committee agreed that it is important to improve access to services for them. They therefore recommended that it should be ensured that they can discuss their menopause symptoms with a healthcare professional with expertise in menopause. The discussion of this is described in further detail in ‘the committee’s discussion and interpretation of the evidence’ section of evidence review C.</p></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.10.5"><h5>Cost effectiveness and resource use</h5><p>No previous economic evidence was identified for this topic.</p><p>The recommendations made for this review topic centre around the impact of HRT on the risk of mortality. Whilst recommendations in this area will lead to people being better informed about treatment decisions, it is unclear how such information will change the treatment decisions made and how these will impact overall resource use. It would however be unethical to prevent such information being discussed with patients even if it did lead to an increase in resource use through changes in treatment decisions.</p></div></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.1.11"><h4>Recommendations supported by this evidence review</h4><p>This evidence review supports recommendation 1.6.1 (and statements related to all-cause mortality in <a href="/books/NBK609950/table/niceng23er9.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng23er9tab1">tables 1</a> and <a href="/books/NBK609950/table/niceng23er9.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng23er9tab2">2</a>). It also supports an overarching recommendation related to trans-men and non-binary people registered female at birth who have taken cross-sex hormones in the past (recommendation 1.5.32 – see evidence review C).</p><p>Additionally, there are overarching research recommendations related to all health outcomes addressed in this guideline update (including dementia), for:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>trans-men and non-binary people registered female at who are not taking gender-affirming hormone therapy at the time of taking HRT or in the follow-up period people from ethnic minority family backgrounds</div></li></ul></p><p>For details refer to appendix K in evidence review C.</p></div></div><div id="niceng23er9.s1.rl.r1"><h3>References – included studies</h3><ul class="simple-list"><div id="niceng23er9.s1.rl.r1.1"><h4>Effectiveness</h4><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref1"><p id="p-177">
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<strong>Chlebowski 2017</strong>
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</p>Chlebowski, Rowan T, Barrington, Wendy, Aragaki, Aaron K
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et al (2017) Oestrogen alone and health outcomes in black women by African ancestry: a secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial. Menopause (New York, N.Y.)
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24(2): 133–141
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5266648/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5266648</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27749739" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27749739</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref2"><p id="p-178">
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<strong>Kim 2020</strong>
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</p>Kim, Ji-Eun, Chang, Jae-Hyuck, Jeong, Min-Ji
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et al (2020) A systematic review and meta-analysis of effects of menopausal hormone therapy on cardiovascular diseases. Scientific reports
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10(1): 20631
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7691511/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7691511</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33244065" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33244065</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref3"><p id="p-179">
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<strong>Mulnard 2000</strong>
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</p>Mulnard
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RA, Cotman
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CW, Kawas
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C
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et al (2000) Oestrogen replacement therapy for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. JAMA
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283(8): 1007–1015
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10697060" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10697060</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref4"><p id="p-180">
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<strong>Nudy 2019</strong>
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</p>Nudy, Matthew; Chinchilli, Vernon M; Foy, Andrew J (2019) A systematic review and meta-regression analysis to examine the 'timing hypothesis' of hormone replacement therapy on mortality, coronary heart disease, and stroke. International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature
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22: 123–131
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6349559/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6349559</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30705938" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30705938</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref5"><p id="p-181">
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<strong>Os 2000</strong>
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</p>Os, I, Hofstad, A E, Brekke, M
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et al (2000) The EWA (oestrogen in women with atherosclerosis) study: a randomized study of the use of hormone replacement therapy in women with angiographically verified coronary artery disease. Characteristics of the study population. Effects on lipids and lipoproteins. Journal of internal medicine
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247(4): 433–41
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10792556" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10792556</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref6"><p id="p-182">
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<strong>PEPI 1995</strong>
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</p>PEPI (1995) Effects of oestrogen or oestrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Oestrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. JAMA
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273(3): 199–208 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7807658" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7807658</span></a>]</div></p></li><div id="niceng23er9.s1.rl.r1.1.1"><h5>RCTs included from systematic reviews (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref2" rid="niceng23er9.ref2">Kim 2020</a> and <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref4" rid="niceng23er9.ref4">Nudy 2019</a>)</h5><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref7"><p id="p-183">
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<strong>Angerer 2000</strong>
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</p>Angerer, P, Kothny, W, Stork, S
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et al (2000) Hormone replacement therapy and distensibility of carotid arteries in postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology
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36(6): 1789–96
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11092645" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11092645</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref8"><p id="p-184">
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<strong>Cherry 2014</strong>
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</p>Cherry, N, McNamee, R, Heagerty, A
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et al (2014) Long-term safety of unopposed oestrogen used by women surviving myocardial infarction: 14-year follow-up of the ESPRIT randomised controlled trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
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121(6): 700–705
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24533510" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24533510</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref9"><p id="p-185">
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<strong>Collins 2006</strong>
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</p>Collins, Peter, Flather, Marcus, Lees, Belinda
