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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Kidney Disease and Diabetes - Diabetes in America - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="Diabetes in America [Internet]">
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<meta name="citation_title" content="Kidney Disease and Diabetes">
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<meta name="citation_publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)">
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<meta name="citation_date" content="2024/11/21">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Meda E. Pavkov">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Alain K. Koyama">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Petter Bjornstad">
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Robert G. Nelson">
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<meta name="citation_pmid" content="39571058">
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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Kidney Disease and Diabetes">
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<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Meda E. Pavkov">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Alain K. Koyama">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Petter Bjornstad">
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<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Robert G. Nelson">
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<meta name="description" content="Persons with diabetes make up the largest single group of kidney failure patients requiring dialysis or transplant in the United States. The high count reflects the growth in diabetes prevalence and increased access to dialysis and transplantation. Kidney failure affects about 1% of persons with diabetes in the United States; a considerably higher proportion, about 40%, have less severe kidney disease. Based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2017–March 2020, 14% of adults age ≥20 years or an estimated 35.5 million individuals had chronic kidney disease (CKD), and 38.7% of adults with diabetes had CKD-defined single measurements of albuminuria and serum creatinine.">
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<meta name="og:description" content="Persons with diabetes make up the largest single group of kidney failure patients requiring dialysis or transplant in the United States. The high count reflects the growth in diabetes prevalence and increased access to dialysis and transplantation. Kidney failure affects about 1% of persons with diabetes in the United States; a considerably higher proportion, about 40%, have less severe kidney disease. Based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2017–March 2020, 14% of adults age ≥20 years or an estimated 35.5 million individuals had chronic kidney disease (CKD), and 38.7% of adults with diabetes had CKD-defined single measurements of albuminuria and serum creatinine.">
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next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK609462_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Kidney Disease and Diabetes</span></h1><p class="contribs">Pavkov ME, Koyama AK, Bjornstad P, et al.</p><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK609462_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="kidneydisease.Summary" itemprop="description"><h2 id="_kidneydisease_Summary_">Summary</h2><p>Persons with diabetes make up the largest single group of kidney failure patients
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requiring dialysis or transplant in the United States. The high count reflects
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the growth in diabetes prevalence and increased access to dialysis and
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transplantation. Kidney failure affects about 1% of persons with diabetes in the
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United States; a considerably higher proportion, about 40%, have less severe
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kidney disease. Based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination
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Surveys 2017–March 2020, 14% of adults age ≥20 years or an
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estimated 35.5 million individuals had chronic kidney disease (CKD), and 38.7%
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of adults with diabetes had CKD-defined single measurements of albuminuria and
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serum creatinine. </p><p>Improvements in the management of persons with diabetes and CKD have extended the
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time course from onset of severe albuminuria to kidney failure and reduced the
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occurrence of cardiovascular events. Newer antihyperglycemic treatment
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strategies with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like
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peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and the newer mineralocorticoid receptor
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antagonists (MRAs) have shown efficacy in slowing kidney disease progression and
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reducing cardiovascular outcomes, without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia.
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In addition, landmark studies have shown that persons with kidney disease
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associated with diabetes require multidisciplinary management involving a
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combination of treatments and behavioral adjustments to delay progression of CKD
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and to prevent the associated complications. </p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Introduction"><h2 id="_kidneydisease_Introduction_">Introduction</h2><p>Important progress has been made since <i>Diabetes in America,
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3rd edition,</i> was published in understanding the course and
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determinants of diabetes-related kidney disease (DKD) and its treatment (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.1" rid="kidneydisease.REF.1">1</a>). A new equation was
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developed for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) that does not include
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a race term (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.2" rid="kidneydisease.REF.2">2</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.3" rid="kidneydisease.REF.3">3</a>). Our understanding of
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glomerular hemodynamics and how it affects DKD progression has evolved (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.4" rid="kidneydisease.REF.4">4</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.5" rid="kidneydisease.REF.5">5</a>). The management of DKD in type 2
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diabetes was revolutionized by new medication classes, including sodium-glucose
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cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor
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agonists (RAs), and newer mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), which
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are effective at slowing kidney disease progression in diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.6" rid="kidneydisease.REF.6">6</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.7" rid="kidneydisease.REF.7">7</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.8" rid="kidneydisease.REF.8">8</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.9" rid="kidneydisease.REF.9">9</a>). Newly updated guidelines were published
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that considered these findings, as well as emerging data on the role of
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multidisciplinary approaches in the management of DKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.10" rid="kidneydisease.REF.10">10</a>). </p><p>Nevertheless, kidney disease remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in
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persons with diabetes, as indicated by the dramatic increase in the number of
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persons receiving renal replacement therapy since the 1980s. Increased
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availability of dialysis and transplant and the rising prevalence of diabetes
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are primarily responsible for this trend. For 2022, approximately 25% of U.S.
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health expenditures, or $503.4 billion, were incurred by people with diabetes;
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32% of the diabetes cost was attributable to associated chronic kidney disease
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(CKD) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.11" rid="kidneydisease.REF.11">11</a>). Because
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kidney disease in diabetes is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease
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(CVD) and the development of kidney failure, the combined cost incurred by CKD
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and diabetes is associated with a greater percentage of the Medicare budget than
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that associated with congestive heart failure, another common and costly
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condition (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>). People
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with diabetes and kidney disease represent 4.6% of the overall Medicare
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population and incur 7.5% of annual Medicare spending (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>). </p><p>Projected increases in diabetes prevalence and the increasing frequency of both
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type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people threaten to reverse the modest
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progress achieved with available treatments (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.13" rid="kidneydisease.REF.13">13</a>). Not only is the course of
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kidney disease in youth-onset type 2 diabetes more aggressive than in type 1
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diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.14" rid="kidneydisease.REF.14">14</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.15" rid="kidneydisease.REF.15">15</a>), but the Treatment
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Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study suggests it
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may also be more treatment resistant than kidney disease in adults with type 2
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diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.16" rid="kidneydisease.REF.16">16</a>). Although
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the development of new therapeutic options is essential for improving the
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management of this complex disease, diabetes prevention may ultimately offer the
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greatest benefit for stemming the rising tide of DKD.</p><p>This review has been updated to incorporate the substantial advances made in the
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past 6 years in understanding the pathogenesis, course, and management of CKD in
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persons with diabetes. It draws from recent publications, including large
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clinical trials and reflects the opinions of the authors.</p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Sources_and_Limitations_of"><h2 id="_kidneydisease_Sources_and_Limitations_of_">Sources and Limitations of National Data on Kidney Disease and
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Diabetes</h2><p>The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a
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cross-sectional, national probability sample that has been conducted
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periodically since 1971 and continuously since 1999. NHANES data collected from
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individuals for the period 1988–2020 were used to assess CKD among a
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nationally representative U.S. sample. Participants self-reported diagnosed
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diabetes status, based on the question of “Other than during pregnancy,
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have you ever been told by a doctor or health professional that you have
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diabetes or sugar diabetes?” An advantage of the NHANES is that the
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survey includes a health exam in a mobile examination center where laboratory
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measures are collected. Thus, the NHANES has laboratory information on glycated
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hemoglobin (A1C) and fasting plasma glucose, so persons with undiagnosed
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diabetes can also be assessed. Participants self-reported demographic
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characteristics, CVD, and prescription medications. During the exam component,
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blood pressure was taken by a trained interviewer. </p><div id="kidneydisease.Statistical_Methods"><h3>Statistical Methods</h3><p>All estimates from national surveys are weighted to produce estimates that
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are nationally representative of the noninstitutionalized U.S. population.
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This article provides weighted standard errors for estimates in tables. The
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relative standard error (RSE = [SE/estimate]*100) is provided in tables and
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figures for estimates that are likely unreliable due to sample size.
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Estimates with RSEs >50% are censored. </p></div></div><div id="kidneydisease.Definition_Measurements_an"><h2 id="_kidneydisease_Definition_Measurements_an_">Definition, Measurements, and Classification</h2><p>Although CKD in people with diabetes is heterogeneous, clinically it is usually
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attributed to diabetes, unless biomarker or biopsy information indicates
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otherwise (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.10" rid="kidneydisease.REF.10">10</a>). In
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recognition of this limitation, this article will use the term diabetes-related
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CKD (DKD). Irrespective of etiology, CKD is defined by reduced kidney function
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or the presence of kidney damage for at least 3 months, regardless of kidney
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function (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.10" rid="kidneydisease.REF.10">10</a>). Kidney
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damage is ascertained by increased urinary markers, such as albuminuria, or by
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abnormal urinary sediment, abnormal imaging studies, or kidney biopsy (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.10" rid="kidneydisease.REF.10">10</a>). The clinical
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diagnosis of DKD is based largely on the finding of elevated excretion of
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urinary albumin in a person with diabetes in the absence of other kidney
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disease. </p><p>Persons are classified as having elevated albuminuria if the
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albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) in at least two urine samples collected within
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3–6 months is ≥30 mg/g in the absence of clinical or laboratory
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evidence of urinary tract infection (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.10" rid="kidneydisease.REF.10">10</a>). Elevated albuminuria, the earliest
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marker of diabetic kidney damage, is frequently associated with a progressive
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decline in kidney function and a high risk for kidney failure and CVD. Although
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albuminuria is a continuous risk factor, it is often arbitrarily divided into
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moderately increased albuminuria (ACR 30–299 mg/g)—generally
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characterized by stable kidney function and a greater risk for higher levels of
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albuminuria than an ACR <30 mg/g—and severely increased
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albuminuria (ACR ≥300 mg/g), associated with arterial hypertension and a
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high risk of kidney failure (<a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTalbuminuriacategoriesa">Table 1</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.10" rid="kidneydisease.REF.10">10</a>). Because albuminuria
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occurs as a continuum, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends simply
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using the term albuminuria for an ACR ≥30 mg/g (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.17" rid="kidneydisease.REF.17">17</a>). Urinary albumin excretion can be
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determined from 24-hour, overnight, or shorter urine collection periods;
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however, urinary ACR measured in a first morning void specimen is highly
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correlated with the 24-hour albumin excretion rate (AER) and is therefore an
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established and recommended way to assess urinary albumin excretion. Differences
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in methods of urine collection, albumin and creatinine measurements, reporting
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of results, and lack of standardized reference intervals for ACR often make
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comparisons between studies difficult. </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTalbuminuriacategoriesa"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 1. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTalbuminuriacategoriesa"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTalbuminuriacategoriesa">TABLE 1. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Albuminuria Categories According to KDIGO Classification </p></div></div><p>Reduced kidney function is defined by GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>,
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and kidney failure by GFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (<a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTkidneyfunctioncategori">Table
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2</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.10" rid="kidneydisease.REF.10">10</a>).
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Accurate determination of GFR is best achieved by infusing special markers into
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the bloodstream that are filtered at the glomerulus, but not secreted or
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reabsorbed by the tubules (e.g., inulin, iothalamate, iohexol, or
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<sup>51</sup>Cr-EDTA), and measuring their disappearance from the blood or their
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appearance in the urine. Because such testing is laborious and expensive to use
|
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in large populations, the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) now recommends using
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the new CKD-EPI creatinine equation refit without the race variable to calculate
|
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the estimated GFR (eGFR) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.2" rid="kidneydisease.REF.2">2</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.3" rid="kidneydisease.REF.3">3</a>). An
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equation based on serum cystatin C, an endogenous filtration marker that is less
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influenced than serum creatinine by variations in muscle mass, diet, and tubular
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secretion or an equation that includes both serum creatinine and serum cystatin
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C may also be useful first-line tests (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.2" rid="kidneydisease.REF.2">2</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.3" rid="kidneydisease.REF.3">3</a>). Regardless of etiology, CKD is
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classified based on both albuminuria and eGFR categories. <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF1" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF1">Figure 1</a> shows the risk stratification of
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these stages for mortality, kidney, and cardiovascular outcomes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.10" rid="kidneydisease.REF.10">10</a>). </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTkidneyfunctioncategori"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 2. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTkidneyfunctioncategori"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTkidneyfunctioncategori">TABLE 2. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Kidney Function Categories According to KDIGO Classification </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF1" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF1"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 1. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF1" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image001.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image001.jpg" alt="Chart showing C K D classification based on albuminuria categories ranging from normal to severely increased and G F R categories ranging from normal to kidney failure" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF1"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F1"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF1">FIGURE 1. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Classification of Chronic Kidney Disease to Indicate Prognosis Based on
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the Combined Measures of Albuminuria and Estimated Glomerular Filtration
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Rate. CKD stages based on both albuminuria and GFR levels are indicated in each
|
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cell. Symbols rank adjusted <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF1">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>In persons with diabetes, CKD may or may not be caused by diabetes alone. In
|
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those with type 1 diabetes of ≥10 years duration, CKD should be
|
|
attributed to diabetes in the absence of other documented causes of kidney
|
|
disease (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.10" rid="kidneydisease.REF.10">10</a>). Among
|
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persons with type 2 diabetes in particular, an eye examination is a useful,
|
|
simple, and noninvasive test for differentiating between CKD caused by diabetes
|
|
or other causes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.18" rid="kidneydisease.REF.18">18</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.19" rid="kidneydisease.REF.19">19</a>). A
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meta-analysis of 2,012 pooled patients with diabetes and CKD indicated that
|
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diabetic retinopathy has a sensitivity of 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI]
|
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0.62–0.68) and specificity of 0.75 (95% CI 0.73–0.78) for CKD
|
|
due to diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.18" rid="kidneydisease.REF.18">18</a>).
|
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The presence of diabetic retinopathy in those with severe albuminuria is
|
|
strongly suggestive of diabetes as cause of CKD, whereas the absence of diabetic
|
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retinopathy in those with normal or moderate albuminuria and an eGFR <60
|
|
mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> suggests DKD due to other causes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.18" rid="kidneydisease.REF.18">18</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.20" rid="kidneydisease.REF.20">20</a>). Clinical biopsy studies show that
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|
nondiabetic morphologic changes are present in 3%–69.5% of patients with
|
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DKD, depending on the population characteristics and clinical profile, as
|
|
elaborated below.</p><p><a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF1" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF1">Figure 1</a> illustrates the
|
|
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD classification that
|
|
reflects prognosis based on the combined measures of eGFR and albuminuria (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.10" rid="kidneydisease.REF.10">10</a>). The risk associations
|
|
of GFR and albuminuria categories with renal, cardiovascular, and all-cause
|
|
mortality outcomes are reviewed in the following sections. For screening and
|
|
management of kidney disease in persons with diabetes, the NKF and ADA recommend
|
|
annual ACR screening starting at 5 years duration of type 1 diabetes and at
|
|
diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.10" rid="kidneydisease.REF.10">10</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.17" rid="kidneydisease.REF.17">17</a>).
|
|
Serum creatinine measurements and eGFR assessment are recommended at least
|
|
annually in adults with diabetes, regardless of ACR level. </p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Pathophysiology_and_Clinic"><h2 id="_kidneydisease_Pathophysiology_and_Clinic_">Pathophysiology and Clinical Course</h2><p>DKD typically progresses through a number of phases in which albumin or protein
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excretion increases, and GFR may rise and subsequently fall, sometimes
|
|
culminating in kidney failure (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF2" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF2">Figure 2</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.21" rid="kidneydisease.REF.21">21</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.22" rid="kidneydisease.REF.22">22</a>). A
|
|
diagram of the clinical progression of DKD and some of the factors contributing
|
|
to it is shown in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF3" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF3">Figure 3</a>
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.1" rid="kidneydisease.REF.1">1</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.23" rid="kidneydisease.REF.23">23</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.24" rid="kidneydisease.REF.24">24</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.25" rid="kidneydisease.REF.25">25</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.26" rid="kidneydisease.REF.26">26</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.27" rid="kidneydisease.REF.27">27</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.28" rid="kidneydisease.REF.28">28</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.29" rid="kidneydisease.REF.29">29</a>). The clinical manifestations of kidney
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|
disease are similar in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The major histologic
|
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changes of DKD and their relationships with kidney disease progression are
|
|
discussed in detail in the <i>Morphometry</i>
|
|
section.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF2" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF2"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 2. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF2" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image002.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image002.jpg" alt="Line graph showing G F R initially increases in persons with diagnosed diabetes then decreases potentially to E S R D, whereas albumin excretion rises throughout diabetes duration" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF2"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F2"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF2">FIGURE 2. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Outline of the Natural History of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Persons With
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Type 1 Diabetes. The figure is based on data from 20 men, all of whom developed
|
|
nephropathy. The time between the first examination and follow-up
|
|
averaged 12±3 years; not <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF2">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF3" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF3"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 3. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF3" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image003.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image003.jpg" alt="Flow chart showing clinical kidney disease progression throughout diabetes progression" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF3"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F3"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF3">FIGURE 3. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Risk Factors For and Clinical Course of Kidney Disease in Diabetes. The thick horizontal arrows represent the reversibility of albuminuria
|
|
with progressive kidney disease. BMI, body mass index; BP, blood
|
|
pressure; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; GFR, <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF3">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div id="kidneydisease.Albumin_Excretion"><h3>Albumin Excretion</h3><p>Urinary albumin excretion is usually within normal limits at the diagnosis of
|
|
type 1 diabetes, except when diabetic ketoacidosis is present, which may
|
|
contribute to both glomerular and tubular injury (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.30" rid="kidneydisease.REF.30">30</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.31" rid="kidneydisease.REF.31">31</a>). Moderate albuminuria in the early
|
|
years of diabetes is associated with poor metabolic control but is
|
|
frequently transitory (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.22" rid="kidneydisease.REF.22">22</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.32" rid="kidneydisease.REF.32">32</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.33" rid="kidneydisease.REF.33">33</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.34" rid="kidneydisease.REF.34">34</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.35" rid="kidneydisease.REF.35">35</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.36" rid="kidneydisease.REF.36">36</a>)
|
|
and rarely persistent in the first 5 years (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.37" rid="kidneydisease.REF.37">37</a>). With hypoglycemic and
|
|
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor
|
|
blocker (ARB) treatments, normalization of albuminuria occurs in 58% of
|
|
persons with type 1 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.38" rid="kidneydisease.REF.38">38</a>), whereas persistent regression
|
|
without treatment is observed in 16% (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.39" rid="kidneydisease.REF.39">39</a>). A1C <8% (<64
|
|
mmol/mol), systolic blood pressure <115 mmHg, low levels of both
|
|
total cholesterol (<198 mg/dL [<5.13 mmol/L]) and
|
|
triglycerides (<145 mg/dL [<1.64 mmol/L]), and greater
|
|
insulin sensitivity are associated with the regression of albuminuria (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.38" rid="kidneydisease.REF.38">38</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.40" rid="kidneydisease.REF.40">40</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.41" rid="kidneydisease.REF.41">41</a>). Persons with
|
|
persistent moderate albuminuria often progress to severe albuminuria (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.36" rid="kidneydisease.REF.36">36</a>) over a period of
|
|
10–20 years (3%–4% per year) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.39" rid="kidneydisease.REF.39">39</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.42" rid="kidneydisease.REF.42">42</a>), with hypertension and
|
|
proliferative retinopathy also developing with advancing disease. Once
|
|
severe albuminuria develops, albuminuria regression is less frequent (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.36" rid="kidneydisease.REF.36">36</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.43" rid="kidneydisease.REF.43">43</a>), and the eGFR
|
|
generally falls at a variable rate (2–20 mL/min/year) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.39" rid="kidneydisease.REF.39">39</a>). Other frequent
|
|
causes of transitory albuminuria include prolonged orthostatic position,
|
|
intense exercise, infections, and heart failure.</p><p>Because the onset of type 2 diabetes is more insidious and diagnosis is often
|
|
delayed, poor glycemic control and elevated blood pressure may be present
|
|
for several years before diagnosis, and therefore, albuminuria is frequently
|
|
present at diabetes diagnosis, even in youth-onset type 2 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.44" rid="kidneydisease.REF.44">44</a>). Approximately 3%
|
|
of newly diagnosed persons with type 2 diabetes have severe albuminuria
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.45" rid="kidneydisease.REF.45">45</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.46" rid="kidneydisease.REF.46">46</a>). The course of DKD
|
|
in type 2 diabetes is more heterogeneous than in persons with type 1
|
|
diabetes, in part reflecting a greater heterogeneity of kidney lesions due
|
|
to the relatively higher prevalence of nondiabetic kidney lesions, a
|
|
consequence of the older age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and more
|
|
frequent occurrence of other causes of CKD, such as hypertension and chronic
|
|
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.47" rid="kidneydisease.REF.47">47</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.48" rid="kidneydisease.REF.48">48</a>). About 25% of persons with type 2
|
|
diabetes have moderate albuminuria after 10 years, and 50% of those who
|
|
develop moderate albuminuria do so within 20 years of diagnosis (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.39" rid="kidneydisease.REF.39">39</a>). Compared with
|
|
adult-onset type 2 diabetes, youth-onset type 2 diabetes is associated with
|
|
a more aggressive phenotype of DKD. Indeed, 55% of young persons with type 2
|
|
diabetes develop moderate albuminuria within approximately 15 years of
|
|
diagnosis (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.44" rid="kidneydisease.REF.44">44</a>). </p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Glomerular_Hemodynamic_Fun"><h3>Glomerular Hemodynamic Function</h3><p>In healthy adults, the eGFR ranges from 90 to 140 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>,
|
|
is stable through mid-adult life, and declines by approximately 1
|
|
mL/min/year after age 50 years, with the onset of global kidney sclerosis
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.49" rid="kidneydisease.REF.49">49</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.50" rid="kidneydisease.REF.50">50</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.51" rid="kidneydisease.REF.51">51</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.52" rid="kidneydisease.REF.52">52</a>). The onset of
|
|
diabetes is associated with hemodynamic changes in the kidney circulation
|
|
that lead to increased renal plasma flow, glomerular capillary
|
|
hyperperfusion, and an increased glomerular transcapillary hydraulic
|
|
pressure gradient (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF4" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF4">Figures
|
|
4</a> and <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF5" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF5">5</a>)
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.53" rid="kidneydisease.REF.53">53</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.54" rid="kidneydisease.REF.54">54</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.55" rid="kidneydisease.REF.55">55</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.56" rid="kidneydisease.REF.56">56</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.57" rid="kidneydisease.REF.57">57</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.58" rid="kidneydisease.REF.58">58</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.59" rid="kidneydisease.REF.59">59</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF4" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF4"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 4. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF4" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image004.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image004.jpg" alt="Dot plot showing the distribution of G F R is higher in men with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes than men without diabetes" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF4"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F4"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF4">FIGURE 4. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Mean Glomerular Filtration Rate in Men With Newly Diagnosed Type 1
|
|
Diabetes and Without Diabetes. Subjects were 31 nondiabetic men and 11 men with newly diagnosed and
|
|
untreated type 1 diabetes; horizontal lines are mean ± standard
|
|
deviation. The <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF4">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF5" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF5"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 5. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF5" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image005.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image005.jpg" alt="Dot plots showing the distribution of G F R and the effective renal plasma flow are higher in persons with type 2 diabetes than persons without diabetes" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF5"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F5"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF5">FIGURE 5. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Glomerular Filtration Rate and Renal Plasma Flow in Persons With Type 2
|
|
Diabetes and Without Diabetes. GFR and effective renal plasma flow were measured in 110 persons with
|
|
type 2 diabetes and 32 persons without diabetes; mean values are shown
|
|
for each <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF5">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Glomerular capillary hypertension and the ensuing increase in filtration
|
|
pressure are partly responsible for the elevation of the eGFR, but various
|
|
other glomerular and tubular factors also influence the magnitude of the
|
|
hyperfiltration (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.60" rid="kidneydisease.REF.60">60</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.61" rid="kidneydisease.REF.61">61</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.62" rid="kidneydisease.REF.62">62</a>).
|
|
The prevalence of hyperfiltration, generally defined as an eGFR of at least
|
|
two standard deviations above the age- and sex-specific mean eGFR in persons
|
|
with normal glucose tolerance, varies from 40% to 60% in persons with type 1
|
|
diabetes and from 7% to 73% in those with type 2 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.26" rid="kidneydisease.REF.26">26</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.63" rid="kidneydisease.REF.63">63</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.64" rid="kidneydisease.REF.64">64</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.65" rid="kidneydisease.REF.65">65</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.66" rid="kidneydisease.REF.66">66</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.67" rid="kidneydisease.REF.67">67</a>). The large
|
|
variations in these estimates are attributed to differences in age, race and
|
|
ethnicity, body size, glycemic control (with hyperglycemia increasing
|
|
glycosuria and hyperfiltration), duration of diabetes, absence of diet
|
|
standardization, and methodologies used to measure and report kidney
|
|
function among different populations. In addition, simple single compartment
|
|
models of plasma disappearance curves will overestimate GFR, and other
|
|
methods are needed to accurately measure GFR and define its normal range.
|
|
Accordingly, the definition of whole-kidney hyperfiltration is arbitrary,
|
|
since whole-kidney eGFR is a product of single nephron filtration and
|
|
nephron mass, and the latter varies significantly among people (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.68" rid="kidneydisease.REF.68">68</a>). More recently,
|
|
filtration fractions or peak GFRs are explored in longitudinal studies to
|
|
better ascertain hyperfiltration. </p><p>Several investigators have reported a relationship between hyperfiltration
|
|
and the subsequent development of moderate albuminuria and progressive DKD
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.69" rid="kidneydisease.REF.69">69</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.70" rid="kidneydisease.REF.70">70</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.71" rid="kidneydisease.REF.71">71</a>), but others have
|
|
not (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.24" rid="kidneydisease.REF.24">24</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.25" rid="kidneydisease.REF.25">25</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.72" rid="kidneydisease.REF.72">72</a>). Hyperfiltration
|
|
may also reflect a generalized vascular dysfunction related to diabetes that
|
|
in turn predisposes to DKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.73" rid="kidneydisease.REF.73">73</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.74" rid="kidneydisease.REF.74">74</a>).
|
|
Innovative analyses have revealed distinct molecular pathomechanisms
|
|
contributing to the development of hyperfiltration, such as putative
|
|
ligand-receptor pairs and downstream intracellular targets linked to
|
|
cellular crosstalk between endothelial and mesangial cells (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.10" rid="kidneydisease.REF.10">10</a>). </p><p>After the initial elevation at onset of diabetes, the eGFR decreases to a
|
|
near-normal range in response to metabolic control in both type 1 and type 2
|
|
diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.75" rid="kidneydisease.REF.75">75</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.76" rid="kidneydisease.REF.76">76</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.77" rid="kidneydisease.REF.77">77</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.78" rid="kidneydisease.REF.78">78</a>) but usually not to
|
|
levels found in persons without diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.55" rid="kidneydisease.REF.55">55</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.78" rid="kidneydisease.REF.78">78</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.79" rid="kidneydisease.REF.79">79</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.80" rid="kidneydisease.REF.80">80</a>). In some, this reversal could
|
|
reflect the initiation of progressive kidney disease, as suggested by the
|
|
appearance of global glomerular sclerosis and the fall in single-nephron
|
|
filtration coefficient (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.81" rid="kidneydisease.REF.81">81</a>). In others, it could represent a purely functional change in
|
|
kidney hemodynamics associated with improvement in diabetes control or
|
|
simply the intrinsic variability in the eGFR in the absence of significant
|
|
histopathologic changes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.82" rid="kidneydisease.REF.82">82</a>). Distinguishing between these two potential causes of eGFR
|
|
decline requires either observation of the eGFR over a long period of time
|
|
to determine whether it plateaus, reverses direction, or continues to
|
|
decline to pathologic levels, or attention to other biomarkers, including
|
|
albuminuria.</p><p>Coincident with the initial elevation of the eGFR at the diagnosis of
|
|
diabetes is a slightly elevated urinary albumin excretion, although levels
|
|
in the moderate albuminuria range or above are usually seen only after
|
|
several years of diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.83" rid="kidneydisease.REF.83">83</a>). The eGFR in persons with moderate albuminuria is higher on
|
|
average than in those with normal urinary albumin excretion (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.84" rid="kidneydisease.REF.84">84</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.85" rid="kidneydisease.REF.85">85</a>). In those with
|
|
severe albuminuria, it is lower, although in persons with type 2 diabetes,
|
|
the eGFR may still be within the normal range (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.86" rid="kidneydisease.REF.86">86</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.87" rid="kidneydisease.REF.87">87</a>). Cross-sectional data suggest that
|
|
eGFR declines in persons with severe albuminuria, reflecting progressive
|
|
glomerulosclerosis and loss of filtration surface area. Longitudinal studies
|
|
confirm this hypothesis (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.88" rid="kidneydisease.REF.88">88</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.89" rid="kidneydisease.REF.89">89</a>).
|
|
The absence of albuminuria, however, does not preclude the presence of
|
|
progressive kidney damage (see the <i>Incidence of
|
|
Elevated Albuminuria</i> section) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.90" rid="kidneydisease.REF.90">90</a>).</p><p>Kidney hemodynamic alterations induced by hyperglycemia and hypertension are
|
|
believed to cause mechanical stretch and shear stress on endothelial cells
|
|
and the mesangium, activating complex biochemical pathways that increase
|
|
extracellular matrix production, hyperglycemia-induced injury, and podocyte
|
|
damage and loss. These alterations ultimately lead to defects in selective
|
|
glomerular capillary permeability, albuminuria, protein extravasation into
|
|
the glomerular mesangium, expansion of mesangial matrix, and
|
|
glomerulosclerosis (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.91" rid="kidneydisease.REF.91">91</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.92" rid="kidneydisease.REF.92">92</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.93" rid="kidneydisease.REF.93">93</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.94" rid="kidneydisease.REF.94">94</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.95" rid="kidneydisease.REF.95">95</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.96" rid="kidneydisease.REF.96">96</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.97" rid="kidneydisease.REF.97">97</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.98" rid="kidneydisease.REF.98">98</a>).
|
|
Trajectories of specific intraglomerular parameters estimated with the Gomez
|
|
equation (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.99" rid="kidneydisease.REF.99">99</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.100" rid="kidneydisease.REF.100">100</a>), namely the
|
|
balance in vascular resistance between the afferent and efferent arterioles
|
|
and the intraglomerular pressure, each predict incident kidney failure after
|
|
adjusting for kidney function and both parameters correlate with mesangial
|
|
fractional volume, a structural predictor of progressive DKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.4" rid="kidneydisease.REF.4">4</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.101" rid="kidneydisease.REF.101">101</a>). Integration of long-term eGFR
|
|
trajectories with morphometric and molecular analyses of research kidney
|
|
biopsies identified an endothelial stress response with concomitant
|
|
activation of downstream mesangial cell pathways associated with
|
|
hyperfiltration providing a potential link between hyperfiltration and
|
|
molecular pathways in the kidneys that lead to structural injury and
|
|
progressive DKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.5" rid="kidneydisease.REF.5">5</a>).</p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Morphometry"><h3>Morphometry</h3><p>The histologic changes in the kidneys of persons with type 1 diabetes and CKD
|
|
are well described, typically homogenous, and predict development of
|
|
elevated albuminuria, kidney failure, and cardiovascular death (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.102" rid="kidneydisease.REF.102">102</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.103" rid="kidneydisease.REF.103">103</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.104" rid="kidneydisease.REF.104">104</a>). On the other
|
|
hand, the kidney lesions underlying CKD in type 2 diabetes are more
|
|
heterogeneous (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.105" rid="kidneydisease.REF.105">105</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.106" rid="kidneydisease.REF.106">106</a>). Longitudinal studies suggest a relationship between kidney
|
|
lesions and eGFR decline (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.107" rid="kidneydisease.REF.107">107</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.108" rid="kidneydisease.REF.108">108</a>). This section reviews the morphometric characteristics of
|
|
DKD.</p><p>To appear in the urine, albumin must cross each layer of the glomerular
|
|
filtration barrier consisting of the endothelial surface layer, fenestrated
|
|
endothelial cells, glomerular basement membrane, and the glomerular
|
|
epithelial cells or podocytes. Elevated albuminuria is an early clinical
|
|
indicator of the destruction of the endothelial surface layer at the
|
|
glomerular level (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.109" rid="kidneydisease.REF.109">109</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.110" rid="kidneydisease.REF.110">110</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.111" rid="kidneydisease.REF.111">111</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.112" rid="kidneydisease.REF.112">112</a>), reduction in size and density of endothelial cell
|
|
fenestrations (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.113" rid="kidneydisease.REF.113">113</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.114" rid="kidneydisease.REF.114">114</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.115" rid="kidneydisease.REF.115">115</a>), and thickening of the basement membranes. Subsequent expansion
|
|
of the mesangium, consisting of mesangial cells and mesangial matrix, and
|
|
podocyte injury and detachment further increase albuminuria, decreasing the
|
|
available capillary filtration surface and leading to glomerulosclerosis. In
|
|
addition to the glomerular morphologic lesions, diabetes progressively
|
|
affects the kidney tubules, interstitium, and arterioles. </p><p>Glomerular basement membrane thickening strongly associates with albuminuria
|
|
and eGFR impairment, suggesting that it is a good marker of early DKD. This
|
|
alteration is followed by an increase in the mesangial volume per glomerulus
|
|
(fractional mesangial volume), which is correlated inversely with eGFR, and
|
|
positively with albuminuria and hypertension (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.65" rid="kidneydisease.REF.65">65</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.116" rid="kidneydisease.REF.116">116</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.117" rid="kidneydisease.REF.117">117</a>), and is therefore a strong
|
|
predictor of progressive kidney dysfunction (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF6" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF6">Figure 6</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.118" rid="kidneydisease.REF.118">118</a>). Virtually all persons with type
|
|
1 diabetes and advanced kidney disease have markedly thickened glomerular
|
|
basement membrane and diffuse mesangial expansion. About 25% of persons with
|
|
>10 years of diabetes duration present with Kimmelstiel-Wilson
|
|
nodules, which are rounded, paucicellular, lamellated accumulations of
|
|
mesangial matrix at the periphery of the glomerulus (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.119" rid="kidneydisease.REF.119">119</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.120" rid="kidneydisease.REF.120">120</a>). Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions
|
|
associate with longer diabetes duration, higher serum creatinine, and more
|
|
severe diabetic retinopathy (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.121" rid="kidneydisease.REF.121">121</a>). Mesangial expansion changes the
|
|
architecture of the glomerular tuft, restricts the cellular component,
|
|
distorts and occludes glomerular capillaries, decreasing the available
|
|
capillary filtration surface and contributing to the decline in kidney
|
|
function. Glomerular hypertrophy may compensate for the loss of filtration
|
|
surface area, providing a means by which the eGFR is maintained in
|
|
progressive kidney disease (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.122" rid="kidneydisease.REF.122">122</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF6" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF6"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 6. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF6" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image006.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image006.jpg" alt="Dot plot showing glomerular basement membrane width and fractional mesangial volume lower in normoalbuminuric persons than those with moderate albuminuria and proteinuria" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF6"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F6"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF6">FIGURE 6. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Glomerular Basement Membrane and Fractional Mesangial Volume by
|
|
Albuminuria in Persons With Type 1 Diabetes. GBM width and Vv(Mes/glom) in 88 normoalbuminuric (NA), 17 moderately
|
|
albuminuric (MA), and 19 proteinuric (P) persons with type 1 diabetes.
|
|
Normoalbuminuria <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF6">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Podocyte injury appears to play an essential role in the progression of DKD.
|
|
The podocyte, with its extended foot processes, provides structural support
|
|
for the glomerular capillaries, as well as hydraulic resistance, and
|
|
prevents the escape of proteins into the urinary space (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.123" rid="kidneydisease.REF.123">123</a>). With glomerular
|
|
hypertrophy, the podocytes, which have a limited proliferative potential
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.124" rid="kidneydisease.REF.124">124</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.125" rid="kidneydisease.REF.125">125</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.126" rid="kidneydisease.REF.126">126</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.127" rid="kidneydisease.REF.127">127</a>), stretch their
|
|
foot processes more broadly to maintain coverage of the expanded glomerular
|
|
basement membrane, a compensatory mechanism believed to influence their
|
|
functional integrity (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.128" rid="kidneydisease.REF.128">128</a>). In addition, glomerular endothelial cell dysfunction,
|
|
which precedes podocyte injury (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.121" rid="kidneydisease.REF.121">121</a>), appears to contribute to the
|
|
latter through several mechanisms, including protein overload and toxicity
|
|
at the podocyte level due to saturation of clearance mechanisms (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.129" rid="kidneydisease.REF.129">129</a>), increased shear
|
|
stress (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.110" rid="kidneydisease.REF.110">110</a>),
|
|
decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and activity
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.130" rid="kidneydisease.REF.130">130</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.131" rid="kidneydisease.REF.131">131</a>), and production
|
|
of cytokines, proteoglycans, and growth factors (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.113" rid="kidneydisease.REF.113">113</a>). Podocytes are known to absorb
|
|
excess albumin arriving in the surrounding urinary space, and this increased
|
|
workload may initiate inflammatory signaling and contribute to changes in
|
|
podocyte-associated molecules and foot process effacement (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.132" rid="kidneydisease.REF.132">132</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.133" rid="kidneydisease.REF.133">133</a>). Sustained
|
|
mechanical stress and glomerular hypertension may ultimately lead to
|
|
podocyte detachment and loss in the urine, leaving areas of bare glomerular
|
|
basement membrane that further enhance loss of protein (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF7" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF7">Figure 7</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.115" rid="kidneydisease.REF.115">115</a>). These denuded areas may
|
|
initiate glomerular-tubular junction abnormalities and focal or global
|
|
glomerular sclerosis (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.134" rid="kidneydisease.REF.134">134</a>). In persons with either type 1 (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.135" rid="kidneydisease.REF.135">135</a>) or type 2 (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.115" rid="kidneydisease.REF.115">115</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.136" rid="kidneydisease.REF.136">136</a>) diabetes, podocyte changes may
|
|
occur even before the increase in ACR, suggesting that diabetes itself may
|
|
induce podocyte alterations. In a study of persons with type 2 diabetes,
|
|
moderate albuminuria was associated with 20% and severe albuminuria with 40%
|
|
podocyte loss relative to normal albuminuria (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.128" rid="kidneydisease.REF.128">128</a>). Moreover, individuals with
|
|
moderate albuminuria had a 35% decline in the number of podocytes per
|
|
glomerulus, and one-half of them progressed to severe albuminuria during 4
|
|
years of follow-up (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.81" rid="kidneydisease.REF.81">81</a>). Similarly, a lower number of podocytes and changes in the
|
|
shape of the remaining podocytes were found in persons with type 2 diabetes
|
|
and elevated albuminuria when compared with those with normal levels of
|
|
albuminuria and similar fractional mesangial volume, indicating that changes
|
|
in podocyte structure and density occur early during DKD and contribute to
|
|
albuminuria. Other cross-sectional and experimental studies have reported
|
|
similar findings (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.126" rid="kidneydisease.REF.126">126</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.137" rid="kidneydisease.REF.137">137</a>). Some data suggest a repair mechanism via recruitment of
|
|
parietal epithelial cells that is overwhelmed when podocyte loss exceeds a
|
|
modest threshold (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.138" rid="kidneydisease.REF.138">138</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.139" rid="kidneydisease.REF.139">139</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.140" rid="kidneydisease.REF.140">140</a>). Consequently, significant damage to the podocytes is a
|
|
potential starting point for irreversible glomerular injury in DKD.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF7" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF7"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F7/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 7. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF7" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF7"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image007.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image007.jpg" alt="Picture showing local podocyte detachment in peripheral glomerular capillaries in a Pima Indian with type 2 diabetes " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF7"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F7"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF7">FIGURE 7. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Peripheral Glomerular Capillaries From Pima Indians With Type 2
|
|
Diabetes. Transmission electron microscopy, x 11,280. Panel A: Intact podocyte foot
|
|
processes (P) attached to glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Panel B:
|
|
Local podocyte detachment (PD) and <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF7">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>In contrast with mesangial expansion, expansion of the interstitium, i.e.,
|
|
the intertubular, extraglomerular, extravascular space of the kidneys,
|
|
primarily involves a cellular component represented by T lymphocytes and
|
|
macrophages that infiltrate the interstitium, with subsequent fibrosis and
|
|
declining kidney function (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.141" rid="kidneydisease.REF.141">141</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.142" rid="kidneydisease.REF.142">142</a>). Efferent and afferent arteriolar hyalinosis, consisting of
|
|
intramural accumulations of plasma proteins and lipids within kidney
|
|
arterioles, may occur within a few years of diabetes onset (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.116" rid="kidneydisease.REF.116">116</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.143" rid="kidneydisease.REF.143">143</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.144" rid="kidneydisease.REF.144">144</a>). Although
|
|
afferent arteriolar hyalinosis is a less specific diabetic lesion, both
|
|
lesions are associated with elevated albuminuria and progression of kidney
|
|
disease. Similar exudative lesions may occur in the glomerular capillaries
|
|
(hyalinosis), Bowman’s capsule (capsular drops) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.145" rid="kidneydisease.REF.145">145</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.146" rid="kidneydisease.REF.146">146</a>), or proximal
|
|
convoluted tubules and are generally associated with advanced DKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.116" rid="kidneydisease.REF.116">116</a>). </p><p>Advanced DKD is characterized by a marked reduction in the number of
|
|
functioning glomeruli and further compensatory enlargement of those that
|
|
remain functional. This stage is associated with a markedly reduced
|
|
eGFR.</p><p>The intra- and extraglomerular morphologic changes described in this section
|
|
progress at variable rates. Nonetheless, in one study, glomerular structural
|
|
lesions explained 95% of the variability in albuminuria and 78% of eGFR
|
|
variability (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.118" rid="kidneydisease.REF.118">118</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.147" rid="kidneydisease.REF.147">147</a>). The latter percentage increased to 92% by adding indices of
|
|
glomerular-tubular junction abnormalities and interstitial expansion to the
|
|
regression models (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.147" rid="kidneydisease.REF.147">147</a>).</p><p>Albuminuria, however, is neither a sensitive nor specific early biomarker of
|
|
progression to kidney failure, and the absence of albuminuria does not
|
|
exclude the presence of relatively advanced diabetic kidney lesions and
|
|
progressive kidney damage (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.148" rid="kidneydisease.REF.148">148</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.149" rid="kidneydisease.REF.149">149</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.150" rid="kidneydisease.REF.150">150</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.151" rid="kidneydisease.REF.151">151</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.152" rid="kidneydisease.REF.152">152</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.153" rid="kidneydisease.REF.153">153</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.154" rid="kidneydisease.REF.154">154</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.155" rid="kidneydisease.REF.155">155</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.156" rid="kidneydisease.REF.156">156</a>). New biomarkers of DKD appear to have additional prognostic
|
|
information beyond that provided by albuminuria. These markers include
|
|
kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP),
|
|
N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), neutrophil gelatinase-associated
|
|
lipocalin (NGAL) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.157" rid="kidneydisease.REF.157">157</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.158" rid="kidneydisease.REF.158">158</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.159" rid="kidneydisease.REF.159">159</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.160" rid="kidneydisease.REF.160">160</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.161" rid="kidneydisease.REF.161">161</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.162" rid="kidneydisease.REF.162">162</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.163" rid="kidneydisease.REF.163">163</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.164" rid="kidneydisease.REF.164">164</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.165" rid="kidneydisease.REF.165">165</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.166" rid="kidneydisease.REF.166">166</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.167" rid="kidneydisease.REF.167">167</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.168" rid="kidneydisease.REF.168">168</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.169" rid="kidneydisease.REF.169">169</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.170" rid="kidneydisease.REF.170">170</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.171" rid="kidneydisease.REF.171">171</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.172" rid="kidneydisease.REF.172">172</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.173" rid="kidneydisease.REF.173">173</a>), β-trace protein, β<sub>2</sub>-microglobulin
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.174" rid="kidneydisease.REF.174">174</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.175" rid="kidneydisease.REF.175">175</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.176" rid="kidneydisease.REF.176">176</a>), and tumor
|
|
necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.177" rid="kidneydisease.REF.177">177</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.178" rid="kidneydisease.REF.178">178</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.179" rid="kidneydisease.REF.179">179</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.180" rid="kidneydisease.REF.180">180</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.181" rid="kidneydisease.REF.181">181</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.182" rid="kidneydisease.REF.182">182</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.183" rid="kidneydisease.REF.183">183</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.184" rid="kidneydisease.REF.184">184</a>). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
|
|
receptor 1 and receptor 2 consistently enhance the discrimination of the
|
|
survival models for kidney failure beyond that achievable by the clinically
|
|
recognized risk factors in persons with type 1 or type 2 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.177" rid="kidneydisease.REF.177">177</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.178" rid="kidneydisease.REF.178">178</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.179" rid="kidneydisease.REF.179">179</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.180" rid="kidneydisease.REF.180">180</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.181" rid="kidneydisease.REF.181">181</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.182" rid="kidneydisease.REF.182">182</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.183" rid="kidneydisease.REF.183">183</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.184" rid="kidneydisease.REF.184">184</a>). Evaluation of
|
|
other biomarkers in relation to DKD often shows conflicting results (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.157" rid="kidneydisease.REF.157">157</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.158" rid="kidneydisease.REF.158">158</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.159" rid="kidneydisease.REF.159">159</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.160" rid="kidneydisease.REF.160">160</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.161" rid="kidneydisease.REF.161">161</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.162" rid="kidneydisease.REF.162">162</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.163" rid="kidneydisease.REF.163">163</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.164" rid="kidneydisease.REF.164">164</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.165" rid="kidneydisease.REF.165">165</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.166" rid="kidneydisease.REF.166">166</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.167" rid="kidneydisease.REF.167">167</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.168" rid="kidneydisease.REF.168">168</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.169" rid="kidneydisease.REF.169">169</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.170" rid="kidneydisease.REF.170">170</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.171" rid="kidneydisease.REF.171">171</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.172" rid="kidneydisease.REF.172">172</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.173" rid="kidneydisease.REF.173">173</a>). This may be due
|
|
to differences in study design, inclusion of persons without diabetes, use
|
|
of surrogate or composite outcomes, or incomplete covariate adjustment in
|
|
risk models (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.173" rid="kidneydisease.REF.173">173</a>).
|
|
Nevertheless, combinations of biomarkers may enhance our ability to predict
|
|
progressive DKD. A signature of 17 circulating inflammatory proteins
|
|
enriched in tumor necrosis factor-receptor superfamily members, for example,
|
|
was strongly associated with the 10-year risk of kidney failure in both type
|
|
1 and type 2 diabetes and in those with early and advanced stages of DKD
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.185" rid="kidneydisease.REF.185">185</a>).</p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Selective_Glomerular_Perme"><h3>Selective Glomerular Permeability</h3><p>The glomerular capillary wall serves as a filter that discriminates among
|
|
molecules on the basis of size, electrical charge, and configuration.
|
|
Studies of glomerular filtrate collected by micropuncture or narrow size
|
|
fractioning of exogenous polymers, such as dextran, indicate that
|
|
albuminuria is primarily the result of impairment of the electrostatic
|
|
barrier within the glomerulus, consequent to a decrease in endothelial cell
|
|
glycocalyx (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.186" rid="kidneydisease.REF.186">186</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.187" rid="kidneydisease.REF.187">187</a>) and heparan sulfate content of the glomerular basement membrane
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.188" rid="kidneydisease.REF.188">188</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.189" rid="kidneydisease.REF.189">189</a>), and by changes
|
|
in size selectivity across the glomerular capillary wall (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF8" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF8">Figure 8</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.64" rid="kidneydisease.REF.64">64</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.190" rid="kidneydisease.REF.190">190</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.191" rid="kidneydisease.REF.191">191</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.192" rid="kidneydisease.REF.192">192</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.193" rid="kidneydisease.REF.193">193</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.194" rid="kidneydisease.REF.194">194</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.195" rid="kidneydisease.REF.195">195</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.196" rid="kidneydisease.REF.196">196</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.197" rid="kidneydisease.REF.197">197</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.198" rid="kidneydisease.REF.198">198</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.199" rid="kidneydisease.REF.199">199</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.200" rid="kidneydisease.REF.200">200</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.201" rid="kidneydisease.REF.201">201</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.202" rid="kidneydisease.REF.202">202</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.203" rid="kidneydisease.REF.203">203</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.204" rid="kidneydisease.REF.204">204</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.205" rid="kidneydisease.REF.205">205</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.206" rid="kidneydisease.REF.206">206</a>). </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF8" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF8"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F8/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 8. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF8" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF8"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image008.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image008.jpg" alt="Line graph showing the fractional dextran clearance decreases with increasing dextran radius similarly for people with and without diabetes" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF8"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F8"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF8">FIGURE 8. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Fractional Dextran Clearance Profile in Pima Indians With and Without
|
|
Type 2 Diabetes. The figure compares the fractional dextran clearance profile in persons
|
|
with type 2 diabetes and those with normal glucose tolerance. Fractional
|
|
dextran clearances <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF8">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>A comparison of the mean dextran sieving profiles in 43 Pima Indians with
|
|
type 2 diabetes and initially moderate albuminuria, who were followed for up
|
|
to 8 years, showed no difference in the size selectivity of the glomerular
|
|
filtration barrier between participants with moderate albuminuria and
|
|
participants with long-term normal albuminuria (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.207" rid="kidneydisease.REF.207">207</a>). However, participants with
|
|
severe albuminuria after 4 years of follow-up had a significantly higher
|
|
fractional clearance of the large-radius test molecules than
|
|
normoalbuminuric controls, with a reduction at the low-radius end, as shown
|
|
in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF9" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF9">Figure 9</a>. When the
|
|
macromolecular shunt was analyzed as a function of albuminuria, an abrupt
|
|
transition was apparent at an ACR of approximately 3,000 mg/g (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF10" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF10">Figure 10</a>), whereas the
|
|
contribution of the shunt in the moderate albuminuria range was very modest.
|
|
These data suggest that permselectivity defects in the glomerular filtration
|
|
barrier have little or no role in the development of moderate albuminuria.
|
|
By contrast, a primary contributor to severe albuminuria is the shunt
|
|
resulting from the presence of large pores within the glomerular capillary
|
|
wall through which plasma proteins can easily pass (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.208" rid="kidneydisease.REF.208">208</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.209" rid="kidneydisease.REF.209">209</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.210" rid="kidneydisease.REF.210">210</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.211" rid="kidneydisease.REF.211">211</a>). Morphometric data in
|
|
participants with severe albuminuria identified a significant correlation
|
|
between the shunt magnitude and podocyte foot process width (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF11" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF11">Figure 11</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.207" rid="kidneydisease.REF.207">207</a>), which was not
|
|
discernible in participants with moderate albuminuria. A similar
|
|
size-selectivity defect has been reported in type 1 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.203" rid="kidneydisease.REF.203">203</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.208" rid="kidneydisease.REF.208">208</a>). These findings
|
|
are consistent with the view that permselectivity defects responsible for
|
|
increased albumin excretion may be focal and likely due to podocyte foot
|
|
process effacement and simplification and, possibly, to defective
|
|
intercellular junctions (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.212" rid="kidneydisease.REF.212">212</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF9" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF9"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F9/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 9. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF9" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF9"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image009.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image009.jpg" alt="Line graph showing people with albuminuria, compared to those with normal albumin, have a higher dextran sieving coefficient among large-radius molecules but not at the low-radius end" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF9"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F9"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF9">FIGURE 9. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Dextran Sieving Curves in Pima Indians With Type 2 Diabetes. Sieving coefficients were measured in 31 persons with diabetes and severe
|
|
albuminuria at 48 months follow-up (▵) and 11 controls with
|
|
diabetes and long-term normoalbuminuria (○). <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF9">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF10" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF10"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F10/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 10. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF10" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF10"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image010.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image010.jpg" alt="Line graph showing an increase in shunt magnitude at higher levels of fractional clearance of albumin and albumin-to-creatinine ratio" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF10"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F10"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF10">FIGURE 10. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Graph of the Shunt Magnitude as a Function of Albuminuria. The shunt magnitude parameter (ω<sub>0</sub>) as a function of
|
|
albuminuria, as reflected by (Panel A) the fractional clearance of
|
|
albumin and (Panel B) the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (A/C), <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF10">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF11" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF11"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F11/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 11. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF11" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF11"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image011.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image011.jpg" alt="Line graph showing that shunt magnitude increases at higher levels of foot process width" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF11"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F11"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF11">FIGURE 11. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Relationship Between Shunt Magnitude and Mean Podocyte Foot Process
|
|
Width. Shunt magnitude (ω<sub>0</sub>) and mean foot process width in 10
|
|
persons with severe albuminuria who had kidney biopsies. </p></div></div><p>Subsequent studies using high-quality imaging techniques confirm that
|
|
glomerular filtration barrier permeability to macromolecules is largely
|
|
restricted to areas of podocyte damage (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.213" rid="kidneydisease.REF.213">213</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.214" rid="kidneydisease.REF.214">214</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.215" rid="kidneydisease.REF.215">215</a>). </p></div></div><div id="kidneydisease.Elevated_Albuminuria"><h2 id="_kidneydisease_Elevated_Albuminuria_">Elevated Albuminuria</h2><p>As noted earlier in this review, urinary albumin excretion is often increased at
|
|
diagnosis of both types of diabetes but frequently returns to normal with the
|
|
institution of glycemic control (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.22" rid="kidneydisease.REF.22">22</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.32" rid="kidneydisease.REF.32">32</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.33" rid="kidneydisease.REF.33">33</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.34" rid="kidneydisease.REF.34">34</a>). Persistent albuminuria at the onset
|
|
of type 2 diabetes, however, may reflect diabetes that has remained undiagnosed
|
|
for years (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.34" rid="kidneydisease.REF.34">34</a>) or the
|
|
presence of kidney disease unrelated to diabetes, since other kidney diseases
|
|
are common at the ages when type 2 diabetes typically develops. On the other
|
|
hand, elevated albuminuria is found in persons with impaired glucose tolerance
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.216" rid="kidneydisease.REF.216">216</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.217" rid="kidneydisease.REF.217">217</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.218" rid="kidneydisease.REF.218">218</a>), raising the possibility that
|
|
hyperglycemia, even at levels below those diagnostic of diabetes, is sometimes
|
|
associated with kidney abnormalities. Treatment with ACE inhibitors or ARBs at
|
|
the highest tolerated dose is recommended in individuals with albuminuria,
|
|
diabetes, and hypertension to slow decline in kidney function. The addition of
|
|
SGLT2 inhibitors is also recommended in patients with type 2 diabetes, DKD, and
|
|
an eGFR ≥20 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>. MRAs in addition to ACE/ARBs and
|
|
SGLT2 inhibitors further reduce albuminuria and kidney disease progression, as
|
|
discussed in the <i>Treatment of Diabetes-Related Kidney
|
|
Disease</i> section of this review (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.10" rid="kidneydisease.REF.10">10</a>).</p><div id="kidneydisease.Prevalence_of_Elevated_Alb"><h3>Prevalence of Elevated Albuminuria </h3><p>The prevalence of elevated albuminuria defined as ACR ≥30 mg/g in the
|
|
U.S. adult population age ≥20 years with self-reported diabetes was
|
|
35.5%, 32.7%, 30.4%, 27.9%, and 31.5% based on one-time random spot urine
|
|
measurements collected for the NHANES 1988–1994, 1999–2004,
|
|
2005–2010, 2011–2016, and 2017–2020, respectively
|
|
(<a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofchronicki">Table 3</a>). When measured in a first morning void sample, the
|
|
prevalence of ACR ≥30 mg/g in NHANES 2009–2010 participants
|
|
with self-reported diabetes was 15.7% (95% CI 12.3%–19.0%) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.219" rid="kidneydisease.REF.219">219</a>), prevalence of
|
|
moderate albuminuria (ACR 30–299 mg/g) was 11.9% (95% CI
|
|
9.7%–14.4%), and the prevalence of severe albuminuria (ACR
|
|
≥300 mg/g) was 3.8% (95% CI 2.2%–6.4%). These estimates were
|
|
significantly lower than the 24.1% prevalence (95% CI 19.8%–28.2%)
|
|
of ACR ≥30 mg/g obtained from a random spot urine in the same
|
|
population (prevalence of moderate albuminuria 19.3%, 95% CI
|
|
16.0%–23.1%, and severe albuminuria 4.8%, 95% CI 3.1%–7.4%).
|
|
Prevalence of elevated ACR was significantly lower in the NHANES
|
|
2009–2010 population without diabetes (6.2%, 95% CI
|
|
4.9%–7.5%, in random urine samples; 3.7%, 95% CI 2.9%–4.5%,
|
|
in first morning voids) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.219" rid="kidneydisease.REF.219">219</a>). As mentioned in the <i>Definition,
|
|
Measurements, and Classification</i> section, ACR measurement in
|
|
first morning urine is a more reliable indicator of albumin excretion, since
|
|
it correlates better with the 24-hour AER than the ACR measured in random
|
|
spot urine. This finding suggests that ACR measurements based on single
|
|
random spot urine specimens—the standard measurement in the
|
|
NHANES—likely overestimate the frequency of elevated ACR in the
|
|
general population (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.220" rid="kidneydisease.REF.220">220</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.221" rid="kidneydisease.REF.221">221</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.222" rid="kidneydisease.REF.222">222</a>). </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofchronicki"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 3. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofchronicki"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofchronicki">TABLE 3. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (eGFR and ACR) in Adults Age
|
|
≥20 Years, by Age, Sex, Race and Ethnicity, and Risk Factor
|
|
Categories, U.S., 1988–2020 </p></div></div><p>Because of the high intraindividual variation of ACR, both NKF and ADA
|
|
guidelines (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.10" rid="kidneydisease.REF.10">10</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.17" rid="kidneydisease.REF.17">17</a>) recommend
|
|
confirmation of elevated albuminuria in a repeat measurement—either
|
|
first morning void or random urine sample. The prevalence of persistent
|
|
albuminuria, defined as elevated ACR in two consecutive random urine
|
|
measurements within 2 weeks, was 15.9% in adults with diabetes (defined by
|
|
A1C ≥6.5% [≥48 mmol/mol] or use of glucose-lowering
|
|
medicines) in the NHANES 2009–2014, lower than the 20.8% prevalence
|
|
in the NHANES III (1988–1994) (age, sex, and race and ethnicity
|
|
adjusted prevalence ratio 0.76, 95% CI 0.65–0.89) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.223" rid="kidneydisease.REF.223">223</a>). This overall
|
|
change was due to lower albuminuria prevalence in adults age <65
|
|
years and non-Hispanic White adults over time. By contrast, the prevalence
|
|
of a low eGFR increased during the same time in the overall population with
|
|
diabetes. Updated trends in albuminuria and an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73
|
|
m<sup>2</sup> in the general U.S. population with diabetes are shown by
|
|
age group in <a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofalbuminuri">Table 4</a> and by
|
|
race and ethnicity in <a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofalbuminuri1">Table 5</a>. Based
|
|
on the race-agnostic eGFR, the prevalence of a low eGFR in the U.S.
|
|
population with diabetes has increased over time among non-Hispanic White
|
|
adults. Compared with non-Hispanic White adults, the prevalence of a low
|
|
eGFR was higher among non-Hispanic Black adults and lower among Mexican
|
|
American adults but remained level in these two populations during the same
|
|
time period (<a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofalbuminuri1">Table 5</a>). </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofalbuminuri"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 4. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofalbuminuri"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofalbuminuri">TABLE 4. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Prevalence of Albuminuria and Decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate in
|
|
Adults Age ≥20 Years With Diabetes, by Age and Time Period,
|
|
U.S., 1988–2020 </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofalbuminuri1"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 5. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofalbuminuri1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofalbuminuri1">TABLE 5. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Prevalence of Albuminuria and Decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate in
|
|
Adults Age ≥20 Years With Diabetes, by Race and Ethnicity and
|
|
Time Period, U.S., 1988–2020 </p></div></div><p>By design, the NHANES does not differentiate the type of diabetes, and
|
|
results in the adult population with self-reported diabetes largely reflect
|
|
the experience of persons with type 2 diabetes. In a new analysis of NHANES
|
|
2011–2020 data conducted for <i>Diabetes in
|
|
America,</i> the prevalence of DKD by type of diabetes was
|
|
estimated using a published algorithm (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.224" rid="kidneydisease.REF.224">224</a>) to define persons with type 1
|
|
diabetes (<a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTcrudeprevalenceofchro">Table 6</a>). Results
|
|
showed a higher prevalence of DKD in those with type 2 diabetes than in
|
|
those with type 1 diabetes, regardless of sex or race and ethnicity. For
|
|
both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, DKD prevalence was higher with age and was
|
|
higher in non-Hispanic Black than in non-Hispanic White persons. DKD was
|
|
also more frequent in persons with hypertension or CVD, regardless of type
|
|
of diabetes.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTcrudeprevalenceofchro"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 6. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTcrudeprevalenceofchro"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTcrudeprevalenceofchro">TABLE 6. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Crude Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults Age ≥20
|
|
Years, by Type of Diabetes, U.S., 2011–2020 </p></div></div><p>A cross-sectional, clinic-based study of 24,151 patients from 33 countries
|
|
worldwide with type 2 diabetes, mean diabetes duration of 8 years, and
|
|
without previously known albuminuria found overall prevalences of moderate
|
|
and severe albuminuria of 39% and 10%, respectively (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.225" rid="kidneydisease.REF.225">225</a>). Compared with White patients,
|
|
who had the lowest prevalence of albuminuria, Asian and Hispanic patients
|
|
had nearly twice the odds of albuminuria (adjusted odds ratios [OR] 1.8, 95%
|
|
CI 1.59–1.97, and OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.47–1.94, respectively).
|
|
African patients were younger and had shorter known duration of diabetes
|
|
than other racial and ethnic groups, but the odds of albuminuria were
|
|
1.5-fold higher than in White patients (95% CI 1.20–1.83), who had
|
|
the lowest A1C levels and the highest frequency of antihypertensive,
|
|
lipid-lowering, and anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication usage. Among
|
|
Pima Indians with type 2 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.217" rid="kidneydisease.REF.217">217</a>), 26% had moderate albuminuria
|
|
and 21% had severe albuminuria, and in the population on the Western Pacific
|
|
island of Nauru (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.218" rid="kidneydisease.REF.218">218</a>), 41% had moderate albuminuria and 31% had severe
|
|
albuminuria. In an observational cohort in Japan, 25% had moderate
|
|
albuminuria and 5% had severe albuminuria (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.226" rid="kidneydisease.REF.226">226</a>), while among primary care
|
|
patients with type 2 diabetes in Singapore, 14.2% had moderate albuminuria
|
|
and 5.7% had severe albuminuria (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.227" rid="kidneydisease.REF.227">227</a>). <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF12" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF12">Figure 12</a> shows the prevalence of
|
|
moderate and severe albuminuria in Pima Indians according to duration of
|
|
diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.217" rid="kidneydisease.REF.217">217</a>).
|
|
Although different methods and definitions of albuminuria were employed in
|
|
these studies, other factors must be invoked to explain the large
|
|
differences in the prevalence of elevated albuminuria in these different
|
|
groups, including access to care, delays in the diagnosis of diabetes,
|
|
differences in blood pressure and metabolic control, diet, and perhaps
|
|
genetic susceptibility to DKD.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF12" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF12"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F12/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 12. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF12" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF12"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image012.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image012.jpg" alt="Bar graph showing the prevalence of albuminuria increases with longer duration of type 2 diabetes" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF12"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F12"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF12">FIGURE 12. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Prevalence of Elevated Urinary Albumin Excretion in Pima Indians, by
|
|
Duration of Diabetes, 1982–1988. Moderate albuminuria is defined as 31–299 mg/24 hours and severe
|
|
albuminuria as ≥300 mg/24 hours.</p></div></div></div><div id="kidneydisease.Incidence_of_Elevated_Albu"><h3>Incidence of Elevated Albuminuria </h3><p>Moderate albuminuria predicts the development of severe albuminuria in
|
|
persons with type 1 (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.228" rid="kidneydisease.REF.228">228</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.229" rid="kidneydisease.REF.229">229</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.230" rid="kidneydisease.REF.230">230</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.231" rid="kidneydisease.REF.231">231</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.232" rid="kidneydisease.REF.232">232</a>) or type 2 (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.233" rid="kidneydisease.REF.233">233</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.234" rid="kidneydisease.REF.234">234</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.235" rid="kidneydisease.REF.235">235</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.236" rid="kidneydisease.REF.236">236</a>) diabetes. In persons with type 1 diabetes, persistent
|
|
albuminuria rarely develops in the first 10 years after diagnosis (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.237" rid="kidneydisease.REF.237">237</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.238" rid="kidneydisease.REF.238">238</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.239" rid="kidneydisease.REF.239">239</a>). The rate of
|
|
progression to severe albuminuria is highest between 10 and 20 years
|
|
duration of diabetes, and subsequently, the incidence rate declines (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.142" rid="kidneydisease.REF.142">142</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.240" rid="kidneydisease.REF.240">240</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.241" rid="kidneydisease.REF.241">241</a>). In the Diabetes
|
|
Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), the cumulative incidence of
|
|
persistent moderate albuminuria was 14%, 33%, and 38% at 10-, 20-, and
|
|
30-years duration of diabetes, respectively, among persons assigned to
|
|
conventional treatment (mean A1C 9.6% [81 mmol/mol] at the time of incident
|
|
albuminuria), which was higher than among those in the intensive treatment
|
|
arm (10%, 21%, 25%, respectively; mean A1C 8.9% [74 mmol/mol] at the time of
|
|
incident albuminuria). In 325 participants with incident moderate
|
|
albuminuria who were followed for up to 23 years, the 10-year cumulative
|
|
incidence was 28% for severe albuminuria, 15% for impaired eGFR (<60
|
|
mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> at two consecutive study visits), and 4% for
|
|
kidney failure (initiation of dialysis or kidney transplant) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.35" rid="kidneydisease.REF.35">35</a>). The 10-year
|
|
cumulative incidence of regression from persistent microalbuminuria to
|
|
normoalbuminuria was also common, at 40%. Lower levels of A1C, blood
|
|
pressure, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides and
|
|
absence of retinopathy were associated with reduced risk of kidney disease
|
|
progression. </p><p>In persons with type 2 diabetes, the incidence of albuminuria in relation to
|
|
diabetes duration is more difficult to characterize because of the
|
|
uncertainty in dating the true onset of diabetes in most studies. No
|
|
relationship between duration of type 2 diabetes and the incidence of
|
|
proteinuria was found in the Mayo Clinic population in Rochester, Minnesota
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.242" rid="kidneydisease.REF.242">242</a>), whereas
|
|
in Wisconsin (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.243" rid="kidneydisease.REF.243">243</a>),
|
|
a relationship between diabetes duration and incidence of proteinuria was
|
|
stronger in persons who received insulin than in those who did not. In Pima
|
|
Indians, in whom the duration of type 2 diabetes is known with greater
|
|
accuracy because of systematic periodic oral glucose tolerance testing in
|
|
the population, the age-sex-adjusted incidence of proteinuria, defined as
|
|
urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio ≥0.5 g/g, was strongly related
|
|
to duration of diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.244" rid="kidneydisease.REF.244">244</a>). </p><p>A secular decline in the incidence of DKD has been described in type 1
|
|
diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.245" rid="kidneydisease.REF.245">245</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.246" rid="kidneydisease.REF.246">246</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.247" rid="kidneydisease.REF.247">247</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.248" rid="kidneydisease.REF.248">248</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.249" rid="kidneydisease.REF.249">249</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.250" rid="kidneydisease.REF.250">250</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.251" rid="kidneydisease.REF.251">251</a>). In the
|
|
Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) study (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.247" rid="kidneydisease.REF.247">247</a>), the cumulative
|
|
incidence of DKD after 20 years of diabetes, defined as persistent AER
|
|
>200 µg/min in timed urine collections, was 37% lower in the
|
|
179 participants diagnosed with diabetes in 1975–1980 than in the
|
|
339 participants diagnosed in 1965–1974. Among those with
|
|
>25 years of diabetes duration, the declining trend was not
|
|
statistically significant; <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF13" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF13">Figure 13</a> shows a comparison of the EDC study (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.247" rid="kidneydisease.REF.247">247</a>) with data from
|
|
the Steno study in Denmark (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.246" rid="kidneydisease.REF.246">246</a>). Nevertheless, significant
|
|
reductions in both mortality and kidney failure rates in this population
|
|
suggest a slower progression to kidney failure with improved management of
|
|
diabetes complications. Comparable data have been reported for persons with
|
|
type 1 diabetes in Sweden (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.248" rid="kidneydisease.REF.248">248</a>), where the cumulative incidence of persistent albuminuria
|
|
(≥1 positive test by Albustix) after 20 years of diabetes decreased
|
|
from 28% in persons diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in 1961–1965 to
|
|
6% in those diagnosed in 1971–1975. Furthermore, none of the 51
|
|
persons in whom type 1 diabetes was diagnosed in 1976–1980 developed
|
|
persistent albuminuria during 12–16 years of follow-up. <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF14" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF14">Figure 14</a> shows the
|
|
cumulative incidence of persistent albuminuria in these cohorts according to
|
|
the calendar year of diagnosis of diabetes. The decline in the cumulative
|
|
incidence coincided with improvement in glycemic control comparable to that
|
|
in the intensively treated group in the DCCT study (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.252" rid="kidneydisease.REF.252">252</a>). These findings were replicated
|
|
in the Steno Diabetes Center cohort from Denmark (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.249" rid="kidneydisease.REF.249">249</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.250" rid="kidneydisease.REF.250">250</a>). The cumulative incidence of
|
|
DKD, defined as persistent albuminuria, after 20 years of diabetes duration
|
|
declined from 31.1% in those with onset of type 1 diabetes in
|
|
1965–1969 to 13.7% in those with onset of diabetes in
|
|
1979–1984, with the most significant decline occurring in the most
|
|
recent cohort (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F15/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF15" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF15">Figure
|
|
15</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.250" rid="kidneydisease.REF.250">250</a>).
|
|
This change paralleled a significant trend for earlier initiation of
|
|
antihypertensive treatment following the onset of diabetes, increase in
|
|
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitor usage, and sustained
|
|
improvement in mean blood pressure.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF13" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF13"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F13/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 13. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF13" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF13"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image013.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image013.jpg" alt="Line graph showing the incidence of kidney disease increased with longer duration of diabetes in 1 study and peaked at 17 years duration and declined afterwards in another study" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF13"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F13"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF13">FIGURE 13. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Incidence of Kidney Disease in Persons With Type 1 Diabetes, Pittsburgh
|
|
Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study, 1986–2000, and
|
|
Steno Clinic Population, 1933–1984. Kidney disease is defined as an albumin excretion rate >200
|
|
µg/min <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF13">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF14" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF14"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F14/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 14. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF14" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF14"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image014.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image014.jpg" alt="Line graph showing the cumulative incidence of persistent albuminuria by duration of diabetes decreased from the early 19 60’s to the late 19 70’s" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF14"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F14"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF14">FIGURE 14. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Cumulative Incidence of Persistent Albuminuria in Persons With Type 1
|
|
Diabetes Diagnosed Before Age 15 Years, by Duration of Diabetes. Persistent albuminuria is defined as ≥1 positive test by
|
|
Albustix. Subjects are divided into four groups based <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF14">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF15" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF15"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F15/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 15. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF15" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF15"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image015.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image015.jpg" alt="Line graph showing the cumulative incidence of diabetic nephropathy by duration of diabetes decreased from the late 19 60’s to the early 19 80’s" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF15"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F15"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F15/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF15">FIGURE 15. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Cumulative Incidence of Diabetic Nephropathy by Period of Onset of Type 1
|
|
Diabetes Diagnosed Before Age 15 Years, by Duration of Diabetes. </p></div></div><p>In contrast with type 1 diabetes, no secular decline in the incidence of
|
|
proteinuria has been reported in type 2 diabetes. The 10-year cumulative
|
|
incidence of persistent proteinuria in the predominantly Caucasian
|
|
population age ≥40 years of Rochester, Minnesota, remained 12% in
|
|
those diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in 1970–1979 (n=483) and those
|
|
diagnosed in 1980–1989 (n=680) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.253" rid="kidneydisease.REF.253">253</a>). The 20-year cumulative
|
|
incidence of proteinuria reported in this study, however, was 41%, higher
|
|
than the 25% cumulative incidence reported in an earlier Rochester study of
|
|
individuals diagnosed with diabetes in 1945–1969 (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.242" rid="kidneydisease.REF.242">242</a>). These secular
|
|
differences may be related in part to differences in age distributions and
|
|
in diabetes diagnosis criteria between the studies. In the Pima Indian
|
|
longitudinal study, in which the population was screened approximately every
|
|
2 years using 2-hour oral glucose tolerance testing, the incidence of
|
|
proteinuria rose between 1967 and 2002 in response to the longer average
|
|
duration of diabetes in this population in recent years (<a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTincidenceofproteinuria">Table
|
|
7</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.254" rid="kidneydisease.REF.254">254</a>). </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTincidenceofproteinuria"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 7. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTincidenceofproteinuria"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTincidenceofproteinuria">TABLE 7. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Incidence of Proteinuria in Three Independent Time Periods Among Pima
|
|
Indians With Type 2 Diabetes, by Diabetes Duration and Proportion of
|
|
Person-Years Accumulating in Short and Long Duration Categories,
|
|
1967–2002 </p></div></div><p>The progression of kidney disease in persons with newly diagnosed type 2
|
|
diabetes in the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) is
|
|
presented in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F16/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF16" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF16">Figure 16</a>
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.255" rid="kidneydisease.REF.255">255</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.256" rid="kidneydisease.REF.256">256</a>). The rate of
|
|
progression to the next level of kidney disease severity (moderate
|
|
albuminuria, severe albuminuria, or elevated plasma creatinine or renal
|
|
replacement therapy) was 2%–2.8% per year; the risk of death grew
|
|
with increasing severity of kidney disease, with an annual rate of 1.4% for
|
|
subjects with no nephropathy, 3.0% for those with moderate albuminuria, 4.6%
|
|
for those with severe albuminuria, and 19.2% with elevated plasma creatinine
|
|
or renal replacement therapy. Individuals with severe albuminuria were more
|
|
likely to die in any year than to develop kidney failure. Progression from
|
|
no nephropathy to severe albuminuria or more advanced kidney disease was low
|
|
(0.1%), as was progression from moderate albuminuria to elevated plasma
|
|
creatinine or renal replacement therapy.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF16" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF16"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F16/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 16. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF16" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF16"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image016.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image016.jpg" alt="Flow chart showing annual progression to the next stage of C K D was 2% to 2.8% and death occurred in 1.4% with no nephropathy increasing to 19.2% in those with elevated plasma creatinine or E S R D" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF16"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F16"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F16/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF16">FIGURE 16. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in Persons With New-Onset Type 2
|
|
Diabetes, United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study,
|
|
1977–1997. Percentages represent annual rates with 95% confidence intervals.</p></div></div><p>Although moderate albuminuria was associated historically with an inexorable
|
|
progression to severe albuminuria and kidney failure (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.257" rid="kidneydisease.REF.257">257</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.258" rid="kidneydisease.REF.258">258</a>), a substantial proportion of
|
|
persons with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and moderate albuminuria
|
|
spontaneously regress to normoalbuminuria. This observation suggests that
|
|
moderate albuminuria represents reversible kidney injury rather than the
|
|
onset of an inevitable progression to kidney failure. On the other hand,
|
|
other causes of transitory elevation in albuminuria need to be considered
|
|
and excluded, such as orthostatic (postural) proteinuria, intercurrent
|
|
illness, or exercise. In a prospective observational study of persons with
|
|
type 1 diabetes, baseline diabetes duration of about 18 years, and moderate
|
|
albuminuria, only 19% developed severe albuminuria, whereas 59% regressed to
|
|
normal albuminuria after 6 years of follow-up (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.38" rid="kidneydisease.REF.38">38</a>). The incidence of albuminuria
|
|
reported in predominantly White populations with type 1 diabetes is lower
|
|
and the rate of regression higher than those reported in Black persons with
|
|
type 1 diabetes for a similar follow-up time (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.259" rid="kidneydisease.REF.259">259</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.260" rid="kidneydisease.REF.260">260</a>). In 473 Black persons with type
|
|
1 diabetes and baseline mean diabetes duration of 10.4 years, the 6-year
|
|
cumulative incidence of moderate and severe albuminuria was 26.0% (95% CI
|
|
20.9%–31.6%) and 16.9% (95% CI 12.6%–21.8%), respectively,
|
|
with an overall incidence of elevated albuminuria of 42.9% (95% CI
|
|
36.9%–50.0%). Incidence of any proteinuria in this population was
|
|
positively associated with diabetes duration at baseline in men, whereas in
|
|
women, it declined after 10 years duration of diabetes (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F17/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF17" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF17">Figure 17</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.259" rid="kidneydisease.REF.259">259</a>). Among the 370 Black persons
|
|
with moderate albuminuria at baseline, 23.5% (95% CI 19.3%–28.2%)
|
|
progressed to severe albuminuria. Overall, 33.5% progressed to a worse
|
|
albuminuria category, and 8.5% improved either spontaneously or due to
|
|
treatment with ACE inhibitors or other antihypertensive medicines.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF17" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF17"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F17/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 17. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF17" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF17"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image017.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image017.jpg" alt="Line graph showing the 6-year incidence of proteinuria was 42.9% overall and highest among those with 5 to 9 years duration at baseline" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF17"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F17"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F17/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF17">FIGURE 17. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Six-Year Incidence of Any Proteinuria in African American Men and Women
|
|
With Type 1 Diabetes, by Duration of Diabetes at the Baseline
|
|
Examination, New Jersey 725 Study, 1993–1998. </p></div></div><p>In general, the proportion of persons with type 2 diabetes who regress from
|
|
moderately increased albuminuria to normoalbuminuria is 30%–54%,
|
|
while the frequency of progression to overt proteinuria is 12%–36%
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.261" rid="kidneydisease.REF.261">261</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.262" rid="kidneydisease.REF.262">262</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.263" rid="kidneydisease.REF.263">263</a>). Moderate
|
|
albuminuria of short duration, use of RAAS inhibitors, lower A1C
|
|
(<6.9% [<52 mmol/mol]), and systolic blood pressure
|
|
<129 mmHg are independently associated with albuminuria regression.