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et al (2006) Randomized trial of effects of continuous combined HRT on markers of lipids and coagulation in women with acute coronary syndromes: WHISP Pilot Study. European heart journal
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27(17): 2046–53
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16899475" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16899475</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref10"><p id="p-186">
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<strong>Giske 2002</strong>
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</p>Giske, L E, Hall, G, Rud, T
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et al (2002) The effect of 17beta-estradiol at doses of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg compared with placebo on early postmenopausal bone loss in hysterectomized women. Osteoporosis international: a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA
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13(4): 309–16
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12030546" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12030546</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref11"><p id="p-187">
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|
<strong>Guidozzi 1999</strong>
|
|
</p>Guidozzi, F and Daponte, A (1999) Oestrogen replacement therapy for ovarian carcinoma survivors: A randomized controlled trial. Cancer
|
|
86(6): 1013–8
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10491528" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10491528</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref12"><p id="p-188">
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|
<strong>Hall 1998</strong>
|
|
</p>Hall, G, Pripp, U, Schenck-Gustafsson, K
|
|
et al (1998) Long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy on symptoms of angina pectoris, quality of life and compliance in women with coronary artery disease. Maturitas
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|
28(3): 235–42
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9571599" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9571599</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref13"><p id="p-189">
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<strong>Harman 2014</strong>
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|
</p>Harman, S Mitchell, Black, Dennis M, Naftolin, Frederick
|
|
et al (2014) Arterial imaging outcomes and cardiovascular risk factors in recently menopausal women: a randomized trial. Annals of internal medicine
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161(4): 249–60
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25069991" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25069991</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref14"><p id="p-190">
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|
<strong>Herrington 2000</strong>
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|
</p>Herrington, D M, Reboussin, D M, Brosnihan, K B
|
|
et al (2000) Effects of oestrogen replacement on the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis. The New England journal of medicine
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|
343(8): 522–9
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10954759" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10954759</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref15"><p id="p-191">
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|
<strong>Hodis 2001</strong>
|
|
</p>Hodis, H N, Mack, W J, Lobo, R A
|
|
et al (2001) Oestrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of internal medicine
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|
135(11): 939–53
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11730394" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11730394</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref16"><p id="p-192">
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|
<strong>Hodis 2003</strong>
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|
</p>Hodis, Howard N, Mack, Wendy J, Azen, Stanley P
|
|
et al (2003) Hormone therapy and the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. The New England journal of medicine
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|
349(6): 535–45
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12904518" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12904518</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref17"><p id="p-193">
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|
<strong>Hodis 2016</strong>
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|
</p>Hodis, Howard N, Mack, Wendy J, Henderson, Victor W
|
|
et al (2016) Vascular Effects of Early versus Late Postmenopausal Treatment with Estradiol. The New England journal of medicine
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|
374(13): 1221–31
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4921205/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4921205</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27028912" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27028912</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref18"><p id="p-194">
|
|
<strong>Hulley 2002</strong>
|
|
</p>Hulley, Stephen, Furberg, Curt, Barrett-Connor, Elizabeth
|
|
et al (2002) Noncardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Oestrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA
|
|
288(1): 58–66
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12090863" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12090863</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref19"><p id="p-195">
|
|
<strong>Jirapinyo 2003</strong>
|
|
</p>Jirapinyo, Mayuree, Theppisai, Urusa, Manonai, Jittima
|
|
et al (2003) Effect of combined oral oestrogen/progestogen preparation (Kliogest) on bone mineral density, plasma lipids and postmenopausal symptoms in HRT-naive Thai women. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica
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|
82(9): 857–66
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12911449" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12911449</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref20"><p id="p-196">
|
|
<strong>Komulainen 1999</strong>
|
|
</p>Komulainen, M, Kroger, H, Tuppurainen, M T et al (1999) Prevention of femoral and lumbar bone loss with hormone replacement therapy and vitamin D3 in early postmenopausal women: a population-based 5-year randomized trial. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
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84(2): 546–52
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10022414" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10022414</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref21"><p id="p-197">
|
|
<strong>Kyllonen 1998</strong>
|
|
</p>Kyllonen, E S, Heikkinen, J E, Vaananen, H K
|
|
et al (1998) Influence of oestrogen-progestin replacement therapy and exercise on lumbar spine mobility and low back symptoms in a healthy early postmenopausal female population: a 2-year randomized controlled trial. European spine journal: official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society
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|
7(5): 381–6 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3611285/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3611285</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9840471" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9840471</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref22"><p id="p-198">
|
|
<strong>Manson 2017</strong>
|
|
</p>Manson, JoAnn E, Aragaki, Aaron K, Rossouw, Jacques E
|
|
et al (2017) Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Long-term All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials. JAMA
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|
318(10): 927–938
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|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5728370/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5728370</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28898378" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28898378</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref23"><p id="p-199">
|
|
<strong>Nachtigall 1979</strong>
|
|
</p>Nachtigall, L E, Nachtigall, R H, Nachtigall, R D
|
|
et al (1979) Oestrogen replacement therapy II: a prospective study in the relationship to carcinoma and cardiovascular and metabolic problems. Obstetrics and gynecology
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|
54(1): 74–9