|
|
Among 750 American Indians from Arizona, Oklahoma, and North and South
|
|
Dakota age 45–74 years in the Strong Heart Study, albuminuria was
|
|
measured in 1989–1991 (baseline), 1993–1995 (second
|
|
examination), and 1997–1999 (third examination) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.264" rid="kidneydisease.REF.264">264</a>). Among those
|
|
with normal ACR at baseline, 67% remained so and 33% developed elevated
|
|
albuminuria (29% moderate albuminuria and 4% severe albuminuria) by the
|
|
second examination. More participants with normal albuminuria at the second
|
|
examination remained normoalbuminuric (77%), and 23% developed elevated
|
|
albuminuria (19% moderate albuminuria and 4% severe albuminuria) by the
|
|
third examination, suggesting a decline in onset of kidney disease in the
|
|
later years. Risk factors for onset of elevated albuminuria were higher A1C,
|
|
higher systolic blood pressure, higher baseline ACR, smoking,
|
|
glucose-lowering treatment, and longer diabetes duration. Participants with
|
|
a baseline ACR between 10 and 30 mg/g had nearly threefold higher risk of
|
|
elevated ACR over a 4-year period (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.9–3.9) than
|
|
those with baseline ACR <5 mg/g (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.264" rid="kidneydisease.REF.264">264</a>). The cumulative incidence of
|
|
elevated ACR increased with duration of diabetes (p<0.01) and was
|
|
similar in men and women in the three study centers (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F18/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF18" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF18">Figure 18</a>). Although elevated albuminuria
|
|
generally precedes the decline in kidney function, in youth-onset type 1
|
|
diabetes and in adults with type 2 diabetes, the latter may occur without
|
|
evidence of albuminuria (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.265" rid="kidneydisease.REF.265">265</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.266" rid="kidneydisease.REF.266">266</a>). However, this phenomenon has not been described in youth-onset
|
|
type 2 diabetes. A higher prevalence of albuminuria and more rapid
|
|
progression to kidney disease in youth-onset type 2 diabetes compared with
|
|
youth-onset type 1 diabetes have been reported (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.265" rid="kidneydisease.REF.265">265</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.266" rid="kidneydisease.REF.266">266</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF18" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF18"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F18/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 18. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF18" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF18"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image018.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image018.jpg" alt="Bar graph showing the 4-year cumulative incidence of albuminuria was similar in men and women and higher among people with a longer duration of diabetes" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF18"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F18"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F18/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF18">FIGURE 18. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Four-Year Cumulative Incidence of Elevated Albuminuria in American
|
|
Indians, by Duration of Diabetes, Sex, and Study Site, Strong Heart
|
|
Study. ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio.</p></div></div><p>While elevated albuminuria occurs earlier during type 2 than type 1 diabetes,
|
|
sustained control of A1C and systolic blood pressure associate with higher
|
|
likelihood of regression to lower or normal levels regardless of type of
|
|
diabetes. To date, secular declines in the incidence of albuminuria are
|
|
reported in type 1 diabetes only. Some studies in persons with diabetes
|
|
report declines in the eGFR without preceding albuminuria; however, whether
|
|
lack of albuminuria was due to RAAS treatments or infrequent follow-up
|
|
remains unclear. </p></div><div id="kidneydisease.DiabetesRelated_Kidney_Dis"><h3>Diabetes-Related Kidney Disease as a Risk Factor for Kidney Failure,
|
|
Cardiovascular Disease, and Death </h3><p>A new analysis of the NHANES 1999–2018 conducted for <i>Diabetes in America</i> shows cardiovascular
|
|
mortality, cancer-related mortality, and all-cause mortality among persons
|
|
with DKD, defined by albuminuria or low GFR (<a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTcrudeallcauseandcause">Table 8</a>). For
|
|
albuminuria, these associations are a continuum, starting at levels well
|
|
below the 30 mg/g threshold that defines moderate albuminuria (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.267" rid="kidneydisease.REF.267">267</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.268" rid="kidneydisease.REF.268">268</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.269" rid="kidneydisease.REF.269">269</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.270" rid="kidneydisease.REF.270">270</a>). Among American
|
|
Indians age 45–74 years in the Strong Heart Study (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.267" rid="kidneydisease.REF.267">267</a>) who were free of
|
|
CVD at baseline, high-normal ACR level was a strong and independent
|
|
predictor of all cardiovascular events, including nonfatal and fatal CVD,
|
|
and these associations were similar in individuals with or without diabetes.
|
|
In those with diabetes, the adjusted risks for all, nonfatal, and fatal CVD
|
|
events increased by 20% (hazard ratio [HR] 1.20, 95% CI 1.07–1.34),
|
|
13% (HR 1.13, 95% CI 0.99–1.28), and 48% (HR 1.48, 95% CI
|
|
1.17–1.87), respectively, for each doubling of ACR within the normal
|
|
range. </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTcrudeallcauseandcause"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 8. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTcrudeallcauseandcause"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTcrudeallcauseandcause">TABLE 8. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Crude All-Cause and Cause-Specific Death Rates in Adults With Diabetes
|
|
and Chronic Kidney Disease, U.S., 1999–2018 </p></div></div><p>Among persons with diabetes participating in the NHANES III, those with the
|
|
highest ACR levels (≥300 mg/g) and lowest eGFR (15–59
|
|
mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>) had a 2.7-fold higher risk for cardiovascular
|
|
mortality and a 2.5-fold higher risk for all-cause mortality, relative to
|
|
those with normal ACR and an eGFR ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.271" rid="kidneydisease.REF.271">271</a>). Similar
|
|
associations were found in participants without diabetes; however, those
|
|
with diabetes had greater absolute risks for these outcomes. Adjustments for
|
|
diabetes duration and cardiovascular risk factors did not change the
|
|
significance of these associations, suggesting that CKD is a risk amplifier,
|
|
with much of the excess CVD in diabetes occurring in persons with DKD.</p><p>Nearly all of the excess mortality associated with either type of diabetes is
|
|
found in persons with severe albuminuria (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.37" rid="kidneydisease.REF.37">37</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.272" rid="kidneydisease.REF.272">272</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.273" rid="kidneydisease.REF.273">273</a>), primarily from kidney disease
|
|
or CVD in persons with type 1 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.272" rid="kidneydisease.REF.272">272</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.274" rid="kidneydisease.REF.274">274</a>), from CVD in White persons with
|
|
type 2 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.275" rid="kidneydisease.REF.275">275</a>), and from CVD or kidney disease in Pima Indians with type 2
|
|
diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.273" rid="kidneydisease.REF.273">273</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.276" rid="kidneydisease.REF.276">276</a>). Among
|
|
individuals with type 1 diabetes in the EDC study, those who maintained
|
|
normal levels of albumin excretion had the lowest standardized mortality
|
|
ratio at 10- and 20-year follow-up, and they were more likely to die from
|
|
nondiabetes-related causes than individuals who had elevated albuminuria
|
|
(AER ≥20 μg/min) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.277" rid="kidneydisease.REF.277">277</a>). Other studies in persons with
|
|
more than 30 years duration of type 1 diabetes show similar associations
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.278" rid="kidneydisease.REF.278">278</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.279" rid="kidneydisease.REF.279">279</a>). </p><p>An analysis of secular trends in the incidence of kidney failure and
|
|
mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes and severe albuminuria from the
|
|
Joslin Clinic, however, found no significant decline in pre-kidney failure
|
|
death rate, progression to kidney failure, or post-kidney failure death rate
|
|
from 1991 to 2004, despite both widespread adoption of kidney protective
|
|
treatments during the same period and significant improvements in blood
|
|
pressure and total serum cholesterol concentration (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.280" rid="kidneydisease.REF.280">280</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.281" rid="kidneydisease.REF.281">281</a>). Sixty-nine percent of either
|
|
pre- or post-kidney failure excess mortality was attributable to CVD.
|
|
Moderate and severe albuminuria independently predicted all-cause mortality
|
|
in a monotonic fashion in the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy study (FinnDiane)
|
|
cohort, which represented 16% of the population with type 1 diabetes in
|
|
Finland (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.282" rid="kidneydisease.REF.282">282</a>).
|
|
During 7 years of follow-up, the overall death rate in persons with moderate
|
|
albuminuria was nearly three times that observed in the general Finnish
|
|
population (adjusted standardized mortality ratio [SMR] 2.8, 95% CI
|
|
2.0–4.2), with CVD representing 56% of these deaths. Severe
|
|
albuminuria was associated with nine times the death rate observed in the
|
|
age- and sex-matched general population (adjusted SMR 9.2, 95% CI
|
|
8.1–10.5), of which 45% was caused by CVD. Indeed, the impact of
|
|
albuminuria level on mortality risk was equivalent to that of preexisting
|
|
macrovascular disease, as defined by a history of myocardial infarction,
|
|
unstable angina requiring hospitalization, coronary revascularization,
|
|
stroke, carotid surgery, peripheral revascularization, or amputation for
|
|
critical limb ischemia. Other major causes of death included infections and
|
|
cancer. By contrast, overall death rates in persons with normal ACR were
|
|
equivalent to those in the general population (adjusted SMR 0.8, 95% CI
|
|
0.5–1.1), regardless of diabetes duration, indicating that DKD is a
|
|
major driver of excess mortality in type 1 diabetes. </p><p>Irrespective of albuminuria level, the eGFR was independently associated with
|
|
mortality, but in a U-shaped fashion, as shown in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F19/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF19" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF19">Figure 19</a> (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.282" rid="kidneydisease.REF.282">282</a>), possibly reflecting confounding
|
|
from other morbid conditions unrelated to kidney disease at high eGFR
|
|
levels, such as serum creatinine confounding due to reduced muscle mass,
|
|
increased tubular secretion, and extrarenal elimination of creatinine.
|
|
Moreover, measurement imprecision is greater at lower concentrations of
|
|
serum creatinine, compounding the difficulty of interpreting serum
|
|
creatinine levels in those with a normal or high-normal eGFR (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.283" rid="kidneydisease.REF.283">283</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF19" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF19"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F19/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 19. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF19" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF19"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image019.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image019.jpg" alt="Line graphs showing the relative hazard of death associated with G F R was generally u-shaped regardless of albuminuria status, with the lowest risk between a G F R of 60 and 90" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF19"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F19"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F19/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF19">FIGURE 19. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Risk of Death Associated With Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in
|
|
Type 1 Diabetes. Relative hazard computed in persons with type 1 diabetes: (Panel A)
|
|
without end-stage renal disease, (Panel B) with normoalbuminuria, (Panel
|
|
C) with moderate albuminuria, <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F19/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF19">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>In type 2 diabetes, death rates due to both overall and cardiovascular causes
|
|
are greatly increased with advancing kidney disease (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.284" rid="kidneydisease.REF.284">284</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.285" rid="kidneydisease.REF.285">285</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.286" rid="kidneydisease.REF.286">286</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.287" rid="kidneydisease.REF.287">287</a>). Among 1,993 Pima Indians (55.9%
|
|
with type 2 diabetes, the only type of diabetes occurring in this
|
|
population, even at young ages) followed for a median of 11 years, death
|
|
rates from natural causes increased with worsening kidney function in
|
|
persons without or with diabetes (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F20/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF20" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF20">Figure 20</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.276" rid="kidneydisease.REF.276">276</a>). Death rates in persons without
|
|
kidney disease were virtually identical without or with diabetes and
|
|
increased similarly with worsening kidney disease in both groups, suggesting
|
|
that kidney disease rather than diabetes <i>per
|
|
se</i> is the major determinant of increased mortality among the
|
|
population with diabetes. The higher overall mortality in those with longer
|
|
duration of diabetes is due primarily to the greater proportion of
|
|
person-years of follow-up falling in the categories of worse kidney function
|
|
(<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F20/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF20" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF20">Figure 20C</a>). The
|
|
presence of kidney disease was associated with excess mortality from DKD,
|
|
CVD, infections, and malignancy in the Pima Indians with diabetes and from
|
|
infections in those without diabetes. Among 4,081 American Indians, 45% with
|
|
diabetes, a reduced eGFR (<90 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>) was
|
|
associated with increased risk of CVD events, including coronary heart
|
|
disease, stroke, and heart failure during a median follow-up of 15 years
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.288" rid="kidneydisease.REF.288">288</a>). The
|
|
associations between eGFR measure and CVD events were attenuated after
|
|
adjusting for albuminuria. </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF20" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF20"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F20/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 20. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF20" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF20"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image020.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image020.jpg" alt="Bar graph showing death rate is higher among people with a longer duration of diabetes and those with worse kidney disease" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF20"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F20"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F20/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF20">FIGURE 20. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Trends in Age-Sex-Adjusted Death Rates From Natural Causes and
|
|
Cardiovascular Disease in American Indians With and Without Diabetes, by
|
|
Severity of Kidney Disease. Trends in age- and sex-adjusted death rates from (Panel A) natural causes
|
|
and (Panel B) <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F20/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF20">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Fewer studies have focused on the noncardiovascular mortality associated with
|
|
DKD. Regardless of the presence of diabetes, persons with kidney disease are
|
|
three to four times more likely to have a poor prognosis after acquiring
|
|
infections than those without kidney disease (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.289" rid="kidneydisease.REF.289">289</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.290" rid="kidneydisease.REF.290">290</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.291" rid="kidneydisease.REF.291">291</a>). Persons with diabetes have a
|
|
higher risk of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection,
|
|
pneumonia, and sepsis with a declining eGFR and increasing ACR, independent
|
|
of age, sex, smoking status, and comorbid conditions of diabetes. Although
|
|
some reports suggest that kidney disease, particularly kidney failure,
|
|
increases the risk of death from several types of cancer, e.g., bladder and
|
|
kidney cancers (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.292" rid="kidneydisease.REF.292">292</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.293" rid="kidneydisease.REF.293">293</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.294" rid="kidneydisease.REF.294">294</a>), this is not a uniform finding (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.292" rid="kidneydisease.REF.292">292</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.295" rid="kidneydisease.REF.295">295</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.296" rid="kidneydisease.REF.296">296</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.297" rid="kidneydisease.REF.297">297</a>). </p><p>Quantitative information about ACR adds significant predictive value to the
|
|
eGFR about the risk of death or kidney failure, and therefore, using both
|
|
ACR and the eGFR is significantly better for predicting these outcomes than
|
|
using either measure alone (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.298" rid="kidneydisease.REF.298">298</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.299" rid="kidneydisease.REF.299">299</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.300" rid="kidneydisease.REF.300">300</a>). An analysis conducted in 10,640
|
|
persons with type 2 diabetes enrolled in the Action in Diabetes and Vascular
|
|
Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation
|
|
(ADVANCE) trial showed similar contributions of high ACR and a low eGFR to
|
|
cardiovascular and kidney events (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F21/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF21" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF21">Figure 21</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.299" rid="kidneydisease.REF.299">299</a>). These findings concur with
|
|
those from a systematic review of the association between microvascular and
|
|
macrovascular disease in type 2 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.301" rid="kidneydisease.REF.301">301</a>), which showed an approximately
|
|
twofold increased risk for cardiovascular events associated with albuminuria
|
|
or a reduced eGFR (<a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTprospectivestudieswith">Table 9</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.268" rid="kidneydisease.REF.268">268</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.301" rid="kidneydisease.REF.301">301</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.302" rid="kidneydisease.REF.302">302</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.303" rid="kidneydisease.REF.303">303</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.304" rid="kidneydisease.REF.304">304</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.305" rid="kidneydisease.REF.305">305</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.306" rid="kidneydisease.REF.306">306</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.307" rid="kidneydisease.REF.307">307</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.308" rid="kidneydisease.REF.308">308</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.309" rid="kidneydisease.REF.309">309</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.310" rid="kidneydisease.REF.310">310</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.311" rid="kidneydisease.REF.311">311</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.312" rid="kidneydisease.REF.312">312</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.313" rid="kidneydisease.REF.313">313</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.314" rid="kidneydisease.REF.314">314</a>). The strength of
|
|
these associations remained after adjustments for multiple confounders,
|
|
suggesting that microvascular and macrovascular disease in type 2 diabetes
|
|
may share similar pathophysiologic mechanisms. A meta-analysis of 1,024,977
|
|
participants (nearly 13% with diabetes) from 30 general population and
|
|
high-risk cardiovascular cohorts and 13 CKD cohorts indicated that while the
|
|
absolute risks for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality are higher in the
|
|
presence of diabetes, the relative risks of kidney failure or death by eGFR
|
|
and ACR are similar with or without diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.315" rid="kidneydisease.REF.315">315</a>). These findings underscore the
|
|
importance of kidney disease <i>per se</i> as a
|
|
predictor of important clinical outcomes, regardless of the underlying cause
|
|
of kidney disease. </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF21" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF21"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F21/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 21. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF21" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF21"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image021.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image021.jpg" alt="Line graphs showing that among those with diabetes, adjusted hazard ratios for cardiovascular events was higher at higher levels of U A C R and at lower levels of G F R" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF21"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F21"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F21/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF21">FIGURE 21. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Association of (A) Urinary Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio and (B) Estimated
|
|
Glomerular Filtration Rate Levels During Follow-Up With the Risk for
|
|
Cardiovascular Events. Closed and open squares represent hazard ratios (HRs) in subgroups for
|
|
eGFR <60 <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F21/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF21">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTprospectivestudieswith"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 9. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTprospectivestudieswith"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTprospectivestudieswith">TABLE 9. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Prospective Studies With at Least 200 Type 2 Diabetes Subjects That
|
|
Evaluated Hard Cardiovascular Endpoints </p></div></div></div></div><div id="kidneydisease.Kidney_Failure"><h2 id="_kidneydisease_Kidney_Failure_">Kidney Failure</h2><div id="kidneydisease.Prevalence_of_DiabetesRela"><h3>Prevalence of Diabetes-Related Kidney Failure (End-Stage Kidney
|
|
Disease)</h3><p>Kidney failure, or stage 5 CKD, is the most advanced stage of CKD, requiring
|
|
renal replacement therapy, such as dialysis or kidney transplant, for
|
|
survival. Since 1988, all persons receiving treatment for kidney failure,
|
|
regardless of age and insurance coverage, are included in the United States
|
|
Renal Data System (USRDS) registry (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>). Consequently, the annual data
|
|
report published by the USRDS contains the most complete and reliable
|
|
information on treated kidney failure in the United States. </p><p><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTsummarystatisticsonre">Table
|
|
10</a> summarizes the incidence and prevalence of treated kidney
|
|
failure according to demographic characteristics, primary diagnosis, and
|
|
treatment modality in the United States in 2020 (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>). In that year, 130,522 new cases
|
|
of dialysis and transplant were added to the national registry, of which
|
|
59,474 (46%) had kidney disease attributed to diabetes. </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTsummarystatisticsonre"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 10. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTsummarystatisticsonre"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTsummarystatisticsonre">TABLE 10. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary Statistics on Reported Kidney Failure Treatment, by Age, Sex,
|
|
Race and Ethnicity, and Primary Diagnosis, U.S. Renal Data System,
|
|
2020 </p></div></div><p>Diabetes and hypertension represent the leading causes of kidney failure in
|
|
the United States (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F22/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF22" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF22">Figure
|
|
22</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>).
|
|
In 1985, the adjusted prevalence of treated kidney failure attributed to
|
|
diabetes was 103 cases per million population; these patients accounted for
|
|
19% of prevalent treated kidney failure in the United States. By 2020, the
|
|
prevalence had risen to 859.7 cases per million population, representing 38%
|
|
of prevalent treated kidney failure in the United States (45.5% of dialysis
|
|
patients and 21.6% of kidney transplant patients) (<a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTsummarystatisticsonre">Table 10</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>). An increasing
|
|
prevalence of diabetes and improved CVD survival are responsible, in part,
|
|
for this growth (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F23/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF23" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF23">Figure
|
|
23</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.316" rid="kidneydisease.REF.316">316</a>). About 30% of persons with type 1 diabetes and 10%–40%
|
|
of those with type 2 diabetes eventually develop kidney failure. Because
|
|
type 2 is the predominant type of diabetes, it also far exceeds type 1
|
|
diabetes as a cause of diabetes-related kidney failure. Of 309,017 prevalent
|
|
cases of treated kidney failure with diabetes at the end of 2020, type 2
|
|
diabetes was responsible for 269,980 (87%; <a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofreportede">Table 11</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF22" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF22"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F22/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 22. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF22" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF22"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image022.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image022.jpg" alt="Line graphs showing diabetes is a bigger contributor to E S R D than hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and cystic kidney" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF22"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F22"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F22/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF22">FIGURE 22. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Trends in Incident End-Stage Kidney Disease Cases and Incident Rate, by
|
|
Primary Diagnosis of End-Stage Kidney Disease, U.S. Renal Data System,
|
|
2000–2020. Data are adjusted for age, sex, and race and ethnicity; unknown sex and
|
|
other or unknown <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F22/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF22">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF23" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF23"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F23/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 23. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF23" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF23"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image023.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image023.jpg" alt="Line graphs showing absolute incident of E S R D has increased from near 0 in 19 78 to almost 37,000 in 19 91, with diabetes being the biggest contributor to this increase" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF23"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F23"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F23/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF23">FIGURE 23. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Incident ESKD Cases (Line) and Increase in ESKD Attributable to Increased
|
|
Prevalence of Diabetes, Improved Survival Following Myocardial
|
|
Infarction and Stroke, and U.S. Population Growth in 1991 (Bars). ESKD, end-stage kidney disease.</p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofreportede"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 11. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofreportede"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofreportede">TABLE 11. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Prevalence of Reported End-Stage Kidney Disease, by Primary Diagnosis,
|
|
Sex, and Race and Ethnicity, U.S. Renal Data System, 2020 </p></div></div></div><div id="kidneydisease.Incidence_of_DiabetesRelat"><h3>Incidence of Diabetes-Related Treated Kidney Failure</h3><p>In 1985, the adjusted incidence of kidney failure attributable to diabetes,
|
|
treated with renal replacement, was 45 cases per million population. The
|
|
rate increased to 170 per million by 2005 and leveled off thereafter (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>). The increasing
|
|
prevalence of diabetes and more inclusive criteria for initiating renal
|
|
replacement therapy contributed to higher incidence rates of
|
|
diabetes-related kidney failure over time. </p><p>Trends in the incidence of treated kidney failure due to diabetes differ
|
|
broadly by age and race and ethnicity (<a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTincidenceratesofrepor">Table 12</a>). The
|
|
adjusted incidence of treated kidney failure decreased between 2000 and 2020
|
|
by 7%, 24%, and 30% in White, Black, and Hispanic persons, respectively, but
|
|
remains threefold and twofold higher in Black and Hispanic, respectively,
|
|
compared with White persons with diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>). Among American Indian/Alaska
|
|
Native populations, incidence of treated kidney failure due to diabetes
|
|
declined by 53% between 2000 and 2016, more than for any other racial and
|
|
ethnic group, while it remained relatively stable in the Asian population
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.317" rid="kidneydisease.REF.317">317</a>). A study
|
|
of 452,238 commercially insured and Medicare Advantage patients with CKD
|
|
found that compared with White patients, Asian, Black, and Hispanic patients
|
|
were more likely to receive guideline-recommended care in 2012–2019,
|
|
including treatment with an ACE inhibitor, ARB, or statin, referral to a
|
|
nephrologist, albuminuria monitoring, and long-term prescription NSAID
|
|
avoidance, but were similarly or less likely to achieve blood pressure and
|
|
diabetes control for slowing CKD progression (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.318" rid="kidneydisease.REF.318">318</a>). Racial differences in the
|
|
incidence of treated kidney failure in persons with type 2 diabetes are also
|
|
attributable in part to differences in the duration of diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.319" rid="kidneydisease.REF.319">319</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.320" rid="kidneydisease.REF.320">320</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.321" rid="kidneydisease.REF.321">321</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.322" rid="kidneydisease.REF.322">322</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.323" rid="kidneydisease.REF.323">323</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.324" rid="kidneydisease.REF.324">324</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.325" rid="kidneydisease.REF.325">325</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.326" rid="kidneydisease.REF.326">326</a>). A shift towards
|
|
a younger age at onset of type 2 diabetes among some minority populations
|
|
may be partly responsible for the secular trends in kidney failure incidence
|
|
observed in the younger groups, as illustrated by studies in Pima Indians
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.327" rid="kidneydisease.REF.327">327</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.328" rid="kidneydisease.REF.328">328</a>). Whereas the
|
|
incidence of diabetic kidney failure in Pima Indians age ≥45 years
|
|
declined after 1990, those age <45 years experienced no such
|
|
decline. The lack of decline in the younger Pima Indians was associated with
|
|
a lower percentage of RAAS inhibitor usage than in older subjects. Women of
|
|
childbearing age were least likely to receive RAAS inhibitors, presumably
|
|
because of concerns about their use in pregnancy. </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTincidenceratesofrepor"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 12. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTincidenceratesofrepor"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTincidenceratesofrepor">TABLE 12. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Incidence Rates of Reported End-Stage Kidney Disease Due to Diabetes, by
|
|
Age, Sex, and Race and Ethnicity, U.S. Renal Data System,
|
|
2000–2020 </p></div></div><p>Epidemiologic data on racial and ethnic differences in the incidence of
|
|
treated kidney failure in type 1 diabetes are sparse, in part because type 1
|
|
diabetes is less frequent, particularly among minority populations, and in
|
|
part due to uncertainties related to diagnosis; young persons or those who
|
|
are treated with insulin are often misclassified as having type 1 diabetes.
|
|
According to USRDS data, of all new cases of treated kidney failure due to
|
|
diabetes between 2016 and 2020, 91% were attributable to type 2 diabetes
|
|
(<a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTincidenceofreporteden">Table 13</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTincidenceofreporteden"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 13. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTincidenceofreporteden"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTincidenceofreporteden">TABLE 13. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Incidence of Reported End-Stage Kidney Disease, by Primary Diagnosis,
|
|
Sex, and Race and Ethnicity, U.S. Renal Data System,
|
|
2016–2020 </p></div></div></div><div id="kidneydisease.Survival_of_Persons_With_T"><h3>Survival of Persons With Treated Diabetes-Related Kidney Failure</h3><p>Persons with a primary diagnosis of diabetes treated for kidney failure have
|
|
lower survival relative to other causes of kidney failure (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>), primarily due to
|
|
CVD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.329" rid="kidneydisease.REF.329">329</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.330" rid="kidneydisease.REF.330">330</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.331" rid="kidneydisease.REF.331">331</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.332" rid="kidneydisease.REF.332">332</a>), which continues
|
|
to advance during the course of renal replacement therapy. While survival on
|
|
dialysis has slowly improved across modalities since 2000 (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F24/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF24" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF24">Figure 24</a>), it remains
|
|
reduced in persons with diabetes, more than half of whom die within 5 years
|
|
of beginning dialysis in the United States (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F25/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF25" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF25">Figure 25</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>). Among incident treated kidney
|
|
failure patients with a primary diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in
|
|
2017–2021, 14.6% died during the first year, while the proportion of
|
|
those receiving a kidney transplant in the first year was 6% (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>). </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF24" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF24"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F24/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 24. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF24" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF24"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image024.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image024.jpg" alt="Line graphs showing survival on dialysis slowly improved across modalities, including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and transplant, between 2000 and 2010" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF24"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F24"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F24/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF24">FIGURE 24. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Survival Probabilities Among Incident End-Stage Kidney Disease Patients
|
|
With Diabetes, by Treatment Modality, U.S. Renal Data System,
|
|
2000–2015. Data are adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, and primary cause of
|
|
end-stage kidney disease. <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F24/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF24">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF25" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF25"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F25/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 25. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF25" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF25"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image025.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image025.jpg" alt="Line graphs showing survival on dialysis is reduced in persons with diabetes compared to persons with hypertension or glomerulonephritis" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF25"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F25"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F25/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF25">FIGURE 25. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Survival Probabilities Among Incident Dialysis Patients, by Cause of
|
|
End-Stage Kidney Disease, U.S. Renal Data System, 2000–2015. Data are adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, and primary cause of
|
|
end-stage kidney disease. GN, glomerulonephritis; <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F25/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF25">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Black (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.333" rid="kidneydisease.REF.333">333</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.334" rid="kidneydisease.REF.334">334</a>), Hispanic (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.335" rid="kidneydisease.REF.335">335</a>), Asian (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>), and American
|
|
Indian (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.336" rid="kidneydisease.REF.336">336</a>) patients treated
|
|
for diabetes-related kidney failure generally have a lower adjusted risk of
|
|
death compared with White patients. In 2020, White patients with diabetes
|
|
had the lowest expected remaining years of life on dialysis, and Asian
|
|
patients had the highest expected survival (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F26/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF26" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF26">Figure 26</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>). Data from the USRDS also indicate
|
|
that Asian patients with kidney transplant due to diabetes had the longest
|
|
survival, whereas American Indians had the lowest number of expected
|
|
remaining years of life. Among patients on hemodialysis due to DKD, the risk
|
|
of death was 31% lower in American Indian, Black, or Hispanic patients and
|
|
38% lower in Asian patients compared with White patients. In
|
|
1995–2010, among American Indians, those with 100% Indian ancestry
|
|
had the lowest adjusted risk of death compared with White patients (HR 0.58,
|
|
95% CI 0.55–0.61) (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F27/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF27" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF27">Figure 27</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.337" rid="kidneydisease.REF.337">337</a>). The risk of death increased to 0.95 (95% CI
|
|
0.82–1.11) in those with less than one-quarter American Indian
|
|
ancestry (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.337" rid="kidneydisease.REF.337">337</a>),
|
|
suggesting that hereditary factors play a role in how patients respond to
|
|
dialysis treatment. Kidney transplant recipients with diabetes have much
|
|
better survival than those on dialysis, as shown in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F24/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF24" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF24">Figure 24</a> (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>). </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF26" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF26"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F26/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 26. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF26" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF26"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image026.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image026.jpg" alt="Bar graph showing that among dialysis patients with diabetes, White persons had a lower life expectancy compared to Black, Hispanic, Asian, or Native American persons" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF26"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F26"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F26/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF26">FIGURE 26. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Expected Remaining Years of Life Among Prevalent Dialysis Patients With
|
|
Diabetes, U.S. Renal Data System, 2020. SOURCE: Reference (12)</p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF27" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF27"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F27/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 27. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF27" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF27"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image027.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image027.jpg" alt="Plot showing hazard ratios of death after dialysis initiation was lower in those with a greater degree of American Indian ancestry compared to non-Hispanic whites" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF27"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F27"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F27/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF27">FIGURE 27. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Hazard Ratios for Death From Any Cause Among Non-Hispanic American
|
|
Indians With Diabetes at Initiation of Hemodialysis, by Degree of
|
|
American Indian Ancestry, 1995–2010. Information on American Indian ancestry was obtained from the IHS patient
|
|
database. <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F27/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF27">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div></div><div id="kidneydisease.Risk_Factors_for_DiabetesR"><h2 id="_kidneydisease_Risk_Factors_for_DiabetesR_">Risk Factors for Diabetes-Related Kidney Disease</h2><p>Numerous risk factors have been identified for the development and progression of
|
|
DKD. In this section, the evidence for some of the more prominent factors is
|
|
reviewed.</p><div id="kidneydisease.Duration_of_Diabetes"><h3>Duration of Diabetes</h3><p>One of the most important risk factors for DKD is the duration of
|
|
diabetes—its influence being far greater than that of age, sex, or
|
|
type of diabetes. For a given duration of diabetes, the cumulative
|
|
incidences of severe albuminuria and kidney failure are similar for type 1
|
|
and type 2 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.315" rid="kidneydisease.REF.315">315</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.320" rid="kidneydisease.REF.320">320</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.338" rid="kidneydisease.REF.338">338</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.339" rid="kidneydisease.REF.339">339</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.340" rid="kidneydisease.REF.340">340</a>).</p></div><div id="kidneydisease.SexRelated_Differences"><h3>Sex-Related Differences </h3><p>Sexual dimorphism may play a role in the risk of DKD, due to differences in
|
|
multiple biologic processes that may differentially impact each sex.
|
|
Differences in pathophysiology relating to sex hormones, kidney hemodynamic
|
|
function, adiponectin concentrations, and oxidative stress may influence
|
|
risk of DKD, although studies have shown heterogeneous results (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.341" rid="kidneydisease.REF.341">341</a>), possibly due to
|
|
differences in methods used to measure kidney function and residual
|
|
confounding. Nevertheless, the collective evidence suggests the greatest
|
|
risk of DKD may be among postmenopausal women, followed by men and
|
|
premenopausal women.</p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Socioeconomic_Factors"><h3>Socioeconomic Factors</h3><p>Socioeconomic factors are often taken into consideration when describing
|
|
associations between risk factors and DKD in large populations with
|
|
diabetes. A low socioeconomic status, based on such factors as education,
|
|
income, and occupation, is associated with increased prevalence of diabetes,
|
|
hypertension, and CKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.342" rid="kidneydisease.REF.342">342</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.343" rid="kidneydisease.REF.343">343</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.344" rid="kidneydisease.REF.344">344</a>). In a study among older adults in the United States,
|
|
experiencing financial hardship was associated with an average 50% increased
|
|
risk of DKD compared with no financial hardship (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.345" rid="kidneydisease.REF.345">345</a>). Other socioeconomic factors
|
|
that may affect DKD risk include environmental factors, such as poor access
|
|
to nutrition, reduced green spaces, and air and water pollution (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.346" rid="kidneydisease.REF.346">346</a>). In a study of
|
|
primary care patients in Pennsylvania with newly diagnosed diabetes, the
|
|
highest quartile of community socioeconomic deprivation (based on area-level
|
|
estimates of unemployment, educational attainment, poverty level,
|
|
utilization of public assistance, and household vehicle access) was
|
|
associated with approximately 30% higher odds of an eGFR <60
|
|
mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> compared with the lowest quartile of deprivation
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.347" rid="kidneydisease.REF.347">347</a>). A
|
|
systematic review reported that a majority of longitudinal studies found
|
|
fine particulate matter (PM2.5) to be associated with increased risk of
|
|
kidney disease, with diabetes as a potential exacerbator of the effects of
|
|
PM2.5 on kidney function (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.348" rid="kidneydisease.REF.348">348</a>). Health literacy and access to healthcare and health
|
|
insurance may also affect the development and progression of DKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.349" rid="kidneydisease.REF.349">349</a>). Exposure to an
|
|
adverse prenatal environment, such as that caused by poor maternal dietary
|
|
habits, smoking, or poor health, may also introduce adverse health traits
|
|
that persist in subsequent generations (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.350" rid="kidneydisease.REF.350">350</a>).</p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Hyperglycemia"><h3>Hyperglycemia</h3><p>Increased blood glucose concentration is a major risk factor for the
|
|
development and progression of moderate albuminuria in both types of
|
|
diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.106" rid="kidneydisease.REF.106">106</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.237" rid="kidneydisease.REF.237">237</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.241" rid="kidneydisease.REF.241">241</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.242" rid="kidneydisease.REF.242">242</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.243" rid="kidneydisease.REF.243">243</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.244" rid="kidneydisease.REF.244">244</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.338" rid="kidneydisease.REF.338">338</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.351" rid="kidneydisease.REF.351">351</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.352" rid="kidneydisease.REF.352">352</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.353" rid="kidneydisease.REF.353">353</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.354" rid="kidneydisease.REF.354">354</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.355" rid="kidneydisease.REF.355">355</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.356" rid="kidneydisease.REF.356">356</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.357" rid="kidneydisease.REF.357">357</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.358" rid="kidneydisease.REF.358">358</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.359" rid="kidneydisease.REF.359">359</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.360" rid="kidneydisease.REF.360">360</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.361" rid="kidneydisease.REF.361">361</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.362" rid="kidneydisease.REF.362">362</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.363" rid="kidneydisease.REF.363">363</a>) but may have a
|
|
lesser influence on progression of more advanced kidney dysfunction (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.353" rid="kidneydisease.REF.353">353</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.364" rid="kidneydisease.REF.364">364</a>), when
|
|
hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and genetic factors play a greater role
|
|
in shaping the outcome (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.38" rid="kidneydisease.REF.38">38</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.352" rid="kidneydisease.REF.352">352</a>). In the EDC study, participants with type 1 diabetes and A1C
|
|
>10% (>86 mmol/mol) had a 3.6-fold higher risk of developing
|
|
moderate albuminuria than those with lower A1C levels. Glycemic control was
|
|
the only predictor of moderate albuminuria in both men and women, regardless
|
|
of diabetes duration (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.352" rid="kidneydisease.REF.352">352</a>). Higher 2-hour post-load plasma glucose concentration
|
|
(<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F28/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF28" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF28">Figure 28</a>), fasting
|
|
plasma glucose, and A1C in Pima Indians with type 2 diabetes were associated
|
|
with a higher incidence of elevated ACR after adjustment for age, sex, and
|
|
duration of diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.244" rid="kidneydisease.REF.244">244</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.354" rid="kidneydisease.REF.354">354</a>). Similarly, among American Indians age 45–74 years with
|
|
type 2 diabetes from Arizona, Oklahoma, and North and South Dakota, higher
|
|
fasting plasma glucose and A1C among those with normal baseline ACR and
|
|
serum creatinine were associated with increased risk of elevated albuminuria
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.264" rid="kidneydisease.REF.264">264</a>). </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF28" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF28"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F28/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 28. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF28" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF28"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image028.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image028.jpg" alt="Line graph showing that higher levels of 2-hour glucose at diagnosis and longer duration of diabetes was associated with higher incidence of proteinuria" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF28"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F28"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F28/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF28">FIGURE 28. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Incidence of Proteinuria in Pima Indians With Type 2 Diabetes, by OGTT
|
|
Glucose Level and Diabetes Duration. Incidence of proteinuria (protein-to-creatinine ratio ≥1.0 g/g)
|
|
by duration of diabetes in 480 Pima Indians with type 2 diabetes,
|
|
according <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F28/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF28">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Hyperglycemia induces hyperfiltration, a predictor of progressive kidney
|
|
disease (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.67" rid="kidneydisease.REF.67">67</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.69" rid="kidneydisease.REF.69">69</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.70" rid="kidneydisease.REF.70">70</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.365" rid="kidneydisease.REF.365">365</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.366" rid="kidneydisease.REF.366">366</a>). In humans,
|
|
therapeutic interventions that improve glycemic control reduce
|
|
hyperfiltration in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.96" rid="kidneydisease.REF.96">96</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.367" rid="kidneydisease.REF.367">367</a>). </p><p>Evidence for the role of hyperglycemia in the development of diabetic
|
|
glomerular lesions comes from biopsy studies in identical twins discordant
|
|
for type 1 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.368" rid="kidneydisease.REF.368">368</a>) and from morphologic studies before and after pancreas
|
|
transplantation (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.369" rid="kidneydisease.REF.369">369</a>). Glomerular changes, including widened glomerular and
|
|
tubular basement membranes and increased mesangial fraction, were identified
|
|
only in the diabetic member of twin pairs (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F29/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF29" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF29">Figure 29</a>), suggesting that metabolic
|
|
status, and not genetic predisposition, is responsible for the development
|
|
of diabetic kidney lesions (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.368" rid="kidneydisease.REF.368">368</a>). Prolonged normoglycemia
|
|
following pancreas transplant in persons with type 1 diabetes and
|
|
established DKD promotes virtually complete reversal of glomerular and
|
|
tubular basement membrane thickness and of increases in mesangial and
|
|
interstitial volumes (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F30/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF30" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF30">Figure
|
|
30</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.369" rid="kidneydisease.REF.369">369</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF29" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF29"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F29/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 29. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF29" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF29"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image029.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image029.jpg" alt="Line graphs showing widened glomerular and tubular basement membranes and increased mesangial fraction in those with diabetes compared to an identical twin without diabetes" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF29"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F29"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F29/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF29">FIGURE 29. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Morphometric Measurements in Kidney and Skeletal Muscle From Identical
|
|
Twins Discordant for Type 1 Diabetes. Panel A: basement membrane width (nm). Panel B: fractional volume of the
|
|
mesangium (%). Values for twins without diabetes (●) are linked
|
|
to <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F29/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF29">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF30" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF30"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F30/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 30. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF30" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF30"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image030.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image030.jpg" alt="Line graphs showing decreases in G B M thickness, T B M thickness, mesangial fractional volume, and mesangial matrix fractional volume 10 years after pancreas transplantation" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF30"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F30"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F30/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF30">FIGURE 30. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Renal Histologic Changes at Baseline and 5 and 10 Years After Pancreas
|
|
Transplantation. Thickness of the GBM (Panel A), thickness of the TBM (Panel B), mesangial
|
|
fractional volume (Panel C), and mesangial matrix fractional volume
|
|
(Panel D) are shown before <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F30/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF30">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="kidneydisease.Hypertension"><h3>Hypertension</h3><p>High blood pressure is related to DKD in many cross-sectional and
|
|
longitudinal studies of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In type 1 diabetes,
|
|
this relationship frequently reflects elevation of blood pressure in
|
|
response to kidney disease (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.370" rid="kidneydisease.REF.370">370</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.371" rid="kidneydisease.REF.371">371</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.372" rid="kidneydisease.REF.372">372</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.373" rid="kidneydisease.REF.373">373</a>). In type 2 diabetes, the onset
|
|
of hypertension generally precedes DKD and is often associated with obesity.
|
|
The risk of kidney disease is three times as high in persons with type 1
|
|
diabetes who have a hypertensive parent as in those whose parents are not
|
|
hypertensive (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F31/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF31" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF31">Figure 31</a>)
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.374" rid="kidneydisease.REF.374">374</a>). In
|
|
addition, those with kidney disease have a higher prevalence of parental
|
|
hypertension and a higher mean arterial blood pressure during adolescence
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.375" rid="kidneydisease.REF.375">375</a>).
|
|
Increased blood pressure during sleep may herald the development of moderate
|
|
albuminuria in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes, as shown
|
|
in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F32/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF32" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF32">Figure 32</a> (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.376" rid="kidneydisease.REF.376">376</a>). In that study,
|
|
blood pressure was monitored at 2-year intervals for up to 9 years or as
|
|
long as the ACR was in the normal range; a ratio of ≤0.9 between the
|
|
mean nighttime systolic pressure and the mean daytime systolic pressure
|
|
defined the dipping during sleep. Moderate albuminuria did not develop in
|
|
those with poor metabolic control in whom blood pressure remained normal,
|
|
suggesting that nocturnal elevation in blood pressure may identify those
|
|
with type 1 diabetes who are most susceptible to progression of kidney
|
|
disease. Prolonged hypertension may lead to kidney damage through multiple
|
|
mechanisms (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.377" rid="kidneydisease.REF.377">377</a>),
|
|
including hardening and narrowing of the renal arterioles with reduction in
|
|
renal perfusion volume. Damage to the endothelium can reduce the synthesis
|
|
of nitric oxide, leading to further vascular damage. Podocyte dysfunction
|
|
may also ensue, due to maladaptive responses from cell injury and mechanical
|
|
stress from increased intraglomerular pressure.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF31" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF31"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F31/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 31. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF31" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF31"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image031.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image031.jpg" alt="Dot plot showing higher blood pressure in parents of type 1 diabetes patients with proteinuria compared to parents of those without proteinuria" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF31"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F31"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F31/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF31">FIGURE 31. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Mean Blood Pressure in Parents of Persons With Type 1 Diabetes and With
|
|
or Without Proteinuria. Family study of diabetes, including 26 surviving parents of 17 persons
|
|
with type 1 diabetes and proteinuria and parents of 17 matched persons
|
|
without diabetes <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F31/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF31">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF32" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF32"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F32/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 32. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF32" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF32"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image032.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image032.jpg" alt="Line graph showing an increase in nocturnal systolic blood pressure was observed in those who developed albuminuria but not those who did not develop albuminuria, regardless of A1c level" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF32"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F32"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F32/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF32">FIGURE 32. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Nocturnal Systolic Blood Pressure According to Albuminuria and Level of
|
|
Glycated Hemoglobin (A1C) in Type 1 Diabetes. Panel A: Nocturnal systolic blood pressure in 14 subjects who
|
|
subsequently developed moderate albuminuria (microalbuminuria) and in 61
|
|
subjects <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F32/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF32">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>In Pima Indian offspring with type 2 diabetes, the prevalence of proteinuria
|
|
was similar if neither parent or only one parent had hypertension (8.9% and
|
|
9.4%, respectively) but was significantly higher if both parents had
|
|
hypertension (18.8%), after adjustment for age, sex, duration of diabetes,
|
|
and 2-hour post-load plasma glucose concentration in the offspring and
|
|
diabetes in the parents (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.378" rid="kidneydisease.REF.378">378</a>). The odds for proteinuria in the offspring when both
|
|
parents had hypertension was 2.2 times (95% CI 1.2–4.2) that when
|
|
only one parent had hypertension. This relationship was present even when
|
|
controlled for the effects of blood pressure and its treatment in the
|
|
offspring. In addition, higher blood pressure before the onset of type 2
|
|
diabetes was related to a higher prevalence of elevated albuminuria after
|
|
the onset of diabetes, suggesting that blood pressure plays a causal role in
|
|
the development of DKD (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F33/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF33" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF33">Figure
|
|
33</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.379" rid="kidneydisease.REF.379">379</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF33" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF33"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F33/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 33. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF33" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF33"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image033.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image033.jpg" alt="Bar graph showing albuminuria after diabetes diagnosis was more common in those who had higher mean blood pressure before diabetes diagnosis" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF33"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F33"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F33/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF33">FIGURE 33. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Prevalence of Elevated Albuminuria in Pima Indians After Diagnosis of
|
|
Type 2 Diabetes, by Blood Pressure Before Onset of Diabetes. Elevated albuminuria is defined by urinary albumin-to-creatinine (ACR)
|
|
ratio ≥100 mg/g. Participants with the highest <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F33/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF33">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Sodium-lithium countertransport activity, a genetically influenced trait, is
|
|
often higher in persons with essential hypertension and in those whose
|
|
parents have essential hypertension (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.380" rid="kidneydisease.REF.380">380</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.381" rid="kidneydisease.REF.381">381</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.382" rid="kidneydisease.REF.382">382</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.383" rid="kidneydisease.REF.383">383</a>). In type 1 diabetes, elevated
|
|
rates of countertransport activity are reported in persons with moderate
|
|
albuminuria or proteinuria (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F34/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF34" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF34">Figure 34</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.384" rid="kidneydisease.REF.384">384</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.385" rid="kidneydisease.REF.385">385</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.386" rid="kidneydisease.REF.386">386</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.387" rid="kidneydisease.REF.387">387</a>), elevated GFR (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.388" rid="kidneydisease.REF.388">388</a>), and proliferative retinopathy
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.389" rid="kidneydisease.REF.389">389</a>). These
|
|
findings suggest that persons with diabetes and hypertension and with
|
|
elevated sodium-lithium countertransport activity are at greater risk for
|
|
DKD and possibly other microvascular complications, although these findings
|
|
have not been uniformly confirmed (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.387" rid="kidneydisease.REF.387">387</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.390" rid="kidneydisease.REF.390">390</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.391" rid="kidneydisease.REF.391">391</a>). Few studies assessed this
|
|
relationship in those with type 2 diabetes; some found an association
|
|
between higher sodium-lithium countertransport activity and albuminuria
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.392" rid="kidneydisease.REF.392">392</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.393" rid="kidneydisease.REF.393">393</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.394" rid="kidneydisease.REF.394">394</a>), and others did
|
|
not (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.395" rid="kidneydisease.REF.395">395</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.396" rid="kidneydisease.REF.396">396</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF34" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF34"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F34/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 34. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF34" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF34"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image034.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image034.jpg" alt="Dot plot showing sodium-lithium counter-transport activity was higher with albuminuria than those with normoalbuminuria" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF34"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F34"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F34/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF34">FIGURE 34. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Correlation of Sodium-Lithium Countertransport Activity With
|
|
Nephropathy. Sodium-lithium (Na-Li) countertransport activity was measured in 21
|
|
persons with type 1 diabetes and normoalbuminuric matched controls.
|
|
Diabetic nephropathy is defined by a urinary <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F34/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF34">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="kidneydisease.Lipids"><h3>Lipids</h3><p>Many of the abnormalities in plasma lipoproteins associated with kidney
|
|
disease are sequelae of kidney dysfunction, yet dyslipidemia may also play a
|
|
role in the pathogenesis of glomerular injury (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.397" rid="kidneydisease.REF.397">397</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.398" rid="kidneydisease.REF.398">398</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.399" rid="kidneydisease.REF.399">399</a>). Persons with pre-dialysis DKD
|
|
typically have significant hypertriglyceridemia, elevated LDL, and low
|
|
high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations. These
|
|
abnormalities are more pronounced in persons with severe albuminuria than
|
|
those with moderate albuminuria (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.35" rid="kidneydisease.REF.35">35</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.400" rid="kidneydisease.REF.400">400</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.401" rid="kidneydisease.REF.401">401</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.402" rid="kidneydisease.REF.402">402</a>) but tend to subside with
|
|
progression to uremia and dialysis (<a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTchangesinlipidslipopr">Table 14</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.403" rid="kidneydisease.REF.403">403</a>). Besides
|
|
quantitative changes, lipid particles in people with diabetes change
|
|
qualitatively; LDL and HDL particles tend to be smaller and denser with
|
|
advancing CKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.402" rid="kidneydisease.REF.402">402</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.404" rid="kidneydisease.REF.404">404</a>). </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTchangesinlipidslipopr"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 14. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTchangesinlipidslipopr"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTchangesinlipidslipopr">TABLE 14. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Changes in Lipids, Lipoproteins, ApoA, and ApoB, by Stage of Chronic
|
|
Kidney Disease </p></div></div><p>In a study of persons with type 1 diabetes, LDL cholesterol predicted
|
|
progression of DKD as defined by a doubling of albuminuria or a decline in
|
|
creatinine clearance in excess of 3 mL/min/year (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.405" rid="kidneydisease.REF.405">405</a>). In that study, LDL cholesterol
|
|
was associated with elevated albuminuria after nearly 9 years of follow-up;
|
|
a higher triglyceride content of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and
|
|
intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) particles predicted worsening of
|
|
moderate albuminuria, whereas smaller LDL size was associated with declining
|
|
kidney function in persons with severe baseline albuminuria. These findings
|
|
suggest that specific lipids or lipid profiles may influence the onset or
|
|
progression of DKD, although the findings have not been consistently
|
|
observed (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.352" rid="kidneydisease.REF.352">352</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.406" rid="kidneydisease.REF.406">406</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.407" rid="kidneydisease.REF.407">407</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.408" rid="kidneydisease.REF.408">408</a>). </p><p>In type 2 diabetes, prospective studies with long follow-up found that LDL
|
|
cholesterol increases the risk for severe albuminuria (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.409" rid="kidneydisease.REF.409">409</a>) and kidney failure (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.410" rid="kidneydisease.REF.410">410</a>). In a <i>post hoc</i> analysis of 1,061 persons with type 2
|
|
diabetes included in the Reduction of Endpoints in Non-insulin dependent
|
|
diabetes with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (RENAAL) study, the
|
|
risk of kidney failure was 32% higher for each 50 mg/dL (1.30 mmol/L)
|
|
increase in LDL cholesterol concentration and 67% higher for each 100 mg/dL
|
|
(2.59 mmol/L) increase in total cholesterol concentration; lowering LDL
|
|
cholesterol concentrations with a statin reduced the 1-year risk of kidney
|
|
failure, although concurrent treatment with losartan, an ARB, likely
|
|
contributed to improving this outcome by ACR (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.410" rid="kidneydisease.REF.410">410</a>). Elevated plasma triglycerides
|
|
are associated with increased risk for both moderate and severe albuminuria
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.409" rid="kidneydisease.REF.409">409</a>) and with
|
|
kidney failure in type 2 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.411" rid="kidneydisease.REF.411">411</a>). In addition, low concentrations
|
|
of HDL cholesterol predict increased risk of albuminuria progression in
|
|
persons with type 2 diabetes and moderate albuminuria (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.412" rid="kidneydisease.REF.412">412</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.413" rid="kidneydisease.REF.413">413</a>). In the UKPDS, each mmol/L
|
|
decline in HDL cholesterol was associated with nearly threefold risk of
|
|
doubling of serum creatinine concentration (HR 2.78, 95% CI
|
|
1.01–7.68) 15 years after the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.409" rid="kidneydisease.REF.409">409</a>). The Strong
|
|
Heart Study examined the relationship between plasma lipoprotein
|
|
concentrations and the risk of elevated albuminuria in 671 American Indians
|
|
with type 2 diabetes who were followed for a mean of 3.9 years (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.414" rid="kidneydisease.REF.414">414</a>). A low HDL
|
|
cholesterol concentration was associated with elevated ACR in women only (OR
|
|
0.56, 95% CI 0.32–0.98) after adjustment for age, duration of
|
|
diabetes, hypoglycemic treatment, A1C, study site, degree of Indian
|
|
ancestry, mean arterial blood pressure, baseline albumin excretion, insulin
|
|
concentration, body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption, and physical
|
|
activity. The association between HDL cholesterol and increased ACR in women
|
|
was largely explained by a HDL cholesterol concentration <0.9
|
|
mmol/L, with little additional effect at higher HDL concentrations (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F35/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF35" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF35">Figure 35</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.414" rid="kidneydisease.REF.414">414</a>). No other lipids
|
|
were found to increase the risk of incident albuminuria; high levels of
|
|
total and VLDL triglycerides and small LDL size were positively, but not
|
|
significantly, associated with abnormal albuminuria. In the absence of a
|
|
standard measure of insulin resistance, however, the study could not
|
|
determine whether low HDL cholesterol itself, insulin resistance, or other
|
|
correlated variables were most prominently increasing the risk of
|
|
nephropathy (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.414" rid="kidneydisease.REF.414">414</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF35" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF35"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F35/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 35. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF35" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF35"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image035.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image035.jpg" alt="Line graph showing low H D L levels were associated with greater albuminuria in women but not in men" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF35"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F35"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F35/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF35">FIGURE 35. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Effect of Serum HDL Cholesterol Concentration on the Incidence of
|
|
Albuminuria in American Indians With Type 2 Diabetes, Strong Heart
|
|
Study, 1989–1996. Effect of HDL cholesterol concentration on the incidence of albuminuria
|
|
(ACR ≥30 mg/g) <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F35/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF35">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Dyslipidemia may contribute to onset and progression of DKD through
|
|
mechanisms similar to those responsible for arterial atherogenesis (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.398" rid="kidneydisease.REF.398">398</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.415" rid="kidneydisease.REF.415">415</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.416" rid="kidneydisease.REF.416">416</a>).
|
|
Hypercholesterolemia may impair the kidney’s hemodynamic responses
|
|
and tubular function by decreasing nitric oxide production and/or increasing
|
|
superoxide activity in the kidney (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.417" rid="kidneydisease.REF.417">417</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.418" rid="kidneydisease.REF.418">418</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.419" rid="kidneydisease.REF.419">419</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.420" rid="kidneydisease.REF.420">420</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.421" rid="kidneydisease.REF.421">421</a>), with resulting antidiuretic and
|
|
antinatriuretic effects (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.422" rid="kidneydisease.REF.422">422</a>). Although not directly affecting GFR, these actions may
|
|
play a role in the development of systemic hypertension associated with
|
|
diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.422" rid="kidneydisease.REF.422">422</a>).
|
|
Oxidized LDL and free fatty acids can cause structural and functional damage
|
|
to podocytes by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and accumulation of
|
|
reactive oxygen species (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.423" rid="kidneydisease.REF.423">423</a>), suggesting a direct causal role in the development and
|
|
progression of proteinuria. Experimental rodent models of type 1 and type 2
|
|
diabetes indicate that down-regulation of glomerular ATP-binding cassette
|
|
transporter (ABCA1) expression can lead to excessive cholesterol
|
|
accumulation in podocytes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.424" rid="kidneydisease.REF.424">424</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.425" rid="kidneydisease.REF.425">425</a>). Under normal conditions, ABCA1 mediates the efflux of
|
|
cholesterol to lipid-poor apolipoproteins (primarily Apo A1) to form HDLs.
|
|
This mechanism has also been demonstrated in glomerular transcripts from
|
|
persons with DKD when compared with living normal controls (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.426" rid="kidneydisease.REF.426">426</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.427" rid="kidneydisease.REF.427">427</a>). Nevertheless, a
|
|
definitive role for dyslipidemia in the development and progression of DKD
|
|
in humans remains to be established.</p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Dietary_Protein"><h3>Dietary Protein</h3><p>In epidemiologic studies, higher-protein diets are associated with insulin
|
|
resistance and development of diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.428" rid="kidneydisease.REF.428">428</a>), as well as with greater risk of
|
|
kidney damage or loss of function, especially in individuals with diabetes,
|
|
hypertension, and/or reduced kidney function. These risks are mainly
|
|
confined to animal meat intake. Vegetable or dairy proteins do not appear to
|
|
adversely affect kidney health (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.429" rid="kidneydisease.REF.429">429</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.430" rid="kidneydisease.REF.430">430</a>).</p><p>In experimental models, excessive protein intake causes kidney vasodilation
|
|
and glomerular hyperperfusion and accelerates structural and functional
|
|
injury in models of DKD, whereas low-protein diets offer kidney protection
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.431" rid="kidneydisease.REF.431">431</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.432" rid="kidneydisease.REF.432">432</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.433" rid="kidneydisease.REF.433">433</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.434" rid="kidneydisease.REF.434">434</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.435" rid="kidneydisease.REF.435">435</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.436" rid="kidneydisease.REF.436">436</a>). Physiologic
|
|
studies in humans confirm the hyperfiltration response found in animal
|
|
studies, but only in the presence of chronic hyperglycemia (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.437" rid="kidneydisease.REF.437">437</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.438" rid="kidneydisease.REF.438">438</a>). On the other
|
|
hand, dietary protein of animal origin may be a significant source of
|
|
advanced glycation endproducts, particularly when cooked at high
|
|
temperatures or in fat (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.439" rid="kidneydisease.REF.439">439</a>). <i>In vitro</i> studies indicate
|
|
that advanced glycation endproducts can produce kidney damage through a
|
|
variety of mechanisms even from the very early stages of kidney disease, but
|
|
their contribution to disease progression is still unclear. </p><p>Two other studies explored the association between CKD and dietary acid load,
|
|
a surrogate for the intake of acid-inducing foods (rich in animal proteins)
|
|
versus base-inducing foods (fruits and vegetables), quantified as the net
|
|
acid excretion estimated from 24-hour dietary recall (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.440" rid="kidneydisease.REF.440">440</a>), and between CKD and metabolic
|
|
acidosis (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.441" rid="kidneydisease.REF.441">441</a>). The
|
|
former found that higher dietary acid load among 12,293 U.S. adult
|
|
participants in the NHANES 1999–2004 was associated with an eGFR
|
|
<60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> or elevated albuminuria in
|
|
participants with hypertension and in those without hypertension or
|
|
diabetes. Older age, poverty, being Black or male, but not diabetes, were
|
|
significantly associated with an increasing level of net acid excretion in
|
|
this population. In the latter study (including 21% persons with diabetes),
|
|
serum bicarbonate level ≤22 mEq/L was associated with a 54% higher
|
|
risk of eGFR decline during a median follow-up of 3.4 years after adjustment
|
|
for baseline eGFR and clinical, demographic, and socioeconomic patient
|
|
characteristics. Since this study had no information on patients’
|
|
diet or medication during the follow-up, the findings cannot be attributed
|
|
directly to dietary protein intake. Thus, although a theoretical case can be
|
|
made for the impact of dietary protein on the development of DKD, no
|
|
observational data in humans unequivocally support such a role. </p><p>Another study of NHANES data in adults found that a proinflammatory diet
|
|
(high in cholesterol and saturated fats) and low intake of anti-inflammatory
|
|
foods (fruits and vegetables) was associated with systemic inflammation and
|
|
risk of kidney failure (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.442" rid="kidneydisease.REF.442">442</a>). Inflammation was estimated to mediate 36% of the effect of
|
|
the proinflammatory dietary pattern on risk of kidney failure.</p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Smoking"><h3>Smoking</h3><p>A cross-sectional analysis of 61,675 participants in the NKF’s Kidney
|
|
Early Evaluation Program (KEEP), 27.1% of whom had CKD, identified smoking
|
|
along with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and CVD as significant factors
|
|
associated with CKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.443" rid="kidneydisease.REF.443">443</a>). Similarly, in 14,632 participants in the NHANES
|
|
1999–2004, 15.3% of whom had CKD, current smoking increased the odds
|
|
of CKD by 31% (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.443" rid="kidneydisease.REF.443">443</a>).</p><p>In a large population-based study, maternal smoking during pregnancy
|
|
increased the odds of albuminuria in the full-term offspring who later
|
|
developed type 1 diabetes by threefold, independent of low birth weight or
|
|
blood pressure levels (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.444" rid="kidneydisease.REF.444">444</a>). In young persons with type 1 diabetes who smoked, the risk
|
|
of albuminuria was nearly threefold higher than in nonsmokers (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.445" rid="kidneydisease.REF.445">445</a>). Likewise, the
|
|
frequency of proteinuria (>500 mg/24 hours) was twice as high in
|
|
smokers as in nonsmokers of similar age, duration of type 1 diabetes, A1C,
|
|
and prevalence of hypertension (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.446" rid="kidneydisease.REF.446">446</a>). On the other hand, no
|
|
relationship was observed between smoking and GFR decline in a longitudinal
|
|
study of persons with type 1 diabetes with albuminuria and serial
|
|
<sup>51</sup>Cr-EDTA GFR measurements over a median follow-up of 7 years
|
|
(<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F36/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF36" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF36">Figure 36</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.447" rid="kidneydisease.REF.447">447</a>), although other
|
|
smaller studies identified an association (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.448" rid="kidneydisease.REF.448">448</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.449" rid="kidneydisease.REF.449">449</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.450" rid="kidneydisease.REF.450">450</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF36" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF36"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F36/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 36. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF36" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF36"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image036.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image036.jpg" alt="Bar graph showing the decline in glomerular filtration rate was similar for smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers after adjusting for blood pressure" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF36"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F36"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F36/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF36">FIGURE 36. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Impact of Smoking Habit on Kidney Function, Adjusted for Difference in
|
|
Blood Pressure Between Groups, Steno Clinic, 1983–1997. GFR was measured yearly by the <sup>51</sup>Cr-EDTA plasma clearance
|
|
technique. In 301 persons with type 1 diabetes and severe <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F36/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF36">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>In men with type 2 diabetes, cigarette smoking was associated with higher A1C
|
|
and ACR levels in a dose-dependent fashion (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.451" rid="kidneydisease.REF.451">451</a>), with nearly one-half of the
|
|
heavy smokers having A1C >9% (>75 mmol/mol) and ACR
|
|
≥30 mg/g. The odds of elevated ACR were 2.8–3.2 times as
|
|
high in those smoking more than 15 pack-years than in nonsmokers, regardless
|
|
of age, blood pressure control, or diabetes duration. This and other studies
|
|
in type 2 diabetes suggest that smoking is associated with kidney damage
|
|
regardless of blood pressure control and treatment with RAAS inhibitors
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.452" rid="kidneydisease.REF.452">452</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.453" rid="kidneydisease.REF.453">453</a>). Smoking also
|
|
increased the risk of moderate or severe albuminuria (adjusted OR 1.50, 95%
|
|
CI 1.21–1.86) after 5 years of follow-up in a large population-based
|
|
study of persons with type 2 diabetes and no kidney disease at baseline from
|
|
the Swedish National Diabetes Registry, although no association was found
|
|
with the rate of kidney function decline (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.454" rid="kidneydisease.REF.454">454</a>).</p><p>In addition to nicotine, mainstream cigarette combustion produces more than
|
|
4,000 compounds, including reactive oxygen species, carbon monoxide, nitric
|
|
oxide, toxic metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which may add to
|
|
an already increased susceptibility to DKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.455" rid="kidneydisease.REF.455">455</a>). Although the precise mechanisms
|
|
are unclear, tobacco smoking is known to cause vasoconstriction, impair
|
|
platelet function and coagulation, and alter blood pressure (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.456" rid="kidneydisease.REF.456">456</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.457" rid="kidneydisease.REF.457">457</a>). Given that
|
|
persons with diabetes already have widespread vascular damage as a
|
|
consequence of their diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.458" rid="kidneydisease.REF.458">458</a>), smoking may accelerate the
|
|
process.</p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Obesity"><h3>Obesity</h3><p>Obesity is a major risk factor for diabetes, hypertension, and CVD, all of
|
|
which increase the risk for kidney disease. It increasingly affects young
|
|
people, particularly among Hispanic, Black, and American Indian populations
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.459" rid="kidneydisease.REF.459">459</a>), leading
|
|
to an earlier onset of diabetes and its major complications, including
|
|
kidney disease (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.460" rid="kidneydisease.REF.460">460</a>). In a simulation study using data from the NHANES, lifetime
|
|
risk of any-stage kidney disease has been estimated at 32.5% for individuals
|
|
with normal weight, 37.6% with overweight, and 41.0% with obesity (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.461" rid="kidneydisease.REF.461">461</a>). The
|
|
longitudinal population-based study in the Pima Indians showed that between
|
|
1965 and 2003, BMI increased in all age groups, including children. During
|
|
the same time period, the incidence of diabetes increased nearly sixfold
|
|
among those age <15 years, without a similar trend in the older
|
|
ages. These findings suggest that the increasing prevalence and degree of
|
|
obesity in youth combined with a nearly fourfold increase in the frequency
|
|
of exposure to diabetes <i>in utero</i> have shifted
|
|
the onset of diabetes to younger ages (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.462" rid="kidneydisease.REF.462">462</a>). For any diabetes duration,
|
|
participants with youth-onset type 2 diabetes had a lower risk of kidney
|
|
failure (p=0.007) than those with older-onset diabetes (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F37/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF37" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF37">Figure 37</a>). Because of the longer
|
|
duration of diabetes by mid-life, however, the incidence of kidney failure
|
|
was higher between ages 25 and 54 years in those with youth-onset diabetes
|
|
than in those with adult-onset diabetes (p<0.001) (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F37/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF37" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF37">Figure 37</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.327" rid="kidneydisease.REF.327">327</a>). Given the
|
|
continued increase in obesity, the experience in the Pima Indians may be
|
|
relevant to other populations at high risk for diabetes.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF37" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF37"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F37/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 37. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF37" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF37"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image037.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image037.jpg" alt="Line graphs showing adult-onset compared to youth-onset type 2 diabetes had a cumulative incidence of E S R D that was higher at a comparable duration of diabetes and lower at a comparable age" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF37"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F37"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F37/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF37">FIGURE 37. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Effect of Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes on Incidence of End-Stage Kidney
|
|
Disease in Pima Indians, by Diabetes Duration and Age,
|
|
1965–2002. Participants were observed from onset of diabetes to outcome or December
|
|
2002. Youth-onset type 2 diabetes <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F37/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF37">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Animal and human kidney biopsy studies describe obesity-associated adaptive
|
|
increases in GFR and renal plasma flow, resulting from both proximal salt
|
|
reabsorption and elevated angiotensin II, as well as structural changes,
|
|
such as glomerular hypertrophy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.463" rid="kidneydisease.REF.463">463</a>). A retrospective
|
|
clinical and histopathologic study of 6,818 native kidney biopsies found
|
|
diabetes-like lesions in 45% of persons with obesity-related glomerulopathy
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.464" rid="kidneydisease.REF.464">464</a>). Further,
|
|
the prevalence of obesity-related glomerulopathy, defined as glomerulomegaly
|
|
with or without focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, increased tenfold over a
|
|
15-year period (from 0.2% in 1986–1990 to 2.0% in 1996–2000)
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.464" rid="kidneydisease.REF.464">464</a>). As the
|
|
authors excluded other causes of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, this
|
|
increase was largely attributed to the rising prevalence of obesity in the
|
|
general population. Notably, five individuals who lost significant weight
|
|
experienced a 50%–75% decline in proteinuria, and their kidney
|
|
function remained stable.</p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Periodontal_Disease"><h3>Periodontal Disease</h3><p>Periodontal disease, which often occurs in the absence of diabetes, is a
|
|
frequent complication of diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.465" rid="kidneydisease.REF.465">465</a>), contributing to poor glycemic
|
|
control, low-grade chronic systemic inflammation, and increased risk of
|
|
macrovascular and microvascular complications (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.465" rid="kidneydisease.REF.465">465</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.466" rid="kidneydisease.REF.466">466</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.467" rid="kidneydisease.REF.467">467</a>). Because diabetes is the leading
|
|
cause of kidney failure, periodontitis is frequently present among dialysis
|
|
patients, increasing the risk for cardiovascular death (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.466" rid="kidneydisease.REF.466">466</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.468" rid="kidneydisease.REF.468">468</a>). Severity of
|
|
periodontitis and being edentulous predicted severe albuminuria and kidney
|
|
failure in a dose-dependent manner among adults with type 2 diabetes
|
|
followed for a median of 9 years (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.469" rid="kidneydisease.REF.469">469</a>). A study investigating the
|
|
relationships between diabetes, periodontal disease, and CKD in the NHANES
|
|
1988–1994 population suggested a bidirectional relationship between
|
|
CKD and periodontal disease, with periodontitis associated with the risk of
|
|
CKD both directly and mediated by hypertension and duration of diabetes, and
|
|
CKD having a direct effect on periodontitis (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.470" rid="kidneydisease.REF.470">470</a>). Control of periodontal
|
|
infection in adults with diabetes improves A1C level (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.465" rid="kidneydisease.REF.465">465</a>) and reduces the concentration of
|
|
various markers of inflammation, coagulation, and adhesion (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.471" rid="kidneydisease.REF.471">471</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.472" rid="kidneydisease.REF.472">472</a>). Whether such
|
|
control also reduces the onset or progression of DKD is not known.</p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Other_Risk_Factors_for_DKD"><h3>Other Risk Factors for DKD </h3><div id="kidneydisease.Drug_and_Iodinated_Contras"><h4>Drug and Iodinated Contrast-Associated Nephrotoxicity</h4><p>Cumulative toxicity from prolonged exposure to NSAIDs is a cause of CKD,
|
|
particularly among the elderly and those with diabetes, underlying
|
|
volume depletion, heart failure, or preexisting kidney dysfunction
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.473" rid="kidneydisease.REF.473">473</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.474" rid="kidneydisease.REF.474">474</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.475" rid="kidneydisease.REF.475">475</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.476" rid="kidneydisease.REF.476">476</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.477" rid="kidneydisease.REF.477">477</a>). </p><p>A variety of commonly used or prescribed medicines have been associated
|
|
with tubulointerstitial and glomerular lesions, including hydralazine,
|
|
levamisole, and antithyroid drugs (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.478" rid="kidneydisease.REF.478">478</a>). Two main mechanisms of
|
|
interaction with kidney structures have been described: direct cellular
|
|
toxicity and immune-mediated injury (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.479" rid="kidneydisease.REF.479">479</a>). These injuries and the
|
|
related clinical parameters are generally reversible after withdrawing
|
|
the offending drug. Nonetheless, establishing a causal link between drug
|
|
exposure and the development of renal pathology is often difficult, due
|
|
to lack of specific markers, recall bias, underlying diseases,
|
|
heterogeneity of symptoms, and physicians’ unfamiliarity with
|
|
the renal effects caused by certain drugs.</p><p>Iodinated contrast-induced nephropathy is one of the most commonly
|
|
reported causes of acute kidney failure in hospitalized patients. Those
|
|
with diabetes and an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> are at
|
|
particularly increased risk for contrast-induced nephropathy, especially
|
|
with use of high-osmolar iodinated contrast media (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.480" rid="kidneydisease.REF.480">480</a>).</p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Autonomic_Neuropathy"><h4>Autonomic Neuropathy</h4><p>In the United States, between 25% and 28% of adults age ≥40 years
|
|
with diabetes have peripheral neuropathy (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.481" rid="kidneydisease.REF.481">481</a>). Autonomic neuropathy with
|
|
ensuing alteration of glomerular vascular resistance may hasten
|
|
deterioration of kidney function in persons with type 1 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.482" rid="kidneydisease.REF.482">482</a>). Whether
|
|
autonomic neuropathy <i>per se</i> is part of the
|
|
pathogenic process leading to DKD or is a reflection of the severity of
|
|
diabetes is unclear (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.482" rid="kidneydisease.REF.482">482</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.483" rid="kidneydisease.REF.483">483</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.484" rid="kidneydisease.REF.484">484</a>). Nonetheless, the two microvascular complications of
|
|
diabetes occur together frequently. One study reported that half of the
|
|
deaths in those with type 1 diabetes and autonomic neuropathy were
|
|
attributed to DKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.485" rid="kidneydisease.REF.485">485</a>). </p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Pregnancy"><h4>Pregnancy</h4><p>Among women with normal kidney function, regardless of the presence of
|
|
diabetes, pregnancy is associated with a rise in the eGFR of about 50%
|
|
that persists through the 37th week of gestation (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.283" rid="kidneydisease.REF.283">283</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.486" rid="kidneydisease.REF.486">486</a>) and is accompanied by a
|
|
moderate increase in urinary protein excretion (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.283" rid="kidneydisease.REF.283">283</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.487" rid="kidneydisease.REF.487">487</a>). <a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTkidneyfunctionduringa">Table 15</a>
|
|
summarizes ACR and kidney function characteristic of nondiabetic and
|
|
diabetic pregnancies (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.488" rid="kidneydisease.REF.488">488</a>). Most women with DKD have successful pregnancy outcomes
|
|
despite increased risk. Those with advanced kidney disease, poor
|
|
glycemic control, or hypertension, however, are at increased risk of
|
|
pregnancy complications and subsequent deterioration in kidney function
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.486" rid="kidneydisease.REF.486">486</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTkidneyfunctionduringa"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 15. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTkidneyfunctionduringa"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTkidneyfunctionduringa">TABLE 15. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Kidney Function During and After Pregnancy, by Presence or Absence of
|
|
Diabetes </p></div></div><p>Although neither pregnancy nor parity adversely affects the course of
|
|
early DKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.489" rid="kidneydisease.REF.489">489</a>), the few available studies suggest that women with more
|
|
severe kidney impairment may be at greater risk of kidney disease
|
|
progression later in life. In a retrospective review of pregnant women
|
|
with type 1 diabetes, a creatinine clearance <90 mL/min or a
|
|
urinary protein excretion >1g/day during the first 20 weeks of
|
|
gestation was associated with a greater decline in kidney function at
|
|
approximately 3 years after delivery than in those with less severe DKD
|
|
during early pregnancy (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.490" rid="kidneydisease.REF.490">490</a>). On average, creatinine
|
|
clearance declined from 120 mL/min in the first weeks of pregnancy to 78
|
|
mL/min at the 3-year follow-up (p=0.01), even as changes in proteinuria
|
|
remained nonsignificant from the initial measurement during pregnancy
|
|
(2.94±4.26 g/24 hours vs. 1.74±1.33 g/24 hours, p=0.25)
|
|
(<a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTserialcreatininecleara">Table 16</a>)
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.490" rid="kidneydisease.REF.490">490</a>).