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/221871" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 221871</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref24"><p id="p-200">
|
|
<strong>Samaras 1999</strong>
|
|
</p>Samaras, K, Hayward, C S, Sullivan, D
|
|
et al (1999) Effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on central abdominal fat, glycemic control, lipid metabolism, and vascular factors in type 2 diabetes: a prospective study. Diabetes care
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|
22(9): 1401–7
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10480500" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10480500</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref25"><p id="p-201">
|
|
<strong>Tierney 2009</strong>
|
|
</p>Tierney, Mary C, Oh, Paul, Moineddin, Rahim
|
|
et al (2009) A randomized double-blind trial of the effects of hormone therapy on delayed verbal recall in older women. Psychoneuroendocrinology
|
|
34(7): 1065–74
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19297102" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19297102</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref26"><p id="p-202">
|
|
<strong>Veerus 2006</strong>
|
|
</p>Veerus, Piret, Hovi, Sirpa-Liisa, Fischer, Krista
|
|
et al (2006) Results from the Estonian postmenopausal hormone therapy trial [ISRCTN35338757]. Maturitas
|
|
55(2): 162–73
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16504428" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16504428</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref27"><p id="p-203">
|
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<strong>Vickers 2007</strong>
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</p>Vickers, Madge R, MacLennan, Alastair H, Lawton, Beverley
|
|
et al (2007) Main morbidities recorded in the women's international study of long duration oestrogen after menopause (WISDOM): a randomised controlled trial of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
|
|
335(7613): 239 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1939792/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1939792</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17626056" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17626056</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng23er9.ref28"><p id="p-204">
|
|
<strong>Viscoli 2001</strong>
|
|
</p>Viscoli, C M, Brass, L M, Kernan, W N
|
|
et al (2001) A clinical trial of oestrogen-replacement therapy after ischemic stroke. The New England journal of medicine
|
|
345(17): 1243–9
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11680444" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11680444</span></a>]</div></p></li></ul></div></ul></div></ul></div></div><div id="appendixesappgroup1"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup1_">Appendices</h2><div id="niceng23er9.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="niceng23er9.appa.et1"><a href="/books/NBK609950/bin/niceng23er9-appa-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Review protocol for review question: What are the effects of hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms on all-cause mortality?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 257K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng23er9.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><p id="niceng23er9.appb.et1"><a href="/books/NBK609950/bin/niceng23er9-appb-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Literature search strategies for review question: What are the effects of hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms on all-cause mortality?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 397K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng23er9.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Effectiveness evidence study selection</h3><p id="niceng23er9.appc.et1"><a href="/books/NBK609950/bin/niceng23er9-appc-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Study selection for: What are the effects of hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms on all-cause mortality?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 102K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng23er9.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Evidence tables</h3><p id="niceng23er9.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK609950/bin/niceng23er9-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Evidence tables for review question: What are the effects of hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms on all-cause mortality?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 457K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng23er9.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Forest plots</h3><p id="niceng23er9.appe.et1"><a href="/books/NBK609950/bin/niceng23er9-appe-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Forest plots for review question: What are the effects of hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms on all-cause mortality?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 432K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng23er9.appf"><h3>Appendix F. GRADE tables</h3><p id="niceng23er9.appf.et1"><a href="/books/NBK609950/bin/niceng23er9-appf-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">GRADE tables for review question: What are the effects of hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms on all-cause mortality?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 262K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng23er9.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Economic evidence study selection</h3><div id="niceng23er9.appg.s1"><h4>Study selection for: What are the effects of hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms on all-cause mortality?</h4><p>A single economic search was undertaken for all topics included in the scope of this guideline. See <a href="/books/NBK609950/bin/NG23-Menopause-supplement-2-health-economics.pdf">Supplement 2</a> for further information.</p></div></div><div id="niceng23er9.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Economic evidence tables</h3><div id="niceng23er9.apph.s1"><h4>Economic evidence tables for review question: What are the effects of hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms on all-cause mortality?</h4><p>No evidence was identified which was applicable to this review question.</p></div></div><div id="niceng23er9.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Economic model</h3><div id="niceng23er9.appi.s1"><h4>Economic model for review question: What are the effects of hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms on all-cause mortality?</h4><p>No economic analysis was conducted for this review question.</p></div></div><div id="niceng23er9.appj"><h3>Appendix J. Excluded studies</h3><div id="niceng23er9.appj.s1"><h4>Excluded studies for review question: What are the effects of hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms on all-cause mortality?</h4><div id="niceng23er9.appj.s1.1"><h5>Excluded effectiveness studies</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng23er9appjtab1"><a href="/books/NBK609950/table/niceng23er9.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 9" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng23er9appjtab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng23er9.appj.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK609950/table/niceng23er9.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng23er9appjtab1">Table 9</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Excluded studies and reasons for their exclusion. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng23er9.appj.s1.2"><h5>Excluded economic studies</h5><p>No economic evidence was identified for this review. See <a href="/books/NBK609950/bin/NG23-Menopause-supplement-2-health-economics.pdf">Supplement 2</a> for further information.</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng23er9.appk"><h3>Appendix K. Research recommendations – full details</h3><div id="niceng23er9.appk.s1"><h4>Research recommendations for review question: What are the effects of hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms on all-cause mortality?</h4><p>There are overarching research recommendations related to all health outcomes addressed in this guideline update (including all-cause mortality), for:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>trans-men and non-binary people registered female at birth who are not taking gender-affirming hormone therapy at the time of taking HRT or in the follow-up period</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>people from ethnic minority family backgrounds</div></li></ul></p><p>For details refer to appendix K in evidence review C.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Evidence reviews underpinning recommendation 1.6.1 (and statements related to all-cause mortality in <a href="/books/NBK609950/table/niceng23er9.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng23er9tab1">tables 1</a> and <a href="/books/NBK609950/table/niceng23er9.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng23er9tab2">2</a>)</p><p>These evidence reviews were developed by NICE</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="https://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2024.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK609950</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39637092" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">39637092</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng23er9tab1"><div id="niceng23er9.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">Summary of the protocol (PICO table)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609950/table/niceng23er9.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng23er9.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Population</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women, non-binary and trans people with menopause (including perimenopause and post-menopause)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Intervention</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hormonal Replacement Treatment*<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Oestrogen-only</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Combined oestrogen and progestogen<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sequential combined</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Continuous combined</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any combined</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Regulated bioidentical hormones are included but compounded bioidentical hormones are excluded.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Comparison</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Placebo</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No HRT</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Outcome</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<b>Critical</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality</div></li></ul>
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</p>
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<p>
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<b>Important</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>None</div></li></ul>
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</p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">HRT: Hormone replacement therapy.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng23er9tab2"><div id="niceng23er9.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of included studies.</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609950/table/niceng23er9.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng23er9.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</th><th id="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison</th><th id="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref1" rid="niceng23er9.ref1">Chlebowski 2017</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>RCT</p>
|
|
<p>US</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>N=9700 post-menopausal women</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Age at screening – years, mean (SD)</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>White ethnicity:</p>
|
|
<p>Oestrogen: 64.3 (7.2)</p>
|
|
<p>Placebo: 64.3 (7.3)</p>
|
|
<p>Black ethnicity:</p>
|
|
<p>Oestrogen: 61.7 (7.0)</p>
|
|
<p>Placebo: 61.5 (7.1)</p>
|
|
<p>No underlying health condition</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Oestrogen-only</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality</div></li></ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>Subgroup information:</p>
|
|
<p>Ethnicity</p>
|
|
<p>Women’s Health Initiative main results reported in Manson 2017 – subgroup analysis publication only</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of follow-up: 7.2 years</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref2" rid="niceng23er9.ref2">Kim 2020</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Systematic Review</p>
|
|
<p>Australia, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, New Zealand, UK, US</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Number of studies = 11 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref8" rid="niceng23er9.ref8">Cherry 2014</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref9" rid="niceng23er9.ref9">Collins 2006</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref14" rid="niceng23er9.ref14">Herrington 2000</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref18" rid="niceng23er9.ref18">Hulley 2002</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref16" rid="niceng23er9.ref16">Hodis 2003</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref17" rid="niceng23er9.ref17">Hodis 2016</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref22" rid="niceng23er9.ref22">Manson 2017</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref25" rid="niceng23er9.ref25">Tierney 2009</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref26" rid="niceng23er9.ref26">Veerus 2006</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref27" rid="niceng23er9.ref27">Vickers 2007</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref28" rid="niceng23er9.ref28">Viscoli 2001</a>)</p>
|
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<p>Oestrogen-only and placebo: N=21664</p>
|
|
<p>Oestrogen + Progesterone and placebo: N=31422</p>
|
|
<p>Underlying cardiovascular disease (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref8" rid="niceng23er9.ref8">Cherry 2014</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref9" rid="niceng23er9.ref9">Collins 2006</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref14" rid="niceng23er9.ref14">Herrington 2000</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref16" rid="niceng23er9.ref16">Hodis, 2003</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref18" rid="niceng23er9.ref18">Hulley 2002</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref28" rid="niceng23er9.ref28">Viscoli 2001</a>)</p>
|
|
<p>No underlying health conditions:</p>
|
|
<p>(<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref17" rid="niceng23er9.ref17">Hodis 2016</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref22" rid="niceng23er9.ref22">Manson 2017</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref25" rid="niceng23er9.ref25">Tierney 2009</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref26" rid="niceng23er9.ref26">Veerus 2006</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref27" rid="niceng23er9.ref27">Vickers 2007</a>)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Oestrogen-only</p>
|
|
<p>Oestrogen + Progesterone:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>continuous combined)</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo or no HRT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality</div></li></ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>Subgroup information: time since menopause; age at first use; constituent</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of follow-up:</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref8" rid="niceng23er9.ref8">Cherry 2014</a> 14.1 years</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref9" rid="niceng23er9.ref9">Collins 2006</a> 0.7 (median)</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref14" rid="niceng23er9.ref14">Herrington 2000</a> 3.2 years</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref18" rid="niceng23er9.ref18">Hulley 2002</a> 6.8 years</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref16" rid="niceng23er9.ref16">Hodis 2003</a> 3.3 years</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref17" rid="niceng23er9.ref17">Hodis 2016</a> 7.5 years</p>
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|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref22" rid="niceng23er9.ref22">Manson 2017</a> 18 years (median)</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref25" rid="niceng23er9.ref25">Tierney 2009</a> 2 years</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref26" rid="niceng23er9.ref26">Veerus 2006</a> 3.43 years</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref27" rid="niceng23er9.ref27">Vickers 2007</a> 1.03 years</p>
|
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<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref28" rid="niceng23er9.ref28">Viscoli 2001</a> 2.8 years</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref3" rid="niceng23er9.ref3">Mulnard 2000</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>RCT</p>