|
|
Mothers with advanced kidney disease were more likely to experience
|
|
preeclampsia and have offspring with low birth weight. Worsening of
|
|
preexisting DKD was also reported among women with type 1 diabetes who
|
|
were followed for up to 26 years (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.491" rid="kidneydisease.REF.491">491</a>). In this study, morbidity
|
|
and mortality remained higher in women with pregnancies 10 years after
|
|
their last delivery than in those without pregnancies (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.491" rid="kidneydisease.REF.491">491</a>).
|
|
Preeclampsia is more frequent in women with diabetes and is associated
|
|
with 7.7-fold higher odds of subsequent DKD compared with those with
|
|
normotensive pregnancies (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.492" rid="kidneydisease.REF.492">492</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTserialcreatininecleara"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 16. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTserialcreatininecleara"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTserialcreatininecleara">TABLE 16. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Serial Creatinine Clearance and 24-Hour Proteinuria Measurements During
|
|
and After Pregnancy in Participants With Type 1 Diabetes,
|
|
1988–1994 </p></div></div></div><div id="kidneydisease.Intrauterine_Factors"><h4>Intrauterine Factors</h4><p>Clinical studies indicate that exposure to a diabetic intrauterine
|
|
environment increases the risk of kidney disease later in life, perhaps
|
|
as a consequence of reduced nephron formation during fetal development
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.493" rid="kidneydisease.REF.493">493</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.494" rid="kidneydisease.REF.494">494</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.495" rid="kidneydisease.REF.495">495</a>). Individuals
|
|
with reduced nephron endowment are also prone to develop hypertension
|
|
and CVD. These conditions may be triggered or hastened by exposure to
|
|
additional kidney insults, such as high-salt diet, obesity, and diabetes
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.493" rid="kidneydisease.REF.493">493</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.494" rid="kidneydisease.REF.494">494</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.496" rid="kidneydisease.REF.496">496</a>). Moreover,
|
|
impaired nephrogenesis and hypertension may be passed to the next
|
|
generation through changes in epigenetic gene regulation (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.497" rid="kidneydisease.REF.497">497</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.498" rid="kidneydisease.REF.498">498</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.499" rid="kidneydisease.REF.499">499</a>). Consistent
|
|
quantitative information about this risk comes from longitudinal studies
|
|
in Pima Indians. Exposure to diabetes <i>in
|
|
utero</i> among Pima Indians increased nearly fourfold over a
|
|
30-year period, paralleled by a doubling in the prevalence of children
|
|
with diabetes attributable to this exposure (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.500" rid="kidneydisease.REF.500">500</a>). Intrauterine exposure to
|
|
diabetes was associated with a fourfold increase in the age-sex-adjusted
|
|
incidence of kidney failure in young adults with type 2 diabetes,
|
|
mediated largely by the younger age at onset of diabetes (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F38/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF38" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF38">Figure 38</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.328" rid="kidneydisease.REF.328">328</a>). A study
|
|
exploring the impact of intrauterine exposure to diabetes compared renal
|
|
vascular resistance in 19 adult nondiabetic offspring of mothers with
|
|
type 1 diabetes with 18 offspring of fathers with type 1 diabetes as
|
|
control subjects (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.501" rid="kidneydisease.REF.501">501</a>). At baseline, exposed and control subjects had similar
|
|
age (median 24 and 25 years, respectively), BMI, age at delivery,
|
|
glucose concentrations, blood pressure, kidney size, and
|
|
<sup>51</sup>Cr-EDTA-measured GFR. Kidney vasodilatation induced with
|
|
amino acid infusion was associated with significantly less increase in
|
|
GFR and effective renal plasma flow and less decline in mean arterial
|
|
pressure in offspring of mothers with type 1 diabetes, suggesting a
|
|
reduced kidney functional reserve, possibly due to low nephron number
|
|
and compensatory permanent single nephron hyperfiltration. A proposed
|
|
explanation for these observations is that exposure to a diabetic
|
|
intrauterine environment causes differential apoptosis during
|
|
nephrogenesis via increased intrarenal renin-angiotensin system
|
|
activation and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB signaling (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.502" rid="kidneydisease.REF.502">502</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.503" rid="kidneydisease.REF.503">503</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF38" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF38"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F38/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 38. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF38" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF38"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image038.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image038.jpg" alt="Line graph showing intrauterine exposure to diabetes was associated with a 4-fold increase in incidence of E S R D due to younger age of diabetes onset" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF38"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F38"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F38/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF38">FIGURE 38. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Cumulative Incidence of Diabetic End-Stage Kidney Disease Among Pima
|
|
Indians, by Offspring’s Age and Duration of Diabetes, According
|
|
to Exposure to Diabetes <i>in Utero</i>,
|
|
1965–2006. </p></div></div><p>A critical shortage of maternal fuels during pregnancy may manifest as
|
|
intrauterine growth retardation, defined as birth weight below the 10th
|
|
percentile for gestational age. Low birth weight is frequent in minority
|
|
populations, in populations undergoing rapid transition from traditional
|
|
to modern lifestyle, and in those with low socioeconomic status, as well
|
|
as in pregnancies associated with inadequate maternal weight gain, poor
|
|
antenatal care, maternal hypertension, or smoking (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.504" rid="kidneydisease.REF.504">504</a>). In 12,364 adults with a
|
|
history of diabetes or hypertension screened by the NKF’s KEEP,
|
|
15% of whom reported birth weight <2,500 g, a U-shaped
|
|
relationship was found between birth weight and CKD among White men
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.505" rid="kidneydisease.REF.505">505</a>).
|
|
Similarly, in a population-based, case-control study using
|
|
1987–2008 birth certificates from Washington state, low birth
|
|
weight (defined as 400–2,499 g) was associated with a twofold
|
|
higher risk of CKD in the offspring (OR 2.41, 95% CI 2.08–2.80)
|
|
compared with those of normal birth weight (defined as
|
|
2,500–3,999 g); the higher odds persisted after adjustment for
|
|
maternal diabetes, BMI, and smoking (OR 2.88, 95% CI 2.28–3.63)
|
|
(<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F39/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF39" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF39">Figure 39</a>)
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.506" rid="kidneydisease.REF.506">506</a>). The
|
|
same study found that children with CKD were more likely to be born to
|
|
mothers with overweight or obesity (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.10–1.41),
|
|
regardless of maternal diabetes, gestational hypertension, and smoking
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.506" rid="kidneydisease.REF.506">506</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF39" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF39"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F39/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 39. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF39" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF39"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image039.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image039.jpg" alt="Bar graph showing low birth weight children were more likely to have C K D than normal birth weight children after adjustment, while high birth weight was not associated after adjustment" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF39"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F39"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F39/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF39">FIGURE 39. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Association Between Birth Weight and Chronic Kidney Disease. The horizontal dashed line represents the reference birth weight (defined
|
|
as 2,500–3,999 g). Birth weight is based on Washington state
|
|
birth records from 1987–2008. Chronic kidney <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F39/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF39">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="kidneydisease.Familial_and_Genetic_Facto"><h4>Familial and Genetic Factors</h4><p>Familial aggregation of DKD and racial and ethnic differences in disease
|
|
susceptibility suggest a genetic predisposition to DKD. Three initial
|
|
studies reported familial clustering of DKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.507" rid="kidneydisease.REF.507">507</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.508" rid="kidneydisease.REF.508">508</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.509" rid="kidneydisease.REF.509">509</a>). In one study, DKD was
|
|
reported in 83% (24 of 29) of the siblings of probands with type 1
|
|
diabetes and kidney disease but in only 17% (2 of 12) of the siblings of
|
|
probands with type 1 diabetes without kidney disease (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F40/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF40" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF40">Figure 40</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.507" rid="kidneydisease.REF.507">507</a>). Moreover,
|
|
41% of the affected siblings of persons with DKD had kidney failure. A
|
|
similar study in persons with type 1 diabetes found DKD in 33% of the
|
|
siblings of persons with DKD but in only 10% of the siblings of persons
|
|
without DKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.508" rid="kidneydisease.REF.508">508</a>). Familial clustering is also found in type 2 diabetes.
|
|
In two generations of Pima Indians with type 2 diabetes, the frequency
|
|
of proteinuria in the offspring with diabetes was higher if both parents
|
|
with diabetes had proteinuria than if neither did; if one parent had
|
|
proteinuria, the prevalence was intermediate (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF41" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF41">Figure 41</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.509" rid="kidneydisease.REF.509">509</a>). </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF40" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF40"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F40/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 40. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF40" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF40"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image040.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image040.jpg" alt="Bar graph showing 17% of those with a sibling without nephropathy had kidney disease while 83% of those with a sibling with nephropathy had kidney disease" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF40"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F40"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F40/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF40">FIGURE 40. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Kidney Status of Siblings of Type 1 Diabetes Probands, by Diabetic
|
|
Nephropathy. Probands with diabetic nephropathy were persons with kidney transplant
|
|
for diabetic ESKD; probands without diabetic nephropathy were persons
|
|
with albumin excretion rate <45 <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F40/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF40">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF41" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF41"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F41/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 41. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF41" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF41"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image041.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image041.jpg" alt="Bar graph showing proteinuria in 46% of those with both parents having proteinuria, 23% in those with 1 parent with it, and 14% in those with neither parent" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF41"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F41"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF41">FIGURE 41. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Prevalence of Proteinuria in Offspring, by Number of Parents With
|
|
Proteinuria, Pima Indians. Proteinuria is defined as urinary protein excretion ≥1g
|
|
protein/24 hours. Data are adjusted for age, systolic blood pressure,
|
|
diabetes duration, and glucose <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF41">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>A number of candidate genes have been identified that may be related to
|
|
DKD. In Pima Indians, a potential susceptibility locus for kidney
|
|
failure was found within the plasmacytoma variant 1 (<i>PVT1</i>) gene (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.510" rid="kidneydisease.REF.510">510</a>), which was confirmed in
|
|
subjects of European descent with type 1 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.511" rid="kidneydisease.REF.511">511</a>). Genome-wide association
|
|
studies of subjects with type 1 diabetes in the Genetics of Kidneys in
|
|
Diabetes (GoKinD) study (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.512" rid="kidneydisease.REF.512">512</a>) found single nucleotide
|
|
polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FERM domain-containing protein 3 (<i>FRMD3</i>) gene and near the cysteinyl-tRNA
|
|
synthetase (<i>CARS</i>) gene associated with
|
|
DKD, defined by overt proteinuria or kidney failure. These associations
|
|
were confirmed in the DCCT/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and
|
|
Complications (EDIC) prospective study of type 1 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.513" rid="kidneydisease.REF.513">513</a>), and
|
|
susceptibility loci near <i>CARS</i> were found
|
|
to be common to both types of diabetes in another study (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.514" rid="kidneydisease.REF.514">514</a>). Engulfment
|
|
and cell motility 1 (<i>ELMO1</i>) loci were
|
|
associated with DKD in European (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.515" rid="kidneydisease.REF.515">515</a>) and Japanese (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.516" rid="kidneydisease.REF.516">516</a>) persons with
|
|
type 1 diabetes and in Black persons with kidney failure due to type 2
|
|
diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.517" rid="kidneydisease.REF.517">517</a>).
|
|
The Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes (FIND) study (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.518" rid="kidneydisease.REF.518">518</a>) collected
|
|
DNA and cell lines from European American, Black, American Indian, and
|
|
Hispanic American families in whom type 2 diabetes was the predominant
|
|
cause of kidney disease. For all ethnicities combined, the strongest
|
|
evidence for linkage to DKD was on the long arm of chromosomes 7, 14,
|
|
18, and on the short arm of chromosome 10; to ACR on the long arm of
|
|
chromosomes 2, 7, and 15; and to the eGFR on the long arm of chromosomes
|
|
1, 7, and 8 (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.519" rid="kidneydisease.REF.519">519</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.520" rid="kidneydisease.REF.520">520</a>).</p><p>A meta-analysis assessing the effects of all genetic variants associated
|
|
with severe albuminuria or kidney failure found 24 reproducible genetic
|
|
variants associated with DKD (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F42/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF42" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF42">Figure 42</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.521" rid="kidneydisease.REF.521">521</a>). These genetic variants are
|
|
involved in the renin-angiotensin system, polyol, oxidative stress,
|
|
inflammation, angiogenesis, glomerular filtration barrier defects, cell
|
|
growth, differentiation, and apoptosis pathways, supporting their roles
|
|
in the pathogenesis of DKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.521" rid="kidneydisease.REF.521">521</a>). Another meta-analysis
|
|
identified additional variants, primarily involved in kidney DNA
|
|
methylation, that were associated with kidney disease (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.522" rid="kidneydisease.REF.522">522</a>). Albuminuria
|
|
and, to a greater degree, GFR are heritable (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.523" rid="kidneydisease.REF.523">523</a>), but the actual genes
|
|
responsible for DKD remain elusive. Although these findings are not
|
|
universal, they do suggest that genetic factors may predispose some
|
|
individuals to a higher risk of DKD than others.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF42" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF42"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F42/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 42. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF42" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF42"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image042.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image042.jpg" alt="Forest plot showing 24 genetic variants associated with albuminuria or E S R D" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF42"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F42"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F42/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF42">FIGURE 42. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Genetic Variants Reproducibly Associated With Diabetic Nephropathy. Panel A: All genetic variants in or near a gene that were reproduced in
|
|
an independent study and significantly associated with diabetic
|
|
nephropathy after meta-analysis. Panel B: All genetic <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F42/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF42">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>In addition to specific genetic factors, the multifaceted cross-talk
|
|
between genes and environmental factors can induce tissue-specific
|
|
epigenetic changes, i.e., heritable changes in gene expression without
|
|
alterations in the DNA sequence that can lead to aberrant gene
|
|
regulation expressed as pathologic phenotype. Epigenetic changes include
|
|
DNA cytosine methylation, histone posttranslational modifications in
|
|
chromatin, and noncoding RNAs—all of which can modulate diabetes
|
|
complications through alterations in gene expression (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F43/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF43" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF43">Figure 43</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.524" rid="kidneydisease.REF.524">524</a>). Through
|
|
epigenetic mechanisms, for example, cells acquire metabolic memory of
|
|
prior hyperglycemic exposure that appears to mediate the development and
|
|
progression of DKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.525" rid="kidneydisease.REF.525">525</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.526" rid="kidneydisease.REF.526">526</a>). Hyperglycemia-induced epigenetic aberrations alter
|
|
transcription factors involved in the expression of genes mediating the
|
|
pathogenesis of DKD (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F43/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF43" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF43">Figure
|
|
43</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.524" rid="kidneydisease.REF.524">524</a>). Several microRNAs and certain long noncoding RNAs also
|
|
have regulatory roles in DKD, including promoting/modulating fibrotic
|
|
gene expression in renal cells by targeting transcription repressors
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.525" rid="kidneydisease.REF.525">525</a>).
|
|
Although the mechanisms of such cellular memory are not entirely
|
|
elucidated, its presence is supported by the regression of morphologic
|
|
lesions in diabetic kidneys after a long period of normoglycemia
|
|
following pancreas transplantation (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.369" rid="kidneydisease.REF.369">369</a>). Similarly, the long-lasting
|
|
effects of previous strict glycemic control observed in persons with
|
|
type 1 diabetes in the DCCT or type 2 diabetes in the UKPDS could be
|
|
attributed to cellular metabolic memory. Therapeutic approaches
|
|
targeting transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), angiotensin
|
|
II type 1 receptor, or microRNAs can block some of the events involved
|
|
in the pathogenesis of DKD, suggesting the need for novel therapies.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF43" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF43"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F43/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 43. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF43" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF43"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image043.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image043.jpg" alt="Flow chart showing hyperglycemia-induced epigenetic aberrations alter transcription factors involved in the expression of genes mediating the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF43"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F43"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F43/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF43">FIGURE 43. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Signaling and Epigenetic Networks Involved in the Pathogenesis of
|
|
Diabetic Complications and Metabolic Memory. Metabolic and hemodynamic disorders associated with diabetes can
|
|
upregulate growth factors and lipids that trigger signaling pathways,
|
|
transcription <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F43/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF43">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div></div></div><div id="kidneydisease.Treatment_of_DiabetesRelat"><h2 id="_kidneydisease_Treatment_of_DiabetesRelat_">Treatment of Diabetes-Related Kidney Disease</h2><p>Large, well-designed clinical trials have examined the effects of treatments on
|
|
the onset and progression of kidney disease in persons with diabetes. The
|
|
results of these trials helped inform and refine clinical practice guidelines
|
|
for the management of persons with diabetes and kidney disease. This section
|
|
summarizes the current understanding of kidney protective treatments in those
|
|
with diabetes.</p><div id="kidneydisease.Glycemic_Control"><h3>Glycemic Control</h3><p>Hyperglycemia plays a fundamental role in the development of DKD, as
|
|
discussed previously in this review. Many clinical trials have examined the
|
|
effect of glycemic control on the course of DKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.250" rid="kidneydisease.REF.250">250</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.513" rid="kidneydisease.REF.513">513</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.527" rid="kidneydisease.REF.527">527</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.528" rid="kidneydisease.REF.528">528</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.529" rid="kidneydisease.REF.529">529</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.530" rid="kidneydisease.REF.530">530</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.531" rid="kidneydisease.REF.531">531</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.532" rid="kidneydisease.REF.532">532</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.533" rid="kidneydisease.REF.533">533</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.534" rid="kidneydisease.REF.534">534</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.535" rid="kidneydisease.REF.535">535</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.536" rid="kidneydisease.REF.536">536</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.537" rid="kidneydisease.REF.537">537</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.538" rid="kidneydisease.REF.538">538</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.539" rid="kidneydisease.REF.539">539</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.540" rid="kidneydisease.REF.540">540</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.541" rid="kidneydisease.REF.541">541</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.542" rid="kidneydisease.REF.542">542</a>).</p><p>In type 1 diabetes, the DCCT and its long-term follow-up, the EDIC
|
|
observational study, demonstrated that intensive treatment of hyperglycemia
|
|
prevents the development of albuminuria and slows its progression (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.513" rid="kidneydisease.REF.513">513</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.543" rid="kidneydisease.REF.543">543</a>). In the DCCT,
|
|
1,441 persons with type 1 diabetes were randomly divided into two groups,
|
|
half receiving intensive insulin therapy and the other half receiving
|
|
conventional insulin therapy. Participants were followed for a mean of 6.5
|
|
years (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.252" rid="kidneydisease.REF.252">252</a>).
|
|
Intensive insulin therapy reduced the risks of moderate albuminuria
|
|
(≥40 mg/24 hours) and severe albuminuria (≥300 mg/24 hours)
|
|
by 39% and 54%, respectively. In both the primary and secondary prevention
|
|
cohorts, intensive therapy reduced the proportion of participants developing
|
|
moderate or severe albuminuria more than conventional treatment (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F44/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF44" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF44">Figure 44</a>). At the end of
|
|
the randomization period, both treatment groups were offered intensive
|
|
therapy and followed during the EDIC study to determine the longer-term
|
|
effects of prior intensive treatment on kidney disease (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.513" rid="kidneydisease.REF.513">513</a>). Despite the
|
|
fact that the difference in A1C levels achieved during the DCCT (7.4% [57
|
|
mmol/mol] in the intensive treatment group vs. 9.1% [76 mmol/mol] in the
|
|
conventional treatment group, p<0.01) disappeared promptly during
|
|
the EDIC study, the beneficial effect of early intensive insulin treatment
|
|
persisted for 8 years after the end of randomization, with 57% lower
|
|
adjusted risk for moderate albuminuria and 84% lower risk for severe
|
|
albuminuria in the former intensively treated group compared with the former
|
|
conventionally treated group (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F45/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF45" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF45">Figure 45</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.513" rid="kidneydisease.REF.513">513</a>). In later analyses, although the risk of treated kidney
|
|
failure did not differ significantly between treatment groups during 22
|
|
years of combined follow-up (0.5 cases/1,000 person-years in the intensive
|
|
treatment group vs. 1.1 cases/1,000 person-years in the conventional
|
|
treatment group, p=0.10), intensive early glycemic control reduced the risk
|
|
of a sustained eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> by 50% (95% CI
|
|
18%–69%, p=0.006) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.532" rid="kidneydisease.REF.532">532</a>). Intensive metabolic control also reduced CVD outcomes by
|
|
42%, with a specific 57% decrease in myocardial infarction, stroke, or death
|
|
from CVD; these effects were partly mediated by the reduced incidence of DKD
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.533" rid="kidneydisease.REF.533">533</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF44" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF44"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F44/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 44. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF44" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF44"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image044.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image044.jpg" alt="Line graph showing a higher albuminuria prevalence in those formerly conventionally treated compared to those intensively treated in both the primary and secondary prevention cohort" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF44"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F44"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F44/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF44">FIGURE 44. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Cumulative Incidence of Moderately Elevated and Severe Albuminuria in
|
|
Participants With Type 1 Diabetes, Diabetes Control and Complications
|
|
Trial. Moderate albuminuria is defined as an albumin excretion rate ≥40
|
|
mg/24 hours; severe albuminuria <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F44/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF44">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF45" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF45"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F45/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 45. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF45" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF45"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image045.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image045.jpg" alt="Graphs showing 57% lower adjusted risk for moderate albuminuria and 84% lower risk for severe albuminuria in the formerly intensively treated relative to those conventionally treated" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF45"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F45"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F45/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF45">FIGURE 45. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Differences in Glycated Hemoglobin (A1C) Level and Prevalence and
|
|
Incidence of Moderate and Severe Albuminuria, by Randomized Treatment
|
|
Group at the End of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and
|
|
Each Year in the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F45/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF45">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>The long-term positive effect of intensive glycemic
|
|
control—“metabolic memory” or the glycemic
|
|
“legacy effect”—observed in persons with type 1
|
|
diabetes followed in the DCCT/EDIC study (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.533" rid="kidneydisease.REF.533">533</a>) has also been observed in
|
|
persons with type 2 diabetes. The UKPDS was the first large-scale clinical
|
|
trial to evaluate the effects of intensive glycemic control versus
|
|
conventional therapy with diet alone on long-term diabetes complications in
|
|
individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity.
|
|
No differences in the relative risk for kidney outcomes (renal death or
|
|
kidney failure) were seen between the intensive and conventional therapy
|
|
groups after 10 years (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.544" rid="kidneydisease.REF.544">544</a>). The level of glycemic control achieved in the UKPDS was
|
|
similar to that achieved in the DCCT. </p><p>Subsequent randomized controlled trials explored the effect of even more
|
|
intensive glycemic control on microvascular and macrovascular outcomes in
|
|
type 2 diabetes. A meta-analysis of these trials (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.537" rid="kidneydisease.REF.537">537</a>) indicated that even more
|
|
intensive glucose lowering was associated with a significant reduction in
|
|
the rate of moderate albuminuria (risk ratio 0.90, 95% CI 0.85–0.96)
|
|
but had no effects on mortality, kidney failure, or other vascular outcomes.
|
|
Baseline characteristics and mean A1C levels achieved during standard and
|
|
intensive glycemic therapy in these clinical trials are shown in <a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTcharacteristicsofperso">Table
|
|
17</a> (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.537" rid="kidneydisease.REF.537">537</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.538" rid="kidneydisease.REF.538">538</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.539" rid="kidneydisease.REF.539">539</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.540" rid="kidneydisease.REF.540">540</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.541" rid="kidneydisease.REF.541">541</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.542" rid="kidneydisease.REF.542">542</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.545" rid="kidneydisease.REF.545">545</a>). The modest gains in intermediate outcomes across these studies
|
|
were counterbalanced by a twofold to threefold higher risk of severe
|
|
hypoglycemia that required the intervention of another person in the
|
|
intensive treatment arms of the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in
|
|
Diabetes (ACCORD), ADVANCE, and Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT)
|
|
(<a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTeffectofintensivevers">Table 18</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.541" rid="kidneydisease.REF.541">541</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.542" rid="kidneydisease.REF.542">542</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.545" rid="kidneydisease.REF.545">545</a>). The ACCORD trial, targeting an A1C <6.0% (<42
|
|
mmol/mol) in the intensive intervention arm, reported an increased risk of
|
|
cardiovascular death for intensive versus conventional glycemic control,
|
|
although it remains unclear whether this effect was related to more
|
|
hypoglycemic episodes, the use of additional hypoglycemic medicines, or to
|
|
the target glycemic level itself. Significant weight gain in those receiving
|
|
intensive treatment also might have offset the beneficial effects of lower
|
|
A1C levels.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTcharacteristicsofperso"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 17. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTcharacteristicsofperso"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTcharacteristicsofperso">TABLE 17. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Characteristics of Persons With Type 2 Diabetes Included in Randomized
|
|
Controlled Studies of Intensive Versus Conventional Glycemic
|
|
Treatment </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTeffectofintensivevers"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 18. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTeffectofintensivevers"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTeffectofintensivevers">TABLE 18. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Effect of Intensive Versus Conventional Glycemic Control on Kidney
|
|
Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes </p></div></div><p>Persons with advanced kidney disease experience reduced renal gluconeogenesis
|
|
and impaired kidney clearance of insulin and certain oral hypoglycemic drugs
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.546" rid="kidneydisease.REF.546">546</a>),
|
|
potentially increasing the likelihood of severe hypoglycemia, particularly
|
|
when associated with inadequate nutrition. Furthermore, because A1C may
|
|
underestimate the level of glycemia in uremic patients, due to the shortened
|
|
lifespan of red blood cells and treatment with erythropoietin, establishing
|
|
an optimal target A1C in uremic patients remains challenging (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.547" rid="kidneydisease.REF.547">547</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.548" rid="kidneydisease.REF.548">548</a>). Persons with
|
|
DKD often have higher glycemic levels than expected for a given A1C, albeit
|
|
with a wide variation in the glucose/A1C relationship (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.549" rid="kidneydisease.REF.549">549</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.550" rid="kidneydisease.REF.550">550</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.551" rid="kidneydisease.REF.551">551</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.552" rid="kidneydisease.REF.552">552</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.553" rid="kidneydisease.REF.553">553</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.554" rid="kidneydisease.REF.554">554</a>). The Dialysis Outcomes and
|
|
Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.555" rid="kidneydisease.REF.555">555</a>) found a U-shaped association
|
|
between A1C and all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients with type 1 or
|
|
type 2 diabetes. The lowest death rates were associated with A1C levels of
|
|
7.0%–7.9% (53–63 mmol/mol), comparable to those found in a
|
|
population-based study of patients with diabetes and an eGFR <60
|
|
mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> who were not on dialysis (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.556" rid="kidneydisease.REF.556">556</a>). Another study using
|
|
time-dependent modeling of A1C values in patients with diabetes on dialysis
|
|
found similar nonlinear associations with mortality (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.557" rid="kidneydisease.REF.557">557</a>). Nevertheless, A1C remains the
|
|
best clinical marker of long-term glycemic control in persons with DKD,
|
|
particularly if combined with self-monitoring or continuous monitoring of
|
|
blood glucose (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.10" rid="kidneydisease.REF.10">10</a>).
|
|
The clinical value of alternative glycemic biomarkers to A1C, including
|
|
measurement of glycated albumin and fructosamine, is still being
|
|
explored.</p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Metabolic_and_Inflammatory"><h3>Metabolic and Inflammatory Control and Insulin-Sensitizing Therapies </h3><p>Metformin is one of the most commonly prescribed therapies for management of
|
|
hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and exerts its blood glucose-lowering
|
|
effects primarily through inhibition of gluconeogenesis in the liver (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.558" rid="kidneydisease.REF.558">558</a>). Despite
|
|
widespread use of metformin in type 2 diabetes, large-scale clinical trials
|
|
with DKD-specific primary endpoints are lacking. In a small trial of 51
|
|
adults with type 2 diabetes and DKD who received a 12-week course of either
|
|
the sulfonylurea glibenclamide or metformin, those who were treated with
|
|
metformin exhibited a significant attenuation of albuminuria (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.559" rid="kidneydisease.REF.559">559</a>). The
|
|
Hyperinsulinemia: The Outcome of its Metabolic Effects (HOME) study also
|
|
evaluated the effects of metformin versus placebo when used in conjunction
|
|
with insulin and found no significant difference in urine albumin excretion
|
|
with metformin therapy (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.560" rid="kidneydisease.REF.560">560</a>). In A Diabetes Outcome Progression Trial (ADOPT), 4,351
|
|
recently diagnosed, drug-naïve adults with type 2 diabetes were
|
|
randomized to treatment with metformin, the thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone,
|
|
or the sulfonylurea glyburide for 4 years (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.561" rid="kidneydisease.REF.561">561</a>). Changes in the eGFR via the
|
|
Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation from baseline
|
|
were +1.4% (95% CI 0.0%–2.9%) with metformin, +5.1% (95% CI
|
|
3.6%–6.7%) for rosiglitazone, and -0.4% (95% CI -2.0%–1.2%)
|
|
for glyburide (p=0.0005 for metformin vs. rosiglitazone); there were no
|
|
differences between treatment groups in incident moderate albuminuria,
|
|
hypertension, or an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.561" rid="kidneydisease.REF.561">561</a>). </p></div><div id="kidneydisease.GlucagonLike_Peptide1_Rece"><h3>Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists</h3><p>GLP-1 RAs are increasingly used for glycemic management in persons with type
|
|
2 diabetes. GLP-1 RAs act at the level of the seven-transmembrane G
|
|
protein-coupled GLP-1 receptor to activate adenylate cyclase and stimulate a
|
|
cascade resulting in the postprandial release of insulin, as well as
|
|
numerous additional downstream effects, including increased beta cell
|
|
proliferation, somatostatin release, natriuresis and diuresis, glucose
|
|
uptake in the muscle and adipose tissue, skeletal muscle perfusion,
|
|
lipolysis, and satiety, and decreased beta cell apoptosis, glucagon
|
|
secretion, gastric emptying, gastrointestinal motility, gluconeogenesis,
|
|
steatosis, and generalized inflammation (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.562" rid="kidneydisease.REF.562">562</a>).</p><p>As a drug class, GLP-1 RAs undergo renal clearance; thus, kidney effects of
|
|
GLP-1 RAs are difficult to evaluate, and studies are largely limited to
|
|
intermediate health outcomes, including changes in the eGFR or albuminuria
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.563" rid="kidneydisease.REF.563">563</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.564" rid="kidneydisease.REF.564">564</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.565" rid="kidneydisease.REF.565">565</a>), presence of
|
|
new-onset severe albuminuria (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.566" rid="kidneydisease.REF.566">566</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.567" rid="kidneydisease.REF.567">567</a>), time to new-onset severe
|
|
albuminuria (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.568" rid="kidneydisease.REF.568">568</a>),
|
|
or persistent severe albuminuria (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.9" rid="kidneydisease.REF.9">9</a>). </p><p>Most existing data regarding kidney outcomes in GLP-1 RA studies come from
|
|
large, placebo-controlled safety and cardiovascular outcomes trials in
|
|
adults with type 2 diabetes who either have preexisting CVD or are at high
|
|
risk for CVD (<a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTcharacteristicsofparti">Table 19</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.8" rid="kidneydisease.REF.8">8</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.9" rid="kidneydisease.REF.9">9</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.567" rid="kidneydisease.REF.567">567</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.569" rid="kidneydisease.REF.569">569</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.570" rid="kidneydisease.REF.570">570</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.571" rid="kidneydisease.REF.571">571</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.572" rid="kidneydisease.REF.572">572</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.573" rid="kidneydisease.REF.573">573</a>). Both the Trial to Evaluate
|
|
Cardiovascular and Other Long-term Outcomes with Semaglutide in Subjects
|
|
with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN-6) and the Liraglutide Effect and Action in
|
|
Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results (LEADER) trial
|
|
enrolled individuals with type 2 diabetes and prevalent CVD and showed
|
|
significantly lower risk for new or worsening DKD with semaglutide (HR 0.64,
|
|
95% CI 0.46–0.88, p=0.005) or liraglutide (-22%, HR 0.74, 95% CI
|
|
0.60–0.91) versus placebo (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.8" rid="kidneydisease.REF.8">8</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.9" rid="kidneydisease.REF.9">9</a>). However, both the SUSTAIN-6 and
|
|
LEADER trials used a prespecified composite kidney outcome, including
|
|
persistent doubling of serum creatinine concentration, new onset of
|
|
persistent macroalbuminuria, an eGFR ≤45 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>,
|
|
need for continuous kidney replacement therapy, and death from kidney
|
|
disease (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.8" rid="kidneydisease.REF.8">8</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.9" rid="kidneydisease.REF.9">9</a>), rather than direct
|
|
assessments of kidney function. The Exenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event
|
|
Lowering (EXSCEL) also used a composite score, including 40% eGFR decline,
|
|
use of kidney replacement therapy, kidney death, or new macroalbuminuria, to
|
|
evaluate the effects of a median of 3.2 years of treatment with
|
|
extended-release exenatide versus placebo in people with type 2 diabetes.
|
|
EXSCEL found nonsignificant improvement in the composite kidney outcome with
|
|
GLP-1 RA therapy (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.76–1.01, p=0.065) and a similar
|
|
effect on worsening kidney function (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.74–1.05,
|
|
p=0.16) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.570" rid="kidneydisease.REF.570">570</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.571" rid="kidneydisease.REF.571">571</a>). </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTcharacteristicsofparti"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 19. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTcharacteristicsofparti"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTcharacteristicsofparti">TABLE 19. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Characteristics of Participants in Studies Assessing Kidney Outcomes and
|
|
Use of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Sodium-Glucose
|
|
Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors, and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors </p></div></div><p>Dedicated kidney outcomes trials, particularly in individuals with known
|
|
kidney disease, are limited but have confirmed the positive effects of GLP-1
|
|
RAs seen in safety and efficacy trials. In the Study Comparing Dulaglutide
|
|
with Insulin Glargine on Glycemic Control in Participants with Type 2
|
|
Diabetes and Moderate or Severe Chronic Kidney Disease (AWARD-7),
|
|
dulaglutide reduced severe albuminuria by 29% (95% CI 11.5%–43.0%)
|
|
and attenuated eGFR decline versus insulin glargine alone in adults with
|
|
type 2 diabetes and moderate to severe CKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.564" rid="kidneydisease.REF.564">564</a>). In the Evaluate Renal Function
|
|
with Semaglutide Once Weekly (FLOW) trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and
|
|
CKD (defined by an eGFR 50–75 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> and urinary
|
|
ACR 300–5,000 mg/g or an eGFR 25–<50 mL/min/1.73
|
|
m<sup>2</sup> and urinary ACR 100–5,000 mg/g) randomized to
|
|
semaglutide had a 21% lower risk for the composite kidney-specific outcomes
|
|
(HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.66–0.94) and a 29% lower risk for cardiovascular
|
|
death (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.56–0.89) compared with placebo (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.573" rid="kidneydisease.REF.573">573</a>). </p><p>These trials confirm the favorable effects of GLP-1 RAs on kidney,
|
|
cardiovascular, and survival outcomes in high-risk populations with type 2
|
|
diabetes, although gastrointestinal disorders are common causes of treatment
|
|
discontinuation.</p></div><div id="kidneydisease.SodiumGlucose_Cotransporte"><h3>Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors</h3><p>SGLT2 inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of cardiovascular and
|
|
kidney outcomes in type 2 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.6" rid="kidneydisease.REF.6">6</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.7" rid="kidneydisease.REF.7">7</a>). Several large randomized controlled
|
|
trials have documented the efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors in improving kidney
|
|
outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes (<a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTcharacteristicsofparti">Table 19</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.574" rid="kidneydisease.REF.574">574</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.575" rid="kidneydisease.REF.575">575</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.576" rid="kidneydisease.REF.576">576</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.577" rid="kidneydisease.REF.577">577</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.578" rid="kidneydisease.REF.578">578</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.579" rid="kidneydisease.REF.579">579</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.580" rid="kidneydisease.REF.580">580</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.581" rid="kidneydisease.REF.581">581</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.582" rid="kidneydisease.REF.582">582</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.583" rid="kidneydisease.REF.583">583</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.584" rid="kidneydisease.REF.584">584</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.585" rid="kidneydisease.REF.585">585</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.586" rid="kidneydisease.REF.586">586</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.587" rid="kidneydisease.REF.587">587</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.588" rid="kidneydisease.REF.588">588</a>). The
|
|
Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes
|
|
Mellitus Patients (EMPA-REG) enrolled 7,020 participants age >18
|
|
years with type 2 diabetes and an eGFR >30 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>
|
|
to assess the cardiovascular safety of empagliflozin (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.574" rid="kidneydisease.REF.574">574</a>). A secondary analysis of trial
|
|
data noted that individuals randomized to treatment with empagliflozin had a
|
|
39% reduction in their risk for worsening DKD (incident severe albuminuria,
|
|
doubling of serum creatinine, or need for dialysis/transplant) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.575" rid="kidneydisease.REF.575">575</a>). The
|
|
Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study (CANVAS) and Canagliflozin and
|
|
Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation
|
|
(CREDENCE) trials enrolled adults with type 2 diabetes and an eGFR
|
|
>30 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (CREDENCE excluded persons with an
|
|
eGFR >90 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>) and documented a similar
|
|
efficacy of canagliflozin (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.576" rid="kidneydisease.REF.576">576</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.578" rid="kidneydisease.REF.578">578</a>). Both trials demonstrated a 30%–40% reduction in risk
|
|
for most adverse kidney outcomes, including worsening albuminuria,
|
|
>40% decline in the eGFR, and dialysis dependence.</p><p>Although the kidney effects of SGLT2 inhibitors observed in type 2 diabetes
|
|
trials may also apply to people with type 1 diabetes, clinical trials that
|
|
included patients with type 1 diabetes have not shown the same unequivocal
|
|
effects on preventing kidney outcomes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.589" rid="kidneydisease.REF.589">589</a>). Further, the increased risk of
|
|
euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis is a limiting factor for using SGLT2
|
|
inhibitors as adjunctive therapy in people with type 1 diabetes. Strategies
|
|
to mitigate the risk for euglycemic ketoacidosis, such as continuous ketone
|
|
monitors, may facilitate the safe prescribing of SGLT2 inhibitors for people
|
|
with type 1 diabetes.</p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Mineralocorticoid_Receptor"><h3>Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists</h3><p>Excessive mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation with resultant
|
|
inflammation and fibrosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of DKD
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.590" rid="kidneydisease.REF.590">590</a>).
|
|
Likewise, murine MR knockout models document protection against kidney
|
|
inflammation and fibrosis (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.591" rid="kidneydisease.REF.591">591</a>). In the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC), higher
|
|
serum aldosterone concentrations were associated with kidney disease
|
|
progression in adults with and without type 2 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.592" rid="kidneydisease.REF.592">592</a>). In the
|
|
Finerenone in Reducing Kidney Failure and Disease Progression in DKD
|
|
(FIDELIO-DKD) clinical trial, finerenone, a nonsteroidal MRA, attenuated
|
|
risk of DKD progression (sustained decrease in the eGFR ≥40% from
|
|
baseline) by 19% (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.72–0.92) in adults with type 2
|
|
diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.593" rid="kidneydisease.REF.593">593</a>). The
|
|
Finerenone in Reducing Cardiovascular Mortality and Morbidity in DKD
|
|
(FIGARO-DKD) clinical trial found similar effects on DKD progression (HR
|
|
0.87, 95% CI 0.75–1.00) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.594" rid="kidneydisease.REF.594">594</a>). Data on MRA treatment for
|
|
persons with type 1 diabetes are limited (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.595" rid="kidneydisease.REF.595">595</a>). </p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Endothelin_Receptor_Antago"><h3>Endothelin Receptor Antagonists</h3><p>Inappropriate endothelin receptor activation is thought to contribute to CKD.
|
|
Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERA) primarily target the ETA receptor and
|
|
have demonstrated kidney-protective effects. The ERA atrasentan attenuated
|
|
progression of DKD in adults with type 2 diabetes in the Study of Diabetic
|
|
Nephropathy with Atrasentan (SONAR) trial (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.596" rid="kidneydisease.REF.596">596</a>). Unlike SGLT2 inhibitors, ERAs
|
|
increase sodium and fluid retention, resulting in edema and increased risk
|
|
of developing heart failure (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.597" rid="kidneydisease.REF.597">597</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.598" rid="kidneydisease.REF.598">598</a>). This effect has limited the
|
|
development and widespread use of agents in this class, especially in people
|
|
who are predisposed to volume overload, including individuals with DKD.
|
|
Indeed, a large randomized controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes
|
|
and DKD using a relatively nonselective ERA avosentan was terminated early
|
|
due to increased rates of heart failure (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.597" rid="kidneydisease.REF.597">597</a>). Additionally, a higher rate
|
|
(3.5% vs. 2.6%) of heart failure hospitalization with atrasentan was
|
|
observed in the SONAR trial despite the use of diuretics and exclusion of
|
|
patients with heart failure or high B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
|
|
concentrations (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.596" rid="kidneydisease.REF.596">596</a>). Accordingly, while ERAs hold promise as a therapy for DKD, it
|
|
is unclear whether benefits would outweigh risks, and ERAs are likely best
|
|
used in combination with a natriuretic or diuretic agent, such as an SGLT2
|
|
inhibitor. No ERA trial data in persons with type 1 diabetes are available
|
|
as of July 2024. </p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Blood_Pressure_Control"><h3>Blood Pressure Control</h3><p>Blood pressure control, particularly with RAAS inhibitors, significantly
|
|
decreases the risk of progression from moderate albuminuria to severe
|
|
albuminuria, increases the rate of regression from moderate albuminuria to
|
|
normoalbuminuria, and decreases the risk of heart failure and overall
|
|
cardiovascular outcomes in persons with DKD, regardless of type of diabetes
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.599" rid="kidneydisease.REF.599">599</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.600" rid="kidneydisease.REF.600">600</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.601" rid="kidneydisease.REF.601">601</a>). Although
|
|
several types of antihypertensive drugs are effective in ameliorating the
|
|
course of DKD, including beta blockers, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel
|
|
blockers, diuretics, and RAAS inhibitors, the purported relationship between
|
|
increased intraglomerular pressure and proteinuria that is mediated by RAAS
|
|
components, as well as their association with virtually every aspect of
|
|
kidney disease progression, has been borne out by evidence that RAAS
|
|
inhibitors, including primarily ACE inhibitors and ARBs, prevent progression
|
|
of DKD.</p><p>A landmark study of 409 mostly hypertensive persons with type 1 diabetes and
|
|
urinary protein excretion ≥500 mg/24 hours, who were randomized to
|
|
receive either captopril (an ACE inhibitor) or placebo, found a 48% lower
|
|
risk of doubling of serum creatinine concentration in the captopril group
|
|
compared to the placebo group after a median follow-up of 3 years (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F46/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF46" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF46">Figure 46</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.602" rid="kidneydisease.REF.602">602</a>). The risk of the
|
|
combined endpoints of death, dialysis, or transplantation was 50% lower
|
|
(<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F46/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF46" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF46">Figure 46</a>). A
|
|
significant renoprotective effect of captopril, however, was limited to
|
|
those with baseline serum creatinine concentrations ≥1.5 mg/dL. No
|
|
long-term studies have examined the renoprotective efficacy of ARBs in type
|
|
1 diabetes and advanced kidney disease. In persons with type 1 diabetes and
|
|
lower levels of ACR, with or without hypertension, randomized controlled
|
|
studies demonstrate that RAAS inhibitors do not prevent increases in ACR,
|
|
serum creatinine, or kidney failure during up to 5 years of follow-up (<a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTrandomizedcontrolledst">Table
|
|
20</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.542" rid="kidneydisease.REF.542">542</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.602" rid="kidneydisease.REF.602">602</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.603" rid="kidneydisease.REF.603">603</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.604" rid="kidneydisease.REF.604">604</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.605" rid="kidneydisease.REF.605">605</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.606" rid="kidneydisease.REF.606">606</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.607" rid="kidneydisease.REF.607">607</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.608" rid="kidneydisease.REF.608">608</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.609" rid="kidneydisease.REF.609">609</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.610" rid="kidneydisease.REF.610">610</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.611" rid="kidneydisease.REF.611">611</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.612" rid="kidneydisease.REF.612">612</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.613" rid="kidneydisease.REF.613">613</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.614" rid="kidneydisease.REF.614">614</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.615" rid="kidneydisease.REF.615">615</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.616" rid="kidneydisease.REF.616">616</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.617" rid="kidneydisease.REF.617">617</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.618" rid="kidneydisease.REF.618">618</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.619" rid="kidneydisease.REF.619">619</a>). Moreover, when given to normoalbuminuric, normotensive persons
|
|
with type 1 diabetes, these treatments do not reduce the rate of expansion
|
|
of the fractional mesangial volume over a period of 4–5 years (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.603" rid="kidneydisease.REF.603">603</a>). </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF46" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF46"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F46/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 46. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF46" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF46"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image046.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image046.jpg" alt="Line graph showing captopril resulted in approximately half the risk of doubling serum creatinine and half the risk of death or E S R D after 4 years of follow-up" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF46"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F46"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F46/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF46">FIGURE 46. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Effect of Captopril on Incidence of Kidney Disease in Persons With Type 1
|
|
Diabetes and Proteinuria, 1987–1992. The Collaborative Study included 409 subjects with type 1 diabetes and
|
|
urinary protein excretion ≥500 mg/24 hours, who were <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F46/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF46">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTrandomizedcontrolledst"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 20. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTrandomizedcontrolledst"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTrandomizedcontrolledst">TABLE 20. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Randomized Controlled Studies of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors </p></div></div><p>In hypertensive persons with type 2 diabetes and severe albuminuria, the
|
|
RENAAL study (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.612" rid="kidneydisease.REF.612">612</a>)
|
|
and the Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial (IDNT) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.613" rid="kidneydisease.REF.613">613</a>) reported results that were
|
|
similar to those in persons with type 1 diabetes and severe albuminuria
|
|
(<a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTrandomizedcontrolledst">Table 20</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.602" rid="kidneydisease.REF.602">602</a>). Both studies reported lower risks of doubling of serum
|
|
creatinine and kidney failure compared with placebo; the IDNT found a 39%
|
|
lower risk of doubling of serum creatinine compared with amlodipine. The
|
|
Irbesartan in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria (IRMA 2)
|
|
study found that high-dose irbesartan prevented progression to severe
|
|
albuminuria in hypertensive persons (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.611" rid="kidneydisease.REF.611">611</a>). Although none of these three
|
|
ARB trials found significant reductions in kidney failure incidence during
|
|
the intervention periods, several cost-benefit analyses based on the IDNT
|
|
and the cost of medicine and kidney failure treatment specific to the United
|
|
States, Canada, and several European countries consistently predicted both
|
|
long-term survival advantage and higher cost-effectiveness with ARB than
|
|
with other treatments (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.620" rid="kidneydisease.REF.620">620</a>). These benefits might be due in part to less comorbidity
|
|
associated with RAAS treatment, such as heart failure and retinopathy, and
|
|
in part to lower kidney failure incidence when longer time periods are
|
|
considered. No long-term studies have examined the renoprotective efficacy
|
|
of ACE inhibitors in persons with type 2 diabetes and ACR ≥300 mg/g. </p><p>Dual RAAS blockade is as effective as monotherapy in reducing blood pressure
|
|
and albuminuria in persons with diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.616" rid="kidneydisease.REF.616">616</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.621" rid="kidneydisease.REF.621">621</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.622" rid="kidneydisease.REF.622">622</a>), but it does not offer benefit
|
|
and has more adverse effects, so it is not recommended (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.614" rid="kidneydisease.REF.614">614</a>). The Ongoing
|
|
Telmisartan Alone and in Combination With Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial
|
|
(ONTARGET) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.619" rid="kidneydisease.REF.619">619</a>)
|
|
and Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.623" rid="kidneydisease.REF.623">623</a>) found an excess
|
|
risk of acute kidney injury and hyperkalemia with dual RAAS therapy, without
|
|
a significant cardiovascular and renal benefit. Further, even after 5 years
|
|
of treatment, albuminuria increased to pretreatment levels soon after the
|
|
withdrawal of these drugs (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.603" rid="kidneydisease.REF.603">603</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.604" rid="kidneydisease.REF.604">604</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.605" rid="kidneydisease.REF.605">605</a>). This observation suggests the need for longer periods of
|
|
normalization of both ACR and glycemic levels to achieve a durable treatment
|
|
effect on underlying disease processes or more sensitive early markers of
|
|
kidney disease progression. Adding the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren to
|
|
an ARB (losartan) in persons with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and ACR
|
|
≥300 mg/g more effectively reduced mean urinary ACR than losartan
|
|
alone (20%, 95% CI 9%–30%, p<0.001) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.624" rid="kidneydisease.REF.624">624</a>); the mean eGFR decline during
|
|
the 24-week study period also tended to be lower in the aliskiren group (2.4
|
|
mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> vs. 3.8 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> in the placebo
|
|
group, p=0.07). The Aliskiren Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardiorenal
|
|
Endpoints (ALTITUDE), a subsequent, larger study in persons with type 2
|
|
diabetes, CKD, and high cardiovascular risk, was stopped early due to
|
|
therapeutic futility and increased risk of stroke and other adverse events
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.625" rid="kidneydisease.REF.625">625</a>). Neither
|
|
ALTITUDE nor VA NEPHRON-D was continued long enough to establish efficacy,
|
|
and the trials remained underpowered for their primary CVD and renal
|
|
outcomes. Based on their other findings, however, dual RAAS blockade is
|
|
contraindicated due to safety concerns (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.10" rid="kidneydisease.REF.10">10</a>).</p><p>In a meta-analysis exploring the benefit of intensive (achieved systolic
|
|
blood pressure ≤135 mmHg) versus standard (achieved systolic blood
|
|
pressure ≤140 mmHg) blood pressure targets in subjects with type 2
|
|
diabetes, the former was associated with significant 17% and 27% reductions
|
|
in the odds for moderate and severe albuminuria, respectively (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.626" rid="kidneydisease.REF.626">626</a>). For persons
|
|
with severe albuminuria (>3 g/24 hours), a <i>post
|
|
hoc</i> analysis from the MDRD study indicated better kidney
|
|
outcomes with a lower blood pressure goal (<130/80 mmHg) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.627" rid="kidneydisease.REF.627">627</a>). Whereas
|
|
stringent blood pressure targets lowered the risk for stroke and death, the
|
|
few studies reporting kidney failure or doubling of serum creatinine showed
|
|
no benefits for these outcomes, suggesting the importance of individualizing
|
|
blood pressure goals in persons with diabetes to account for the presence
|
|
and severity of CKD, age, and associated cardiovascular risk. Moreover, ACE
|
|
inhibitors and beta blockers may be less effective in controlling blood
|
|
pressure and reducing albuminuria in Black than in White persons (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.628" rid="kidneydisease.REF.628">628</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.629" rid="kidneydisease.REF.629">629</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.630" rid="kidneydisease.REF.630">630</a>), suggesting that
|
|
different drug combinations may be more effective in slowing progression of
|
|
kidney disease in Black persons (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.631" rid="kidneydisease.REF.631">631</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.632" rid="kidneydisease.REF.632">632</a>).</p><p><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTguidelinecomparisonsof">Table
|
|
21</a> shows the Eighth Joint National Committee’s (JNC 8)
|
|
recommendations for management of hypertension in the population with
|
|
diabetes and CKD in comparison with other guidelines (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.17" rid="kidneydisease.REF.17">17</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.632" rid="kidneydisease.REF.632">632</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.633" rid="kidneydisease.REF.633">633</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.634" rid="kidneydisease.REF.634">634</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.635" rid="kidneydisease.REF.635">635</a>). The thresholds and goals
|
|
recommended by the guideline-writing groups differ within a narrow range,
|
|
with 2014–2015 JNC 8 recommendations endorsing less intensive and
|
|
more individualized blood pressure targets for diabetes and CKD than more
|
|
recent guidelines. In elderly persons, in particular, antihypertensive
|
|
treatment should be individualized, taking into consideration such factors
|
|
as frailty, comorbidities, and albuminuria (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F47/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF47" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF47">Figure 47</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.632" rid="kidneydisease.REF.632">632</a>). There is consensus on the
|
|
initial use of RAAS treatment in persons with albuminuria, but not for those
|
|
without elevated albuminuria.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTguidelinecomparisonsof"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 21. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTguidelinecomparisonsof"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTguidelinecomparisonsof">TABLE 21. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Guideline Comparisons of Blood Pressure Goals and Drug Therapy for Adults
|
|
With Hypertension </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF47" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF47"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F47/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 47. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF47" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF47"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image047.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image047.jpg" alt="Flow chart demonstrating individualized nature of hypertension management guidelines, taking into consideration factors such as frailty, comorbidities, and albuminuria" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF47"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F47"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F47/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF47">FIGURE 47. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">2014 Hypertension Guideline Management Algorithm, Eighth Joint National
|
|
Committee. ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor
|
|
blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DBP,
|
|
diastolic blood pressure; <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F47/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF47">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="kidneydisease.Control_of_Blood_Lipids"><h3>Control of Blood Lipids</h3><p>Persons with diabetes and CKD typically have an atherogenic lipid profile,
|
|
characterized by low concentrations of HDL cholesterol and high
|
|
concentrations of small, dense LDL cholesterol particles and triglycerides
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.402" rid="kidneydisease.REF.402">402</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.636" rid="kidneydisease.REF.636">636</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.637" rid="kidneydisease.REF.637">637</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.638" rid="kidneydisease.REF.638">638</a>). Treatment with
|
|
lipid-lowering medicines, particularly statins, can reduce the high
|
|
cardiovascular risk in this population. There is no conclusive evidence,
|
|
however, that such treatment also affects progression of DKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.639" rid="kidneydisease.REF.639">639</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.640" rid="kidneydisease.REF.640">640</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.641" rid="kidneydisease.REF.641">641</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.642" rid="kidneydisease.REF.642">642</a>). </p><p>The Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.643" rid="kidneydisease.REF.643">643</a>) is the largest randomized
|
|
controlled trial in persons with CKD (average eGFR 27 mL/min/1.73
|
|
m<sup>2</sup>) to demonstrate that a lipid-lowering strategy with a
|
|
statin plus ezetimibe significantly reduces major atherosclerotic events,
|
|
such as coronary death, myocardial infarction, nonhemorrhagic stroke, and
|
|
arterial revascularization procedures, compared with placebo (HR 0.83, 95%
|
|
CI 0.74–0.94). The relative effect on these outcomes was similar in
|
|
persons with or without diabetes, although the study was not adequately
|
|
powered for subgroup analyses—only 23% of the 9,438 participants had
|
|
diabetes. The study detected no effect of lipid-lowering treatment on the
|
|
frequency of doubling of the baseline serum creatinine concentration or
|
|
progression to kidney failure. SHARP and other studies (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.644" rid="kidneydisease.REF.644">644</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.645" rid="kidneydisease.REF.645">645</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.646" rid="kidneydisease.REF.646">646</a>) found no
|
|
cardiovascular benefit of statin therapy when it was initiated in persons
|
|
with diabetes after the onset of dialysis. By contrast, lipid-lowering
|
|
therapy appears highly beneficial in reducing cardiovascular events in
|
|
persons with and without diabetes with a functioning kidney transplant
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.647" rid="kidneydisease.REF.647">647</a>).</p><p>Other lipid-lowering medicines, such as gemfibrozil and fenofibrate, may be
|
|
of value in the management of cardiovascular outcomes or new-onset
|
|
albuminuria in persons with DKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.648" rid="kidneydisease.REF.648">648</a>). </p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Dietary_Modification"><h3>Dietary Modification</h3><p>In animals with experimental diabetes, reduced protein intake protects
|
|
against hyperfiltration and progressive sclerosis of functioning glomeruli
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.649" rid="kidneydisease.REF.649">649</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.650" rid="kidneydisease.REF.650">650</a>). In persons with
|
|
type 1 diabetes and normal urinary albumin excretion, short-term dietary
|
|
protein restriction favorably modifies glomerular hemodynamic function, and
|
|
in those with moderate albuminuria, it also reduces urinary albumin
|
|
excretion (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.651" rid="kidneydisease.REF.651">651</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.652" rid="kidneydisease.REF.652">652</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.653" rid="kidneydisease.REF.653">653</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.654" rid="kidneydisease.REF.654">654</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.655" rid="kidneydisease.REF.655">655</a>). Similar effects have been found in persons with clinical
|
|
proteinuria (<a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTclinicaltrialsofthee">Table 22</a>) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.656" rid="kidneydisease.REF.656">656</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.657" rid="kidneydisease.REF.657">657</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.658" rid="kidneydisease.REF.658">658</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.659" rid="kidneydisease.REF.659">659</a>). The largest
|
|
study (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.660" rid="kidneydisease.REF.660">660</a>)
|
|
randomized 82 persons with type 1 diabetes, severe albuminuria, and
|
|
prerandomization eGFR decline of 7.1 mL/min/year to usual-protein diet (1.02
|
|
g/kg/day, 95% CI 0.95–1.10) or reduced-protein diet (0.89 g/kg/day,
|
|
95% CI 0.83–0.95) (p=0.005) for a period of 4 years. At the end of
|
|
the study, the CVD-adjusted risk of kidney failure or death was 0.23 (95% CI
|
|
0.07–0.72, p=0.01) in the group receiving the reduced-protein diet
|
|
compared with the group receiving the usual diet (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F48/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF48" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF48">Figure 48</a>), suggesting that even moderate
|
|
protein restriction, which moves intakes from excess toward the norm,
|
|
provides benefits beyond conventional drug therapy in these persons.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTclinicaltrialsofthee"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 22. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTclinicaltrialsofthee"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTclinicaltrialsofthee">TABLE 22. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical Trials of the Effect of Dietary Protein Reduction on the Course
|
|
of Diabetic Nephropathy in Persons With Type 1 Diabetes and Severe
|
|
Albuminuria </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figkidneydiseaseF48" co-legend-rid="figlgndkidneydiseaseF48"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F48/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="FIGURE 48. " class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF48" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF48"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image048.gif" src-large="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image048.jpg" alt="Line graph showing a reduced protein diet resulted in lower risk of death or E S R D" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndkidneydiseaseF48"><h4 id="kidneydisease.F48"><a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F48/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF48">FIGURE 48. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Cumulative Incidence of End-Stage Kidney Disease or Death in Persons With
|
|
Type 1 Diabetes, by Protein Intake. Eighty-two persons with type 1 diabetes and severe albuminuria were
|
|
randomized to usual-protein diet and low-protein diet. The numbers at
|
|
the <a href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F48/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF48">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Fewer studies are available in persons with type 2 diabetes. A study of the
|
|
efficacy of dietary protein restriction in 160 persons with type 2 diabetes
|
|
and moderate albuminuria or ≥5 years duration of diabetes found no
|
|
beneficial effect of protein restriction on albuminuria or the eGFR during a
|
|
mean follow-up of 28 months (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.661" rid="kidneydisease.REF.661">661</a>). In fact, a protein intake
|
|
restricted to 0.8 g/kg/day could not be effectively achieved beyond the
|
|
first 6 months of the study, reflecting the inconvenience associated with a
|
|
strict dietary regimen that may outweigh the benefits of such therapy. </p><p>A systematic review of randomized studies (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.662" rid="kidneydisease.REF.662">662</a>) concluded that a reduced-protein
|
|
diet in persons with CKD associated with either type of diabetes had no
|
|
significant effect on kidney function relative to normal protein
|
|
consumption, despite improvements in proteinuria and A1C, and that dietary
|
|
protein restriction may significantly increase the risk for malnutrition in
|
|
those with more advanced CKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.663" rid="kidneydisease.REF.663">663</a>). On the other hand, studies
|
|
evaluating a reduction or alteration of protein intake in persons with DKD
|
|
are generally small (under 100 subjects), of short duration (<2
|
|
years), have limited documentation on the quality of protein (animal or
|
|
vegetable), fat and carbohydrate intake, and evaluate intermediate outcomes,
|
|
i.e., albuminuria and the eGFR, rather than major health outcomes. Because
|
|
the low quality of evidence precludes a recommendation, KDIGO suggests
|
|
maintaining 0.8 g/kg/day dietary protein intake for persons with DKD not
|
|
treated with dialysis (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.10" rid="kidneydisease.REF.10">10</a>). </p><p>Sodium intake is a major contributor to blood pressure increase. According to
|
|
the Institute of Medicine (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.664" rid="kidneydisease.REF.664">664</a>), about 75% of dietary sodium intake is obtained from
|
|
preprocessed foods or is added to restaurant food during preparation, and
|
|
only about 25% comes from natural sources or is added by the consumer. The
|
|
Dietary Guidelines for Americans (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.665" rid="kidneydisease.REF.665">665</a>) recommend that persons age
|
|
≥51 years, Black persons, and persons with hypertension, diabetes,
|
|
or CKD limit their sodium intake to 1,500 mg daily. In the NHANES
|
|
2005–2008, virtually all (99.4%) of those encouraged to limit their
|
|
sodium intake exceeded the recommended limit on a daily basis (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.666" rid="kidneydisease.REF.666">666</a>). </p><p>Although sodium reduction has a positive impact on blood pressure in persons
|
|
with diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.667" rid="kidneydisease.REF.667">667</a>), its long-term effect on kidney outcomes remains unclear. Most
|
|
individuals may benefit from a Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
|
|
(DASH) diet, a reduced-sodium diet emphasizing fruits, vegetables, low-fat
|
|
dairy foods, whole grains, nuts, poultry, fish, and smaller amounts of red
|
|
meat and refined sugars than the typical diet in the United States (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.668" rid="kidneydisease.REF.668">668</a>). The DASH diet
|
|
reflects a shift towards whole-diet approaches to the management of DKD that
|
|
integrate multiple healthful eating goals simultaneously, without a focus on
|
|
single nutrients. In addition to lowering blood pressure, a DASH-type diet
|
|
was associated with preserved kidney function over 11 years in women from
|
|
the Nurses’ Health Study with a mildly decreased eGFR, an effect
|
|
primarily associated with reduced red meat intake (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.669" rid="kidneydisease.REF.669">669</a>). Nonetheless, the DASH diet may
|
|
not be suitable, without modification, for persons with an eGFR <60
|
|
mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> because of its high content of potassium (4.5
|
|
g/day), phosphorus (1.7 g/day), and protein (1.4 g/kg/day). </p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Other_Treatments"><h3>Other Treatments</h3><p>Modification of blood pressure, metabolic control, diet, and treatment with
|
|
dialysis or transplantation are the mainstays of treatment of kidney disease
|
|
in persons with diabetes, and a majority of the research into new
|
|
therapeutic approaches has focused on one or more of these therapies.
|
|
Nevertheless, a growing body of evidence indicates that the development of
|
|
DKD is related to specific metabolic derangements induced by hyperglycemia
|
|
that interplay with hemodynamic pathways. Advanced glycation endproducts
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.670" rid="kidneydisease.REF.670">670</a>),
|
|
TGF-β, and other growth factors (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.671" rid="kidneydisease.REF.671">671</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.672" rid="kidneydisease.REF.672">672</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.673" rid="kidneydisease.REF.673">673</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.674" rid="kidneydisease.REF.674">674</a>) play key roles in promoting
|
|
chemical, cellular, and tissue disorders linked to progression of kidney
|
|
disease. Animal studies suggest that inhibitors of advanced glycation
|
|
endproduct formation ameliorate glomerulosclerosis and improve albuminuria
|
|
and kidney function (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.675" rid="kidneydisease.REF.675">675</a>), and advanced glycation endproduct crosslink breakers
|
|
improve endothelial function and arterial compliance, with reductions in
|
|
arterial pulse pressure and albuminuria in persons with type 1 diabetes
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.676" rid="kidneydisease.REF.676">676</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.677" rid="kidneydisease.REF.677">677</a>). Antioxidant
|
|
inflammation modulators, such as eicosapentaenoic acid or pentoxifylline
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.678" rid="kidneydisease.REF.678">678</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.679" rid="kidneydisease.REF.679">679</a>), improved kidney
|
|
function and proteinuria in small studies of persons with type 1 or type 2
|
|
diabetes, and treatment with Rho GTPase and Rho-associated kinase inhibitors
|
|
(ROCKs) mitigated mesangial expansion, thickening of glomerular basement
|
|
membrane, and albuminuria in experimental DKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.680" rid="kidneydisease.REF.680">680</a>). </p><p>Persons with DKD require multidisciplinary management involving a combination
|
|
of all treatments and behavioral adjustments to hold off the progression of
|
|
kidney disease <i>per se</i> and to prevent the
|
|
associated complications. The Steno-2 study, a landmark prospective,
|
|
randomized trial in Denmark (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.681" rid="kidneydisease.REF.681">681</a>), demonstrated that intensive
|
|
multifactorial intervention reduces the incidence of microvascular and
|
|
macrovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and persistent
|
|
moderate albuminuria. At the end of the randomization period (mean duration
|
|
7.8 years), participants in the intervention arm (n=80) had significantly
|
|
lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure, A1C, total cholesterol, LDL
|
|
cholesterol, triglycerides, and ACR than those randomized to conventional
|
|
treatment (n=80). Although these differences disappeared during the 5.5
|
|
years of post-trial observational follow-up, intensive therapy reduced the
|
|
risk of death (HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.32–0.89, p=0.02), death from CVD
|
|
(HR 0.43, 95% CI, 0.19–0.94, p=0.04), severe albuminuria (HR 0.44,
|
|
95% CI 0.25–0.77, p=0.04), diabetic retinopathy (HR 0.57, 95% CI
|
|
0.37–0.88, p=0.01), and autonomic neuropathy (HR 0.53, 95% CI
|
|
0.34–0.81, p=0.004) during the entire 13.3-year study period. </p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Treatment_of_DiabetesRelat_1"><h3>Treatment of Diabetes-Related Kidney Disease in Youth</h3><p>Despite the increasing frequency of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in youth
|
|
and the particularly aggressive course of DKD in youth with type 2 diabetes,
|
|
few clinical trials have evaluated DKD outcomes in youth. TODAY is one such
|
|
clinical trial that focused specifically on treatment of youth with type 2
|
|
diabetes. In TODAY, 699 youth age 10–18 years with type 2 diabetes
|
|
for <2 years were randomized to metformin monotherapy, metformin
|
|
plus rosiglitazone, or metformin plus an intensive lifestyle intervention
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.16" rid="kidneydisease.REF.16">16</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.44" rid="kidneydisease.REF.44">44</a>). Incidence rates
|
|
of moderate albuminuria increased across all treatment groups during an
|
|
average follow-up of 3.9 years (overall incidence rate increase from 6.3% at
|
|
baseline to 16.6% at trial completion) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.682" rid="kidneydisease.REF.682">682</a>). In the long-term follow-up
|
|
after the end of randomization, 60.1% of participants had at least one
|
|
microvascular complication and 28.4% had at least two diabetes complications
|
|
at a mean age of 26.4 years (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.44" rid="kidneydisease.REF.44">44</a>). Compared with non-Hispanic White
|
|
youth with type 2 diabetes, Hispanic youth had a 50% higher risk of
|
|
microvascular complications (HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.13–2.00), similar to
|
|
Black youth (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.09–1.96) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.44" rid="kidneydisease.REF.44">44</a>). Adherence to treatments was a
|
|
challenge in this trial, with only 54% of participants in the lifestyle
|
|
intervention group meeting targets. Indeed, reduced adherence to medication,
|
|
lifestyle interventions, and self-monitoring in youth compared with adults
|
|
may be responsible, in part, for the more aggressive course of DKD in youth
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.683" rid="kidneydisease.REF.683">683</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.684" rid="kidneydisease.REF.684">684</a>). Factors such as
|
|
depression, living in a single-parent home, and poverty may be key
|
|
determinants of low adherence. In the TODAY cohort, 70% of the youth lived
|
|
in a single-parent household, and 42% lived in households with an annual
|
|
income less than $25,000 (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.685" rid="kidneydisease.REF.685">685</a>).</p><p>There is considerable interest in assessing the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors
|
|
in young persons, given their remarkable efficacy in adults. Nevertheless,
|
|
evidence for the tolerability and efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors in youth with
|
|
type 2 diabetes is limited. Pharmacokinetic and single-dose studies in youth
|
|
with type 2 diabetes have documented a dose-dependent increase in urinary
|
|
glucose excretion (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.686" rid="kidneydisease.REF.686">686</a>) and an eGFR dip similar to what has been observed in
|
|
short-term treatment in adults with type 2 diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.687" rid="kidneydisease.REF.687">687</a>).</p><p>Currently, no SGLT2 inhibitors are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
|
|
Administration (FDA) for use in persons age <18 years. Likewise,
|
|
thiazolidinediones have not been approved for youth-onset type 2 diabetes,
|
|
despite their beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity that could benefit
|
|
insulin-resistant adolescents. The FDA has approved two GLP-1 RAs for the
|
|
treatment of type 2 diabetes in youth age 10–17 years, including
|
|
liraglutide 1.8 mg/day and exenatide extended-release injections. With only
|
|
limited data available on treatment with MRAs in youth and no studies of
|
|
ERAs, much remains to be done to establish efficacious therapeutic options
|
|
in children and adolescents with diabetes and DKD.</p></div></div><div id="kidneydisease.Other_Kidney_Diseases_Asso"><h2 id="_kidneydisease_Other_Kidney_Diseases_Asso_">Other Kidney Diseases Associated With Infections in Persons With Diabetes </h2><div id="kidneydisease.Urinary_Tract_Infections"><h3>Urinary Tract Infections</h3><p>Persons with diabetes may be more susceptible to infections of the urinary
|
|
tract. Autopsy studies from the pre-antibiotic era (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.688" rid="kidneydisease.REF.688">688</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.689" rid="kidneydisease.REF.689">689</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.690" rid="kidneydisease.REF.690">690</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.691" rid="kidneydisease.REF.691">691</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.692" rid="kidneydisease.REF.692">692</a>) reported 10%–20%
|
|
prevalence of histologic pyelonephritis in persons with diabetes, five times
|
|
that in persons without diabetes. Not only was the frequency of urinary
|
|
tract infection greater in those with diabetes at that time, but the
|
|
infections were often more serious and protracted (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.689" rid="kidneydisease.REF.689">689</a>). With the introduction of
|
|
effective antimicrobial therapy, the frequency and severity of urinary tract
|
|
infections may have diminished (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.693" rid="kidneydisease.REF.693">693</a>). </p><p><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofasymptomat">Table
|
|
23</a> presents the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in persons
|
|
with and without diabetes from several different clinic- or hospital-based
|
|
populations (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.694" rid="kidneydisease.REF.694">694</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.695" rid="kidneydisease.REF.695">695</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.696" rid="kidneydisease.REF.696">696</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.697" rid="kidneydisease.REF.697">697</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.698" rid="kidneydisease.REF.698">698</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.699" rid="kidneydisease.REF.699">699</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.700" rid="kidneydisease.REF.700">700</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.701" rid="kidneydisease.REF.701">701</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.702" rid="kidneydisease.REF.702">702</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.703" rid="kidneydisease.REF.703">703</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.704" rid="kidneydisease.REF.704">704</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.705" rid="kidneydisease.REF.705">705</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.706" rid="kidneydisease.REF.706">706</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.707" rid="kidneydisease.REF.707">707</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.708" rid="kidneydisease.REF.708">708</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.709" rid="kidneydisease.REF.709">709</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.710" rid="kidneydisease.REF.710">710</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.711" rid="kidneydisease.REF.711">711</a>). In a systematic review and meta-analysis of published data
|
|
since 1966 (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.694" rid="kidneydisease.REF.694">694</a>),
|
|
women with diabetes have about three times the frequency of bacteriuria as
|
|
women without diabetes (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.6–4.1), and men with
|
|
diabetes have about four times the frequency of bacteriuria as healthy
|
|
control subjects (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.3–10.2) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.694" rid="kidneydisease.REF.694">694</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.699" rid="kidneydisease.REF.699">699</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.700" rid="kidneydisease.REF.700">700</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.704" rid="kidneydisease.REF.704">704</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.712" rid="kidneydisease.REF.712">712</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.713" rid="kidneydisease.REF.713">713</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.714" rid="kidneydisease.REF.714">714</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.715" rid="kidneydisease.REF.715">715</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.716" rid="kidneydisease.REF.716">716</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.717" rid="kidneydisease.REF.717">717</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.718" rid="kidneydisease.REF.718">718</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.719" rid="kidneydisease.REF.719">719</a>). Some studies have reported a
|
|
longer duration of diabetes in women with asymptomatic bacteriuria than in
|
|
those without (pooled difference 0.17 years, 95% CI 0.03–0.31,
|
|
p<i>=</i>0.01), but the same review found no
|
|
difference in A1C (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.694" rid="kidneydisease.REF.694">694</a>). Some studies have shown a relationship between
|
|
asymptomatic bacteriuria in persons with diabetes and more frequent
|
|
development of genitourinary tract infections (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.711" rid="kidneydisease.REF.711">711</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.720" rid="kidneydisease.REF.720">720</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.721" rid="kidneydisease.REF.721">721</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.722" rid="kidneydisease.REF.722">722</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.723" rid="kidneydisease.REF.723">723</a>), but others have not found a
|
|
relationship (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.693" rid="kidneydisease.REF.693">693</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.724" rid="kidneydisease.REF.724">724</a>). In most studies, the microorganisms causing asymptomatic
|
|
bacteriuria in persons with diabetes are similar to those causing
|
|
bacteriuria in persons without diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.693" rid="kidneydisease.REF.693">693</a>), but a survey of 514 persons
|
|
with diabetes and 405 persons without diabetes found that nearly one-half of
|
|
those with diabetes and bacteriuria were infected by bacteria other than
|
|
<i>E.</i>
|
|
<i>coli</i>, whereas all but one case of bacteriuria
|
|
in persons without diabetes were caused by <i>E.</i>
|
|
<i>coli</i> (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.713" rid="kidneydisease.REF.713">713</a>). The prevalence of asymptomatic
|
|
bacteriuria is not influenced by the type of diabetes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.693" rid="kidneydisease.REF.693">693</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.694" rid="kidneydisease.REF.694">694</a>). </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofasymptomat"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 23. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofasymptomat"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofasymptomat">TABLE 23. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Populations With and Without
|
|
Diabetes </p></div></div><p>The reported prevalences of cystitis and pyelonephritis in 550 women with
|
|
type 1 diabetes in the UroEDIC study of EDIC year 10 subjects surveyed for
|
|
urologic complications of type 1 diabetes were 15% and 3%, respectively,
|
|
during the preceding 12 months (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.725" rid="kidneydisease.REF.725">725</a>). <a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTadjustedoddsratiosfor">Table 24</a> presents
|
|
risk factors for urinary tract infections in this cohort. The prevalence of
|
|
cystitis in women in the UroEDIC was similar to that in White women without
|
|
diabetes age 20–59 years from the NHANES III. Among men in the
|
|
UroEDIC, the prevalence of urinary tract infections was 4% for cystitis and
|
|
0% for pyelonephritis, too low to be included in the risk factor
|
|
evaluation.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTadjustedoddsratiosfor"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 24. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTadjustedoddsratiosfor"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTadjustedoddsratiosfor">TABLE 24. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Adjusted Odds Ratios for Cystitis or Pyelonephritis in Women With Type 1
|
|
Diabetes Participating in the Uro-EDIC Survey, 2002–2004 </p></div></div></div><div id="kidneydisease.HIV"><h3>HIV</h3><p>Diabetes and hypertension associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
|
|
infection are described as risk factors for the development of
|
|
HIV-associated immune complex kidney disease (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.726" rid="kidneydisease.REF.726">726</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.727" rid="kidneydisease.REF.727">727</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.728" rid="kidneydisease.REF.728">728</a>). While hypertension may be a
|
|
consequence of HIV-related kidney disease, the association with diabetes
|
|
appears to be mediated by postinfectious glomerulonephritis (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.726" rid="kidneydisease.REF.726">726</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.729" rid="kidneydisease.REF.729">729</a>). A
|
|
cross-sectional comparison of persons with type 2 diabetes with and without
|
|
HIV and persons with HIV only is presented in <a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTdemographicandclinical">Table 25</a> (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.730" rid="kidneydisease.REF.730">730</a>). Among the 73
|
|
persons with HIV and type 2 diabetes, the combination of diabetes, higher
|
|
HIV viral load, and antiretroviral treatment with abacavir was a significant
|
|
predictor of ACR ≥30 mg/g. Antiretroviral therapy has nephrotoxic
|
|
effects, including tubulointerstitial nephropathies, proximal tubular
|
|
dysfunction, Fanconi’s syndrome, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.731" rid="kidneydisease.REF.731">731</a>). </p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figkidneydiseaseTdemographicandclinical"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="TABLE 25. " class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTdemographicandclinical"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseTdemographicandclinical">TABLE 25. </a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Subjects With HIV, Diabetes,
|
|
and Both HIV and Diabetes, 2007–2009 </p></div></div></div><div id="kidneydisease.Severe_Acute_Respiratory_S"><h3>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2:
|
|
SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID-19)</h3><p>Kidney injury, presenting as nephritis, acute or chronic kidney injury, and
|
|
transplant rejection, is commonly associated with severe acute respiratory
|
|
syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (coronavirus disease of 2019
|
|
[COVID-19]) and with severe outcomes (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.732" rid="kidneydisease.REF.732">732</a>). Patients hospitalized with
|
|
COVID-19 were twice as likely to develop acute kidney injury (incidence
|
|
reported between 0.5% and 42%) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.733" rid="kidneydisease.REF.733">733</a>), with high mortality,
|
|
particularly when requiring dialysis. </p><p>Among Medicare beneficiaries, significantly more patients with CKD were
|
|
diagnosed with COVID-19 than those without CKD. Black and Hispanic patients
|
|
were particularly affected during the 2020–2021 pandemic (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.732" rid="kidneydisease.REF.732">732</a>), with the
|
|
highest rates of infection, hospitalization, and death among racial and
|
|
ethnic groups. </p><p>Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the association between
|
|
COVID-19 and kidney disease, including RAAS activation,
|
|
hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction, immune-mediated kidney
|
|
disease, collapsing focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, vasculitis, and
|
|
IgA nephropathy, although these are not specific to DKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.733" rid="kidneydisease.REF.733">733</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.734" rid="kidneydisease.REF.734">734</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.735" rid="kidneydisease.REF.735">735</a>). <i>APOL1</i> genotyping studies suggest that patients
|
|
with COVID-19 and high-risk <i>APOL1</i> alleles have
|
|
significantly higher odds of collapsing glomerulopathy and acute kidney
|
|
injury requiring dialysis (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.736" rid="kidneydisease.REF.736">736</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.737" rid="kidneydisease.REF.737">737</a>).</p></div></div><div id="kidneydisease.Conclusions"><h2 id="_kidneydisease_Conclusions_">Conclusions</h2><p>CKD is a public health problem that affects nearly 14% of the U.S. population and
|
|
is disproportionately distributed among minority and disadvantaged groups. Most
|
|
risk factors for CKD are modifiable; therefore, public health strategies
|
|
targeting these factors may significantly reduce the disease burden. </p><p>Diabetes is the leading cause of CKD, and the increasing prevalence of diabetes
|
|
together with improved availability of dialysis and transplants have sustained a
|
|
continued rise in the proportion of CKD attributable to diabetes since the
|
|
1980s. In persons with type 1 diabetes, the incidence of CKD has declined in
|
|
parallel with a significant trend for earlier initiation of antihypertensive
|
|
treatment following the onset of diabetes, expansion of RAAS inhibitor usage,
|
|
and sustained improvements in glycemic control. On the other hand, in persons
|
|
with type 2 diabetes, the incidence of CKD does not appear to be declining,
|
|
possibly due to the higher number and prevalence of CKD risk factors associated
|
|
with type 2 diabetes that outweigh current treatment options or their
|
|
effectiveness. An ever-increasing number of persons with diabetes, 91% of whom
|
|
have type 2 diabetes, require renal replacement therapy, at enormous cost to
|
|
patients, their families, and society. </p><p>Improved management of hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and
|
|
albuminuria have dramatically slowed progression to kidney failure, as
|
|
illustrated by a decreased incidence of kidney failure attributed to diabetes
|
|
since 2005. Trends in the incidence of kidney failure due to diabetes, however,
|
|
differ broadly by age and race and ethnicity. At the national level, the
|
|
incidence of kidney failure in persons with a primary diagnosis of diabetes
|
|
remains higher in Black, Mexican American, Asian, and American Indian persons
|
|
than in White persons, with the highest rates being found in Black and American
|
|
Indian persons. </p></div><div id="kidneydisease.List_of_Abbreviations"><h2 id="_kidneydisease_List_of_Abbreviations_">List of Abbreviations</h2><dl><dt id="kidneydisease.a1c">A1C</dt><dd><p>glycated hemoglobin</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.accord">ACCORD</dt><dd><p>Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.ace">ACE</dt><dd><p>angiotensin-converting enzyme</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.acr">ACR</dt><dd><p>albumin-to-creatinine ratio</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.ada">ADA</dt><dd><p>American Diabetes Association</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.advance">ADVANCE</dt><dd><p>Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron
|
|
Modified Release Controlled Evaluation</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.aer">AER</dt><dd><p>albumin excretion rate</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.arb">ARB</dt><dd><p>angiotensin receptor blocker </p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.bmi">BMI</dt><dd><p>body mass index</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.ci">CI</dt><dd><p>confidence interval</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.ckd">CKD</dt><dd><p>chronic kidney disease</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.covid19">COVID-19</dt><dd><p>coronavirus disease of 2019</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.cvd">CVD</dt><dd><p>cardiovascular disease</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.dash">DASH</dt><dd><p>Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.dcct">DCCT</dt><dd><p>Diabetes Control and Complications Trial</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.dkd">DKD</dt><dd><p>diabetes-related kidney disease </p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.dna">DNA</dt><dd><p>deoxyribonucleic acid </p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.edc">EDC</dt><dd><p>Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications study</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.edic">EDIC</dt><dd><p>Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.edta">EDTA</dt><dd><p>ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.egfr">eGFR</dt><dd><p>estimated glomerular filtration rate</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.era">ERA</dt><dd><p>endothelin receptor antagonist</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.gfr">GFR</dt><dd><p>glomerular filtration rate</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.glp1">GLP-1</dt><dd><p>glucagon-like peptide-1</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.glp1-ra">GLP-1 RA</dt><dd><p>glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.hdl">HDL</dt><dd><p>high-density lipoprotein</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.hiv">HIV</dt><dd><p>human immunodeficiency virus</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.hr">HR</dt><dd><p>hazard ratio</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.idnt">IDNT</dt><dd><p>Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial </p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.kdigo">KDIGO</dt><dd><p>Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.keep">KEEP</dt><dd><p>Kidney Early Evaluation Program</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.ldl">LDL</dt><dd><p>low-density lipoprotein</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.mdrd">MDRD</dt><dd><p>Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.mr">MR</dt><dd><p>mineralocorticoid receptor</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.mra">MRA</dt><dd><p>mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.nhanes">NHANES</dt><dd><p>National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.nkf">NKF</dt><dd><p>National Kidney Foundation </p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.nsaid">NSAID</dt><dd><p>nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.or">OR</dt><dd><p>odds ratio</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.raas">RAAS</dt><dd><p>renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.renaal">RENAAL</dt><dd><p>Reduction of Endpoints in Non-insulin dependent diabetes with the
|
|
Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.sglt2">SGLT2</dt><dd><p>sodium-glucose cotransporter-2</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.smr">SMR</dt><dd><p>standardized mortality ratio</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.tgf-">TGF-β</dt><dd><p>transforming growth factor beta</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.today">TODAY</dt><dd><p>Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth
|
|
trial</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.ukpds">UKPDS</dt><dd><p>United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.uroedic">UroEDIC</dt><dd><p>ancillary study of urologic complications in the DCCT/EDIC cohort</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.usrds">USRDS</dt><dd><p>United States Renal Data System</p></dd><dt id="kidneydisease.vldl">VLDL</dt><dd><p>very low-density lipoprotein</p></dd></dl></div><div id="kidneydisease.Conversions"><h2 id="_kidneydisease_Conversions_">Conversions</h2><p>A1C: (% x 10.93) - 23.50 = mmol/mol</p><p>Albumin-to-creatinine ratio: mg/g x 0.113 = mg/mmol</p><p>Cholesterol: mg/dL x 0.0259 = mmol/L</p><p>Glucose: mg/dL x 0.0555 = mmol/L</p><p>Triglycerides: mg/dL x 0.0113 = mmol/L</p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Acknowledgment"><h2 id="_kidneydisease_Acknowledgment_">Acknowledgment</h2><p>This is an update of: Pavkov ME, Collins AJ, Coresh J, Nelson RG: Kidney Disease
|
|
in Diabetes. Chapter 22 in <i>Diabetes in America</i>,
|
|
3rd ed. Cowie CC, Casagrande SS, Menke A, Cissell MA, Eberhardt MS, Meigs JB,
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|
Gregg EW, Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Becker DJ, Brancati FL, Boyko EJ, Herman
|
|
WH, Howard BV, Narayan KMV, Rewers M, Fradkin JE, Eds. Bethesda, MD, National
|
|
Institutes of Health, NIH Pub No. 17-1468, 2018, p. 22.1–22.84.</p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Article_History"><h2 id="_kidneydisease_Article_History_">Article History</h2><p>Received in final form on June 6, 2024.</p></div><div id="kidneydisease.Disclaimer"><h2 id="_kidneydisease_Disclaimer_">Disclaimer</h2><p>The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not
|
|
necessarily represent the official position of the National Institutes of Health
|
|
nor the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.</p></div><div id="kidneydisease.References"><h2 id="_kidneydisease_References_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.1">Pavkov ME, Collins AJ, Coresh J,
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</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.2">Delgado
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LA, Eneanya
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PJ, Looker
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VTN, Nair
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V, Melsom
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T, et al.