|
|
<p>US</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=120 women older than 60</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Age, year - mean (range):</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>High dose Oestrogen: 74.2 (56–89)</p>
|
|
<p>Low dose Oestrogen: 76.8 (60–91)</p>
|
|
<p>Placebo: 74.1 (62–87)</p>
|
|
<p>Diagnosis or probable Alzheimer disease</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Oestrogen-only</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality</div></li></ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>Subgroup information: age at first use; constituent</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of follow-up: 15 months</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref4" rid="niceng23er9.ref4">Nudy 2019</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Systematic Review</p>
|
|
<p>Australia, Finland, Germany, South Africa Sweden, Thailand, US</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Number of studies = 11 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref7" rid="niceng23er9.ref7">Angerer 2000</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref10" rid="niceng23er9.ref10">Giske 2002</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref11" rid="niceng23er9.ref11">Guidozzi 1999</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref12" rid="niceng23er9.ref12">Hall 1998</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref13" rid="niceng23er9.ref13">Harman 2014</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref15" rid="niceng23er9.ref15">Hodis 2001</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref19" rid="niceng23er9.ref19">Jirapinyo 2003</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref20" rid="niceng23er9.ref20">Komulainen 1999</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref21" rid="niceng23er9.ref21">Kyllonen 1998</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref23" rid="niceng23er9.ref23">Nachtigall 1979</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref24" rid="niceng23er9.ref24">Samaras 1999</a>)</p>
|
|
<p>Oestrogen-only and placebo: N=1245</p>
|
|
<p>Oestrogen + Progesterone and placebo: N=1365</p>
|
|
<p>Underlying cardiovascular diseases (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref7" rid="niceng23er9.ref7">Angerer 2000</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref12" rid="niceng23er9.ref12">Hall 1998</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref24" rid="niceng23er9.ref24">Samaras 1999</a>)</p>
|
|
<p>Diagnosis with cancer (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref11" rid="niceng23er9.ref11">Guidozzi 1999</a>)</p>
|
|
<p>No underlying health conditions (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref10" rid="niceng23er9.ref10">Giske 2002</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref13" rid="niceng23er9.ref13">Harman 2014</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref15" rid="niceng23er9.ref15">Hodis 2001</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref19" rid="niceng23er9.ref19">Jirapinyo 2003</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref20" rid="niceng23er9.ref20">Komulainen 1999</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref21" rid="niceng23er9.ref21">Kyllonen 1998</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref23" rid="niceng23er9.ref23">Nachtigall 1979</a>)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Oestrogen-only</p>
|
|
<p>Oestrogen + Progesterone:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sequential combined</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Continuous combined</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo or no HRT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality</div></li></ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>Subgroup information: age at first use; constituent; length of cycle for sequential</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of follow-up:</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref7" rid="niceng23er9.ref7">Angerer 2000</a> 0.92 years</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref10" rid="niceng23er9.ref10">Giske 2002</a> 2 years</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref11" rid="niceng23er9.ref11">Guidozzi 1999</a> 4 years</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref12" rid="niceng23er9.ref12">Hall 1998</a> 1 year</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref13" rid="niceng23er9.ref13">Harman 2014</a> 4 years</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref15" rid="niceng23er9.ref15">Hodis 2001</a> 2 years</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref19" rid="niceng23er9.ref19">Jirapinyo 2003</a> 1 years</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref20" rid="niceng23er9.ref20">Komulainen 1999</a> 5 years</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref21" rid="niceng23er9.ref21">Kyllonen 1998</a> 2 years</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref23" rid="niceng23er9.ref23">Nachtigall 1979</a> 10 years</p>
|
|
<p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref24" rid="niceng23er9.ref24">Samaras 1999</a> 1 year</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref5" rid="niceng23er9.ref5">Os 2000</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>RCT</p>
|
|
<p>Norway</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=118 postmenopausal women</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Age, year - mean (range):</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Oestrogen + Progestin: 63 (59–68)</p>
|
|
<p>Control: 66 (60–71)</p>
|
|
<p>No underlying health conditions</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Oestrogen + Progesterone:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sequential combined</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No HRT</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality</div></li></ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>Subgroup information: age at first use; constituent; length of cycle for sequential</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of follow-up: 12 months</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref6" rid="niceng23er9.ref6">PEPI Trial 1995</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>RCT</p>
|
|
<p>US</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=875 postmenopausal women</p>
|
|
<p><u>Age at randomisation for total women (per arm not reported), year – mean (SD)</u>: 56.1 (SD not reported)</p>
|
|
<p>No underlying health condition</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Oestrogen-only</p>
|
|
<p>Oestrogen + Progesterone:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sequential combined</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality</div></li></ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>Subgroup information: age at first use; constituent; length of cycle for sequential</p>
|
|
<p>Duration of follow-up: 3 years</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">BMI: Body mass index; HRT: Hormone replacement therapy; PEPI: Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions; RCT: randomised controlled trial; SD: standard deviation</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng23er9appjtab1"><div id="niceng23er9.appj.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 9</span><span class="title">Excluded studies and reasons for their exclusion</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609950/table/niceng23er9.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng23er9.appj.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Anderson, Garnet L, Chlebowski, Rowan T, Araqaki, Aaron K
|
|
et al (2012) Conjugated equine oestrogen and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: extended follow-up of the Women's Health Initiative randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. Oncology
|
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13(5): 476–86
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|
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3412626/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3412626</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22401913" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22401913</span></a>]
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- More recent follow-up study available (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref22" rid="niceng23er9.ref22">Manson 2017</a>)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Arrenbrecht, S and Boermans, A J M (2002) Effects of transdermal estradiol delivered by a matrix patch on bone density in hysterectomized, postmenopausal women: a 2-vear placebo-controlled trial. Osteoporosis international: a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA
|
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13(2): 176–83
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11908492" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11908492</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Outcomes - reported</p>
|
|
<p>outcomes do not match the review protocols</p>
|
|
<p>- exclude as paper doesn’t clearly report mortality or any death and no information on if <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref4" rid="niceng23er9.ref4">Nudy 2019</a> contacted</p>
|
|
<p>Arrenbrech for this information</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bae, Jonq-Myon and Yoon, Byunq-Koo (2018) The Role of Menopausal Flormone Therapy in Reducing All-cause Mortality in Postmenopausal Women Younger than 60 Years: An Adaptive Meta-analvsis. Journal of menopausal medicine
|
|
24(3): 139–142
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6336567/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6336567</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30671404" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30671404</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design</p>
|
|
<p>Systematic review with insufficient information on each study. Potentially relevant studies have been checked against the protocol and all are included</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Benkhadra, Khaiid, Mohammed, Khaled. Ai Nofal, Alaa
|
|
et al (2015) Menopausal Flormone Therapy and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analvsis. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
|
|
100(11): 4021–8
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26544652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26544652</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design</p>
|
|
<p>- Systematic review. Potentially relevant studies have been checked against the protocol and included if relevant</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bhupathiraju, Shilpa N, Grodstein, Francine, Rosner, Bernard A
|
|
et al (2017) Hormone Therapy Use and Risk of Chronic Disease in the Nurses' Health Study: A Comparative Analysis With the Women's Health Initiative. American journal of epidemiology
|
|
186(6): 696–708
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5860527/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5860527</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28938710" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28938710</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design - not a systematic review or randomised controlled trial</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Binder, E F, Williams, D B, Schechtman, K B
|
|
et al (2001) Effects of hormone replacement therapy on serum lipids in elderly women, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of internal medicine
|
|
134(9pt1): 754–60
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11329233" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11329233</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Intervention- oestrogen-only & combined HRT not reported separately</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Boardman
|
|
HMP, Hartley
|
|
L, Eisinga
|
|
A, et al (2015) Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD002229
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10183715/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC10183715</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754617" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25754617</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Intervention- oestrogen-only & combined HRT not reported separately</p>
|
|
<p>Systematic review. Potentially relevant studies have been checked against the protocol and included if relevant</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Cherry, Nicola. Gilmour, Kyle, Hannaford, Philip
|
|
et al (2002) Oestrogen therapy for prevention of reinfarction in
|
|
postmenopausal women: a randomised placebo controlled trial. Lancet (London, England)
|
|
360(9350): 2001–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12504395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12504395</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- More recent follow-up study available (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref8" rid="niceng23er9.ref8">Cherry 2014</a>)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Clarke, S C, Kelleher, J, Lloyd-Jones, H
|
|
et al (2002) A study of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with ischaemic heart disease: the Papworth HRT atherosclerosis study. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
|
|
109(9): 1056–62
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12269682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12269682</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Intervention- oestrogen-only & combined HRT not reported separately</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Fahlen, M., Fornander, T., Johansson, H.
|
|
et al (2013) Hormone replacement therapy after breast cancer: 10 year follow up of the Stockholm randomised trial. European Journal of Cancer
|
|
49(1): 52–59
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22892060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22892060</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Intervention- oestrogen-only & combined HRT not reported separately</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Gallagher
|
|
JC, Fowler
|
|
SE, Detter
|
|
JR, Sherman
|
|
SS. (2001) Combination treatment with estrogen and calcitriol in the prevention of age-related bone loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 86(8):3618–28
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11502787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11502787</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Intervention – oestrogen-only & combined HRT not reported separately</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Grady, D, Wenger, N K, Herrington, D
|
|
et al (2000) Postmenopausal hormone therapy increases risk for venous thromboembolic disease. The Heart and Oestrogen/progestin Replacement Study. Annals of internal medicine
|
|
132(9): 689–96
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10787361" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10787361</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Outcomes - reported</p>
|
|
<p>outcomes do not match the review protocols</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Grady, Deborah, Herrington, David, Bittner, Vera
|
|
et al (2002) Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Oestrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA
|
|
288(1): 49–57
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12090862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12090862</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- More recent follow-up study available (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref18" rid="niceng23er9.ref18">Hulley 2002</a>)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Greenspan, S.L.; Resnick, N.M.; Parker, R.A. (2005) The effect of hormone replacement on physical performance in community-dwelling elderly women. American Journal of Medicine
|
|
118(11): 1232–1239
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16271907" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16271907</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Intervention - HRT not oestrogen-only, or combined oestrogen and progestogen</p>
|
|
<p>- Outcome not reported separately for oestrogen-only and combined oestrogen and progesterone</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Guidozzi, F (1999) Oestrogen replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
|
|
64(1): 59–63
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10190671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10190671</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Outcomes no relevant outcomes reported.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hall, G M, Daniels, M, Doyle, D V
|
|
et al (1994) Effect of hormone replacement therapy on bone mass in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with and without steroids. Arthritis and rheumatism
|
|
37(10): 1499–505
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7945476" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7945476</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Comparison - Calcium supplementation, which is neither placebo nor no HRT</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Henderson, V.W., St John, J.A., Hodis, H.N.