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E.
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SGLT2 inhibitors: the statins of the 21st
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Eur Heart J.
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2022;43(11):1029-1030.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34741610" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34741610</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab765" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.7">de Boer
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IH, Kahn
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SE. SGLT2
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inhibitors—sweet success for diabetic kidney
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2017;28(1):7-10.
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doi:10.1681/asn.2016060650
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5198295/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5198295</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27539605" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27539605</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/asn.2016060650" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.8">Marso
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SP, Daniels
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GH, Brown-Frandsen
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K, et al.
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Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4985288/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4985288</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27295427" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27295427</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1603827" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.9">Marso
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SP, Bain
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SC, Consoli
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A, et al.
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Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with
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2016;375(19):1834-1844.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27633186" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27633186</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1607141" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.10">Kidney Disease:
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Improving Global Outcomes Diabetes Work Group. KDIGO 2022 clinical
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practice guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney
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disease.
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2022;102(5S):S1-S127.
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doi:10.1016/j.kint.2022.06.008
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36272764" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36272764</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.kint.2022.06.008" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.11">Parker
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ED, Lin
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J, Mahoney
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T, et al.
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Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in
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USRDS Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United
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</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.13">Bjornstad
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P, Chao
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H, Okudaira
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AB, Martens
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PJ, Rigatto
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C, Brownell
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MD, Dean
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Group, Zeitler P, Hirst K, et al. A clinical
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trial to maintain glycemic control in youth with type 2
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diabetes.
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2012;366(24):2247-2256.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3478667/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3478667</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22540912" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22540912</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1109333" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.17">American Diabetes
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Association Professional Practice Committee.
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Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024.
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Diabetes Care.
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2024;47(Suppl
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1):S219-S230. doi:10.2337/dc24-S011
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10725805/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC10725805</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38078574" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 38078574</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc24-S011" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.18">He
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F, Xia
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X, Wu
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XF, Yu
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XQ, Huang
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FX. Diabetic
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2013;56(3):457-466.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23232641" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23232641</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00125-012-2796-6" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.19">Tuttle
|
|
KR, Bakris
|
|
GL, Bilous
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RW, et al.
|
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Diabetic kidney disease: a report from an ADA Consensus
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Conference.
|
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Diabetes Care.
|
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2014;37(10):2864-2883.
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doi:10.2337/dc14-1296
|
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4170131/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4170131</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25249672" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25249672</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc14-1296" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.20">Wolf
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G, Müller
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N, Mandecka
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A, Müller
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UA.
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Association of diabetic retinopathy and renal
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mellitus.
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2007;68(2):81-86.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17722706" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17722706</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.5414/cnp68081" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>21.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.21">Molitch
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ME.
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Management of early diabetic
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nephropathy.
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Am J Med.
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1997;102(4):392-398.
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doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(97)00118-6
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9217622" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9217622</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(97)00118-6" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>22.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.22">Mogensen
|
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CE.
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Prediction of clinical diabetic nephropathy in IDDM
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patients. Alternatives to microalbuminuria?
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Diabetes.
|
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1990;39(7):761-767.
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doi:10.2337/diab.39.7.761
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2191882" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2191882</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diab.39.7.761" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>23.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.23">Ruggenenti
|
|
P, Porrini
|
|
EL, Gaspari
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F, et al.
|
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Glomerular hyperfiltration and renal disease progression
|
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in type 2 diabetes.
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Diabetes Care.
|
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2012;35(10):2061-2068.
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doi:10.2337/dc11-2189
|
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3447826/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3447826</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22773704" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22773704</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc11-2189" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>24.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.24">Ficociello
|
|
LH, Perkins
|
|
BA, Roshan
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B, et al.
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Renal hyperfiltration and the development of
|
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microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes.
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Diabetes Care.
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2009;32(5):889-893.
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doi:10.2337/dc08-1560
|
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2671109/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2671109</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19196883" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19196883</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc08-1560" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>25.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.25">Thomas
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|
MC, Moran
|
|
JL, Harjutsalo
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V, et al.
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Hyperfiltration in type 1 diabetes: does it exist and
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does it matter for nephropathy?
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Diabetologia.
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2012;55(5):1505-1513.
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doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2485-5
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22322918" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22322918</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00125-012-2485-5" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>26.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.26">Moriya
|
|
T, Tsuchiya
|
|
A, Okizaki
|
|
S, Hayashi
|
|
A, Tanaka
|
|
K, Shichiri
|
|
M.
|
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Glomerular hyperfiltration and increased glomerular
|
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filtration surface are associated with renal function decline in
|
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normo- and microalbuminuric type 2 diabetes.
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Kidney Int.
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|
2012;81(5):486-493.
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doi:10.1038/ki.2011.404
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22157655" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22157655</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.2011.404" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>27.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.27">Murussi
|
|
M, Gross
|
|
JL, Silveiro
|
|
SP.
|
|
Glomerular filtration rate changes in
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normoalbuminuric and microalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients and
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normal individuals. A 10-year follow-up.
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J Diabetes Complications.
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2006;20(4):210-215.
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doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.07.002
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16798471" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16798471</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.07.002" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>28.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.28">Chaiken
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|
RL, Eckert-Norton
|
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M, Bard
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M, et al.
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Hyperfiltration in African-American patients with type 2
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Diabetes Care.
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1998;21(12):2129-2134.
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doi:10.2337/diacare.21.12.2129
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9839105" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9839105</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.21.12.2129" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>29.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.29">Brenner
|
|
BM, Lawler
|
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EV, Mackenzie
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HS. The
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hyperfiltration theory: a paradigm shift in
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nephrology.
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1996;49(6):1774-1777.
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doi:10.1038/ki.1996.265
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8743495" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8743495</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1996.265" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>30.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.30">Piani
|
|
F, Melena
|
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I, Severn
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C, et al.
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Tubular injury in diabetic ketoacidosis: results from the
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Diabetic Kidney Alarm study.
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2021;22(7):1031-1039.
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doi:10.1111/pedi.13259
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8957478/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8957478</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34435718" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34435718</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/pedi.13259" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>31.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.31">Melena
|
|
I, Piani
|
|
F, Tommerdahl
|
|
KL, et al.
|
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Aminoaciduria and metabolic dysregulation during diabetic
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ketoacidosis: results from the Diabetic Kidney Alarm (DKA)
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study.
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J Diabetes Complications.
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2022;36(6):108203.
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doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2022.108203
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9119939/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9119939</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35523653" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35523653</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2022.108203" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>32.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.32">Mogensen
|
|
CE, Christensen
|
|
CK, Vittinghus
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E. The
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stages in diabetic renal disease. With emphasis on the stage of
|
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incipient diabetic nephropathy.
|
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Diabetes.
|
|
1983;32(Suppl
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2):64-78. doi:10.2337/diab.32.2.s64
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6400670" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6400670</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diab.32.2.s64" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>33.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.33">Martin
|
|
P, Hampton
|
|
KK, Walton
|
|
C, Tindall
|
|
H, Davies
|
|
JA.
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Microproteinuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus from
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diagnosis.
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Diabet Med.
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1990;7(4):315-318.
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doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1990.tb01396.x
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1692521" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1692521</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.1990.tb01396.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>34.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.34">Mogensen
|
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C.
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A complete screening of urinary albumin concentration in
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an unselected diabetic out-patient clinic
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population.
|
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Diabetic Nephropathy.
|
|
1983;2(4):11-18.
|
|
</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>35.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.35">de Boer
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|
IH, Rue
|
|
TC, Cleary
|
|
PA, et al.
|
|
Long-term renal outcomes of patients with type 1 diabetes
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mellitus and microalbuminuria: an analysis of the Diabetes Control
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and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and
|
|
Complications cohort.
|
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Arch Intern Med.
|
|
2011;171(5):412-420.
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doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.16
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3085024/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3085024</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21403038" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21403038</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.16" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>36.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.36">Hovind
|
|
P, Tarnow
|
|
L, Rossing
|
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P, et al.
|
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Predictors for the development of microalbuminuria and
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macroalbuminuria in patients with type 1 diabetes: inception cohort
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study.
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BMJ.
|
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2004;328(7448):1105.
|
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doi:10.1136/bmj.38070.450891.FE
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC406322/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC406322</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15096438" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15096438</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1136/bmj.38070.450891.FE" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>37.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.37">Viberti GC, Walker JD, Pinto LC.
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Diabetic nephropathy. In: Alberti KGMM, DeFronzo RA, Keen H, Zimmet P,
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eds. <em>International Textbook of Diabetes
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Mellitus</em>. John Wiley & Sons;
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1992:1267-1328.</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>38.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.38">Perkins
|
|
BA, Ficociello
|
|
LH, Silva
|
|
KH, Finkelstein
|
|
DM, Warram
|
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JH, Krolewski
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AS.
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Regression of microalbuminuria in type 1
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diabetes.
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2003;348(23):2285-2293.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12788992" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12788992</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021835" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>39.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.39">Parving HH, Mauer M, Fioretto P,
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Rossing P, Ritz E. Diabetic nephropathy. In: Taal MW, Chertow GM,
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Marsden PA, Skorecki K, Yu ASL, Brenner BM, eds. <em>Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney</em>. 9th ed.
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Saunders Elsevier; 2011:1411-1443.</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>40.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.40">Bjornstad
|
|
P, Maahs
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DM, Johnson
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RJ, Rewers
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M, Snell-Bergeon
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JK.
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Estimated insulin sensitivity predicts regression of
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albuminuria in type 1 diabetes.
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Diabet Med.
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2015;32(2):257-261.
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doi:10.1111/dme.12572
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4301993/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4301993</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25303233" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25303233</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/dme.12572" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>41.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.41">Bjornstad
|
|
P, Maahs
|
|
DM, Duca
|
|
LM, et al.
|
|
Estimated insulin sensitivity predicts incident micro-
|
|
and macrovascular complications in adults with type 1 diabetes over
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6 years: the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes
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study.
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J Diabetes Complications.
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2016;30(4):586-590.
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|
doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.02.011
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4834265/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4834265</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26936306" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26936306</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.02.011" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>42.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.42">Mogensen
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CE, Poulsen
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PL.
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Epidemiology of microalbuminuria in diabetes and in
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the background population.
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1994;3(3):248-256.
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doi:10.1097/00041552-199405000-00004
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7922249" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7922249</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1097/00041552-199405000-00004" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>43.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.43">Jerums
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G, Panagiotopoulos
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S, Premaratne
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E, MacIsaac
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RJ.
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2009;5(7):397-406.
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doi:10.1038/nrneph.2009.91
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19556994" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19556994</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/nrneph.2009.91" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>44.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.44">TODAY Study
|
|
Group, Bjornstad P, Drews KL, et al.
|
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Long-term complications in youth-onset type 2
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diabetes.
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N Engl J Med.
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2021;385(5):416-426.
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doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2100165
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8697255/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8697255</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34320286" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34320286</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2100165" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>45.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.45">Gall
|
|
MA, Rossing
|
|
P, Skøtt
|
|
P, et al.
|
|
Prevalence of micro- and macroalbuminuria, arterial
|
|
hypertension, retinopathy and large vessel disease in European type
|
|
2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1991;34(9):655-661.
|
|
doi:10.1007/BF00400995
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1955098" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1955098</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00400995" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>46.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.46">Niskanen
|
|
LK, Penttilã
|
|
I, Parviainen
|
|
M, Uusitupa
|
|
MI.
|
|
Evolution, risk factors, and prognostic implications
|
|
of albuminuria in NIDDM.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
1996;19(5):486-493.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.19.5.486
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8732714" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8732714</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.19.5.486" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>47.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.47">Parving
|
|
HH, Gall
|
|
MA, Skøtt
|
|
P, et al.
|
|
Prevalence and causes of albuminuria in
|
|
non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1992;41(4):758-762.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.1992.118
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1513098" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1513098</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1992.118" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>48.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.48">Sharma
|
|
SG, Bomback
|
|
AS, Radhakrishnan
|
|
J, et al.
|
|
The modern spectrum of renal biopsy findings in patients
|
|
with diabetes.
|
|
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2013;8(10):1718-1724.
|
|
doi:10.2215/CJN.02510213
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3789339/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3789339</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23886566" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23886566</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2215/CJN.02510213" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>49.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.49">Lindeman
|
|
RD.
|
|
Overview: renal physiology and pathophysiology of
|
|
aging.
|
|
Am J Kidney Dis.
|
|
1990;16(4):275-282.
|
|
doi:10.1016/s0272-6386(12)80002-3
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2220770" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2220770</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0272-6386(12)80002-3" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>50.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.50">Tan
|
|
JC, Busque
|
|
S, Workeneh
|
|
B, et al.
|
|
Effects of aging on glomerular function and number in
|
|
living kidney donors.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2010;78(7):686-692.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.2010.128
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3353650/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3353650</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20463656" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20463656</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.2010.128" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>51.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.51">Hoang
|
|
K, Tan
|
|
JC, Derby
|
|
G, et al.
|
|
Determinants of glomerular hypofiltration in aging
|
|
humans.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2003;64(4):1417-1424.
|
|
doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00207.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12969161" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12969161</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00207.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>52.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.52">Palatini
|
|
P.
|
|
Glomerular hyperfiltration: a marker of early renal
|
|
damage in pre-diabetes and pre-hypertension.
|
|
Nephrol Dial Transplant.
|
|
2012;27(5):1708-1714.
|
|
doi:10.1093/ndt/gfs037
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22431709" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22431709</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/ndt/gfs037" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>53.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.53">Hostetter
|
|
TH, Rennke
|
|
HG, Brenner
|
|
BM. The case
|
|
for intrarenal hypertension in the initiation and progression of
|
|
diabetic and other glomerulopathies.
|
|
Am J Med.
|
|
1982;72(3):375-380.
|
|
doi:10.1016/0002-9343(82)90490-9
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7036732" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7036732</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/0002-9343(82)90490-9" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>54.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.54">Ditzel
|
|
J, Schwartz
|
|
M.
|
|
Abnormally increased glomerular filtration rate in
|
|
short-term insulin-treated diabetic subjects.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
1967;16(4):264-267.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diab.16.4.264
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6023168" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6023168</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diab.16.4.264" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>55.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.55">Bröchner-Mortensen
|
|
J.
|
|
Glomerular filtration rate and extracellular fluid
|
|
volumes during normoglycemia and moderate hyperglycemia in
|
|
diabetics.
|
|
Scand J Clin Lab Invest.
|
|
1973;32(4):311-316.
|
|
doi:10.3109/00365517309084353
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4203766" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 4203766</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.3109/00365517309084353" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>56.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.56">Hostetter
|
|
TH, Troy
|
|
JL, Brenner
|
|
BM.
|
|
Glomerular hemodynamics in experimental diabetes
|
|
mellitus.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1981;19(3):410-415.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.1981.33
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7241881" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7241881</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1981.33" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>57.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.57">Mogensen
|
|
CE. Kidney
|
|
function and glomerular permeability to macromolecules in early
|
|
juvenile diabetes.
|
|
Scand J Clin Lab Invest.
|
|
1971;28(1):79-90.
|
|
doi:10.3109/00365517109090666
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5093522" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 5093522</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.3109/00365517109090666" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>58.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.58">Christiansen
|
|
JS, Gammelgaard
|
|
J, Frandsen
|
|
M, Parving
|
|
HH.
|
|
Increased kidney size, glomerular filtration rate and
|
|
renal plasma flow in short-term insulin-dependent
|
|
diabetics.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1981;20(4):451-456.
|
|
doi:10.1007/BF00253406
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7016638" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7016638</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00253406" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>59.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.59">Vora
|
|
JP, Dolben
|
|
J, Dean
|
|
JD, et al.
|
|
Renal hemodynamics in newly presenting non-insulin
|
|
dependent diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1992;41(4):829-835.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.1992.127
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1513105" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1513105</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1992.127" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>60.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.60">Cherney
|
|
DZ, Scholey
|
|
JW, Miller
|
|
JA. Insights
|
|
into the regulation of renal hemodynamic function in diabetic
|
|
mellitus.
|
|
Curr Diabetes Rev.
|
|
2008;4(4):280-290.
|
|
doi:10.2174/157339908786241151
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18991597" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18991597</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2174/157339908786241151" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>61.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.61">Vervoort
|
|
G, Veldman
|
|
B, Berden
|
|
JH, Smits
|
|
P, Wetzels
|
|
JF.
|
|
Glomerular hyperfiltration in type 1 diabetes
|
|
mellitus results from primary changes in proximal tubular sodium
|
|
handling without changes in volume expansion.
|
|
Eur J Clin Invest.
|
|
2005;35(5):330-336.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2005.01497.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15860045" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15860045</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2005.01497.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>62.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.62">Persson
|
|
P, Hansell
|
|
P, Palm
|
|
F. Tubular
|
|
reabsorption and diabetes-induced glomerular
|
|
hyperfiltration.
|
|
Acta Physiol (Oxf).
|
|
2010;200(1):3-10.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02147.x
|
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2919631/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2919631</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20518753" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20518753</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02147.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>63.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.63">Keller
|
|
CK, Bergis
|
|
KH, Fliser
|
|
D, Ritz
|
|
E. Renal
|
|
findings in patients with short-term type 2
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
1996;7(12):2627-2635.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.V7122627
|
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8989741" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8989741</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.V7122627" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>64.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.64">Myers
|
|
BD, Nelson
|
|
RG, Williams
|
|
GW, et al.
|
|
Glomerular function in Pima Indians with
|
|
noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus of recent
|
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onset.
|
|
J Clin Invest.
|
|
1991;88(2):524-530.
|
|
doi:10.1172/JCI115335
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC295379/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC295379</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1864963" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1864963</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1172/JCI115335" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>65.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.65">Mauer
|
|
M, Drummond
|
|
K. The early
|
|
natural history of nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: I. Study design
|
|
and baseline characteristics of the study
|
|
participants.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
2002;51(5):1572-1579.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.5.1572
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11978658" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11978658</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.5.1572" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>66.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.66">Caramori
|
|
ML, Gross
|
|
JL, Pecis
|
|
M, de Azevedo
|
|
MJ.
|
|
Glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin excretion
|
|
rate, and blood pressure changes in normoalbuminuric normotensive
|
|
type 1 diabetic patients: an 8-year follow-up study.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
1999;22(9):1512-1516.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.22.9.1512
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10480518" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10480518</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.22.9.1512" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>67.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.67">Jerums
|
|
G, Premaratne
|
|
E, Panagiotopoulos
|
|
S, MacIsaac
|
|
RJ. The
|
|
clinical significance of hyperfiltration in
|
|
diabetes.
|
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Diabetologia.
|
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2010;53(10):2093-2104.
|
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doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1794-9
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20496053" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20496053</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00125-010-1794-9" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>68.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.68">Denic
|
|
A, Mathew
|
|
J, Lerman
|
|
LO, et al.
|
|
Single-nephron glomerular filtration rate in healthy
|
|
adults.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2017;376(24):2349-2357.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1614329
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5664219/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5664219</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28614683" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28614683</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614329" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>69.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.69">Magee
|
|
GM, Bilous
|
|
RW, Cardwell
|
|
CR, Hunter
|
|
SJ, Kee
|
|
F, Fogarty
|
|
DG. Is
|
|
hyperfiltration associated with the future risk of developing
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|
diabetic nephropathy? A meta-analysis.
|
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Diabetologia
|
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2009;52(4):691-697.
|
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doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1268-0
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19198800" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19198800</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1268-0" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>70.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.70">Wesson
|
|
DE. Moving
|
|
closer to an understanding of the hyperfiltration of type 2 diabetes
|
|
mellitus.
|
|
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.
|
|
2006;290(4):R973-R974.
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doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00853.2005
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16537822" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16537822</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00853.2005" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>71.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.71">Levine
|
|
DZ, Iacovitti
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M, Robertson
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SJ, Mokhtar
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GA.
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Modulation of single-nephron GFR in the db/db mouse
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model of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.
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2006;290(4):R975-R981.
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doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00693.2005
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16339386" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16339386</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00693.2005" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>72.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.72">Lervang
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HH, Jensen
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S, Brøchner-Mortensen
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J, Ditzel
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J. Early
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glomerular hyperfiltration and the development of late nephropathy
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in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
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1988;31(10):723-729.
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doi:10.1007/BF00274773
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3071482" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3071482</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00274773" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>73.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.73">Sasson
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AN, Cherney
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DZ. Renal
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hyperfiltration related to diabetes mellitus and obesity in human
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disease.
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2012;3(1):1-6.
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doi:10.4239/wjd.v3.i1.1
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3258534/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3258534</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22253940" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22253940</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.4239/wjd.v3.i1.1" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>74.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.74">Melsom
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T, Mathisen
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UD, Ingebretsen
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OC, et al.
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Impaired fasting glucose is associated with renal
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hyperfiltration in the general population.
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Diabetes Care.
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2011;34(7):1546-1551.
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doi:10.2337/dc11-0235
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3120190/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3120190</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21593291" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21593291</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc11-0235" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>75.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.75">Mogensen
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CE, Andersen
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MJ.
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Increased kidney size and glomerular filtration rate
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in untreated juvenile diabetes: normalization by
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insulin-treatment.
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Diabetologia.
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1975;11(3):221-224.
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doi:10.1007/BF00422325
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1149954" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1149954</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00422325" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>76.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.76">Christiansen
|
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JS, Gammelgaard
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J, Tronier
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B, Svendsen
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PA, Parving
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HH. Kidney
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function and size in diabetics before and during initial insulin
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1982;21(5):683-688.
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doi:10.1038/ki.1982.81
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7050506" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7050506</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1982.81" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>77.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.77">Schmitz
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A, Hansen
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HH, Christensen
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function in newly diagnosed type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic
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1989;32(7):434-439.
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doi:10.1007/BF00271263
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2806767" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2806767</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00271263" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>78.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.78">García Puig
|
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J, Mateos Antón
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F, Grande
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C, et al.
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Relation of kidney size to kidney function in early
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insulin-dependent diabetes.
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Diabetologia.
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1981;21(4):363-367.
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doi:10.1007/BF00252682
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7286496" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7286496</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00252682" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>79.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.79">Vora
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|
JP, Dolben
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|
J, Williams
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JD, Peters
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JR, Owens
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DR. Impact
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of initial treatment on renal function in newly-diagnosed type 2
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(non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
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Diabetologia.
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1993;36(8):734-740.
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doi:10.1007/BF00401144
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8405740" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8405740</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00401144" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>80.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.80">Mogensen
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CE, Andersen
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MJ.
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Increased kidney size and glomerular filtration rate
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in early juvenile diabetes.
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Diabetes.
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1973;22(9):706-712.
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doi:10.2337/diab.22.9.706
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4728209" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 4728209</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diab.22.9.706" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>81.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.81">Lemley
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|
KV, Abdullah
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I, Myers
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BD, et al.
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Evolution of incipient nephropathy in type 2 diabetes
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mellitus.
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Kidney Int.
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2000;58(3):1228-1237.
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doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00223.x
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10972685" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10972685</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00223.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>82.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.82">Lemley
|
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KV, Boothroyd
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DB, Blouch
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KL, et al.
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Modeling GFR trajectories in diabetic
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nephropathy.
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Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.
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2005;289(4):F863-F870.
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doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00068.2004
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15900022" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15900022</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00068.2004" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>83.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.83">Nelson RG, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ,
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No. 95-1468; 1995:349-400.</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>84.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.84">Christensen
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CK, Mogensen
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CE. The
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course of incipient diabetic nephropathy: studies of albumin
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excretion and blood pressure.
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1985;2(2):97-102.
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doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1985.tb00608.x
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2952409" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2952409</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.1985.tb00608.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>85.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.85">Nelson
|
|
R, Bennett
|
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P, Williams
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G, et al.
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Glomerular function in Pima Indians with type 2
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(non-insulin-dependent) diabetes.
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Diabetologia.
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1990;33(Suppl):A48.
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doi:10.1007/BF00401950 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2401399" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2401399</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00401950" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>86.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.86">Schmitz
|
|
A, Christensen
|
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T, Møller
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A, Mogensen
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|
CE. Kidney
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function and cardiovascular risk factors in non-insulin-dependent
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diabetics (NIDDM) with microalbuminuria.
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1990;228(4):347-352.
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doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00244.x
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2266344" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2266344</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00244.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>87.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.87">Nelson
|
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RG, Beck
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GJ, Myers
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BD. Course
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of glomerular injury in Pima Indians with early diabetic
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nephropathy.
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1993;4(3):306.
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doi:10.1681/ASN.V43245 [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.V43245" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>88.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.88">Pavkov
|
|
ME, Knowler
|
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WC, Lemley
|
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KV, Mason
|
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CC, Myers
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BD, Nelson
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RG. Early
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renal function decline in type 2 diabetes.
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Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
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2012;7(1):78-84.
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doi:10.2215/CJN.07610711
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265342/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3265342</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22076874" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22076874</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2215/CJN.07610711" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>89.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.89">Skupien
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|
J, Warram
|
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JH, Smiles
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AM, et al.
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The early decline in renal function in patients with type
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1 diabetes and proteinuria predicts the risk of end-stage renal
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disease.
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Kidney Int.
|
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2012;82(5):589-597.
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doi:10.1038/ki.2012.189
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3425658/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3425658</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22622493" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22622493</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.2012.189" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>90.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.90">Perkins
|
|
BA, Ficociello
|
|
LH, Roshan
|
|
B, Warram
|
|
JH, Krolewski
|
|
AS. In
|
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patients with type 1 diabetes and new-onset microalbuminuria the
|
|
development of advanced chronic kidney disease may not require
|
|
progression to proteinuria.
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Kidney Int.
|
|
2010;77(1):57-64.
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doi:10.1038/ki.2009.399
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3725722/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3725722</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19847154" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19847154</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.2009.399" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>91.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.91">Mauer
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SM, Steffes
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MW, Chern
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M, Brown
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DM.
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Mesangial uptake and processing of macromolecules in
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Lab Invest.
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1979;41(5):401-406.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/502472" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 502472</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>92.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.92">Viberti
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GC, Mackintosh
|
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D, Bilous
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RW, Pickup
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JC, Keen
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H.
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Proteinuria in diabetes mellitus: role of spontaneous
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1982;21(5):714-720.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7050509" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7050509</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1982.87" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>93.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.93">Kaysen
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GA, Myers
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BD, Couser
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WG, Rabkin
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R, Felts
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JM.
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Lab Invest.
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1986;54(5):479-498.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3517485" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3517485</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>94.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.94">Brenner
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BM, Hostetter
|
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TH, Humes
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HD.
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Glomerular permselectivity: barrier function based on
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discrimination of molecular size and charge.
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Am J Physiol.
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1978;234(6):F455-F460.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/665772" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 665772</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1978.234.6.F455" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>95.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.95">Mauer
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SM, Steffes
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MW, Ellis
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EN, Sutherland
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DE, Brown
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DM, Goetz
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FC.
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1984;74(4):1143-1155.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC425280/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC425280</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6480821" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6480821</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1172/JCI111523" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>96.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.96">Qian
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Y, Feldman
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E, Pennathur
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S, Kretzler
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M, Brosius
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FC, 3rd.
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2008;57(6):1439-1445.