|
|
et al (2016) Cognitive effects of estradiol after menopause. Neurology
|
|
87(7): 699–708
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4999165/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4999165</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27421538" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27421538</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Outcomes - no relevant outcomes reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Herrington, D M, Fong, J, Sempos, C T
|
|
et al (1998) Comparison of the Heart and Oestrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) cohort with women with coronary disease from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III). American heart journal
|
|
136(1): 115–24
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9665228" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9665228</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Outcomes - no relevant outcomes reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Herrington, David M, Vittinghoff, Eric, Lin, Feng
|
|
et al (2002) Statin therapy, cardiovascular events, and total mortality in the Heart and Oestrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS). Circulation
|
|
105(25): 2962–7
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12081988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12081988</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Intervention – HRT not oestrogen-only, or combined oestrogen and progestogen</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hodis, Howard N, Mack, Wendy J, Shoupe, Donna
|
|
et al (2015) Methods and baseline cardiovascular data from the Early versus Late Intervention Trial with Estradiol testing the menopausal hormone timing hypothesis. Menopause (New York, N.Y.)
|
|
22(4): 391–401
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4376597/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4376597</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25380275" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25380275</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Outcomes - no relevant outcomes reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Holm, M, Olsen, A, Au Yeung, S L et al (2019) Pattern of mortality after menopausal hormone therapy: long-term follow up in a population-based cohort. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
|
|
126(1): 55–63
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30106241" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30106241</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design - not a systematic review or randomised controlled trial</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hulley, S, Grady, D, Bush, T
|
|
et al (1998) Randomized trial of oestrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Oestrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA
|
|
280(7): 605–13 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9718051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9718051</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- More recent follow-up available</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Johnson, Bruce E and Johnson, Cynda Ann (2018) Pooled RCTs: In postmenopausal women, hormone therapy for 6 to 7 years did not affect mortality at 18 years. Annals of internal medicine
|
|
168(2): jc4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29335716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29335716</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design - not a systematic review or randomised controlled trial</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Karim, Roksana, Mack, Wendy J, Lobo, Roger A
|
|
et al (2005) Determinants of the effect of oestrogen on the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: Oestrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis Trial. Menopause (New York, N.Y.)
|
|
12(4): 366–73
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16037751" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16037751</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Outcomes - no relevant outcomes reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lindsay, R, Hart, D M, Aitken, J M
|
|
et al (1976) Long-term prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis by oestrogen. Evidence for an increased bone mass after delayed onset of oestrogen treatment. Lancet (London, England)
|
|
1(7968): 1038–41
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/57448" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 57448</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Outcomes - no relevant outcomes reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
MacDonald, A G, Murphy, E A, Capell, H A
|
|
et al (1994) Effects of hormone replacement therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: a double blind placebo-controlled study. Annals of the rheumatic diseases
|
|
53(1): 54–7
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1005244/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1005244</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8311557" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8311557</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Intervention - HRT not oestrogen-only, or combined oestrogen and progestogen</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Manson, J.E., Chlebowski, R.T., Stefanick, M.L.
|
|
et al (2014) Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the women's health initiative randomized trials. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey
|
|
69(2): 83–85 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3963523/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3963523</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24084921" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24084921</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- More recent follow-up studies available (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref22" rid="niceng23er9.ref22">Manson 2017</a> and 2019)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Manson, JoAnn E, Aragaki, Aaron K, Bassuk, Shari S
|
|
et al (2019) Menopausal Oestrogen-Alone Therapy and Health Outcomes in Women With and Without Bilateral Oophorectomy: A Randomized Trial. Annals of internal medicine
|
|
171(6): 406–414
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8120507/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8120507</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31499528" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31499528</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Cohort already included</p>
|
|
<p>- <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref22" rid="niceng23er9.ref22">Manson 2017</a> includes the same cohort with the same subgroups matching the protocol, for the same duration of follow-up. This publication only includes a further subgroup of participants with known oophorectomy status, which does not fall under the subgroups specified for this review</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Manson, JoAnn E, Chlebowski, Rowan T, Stefanick, Marcia L
|
|
et al (2013) Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA
|
|
310(13): 1353–68
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3963523/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3963523</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24084921" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24084921</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- More recent follow-up available</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Marjoribanks, Jane, Farquhar, Cindy, Roberts, Helen
|
|
et al (2017) Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
|
|
1: cd004143
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22786488" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22786488</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review - individual papers have been checked and included if relevant</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Mijatovic, V, Netelenbos, C, van der Mooren, M J et al (1998) Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of raloxifene and conjugated equine oestrogen on plasma homocysteine levels in healthy postmenopausal women. Fertility and sterility
|
|
70(6): 1085–9
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9848300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9848300</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Outcomes – no relevant outcomes reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Mosekilde, L, Beck-Nielsen, H, Sorensen, O H
|
|
et al (2000) Hormonal replacement therapy reduces forearm fracture incidence in recent postmenopausal women - results of the Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study. Maturitas
|
|
36(3): 181–93
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11063900" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11063900</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Intervention - HRT not oestrogen-only, or combined oestrogen and progestogen</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Nair, G V and Herrington, D M (2000) The ERA trial: findings and implications for the future. Climacteric: the journal of the
|
|
International Menopause Society
|
|
3(4): 227–32 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11910581" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11910581</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Outcomes - no relevant outcomes reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Padula, Amy M, Pressman, Alice R, Vittinghoff, Eric
|
|
et al (2012) Placebo adherence and mortality in the Heart and Oestrogen/Progestin Replacement Study. The American journal of medicine
|
|
125(8): 804–10
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3423204/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3423204</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22840666" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22840666</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Outcomes - no relevant outcomes reported (outcome is mortality in the placebo group)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Perez-Jaraiz, M D, Revilla, M, Alvarez de los Heros, J I
|
|
et al (1996) Prophylaxis of osteoporosis with calcium, oestrogens and/or eelcatonin: comparative longitudinal study of bone mass. Maturitas
|
|
23(3): 327–32
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8794428" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8794428</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Outcomes - reported outcomes do not match the review protocols</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Prentice, Ross L, Aragaki, Aaron K, Chlebowski, Rowan T
|
|
et al (2021) Randomized Trial Evaluation of the Benefits and Risks of Menopausal Hormone Therapy Among Women 50–59 Years of Age. American journal of epidemiology
|
|
190(3): 365–375
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8086238/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8086238</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33025002" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33025002</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Cohort already included</p>
|
|
<p>Mortality data for this subgroup of women is already included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng23er9.ref22" rid="niceng23er9.ref22">Manson 2017</a>.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ravn, P, Bidstrup, M, Wasnich, R D
|
|
et al (1999) Alendronate and oestrogen-progestin in the long-term prevention of bone loss: four-year results from the early postmenopausal intervention cohort study. A randomized, controlled trial. Annals of internal medicine
|
|
131(12): 935–42
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10610644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10610644</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Outcomes - reported</p>
|
|
<p>outcomes do not match the review protocols</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Salpeter, Shelley R, Cheng, Ji, Thabane, Lehana
|
|
et al (2009) Bayesian meta-analysis of hormone therapy and mortality in younger postmenopausal women. The American journal of medicine
|
|
122(11): 1016–1022e1
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19854329" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19854329</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- More recent systematic review included with all studies judged to be relevant</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Salpeter, Shelley R, Walsh, Judith M E, Greyber, Elizabeth
|
|
et al (2004) Mortality associated with hormone replacement therapy in younger and older women: a meta-analysis. Journal of general internal medicine
|
|
19(7): 791–804
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1492478/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1492478</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15209595" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15209595</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- More recent systematic review included with all studies judged to be relevant</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Schierbeck, Louise Lind, Rejnmark, Lars, Tofteng, Charlotte Landbo
|
|
et al (2012) Effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular events in recently postmenopausal women: randomised trial. BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
|
|
345: e6409 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23048011" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23048011</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Intervention- oestrogen-only & combined HRT not reported separately</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Simin, Johanna, Khodir, Habiba, Fornes, Romina
|
|
et al (2022) Association between menopausal hormone therapy use and mortality risk: a Swedish population-based matched cohort study. Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden)
|
|
61(5): 632–640
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35129052" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35129052</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design - not a systematic review or randomised controlled trial</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Veerus, Piret, Fischer, Krista, Hovi, Sirpa-Liisa
|
|
et al (2008) Symptom reporting and quality of life in the Estonian Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy Trial. BMC women's health
|
|
8: 5
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2330032/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2330032</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18366766" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18366766</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Outcomes - reported</p>
|
|
<p>outcomes do not match the review protocols</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Vickers, Madge R, Martin, Jeannett, Meade, Tom W
|
|
et al (2007) The Women's international study of long-duration oestrogen after menopause (WISDOM): a randomised controlled trial. BMC women's health
|
|
7: 2
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1828722/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1828722</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17324282" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17324282</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Outcomes – no relevant outcomes reported.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Waters, David D, Alderman, Edwin L, Hsia, Judith
|
|
et al (2002) Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA
|
|
288(19): 2432–40
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12435256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12435256</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Intervention - HRT not oestrogen-only, or combined oestrogen and progestogen</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Watts, N B, Nolan, J C, Brennan, J J
|
|
et al (2000) Esterified oestrogen therapy in postmenopausal women. Relationships of bone marker changes and plasma estradiol to BMD changes: a two-year study. Menopause (New York, N.Y.)
|
|
7(6): 375–82
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11127759" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11127759</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng23er9.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Outcomes – no relevant outcomes reported</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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