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doi:10.2337/db08-0061
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4239998/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4239998</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18511444" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18511444</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/db08-0061" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>97.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.97">Anderson
|
|
S, Vora
|
|
JP. Current
|
|
concepts of renal hemodynamics in diabetes.
|
|
J Diabetes Complications.
|
|
1995;9(4):304-307.
|
|
doi:10.1016/1056-8727(95)80028-d
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8573753" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8573753</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/1056-8727(95)80028-d" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>98.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.98">Kanwar
|
|
YS, Wada
|
|
J, Sun
|
|
L, et al.
|
|
Diabetic nephropathy: mechanisms of renal disease
|
|
progression.
|
|
Exp Biol Med (Maywood).
|
|
2008;233(1):4-11.
|
|
doi:10.3181/0705-MR-134
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18156300" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18156300</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.3181/0705-MR-134" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>99.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.99">Gomez
|
|
DM.
|
|
Evaluation of renal resistances, with special
|
|
reference to changes in essential hypertension.
|
|
J Clin Invest.
|
|
1951;30(10):1143-1155.
|
|
doi:10.1172/JCI102534
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC436356/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC436356</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14888692" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14888692</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1172/JCI102534" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>100.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.100">Bjornstad
|
|
P, Škrtić
|
|
M, Lytvyn
|
|
Y, Maahs
|
|
DM, Johnson
|
|
RJ, Cherney
|
|
DZ. The
|
|
Gomez’ equations and renal hemodynamic function in kidney
|
|
disease research.
|
|
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.
|
|
2016;311(5):F967-F975.
|
|
doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00415.2016
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6347069/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6347069</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27605583" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27605583</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00415.2016" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>101.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.101">Fufaa
|
|
GD, Weil
|
|
EJ, Lemley
|
|
KV, et al.
|
|
Structural predictors of loss of renal function in
|
|
American Indians with type 2 diabetes.
|
|
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2016;11(2):254-261.
|
|
doi:10.2215/CJN.05760515
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4741038/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4741038</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26792530" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26792530</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2215/CJN.05760515" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>102.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.102">Steinke
|
|
JM, Sinaiko
|
|
AR, Kramer
|
|
MS, et al.
|
|
The early natural history of nephropathy in type 1
|
|
diabetes: III. Predictors of 5-year urinary albumin excretion rate
|
|
patterns in initially normoalbuminuric patients.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
2005;54(7):2164-2171.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.7.2164
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15983218" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15983218</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diabetes.54.7.2164" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>103.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.103">Perrin
|
|
NE, Torbjörnsdotter
|
|
T, Jaremko
|
|
GA, Berg
|
|
UB. Risk
|
|
markers of future microalbuminuria and hypertension based on
|
|
clinical and morphological parameters in young type 1 diabetes
|
|
patients.
|
|
Pediatr Diabetes.
|
|
2010;11(5):305-313.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00595.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19761528" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19761528</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00595.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>104.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.104">Caramori
|
|
ML, Parks
|
|
A, Mauer
|
|
M. Renal
|
|
lesions predict progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 1
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2013;24(7):1175-1181.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2012070739
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3699823/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3699823</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23687360" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23687360</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2012070739" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>105.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.105">Fioretto
|
|
P, Mauer
|
|
M, Brocco
|
|
E, et al.
|
|
Patterns of renal injury in NIDDM patients with
|
|
microalbuminuria.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1996;39(12):1569-1576.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s001250050616
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8960844" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8960844</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s001250050616" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>106.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.106">Østerby
|
|
R, Gall
|
|
MA, Schmitz
|
|
A, Nielsen
|
|
FS, Nyberg
|
|
G, Parving
|
|
HH.
|
|
Glomerular structure and function in proteinuric type
|
|
2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1993;36(10):1064-1070.
|
|
doi:10.1007/BF02374500
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8243856" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8243856</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF02374500" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>107.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.107">Nosadini
|
|
R, Velussi
|
|
M, Brocco
|
|
E, et al.
|
|
Course of renal function in type 2 diabetic patients with
|
|
abnormalities of albumin excretion rate.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
2000;49(3):476-484.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.3.476
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10868971" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10868971</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diabetes.49.3.476" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>108.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.108">Moriya
|
|
T, Suzuki
|
|
Y, Inomata
|
|
S, Iwano
|
|
M, Kanauchi
|
|
M, Haneda
|
|
M. Renal
|
|
histological heterogeneity and functional progress in
|
|
normoalbuminuric and microalbuminuric Japanese patients with type 2
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care.
|
|
2014;2(1):e000029.
|
|
doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2014-000029 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4212561/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4212561</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25452869" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25452869</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2014-000029" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>109.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.109">Dane
|
|
MJ, Khairoun
|
|
M, Lee
|
|
DH, et al.
|
|
Association of kidney function with changes in the
|
|
endothelial surface layer.
|
|
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2014;9(4):698-704.
|
|
doi:10.2215/CJN.08160813
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3974363/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3974363</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24458084" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24458084</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2215/CJN.08160813" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>110.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.110">Satchell
|
|
S.
|
|
The role of the glomerular endothelium in albumin
|
|
handling.
|
|
Nat Rev Nephrol.
|
|
2013;9(12):717-725.
|
|
doi:10.1038/nrneph.2013.197
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24080802" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24080802</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/nrneph.2013.197" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>111.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.111">Garsen
|
|
M, Rops
|
|
AL, Rabelink
|
|
TJ, Berden
|
|
JH, van der Vlag
|
|
J. The role
|
|
of heparanase and the endothelial glycocalyx in the development of
|
|
proteinuria.
|
|
Nephrol Dial Transplant.
|
|
2014;29(1):49-55.
|
|
doi:10.1093/ndt/gft410
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24166469" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24166469</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/ndt/gft410" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>112.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.112">Zhang
|
|
C, Meng
|
|
Y, Liu
|
|
Q, et al.
|
|
Injury to the endothelial surface layer induces
|
|
glomerular hyperfiltration rats with early-stage
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
J Diabetes Res.
|
|
2014;2014:953740.
|
|
doi:10.1155/2014/953740
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4000657/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4000657</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24812636" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24812636</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1155/2014/953740" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>113.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.113">Satchell
|
|
SC, Braet
|
|
F.
|
|
Glomerular endothelial cell fenestrations: an
|
|
integral component of the glomerular filtration
|
|
barrier.
|
|
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.
|
|
2009;296(5):F947-F956.
|
|
doi:10.1152/ajprenal.90601.2008
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2681366/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2681366</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19129259" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19129259</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajprenal.90601.2008" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>114.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.114">Ballermann
|
|
BJ.
|
|
Contribution of the endothelium to the glomerular
|
|
permselectivity barrier in health and disease.
|
|
Nephron Physiol.
|
|
2007;106(2):19-25.
|
|
doi:10.1159/000101796 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17570944" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17570944</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1159/000101796" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>115.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.115">Weil
|
|
EJ, Lemley
|
|
KV, Mason
|
|
CC, et al.
|
|
Podocyte detachment and reduced glomerular capillary
|
|
endothelial fenestration promote kidney disease in type 2 diabetic
|
|
nephropathy.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2012;82(9):1010-1017.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.2012.234
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3472108/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3472108</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22718189" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22718189</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.2012.234" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>116.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.116">Tervaert
|
|
TW, Mooyaart
|
|
AL, Amann
|
|
K, et al.
|
|
Pathologic classification of diabetic
|
|
nephropathy.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2010;21(4):556-563.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2010010010
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20167701" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20167701</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2010010010" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>117.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.117">White
|
|
KE, Bilous
|
|
RW. Type 2
|
|
diabetic patients with nephropathy show structural-functional
|
|
relationships that are similar to type 1 disease.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2000;11(9):1667-1673.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.V1191667
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10966491" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10966491</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.V1191667" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>118.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.118">Caramori
|
|
ML, Kim
|
|
Y, Huang
|
|
C, et al.
|
|
Cellular basis of diabetic nephropathy: 1. Study design
|
|
and renal structural-functional relationships in patients with
|
|
long-standing type 1 diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
2002;51(2):506-513.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.2.506
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11812762" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11812762</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.2.506" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>119.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.119">Poole
|
|
G.
|
|
Intercapillary glomerulosclerosis and the
|
|
Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome.
|
|
Postgrad Med J.
|
|
1953;29(329):137-146.
|
|
doi:10.1136/pgmj.29.329.137
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2500335/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2500335</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13055534" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 13055534</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1136/pgmj.29.329.137" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>120.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.120">Najafian
|
|
B, Alpers
|
|
CE, Fogo
|
|
AB.
|
|
Pathology of human diabetic
|
|
nephropathy.
|
|
Contrib Nephrol.
|
|
2011;170:36-47.
|
|
doi:10.1159/000324942
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21659756" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21659756</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1159/000324942" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>121.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.121">Schwartz
|
|
MM, Lewis
|
|
EJ, Leonard-Martin
|
|
T, Lewis
|
|
JB, Batlle
|
|
D. Renal
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pathology patterns in type II diabetes mellitus: relationship with
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|
retinopathy. The Collaborative Study Group.
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Nephrol Dial Transplant.
|
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1998;13(10):2547-2552.
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doi:10.1093/ndt/13.10.2547
|
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9794557" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9794557</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/ndt/13.10.2547" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>122.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.122">Østerby
|
|
R, Parving
|
|
HH, Hommel
|
|
E, Jørgensen
|
|
HE, Løkkegaard
|
|
H.
|
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Glomerular structure and function in diabetic
|
|
nephropathy. Early to advanced stages.
|
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Diabetes.
|
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1990;39(9):1057-1063.
|
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doi:10.2337/diab.39.9.1057
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2384188" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2384188</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diab.39.9.1057" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>123.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.123">Salmon
|
|
AH, Toma
|
|
I, Sipos
|
|
A, et al.
|
|
Evidence for restriction of fluid and solute movement
|
|
across the glomerular capillary wall by the subpodocyte
|
|
space.
|
|
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.
|
|
2007;293(6):F1777-F1786.
|
|
doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00187.2007
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17804486" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17804486</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00187.2007" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>124.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.124">Kriz
|
|
W.
|
|
Progressive renal failure—inability of podocytes
|
|
to replicate and the consequences for development of
|
|
glomerulosclerosis.
|
|
Nephrol Dial Transplant.
|
|
1996;11(9):1738-1742.
|
|
doi:10.1093/ndt/11.9.1738 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8918614" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8918614</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/ndt/11.9.1738" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>125.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.125">Becker
|
|
JU, Hoerning
|
|
A, Schmid
|
|
KW, Hoyer
|
|
PF.
|
|
Immigrating progenitor cells contribute to human
|
|
podocyte turnover.
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|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2007;72(12):1468-1473.
|
|
doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002524
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17898701" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17898701</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002524" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>126.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.126">Ohse
|
|
T, Pippin
|
|
JW, Chang
|
|
AM, et al.
|
|
The enigmatic parietal epithelial cell is finally getting
|
|
noticed: a review.
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|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2009;76(12):1225-1238.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.2009.386
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3708665/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3708665</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19847153" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19847153</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.2009.386" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>127.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.127">Shankland
|
|
SJ, Wolf
|
|
G. Cell
|
|
cycle regulatory proteins in renal disease: role in hypertrophy,
|
|
proliferation, and apoptosis.
|
|
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.
|
|
2000;278(4):F515-F529.
|
|
doi:10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.4.F515
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10751212" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10751212</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.4.F515" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>128.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.128">Pagtalunan
|
|
ME, Miller
|
|
PL, Jumping-Eagle
|
|
S, et al.
|
|
Podocyte loss and progressive glomerular injury in type
|
|
II diabetes.
|
|
J Clin Invest.
|
|
1997;99(2):342-348.
|
|
doi:10.1172/JCI119163
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC507802/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC507802</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9006003" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9006003</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1172/JCI119163" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>129.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.129">Sun
|
|
YBY, Qu
|
|
X, Zhang
|
|
X, Caruana
|
|
G, Bertram
|
|
JF, Li
|
|
J.
|
|
Glomerular endothelial cell injury and damage
|
|
precedes that of podocytes in adriamycin-induced
|
|
nephropathy.
|
|
PLoS One.
|
|
2013;8(1):e55027
|
|
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055027
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3554670/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3554670</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23359116" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23359116</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055027" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>130.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.130">Nakagawa
|
|
T, Sato
|
|
W, Glushakova
|
|
O, et al.
|
|
Diabetic endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice
|
|
develop advanced diabetic nephropathy.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2007;18(2):539-550.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2006050459
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17202420" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17202420</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2006050459" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>131.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.131">Yuen
|
|
DA, Stead
|
|
BE, Zhang
|
|
Y, et al.
|
|
eNOS deficiency predisposes podocytes to injury in
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2012;23(11):1810-1823.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2011121170
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3482727/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3482727</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22997257" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22997257</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2011121170" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>132.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.132">Dane
|
|
MJ, van den Berg
|
|
BM, Avramut
|
|
MC, et al.
|
|
Glomerular endothelial surface layer acts as a barrier
|
|
against albumin filtration.
|
|
Am J Pathol.
|
|
2013;182(5):1532-1540.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.01.049
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23518410" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23518410</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.01.049" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>133.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.133">Morigi
|
|
M, Buelli
|
|
S, Angioletti
|
|
S, et al.
|
|
In response to protein load podocytes reorganize
|
|
cytoskeleton and modulate endothelin-1 gene: implication for
|
|
permselective dysfunction of chronic nephropathies.
|
|
Am J Pathol.
|
|
2005;166(5):1309-1320.
|
|
doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)62350-4
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1606387/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1606387</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15855633" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15855633</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)62350-4" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>134.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.134">Fioretto
|
|
P, Mauer
|
|
M.
|
|
Histopathology of diabetic
|
|
nephropathy.
|
|
Semin Nephrol.
|
|
2007;27(2):195-207.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2007.01.012
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2746982/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2746982</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17418688" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17418688</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2007.01.012" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>135.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.135">Torbjörnsdotter
|
|
TB, Perrin
|
|
NE, Jaremko
|
|
GA, Berg
|
|
UB. Widening
|
|
of foot processes in normoalbuminuric adolescents with type 1
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
Pediatr Nephrol.
|
|
2005;20(6):750-758.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s00467-005-1829-5
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15827743" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15827743</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00467-005-1829-5" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>136.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.136">Dalla Vestra
|
|
M, Masiero
|
|
A, Roiter
|
|
AM, Saller
|
|
A, Crepaldi
|
|
G, Fioretto
|
|
P. Is
|
|
podocyte injury relevant in diabetic nephropathy? Studies in
|
|
patients with type 2 diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
2003;52(4):1031-1035.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.4.1031
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12663476" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12663476</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diabetes.52.4.1031" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>137.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.137">Nakamura
|
|
T, Ushiyama
|
|
C, Suzuki
|
|
S, et al.
|
|
Urinary excretion of podocytes in patients with diabetic
|
|
nephropathy.
|
|
Nephrol Dial Transplant.
|
|
2000;15(9):1379-1383.
|
|
doi:10.1093/ndt/15.9.1379
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10978394" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10978394</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/ndt/15.9.1379" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>138.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.138">Siu
|
|
B, Saha
|
|
J, Smoyer
|
|
WE, Sullivan
|
|
KA, Brosius
|
|
FC, 3rd.
|
|
Reduction in podocyte density as a pathologic feature
|
|
in early diabetic nephropathy in rodents: prevention by lipoic acid
|
|
treatment.
|
|
BMC Nephrol.
|
|
2006;7:6. doi:10.1186/1471-2369-7-6
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1435876/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1435876</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16539708" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16539708</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1186/1471-2369-7-6" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>139.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.139">Ronconi
|
|
E, Sagrinati
|
|
C, Angelotti
|
|
ML, et al.
|
|
Regeneration of glomerular podocytes by human renal
|
|
progenitors.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2009;20(2):322-332.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2008070709
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2637058/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2637058</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19092120" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19092120</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2008070709" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>140.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.140">Shankland
|
|
SJ, Anders
|
|
HJ, Romagnani
|
|
P.
|
|
Glomerular parietal epithelial cells in kidney
|
|
physiology, pathology, and repair.
|
|
Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens.
|
|
2013;22(3):302-309.
|
|
doi:10.1097/MNH.0b013e32835fefd4
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23518463" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23518463</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1097/MNH.0b013e32835fefd4" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>141.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.141">Bohle
|
|
A, Wehrmann
|
|
M, Bogenschutz
|
|
O, Batz
|
|
C, Muller
|
|
CA, Muller
|
|
GA. The
|
|
pathogenesis of chronic renal failure in diabetic nephropathy.
|
|
Investigation of 488 cases of diabetic
|
|
glomerulosclerosis.
|
|
Pathol Res Pract.
|
|
1991;187(2-3):251-259.
|
|
doi:10.1016/s0344-0338(11)80780-6
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2068008" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2068008</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0344-0338(11)80780-6" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>142.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.142">Najafian
|
|
B, Mauer
|
|
M.
|
|
Progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 1
|
|
diabetic patients.
|
|
Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
|
|
2009;83(1):1-8.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2008.08.024
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19070384" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19070384</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2008.08.024" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>143.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.143">Stout
|
|
LC, Kumar
|
|
S, Whorton
|
|
EB.
|
|
Insudative lesions—their pathogenesis and
|
|
association with glomerular obsolescence in diabetes: a dynamic
|
|
hypothesis based on single views of advancing human diabetic
|
|
nephropathy.
|
|
Hum Pathol.
|
|
1994;25(11):1213-1227.
|
|
doi:10.1016/0046-8177(94)90039-6
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959667" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7959667</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/0046-8177(94)90039-6" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>144.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.144">Mauer
|
|
SM, Lane
|
|
P, Zhu
|
|
D, Fioretto
|
|
P, Steffes
|
|
MW. Renal
|
|
structure and function in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in
|
|
man.
|
|
J Hypertens Suppl.
|
|
1992;10(1):S17-S20.
|
|
doi:10.1097/00004872-199204001-00004 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1619499" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1619499</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1097/00004872-199204001-00004" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>145.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.145">Horsfield
|
|
GI, Lannigan
|
|
R. Exudative
|
|
lesions in diabetes mellitus.
|
|
J Clin Pathol.
|
|
1965;18(1):47-53.
|
|
doi:10.1136/jcp.18.1.47
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC472832/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC472832</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14247704" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14247704</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1136/jcp.18.1.47" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>146.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.146">Alsaad
|
|
KO, Herzenberg
|
|
AM.
|
|
Distinguishing diabetic nephropathy from other causes
|
|
of glomerulosclerosis: an update.
|
|
J Clin Pathol.
|
|
2007;60(1):18-26.
|
|
doi:10.1136/jcp.2005.035592
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1860608/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1860608</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17213346" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17213346</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1136/jcp.2005.035592" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>147.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.147">Najafian
|
|
B, Crosson
|
|
JT, Kim
|
|
Y, Mauer
|
|
M.
|
|
Glomerulotubular junction abnormalities are
|
|
associated with proteinuria in type 1 diabetes.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2006;17(4
|
|
Suppl 2):S53-S60.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2005121342
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16565248" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16565248</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2005121342" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>148.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.148">Garg
|
|
AX, Kiberd
|
|
BA, Clark
|
|
WF, Haynes
|
|
RB, Clase
|
|
CM.
|
|
Albuminuria and renal insufficiency prevalence guides
|
|
population screening: results from the NHANES III.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2002;61(6):2165-2175.
|
|
doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00356.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12028457" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12028457</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00356.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>149.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.149">Kramer
|
|
HJ, Nguyen
|
|
QD, Curhan
|
|
G, Hsu
|
|
CY. Renal
|
|
insufficiency in the absence of albuminuria and retinopathy among
|
|
adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
|
|
JAMA.
|
|
2003;289(24):3273-3277.
|
|
doi:10.1001/jama.289.24.3273
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12824208" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12824208</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/jama.289.24.3273" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>150.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.150">MacIsaac
|
|
RJ, Tsalamandris
|
|
C, Panagiotopoulos
|
|
S, Smith
|
|
TJ, McNeil
|
|
KJ, Jerums
|
|
G.
|
|
Nonalbuminuric renal insufficiency in type 2
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2004;27(1):195-200.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.27.1.195
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14693989" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14693989</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.27.1.195" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>151.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.151">Caramori
|
|
ML, Fioretto
|
|
P, Mauer
|
|
M. Low
|
|
glomerular filtration rate in normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetic
|
|
patients: an indicator of more advanced glomerular
|
|
lesions.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
2003;52(4):1036-1040.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.4.1036
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12663477" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12663477</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diabetes.52.4.1036" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>152.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.152">Rigalleau
|
|
V, Lasseur
|
|
C, Raffaitin
|
|
C, et al.
|
|
Normoalbuminuric renal-insufficient diabetic patients: a
|
|
lower-risk group.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2007;30(8):2034-2039.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc07-0140
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17485574" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17485574</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc07-0140" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>153.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.153">Kramer
|
|
CK, Leitão
|
|
CB, Pinto
|
|
LC, Silveiro
|
|
SP, Gross
|
|
JL, Canani
|
|
LH. Clinical
|
|
and laboratory profile of patients with type 2 diabetes with low
|
|
glomerular filtration rate and normoalbuminuria.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2007;30(8):1998-2000.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc07-0387
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17468344" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17468344</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc07-0387" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>154.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.154">Rychlik I, Fliser D, Ritz E.
|
|
Non-diabetic renal disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus. In: Ritz E,
|
|
Rychlik I, eds. <em>Nephropathy in Type 2
|
|
Diabetes</em>. Oxford University Press;
|
|
1999:7-88.</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>155.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.155">MacIsaac
|
|
RJ, Panagiotopoulos
|
|
S, McNeil
|
|
KJ, et al.
|
|
Is nonalbuminuric renal insufficiency in type 2 diabetes
|
|
related to an increase in intrarenal vascular
|
|
disease?
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2006;29(7):1560-1566.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc05-1788
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16801579" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16801579</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc05-1788" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>156.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.156">Pavkov
|
|
ME, Mason
|
|
CC, Bennett
|
|
PH, Curtis
|
|
JM, Knowler
|
|
WC, Nelson
|
|
RG. Change
|
|
in the distribution of albuminuria according to estimated glomerular
|
|
filtration rate in Pima Indians with type 2
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2009;32(10):1845-1850.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc08-2325
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2752932/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2752932</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19592626" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19592626</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc08-2325" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>157.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.157">Bolignano
|
|
D, Lacquaniti
|
|
A, Coppolino
|
|
G, et al.
|
|
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and
|
|
progression of chronic kidney disease.
|
|
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2009;4(2):337-344.
|
|
doi:10.2215/CJN.03530708
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2637601/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2637601</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19176795" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19176795</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2215/CJN.03530708" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>158.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.158">Nielsen
|
|
SE, Sugaya
|
|
T, Hovind
|
|
P, Baba
|
|
T, Parving
|
|
HH, Rossing
|
|
P. Urinary
|
|
liver-type fatty acid-binding protein predicts progression to
|
|
nephropathy in type 1 diabetic patients.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2010;33(6):1320-1324.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc09-2242
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2875447/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2875447</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20185732" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20185732</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc09-2242" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>159.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.159">Nielsen
|
|
SE, Andersen
|
|
S, Zdunek
|
|
D, Hess
|
|
G, Parving
|
|
HH, Rossing
|
|
P. Tubular
|
|
markers do not predict the decline in glomerular filtration rate in
|
|
type 1 diabetic patients with overt nephropathy.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2011;79(10):1113-1118.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.2010.554
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21270761" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21270761</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.2010.554" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>160.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.160">von Eynatten
|
|
M, Baumann
|
|
M, Heemann
|
|
U, et al.
|
|
Urinary L-FABP and anaemia: distinct roles of urinary
|
|
markers in type 2 diabetes.
|
|
Eur J Clin Invest.
|
|
2010;40(2):95-102.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02220.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19912308" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19912308</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02220.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>161.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.161">Nielsen
|
|
SE, Hansen
|
|
HP, Jensen
|
|
BR, Parving
|
|
HH, Rossing
|
|
P. Urinary
|
|
neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and progression of
|
|
diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetic patients in a four-year
|
|
follow-up study.
|
|
Nephron Clin Pract.
|
|
2011;118(2):c130-135.
|
|
doi:10.1159/000320615
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21160226" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21160226</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1159/000320615" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>162.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.162">Vaidya
|
|
VS, Niewczas
|
|
MA, Ficociello
|
|
LH, et al.
|
|
Regression of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes is
|
|
associated with lower levels of urinary tubular injury biomarkers,
|
|
kidney injury molecule-1, and
|
|
N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2011;79(4):464-470.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.2010.404
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3033751/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3033751</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20980978" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20980978</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.2010.404" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>163.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.163">Nielsen
|
|
SE, Reinhard
|
|
H, Zdunek
|
|
D, et al.
|
|
Tubular markers are associated with decline in kidney
|
|
function in proteinuric type 2 diabetic patients.
|
|
Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
|
|
2012;97(1):71-76.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2012.02.007
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22402306" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22402306</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2012.02.007" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>164.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.164">Kim
|
|
SS, Song
|
|
SH, Kim
|
|
IJ, et al.
|
|
Clinical implication of urinary tubular markers in the
|
|
early stage of nephropathy with type 2 diabetic
|
|
patients.
|
|
Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
|
|
2012;97(2):251-257.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2012.02.019
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22440044" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22440044</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2012.02.019" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>165.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.165">Fu
|
|
WJ, Li
|
|
BL, Wang
|
|
SB, et al.
|
|
Changes of the tubular markers in type 2 diabetes
|
|
mellitus with glomerular hyperfiltration.
|
|
Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
|
|
2012;95(1):105-109.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2011.09.031
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22015481" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22015481</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2011.09.031" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>166.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.166">Conway
|
|
BR, Manoharan
|
|
D, Manoharan
|
|
D, et al.
|
|
Measuring urinary tubular biomarkers in type 2 diabetes
|
|
does not add prognostic value beyond established risk
|
|
factors.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2012;82(7):812-818.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.2012.218
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22718188" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22718188</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.2012.218" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>167.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.167">Liu
|
|
KD, Yang
|
|
W, Anderson
|
|
AH, et al.
|
|
Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels
|
|
do not improve risk prediction of progressive chronic kidney
|
|
disease.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2013;83(5):909-914.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.2012.458
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3642209/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3642209</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23344473" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23344473</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.2012.458" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>168.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.168">Araki
|
|
S, Haneda
|
|
M, Koya
|
|
D, et al.
|
|
Predictive effects of urinary liver-type fatty
|
|
acid-binding protein for deteriorating renal function and incidence
|
|
of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients without
|
|
advanced nephropathy.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2013;36(5):1248-1253.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc12-1298
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3631864/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3631864</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23223350" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23223350</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc12-1298" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>169.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.169">O’Seaghdha
|
|
CM, Hwang
|
|
SJ, Larson
|
|
MG, Meigs
|
|
JB, Vasan
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|
RS, Fox
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|
CS. Analysis
|
|
of a urinary biomarker panel for incident kidney disease and
|
|
clinical outcomes.
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J Am Soc Nephrol.
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|
2013;24(11):1880-1888.
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doi:10.1681/ASN.2013010019
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3810081/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3810081</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23990678" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23990678</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2013010019" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>170.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.170">Chou
|
|
KM, Lee
|
|
CC, Chen
|
|
CH, Sun
|
|
CY. Clinical
|
|
value of NGAL, L-FABP and albuminuria in predicting GFR decline in
|
|
type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
|
|
PLoS One.
|
|
2013;8(1):e54863.
|
|
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054863
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3551928/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3551928</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23349979" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23349979</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054863" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>171.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.171">Panduru
|
|
NM, Forsblom
|
|
C, Saraheimo
|
|
M, et al.
|
|
Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein and
|
|
progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 1
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2013;36(7):2077-2083.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc12-1868
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3687279/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3687279</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23378622" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23378622</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc12-1868" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>172.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.172">Kamijo-Ikemori
|
|
A, Sugaya
|
|
T, Yasuda
|
|
T, et al.
|
|
Clinical significance of urinary liver-type fatty
|
|
acid-binding protein in diabetic nephropathy of type 2 diabetic
|
|
patients.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2011;34(3):691-696.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc10-1392
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3041209/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3041209</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21273494" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21273494</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc10-1392" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>173.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.173">Fufaa
|
|
GD, Weil
|
|
EJ, Nelson
|
|
RG, et al.
|
|
Association of urinary KIM-1, L-FABP, NAG and NGAL with
|
|
incident end-stage renal disease and mortality in American Indians
|
|
with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
2015;58(1):188-198.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3389-3
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4258130/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4258130</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25316431" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25316431</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00125-014-3389-3" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>174.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.174">Aksun
|
|
SA, Ozmen
|
|
D, Ozmen
|
|
B, et al.
|
|
Beta microglobulin and cystatin C in type 2 diabetes:
|
|
assessment of diabetic nephropathy.
|
|
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes.
|
|
2004;112(4):195-200.
|
|
doi:10.1055/s-2004-817933
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15127324" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15127324</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1055/s-2004-817933" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>175.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.175">Viberti
|
|
GC, Keen
|
|
H, Mackintosh
|
|
D. Beta
|
|
2-microglobulinaemia: a sensitive index of diminishing renal
|
|
function in diabetics.
|
|
Br Med J (Clin Res Ed).
|
|
1981;282(6258):95-98.
|
|
doi:10.1136/bmj.282.6258.95 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1503840/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1503840</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6161671" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6161671</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1136/bmj.282.6258.95" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>176.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.176">Astor
|
|
BC, Shafi
|
|
T, Hoogeveen
|
|
RC, et al.
|
|
Novel markers of kidney function as predictors of ESRD,
|
|
cardiovascular disease, and mortality in the general
|
|
population.
|
|
Am J Kidney Dis.
|
|
2012;59(5):653-662.
|
|
doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.11.042
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3880682/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3880682</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22305758" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22305758</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.11.042" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>177.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.177">Miyazawa
|
|
I, Araki
|
|
S, Obata
|
|
T, et al.
|
|
Association between serum soluble TNFα receptors
|
|
and renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients without
|
|
proteinuria.
|
|
Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
|
|
2011;92(2):174-180.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2011.01.008
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21288590" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21288590</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2011.01.008" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>178.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.178">Lopes-Virella
|
|
MF, Baker
|
|
NL, Hunt
|
|
KJ, et al.
|
|
Baseline markers of inflammation are associated with
|
|
progression to macroalbuminuria in type 1 diabetic
|
|
subjects.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2013;36(8):2317-2323.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc12-2521
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3714479/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3714479</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23514730" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23514730</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc12-2521" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>179.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.179">Niewczas
|
|
MA, Ficociello
|
|
LH, Johnson
|
|
AC, et al.
|
|
Serum concentrations of markers of TNFalpha and
|
|
Fas-mediated pathways and renal function in nonproteinuric patients
|
|
with type 1 diabetes.
|
|
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2009;4(1):62-70.
|
|
doi:10.2215/CJN.03010608
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2615709/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2615709</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19073786" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19073786</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2215/CJN.03010608" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>180.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.180">Niewczas
|
|
MA, Gohda
|
|
T, Skupien
|
|
J, et al.
|
|
Circulating TNF receptors 1 and 2 predict ESRD in type 2
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2012;23(3):507-515.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2011060627
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3294310/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3294310</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22266663" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22266663</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2011060627" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>181.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.181">Gohda
|
|
T, Niewczas
|
|
MA, Ficociello
|
|
LH, et al.
|
|
Circulating TNF receptors 1 and 2 predict stage 3 CKD in
|
|
type 1 diabetes.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2012;23(3):516-524.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2011060628
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3294299/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3294299</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22266664" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22266664</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2011060628" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>182.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.182">Forsblom
|
|
C, Moran
|
|
J, Harjutsalo
|
|
V, et al.
|
|
Added value of soluble tumor necrosis factor-α
|
|
receptor 1 as a biomarker of ESRD risk in patients with type 1
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2014;37(8):2334-2342.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc14-0225
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24879837" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24879837</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc14-0225" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>183.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.183">Saulnier
|
|
PJ, Gand
|
|
E, Ragot
|
|
S, et al.
|
|
Association of serum concentration of TNFR1 with
|
|
all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic
|
|
kidney disease: follow-up of the SURDIAGENE Cohort.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2014;37(5):1425-1431.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc13-2580
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24623026" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24623026</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc13-2580" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>184.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.184">Pavkov
|
|
ME, Nelson
|
|
RG, Knowler
|
|
WC, Cheng
|
|
Y, Krolewski
|
|
AS, Niewczas
|
|
MA.
|
|
Elevation of circulating TNF receptors 1 and 2
|
|
increases the risk of end-stage renal disease in American Indians
|
|
with type 2 diabetes.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2015;87(4):812-819.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.2014.330
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4382420/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4382420</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25272234" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25272234</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.2014.330" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>185.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.185">Niewczas
|
|
MA, Pavkov
|
|
ME, Skupien
|
|
J, et al.
|
|
A signature of circulating inflammatory proteins and
|
|
development of end-stage renal disease in diabetes.
|
|
Nat Med.
|
|
2019;25(5):805-813.
|
|
doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0415-5
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6508971/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6508971</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31011203" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31011203</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0415-5" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>186.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.186">Yao
|
|
Y, Rabodzey
|
|
A, Dewey
|
|
CF, Jr.
|
|
Glycocalyx modulates the motility and proliferative
|
|
response of vascular endothelium to fluid shear
|
|
stress.
|
|
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.
|
|
2007;293(2):H1023-H1030.
|
|
doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00162.2007
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17468337" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17468337</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00162.2007" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>187.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.187">Jeansson
|
|
M, Björck
|
|
K, Tenstad
|
|
O, Haraldsson
|
|
B.
|
|
Adriamycin alters glomerular endothelium to induce
|
|
proteinuria.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2009;20(1):114-122.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2007111205
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2615716/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2615716</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19073829" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19073829</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2007111205" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>188.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.188">Wahl
|
|
P, Deppermann
|
|
D, Hasslacher
|
|
C.
|
|
Biochemistry of glomerular basement membrane of the
|
|
normal and diabetic human.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1982;21(5):744-749.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.1982.92
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7109461" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7109461</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1982.92" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>189.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.189">Vernier
|
|
RL, Steffes
|
|
MW, Sisson-Ross
|
|
S, Mauer
|
|
SM. Heparan
|
|
sulfate proteoglycan in the glomerular basement membrane in type 1
|
|
diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1992;41(4):1070-1080.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.1992.163
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1513088" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1513088</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1992.163" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>190.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.190">Alfino
|
|
PA, Neugarten
|
|
J, Schacht
|
|
RG, Dworkin
|
|
LD, Baldwin
|
|
DS.
|
|
Glomerular size-selective barrier dysfunction in
|
|
nephrotoxic serum nephritis.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1988;34(2):151-155.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.1988.160
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2460659" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2460659</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1988.160" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>191.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.191">Andersson
|
|
M, Nilsson
|
|
U, Hjalmarsson
|
|
C, Haraldsson
|
|
B, Nyström
|
|
JS. Mild
|
|
renal ischemia-reperfusion reduces charge and size selectivity of
|
|
the glomerular barrier.
|
|
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.
|
|
2007;292(6):F1802-F1809.
|
|
doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00152.2006
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17376766" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17376766</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00152.2006" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>192.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.192">Bennett
|
|
CM, Glassock
|
|
RJ, Chang
|
|
RL, et al.
|
|
Permselectivity of the glomerular capillary wall. Studies
|
|
of experimental glomerulonephritis in the rat using dextran
|
|
sulfate.
|
|
J Clin Invest
|
|
1976;57(5):1287-1294.
|
|
doi:10.1172/JCI108396
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC436781/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC436781</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1262472" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1262472</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1172/JCI108396" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>193.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.193">Blouch
|
|
K, Deen
|
|
WM, Fauvel
|
|
JP, Bialek
|
|
J, Derby
|
|
G, Myers
|
|
BD.
|
|
Molecular configuration and glomerular size
|
|
selectivity in healthy and nephrotic humans.
|
|
Am J Physiol.
|
|
1997;273(3 Pt
|
|
2):F430-F437. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1997.273.3.F430
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9321916" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9321916</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1997.273.3.F430" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>194.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.194">Fox
|
|
JG, Quin
|
|
JD, Paterson
|
|
KR, O’Reilly
|
|
DS, Smith
|
|
MP, Boulton-Jones
|
|
JM.
|
|
Glomerular charge selectivity in type 1
|
|
(insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Diabet Med.
|
|
1995;12(5):387-391.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1995.tb00500.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7648799" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7648799</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.1995.tb00500.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>195.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.195">Groggel
|
|
GC, Stevenson
|
|
J, Hovingh
|
|
P, Linker
|
|
A, Border
|
|
WA. Changes
|
|
in heparan sulfate correlate with increased glomerular
|
|
permeability.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1988;33(2):517-523.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.1988.28
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2452273" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2452273</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1988.28" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>196.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.196">Guasch
|
|
A, Myers
|
|
BD.
|
|
Determinants of glomerular hypofiltration in
|
|
nephrotic patients with minimal change nephropathy.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
1994;4(8):1571-1581.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.V481571
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8025231" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8025231</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.V481571" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>197.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.197">Myers
|
|
BD, Winetz
|
|
JA, Chui
|
|
F, Michaels
|
|
AS.
|
|
Mechanisms of proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy: a
|
|
study of glomerular barrier function.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1982;21(4):633-641.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.1982.71
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6178872" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6178872</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1982.71" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>198.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.198">Oliver
|
|
JD, 3rd,
|
|
Anderson
|
|
S, Troy
|
|
JL, Brenner
|
|
BM, Deen
|
|
WH.
|
|
Determination of glomerular size-selectivity in the
|
|
normal rat with Ficoll.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
1992;3(2):214-228.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.V32214
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1382654" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1382654</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.V32214" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>199.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.199">Olson
|
|
JL, Hostetter
|
|
TH, Rennke
|
|
HG, Brenner
|
|
BM, Venkatachalam
|
|
MA. Altered
|
|
glomerular permselectivity and progressive sclerosis following
|
|
extreme ablation of renal mass.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1982;22(2):112-126.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.1982.143
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6182335" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6182335</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1982.143" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>200.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.200">Olson
|
|
JL, Rennke
|
|
HG, Venkatachalam
|
|
MA.
|
|
Alterations in the charge and size selectivity
|
|
barrier of the glomerular filter in aminonucleoside nephrosis in
|
|
rats.
|
|
Lab Invest.
|
|
1981;44(3):271-279.
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7464051" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7464051</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>201.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.201">Ruggenenti
|
|
P, Mosconi
|
|
L, Sangalli
|
|
F, et al.
|
|
Glomerular size-selective dysfunction in NIDDM is not
|
|
ameliorated by ACE inhibition or by calcium channel
|
|
blockade.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1999;55(3):984-994.
|
|
doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.055003984.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10027935" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10027935</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.055003984.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>202.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.202">Scandling
|
|
JD, Black
|
|
VM, Deen
|
|
WM, Myers
|
|
BD.
|
|
Glomerular permselectivity in healthy and nephrotic
|
|
humans.
|
|
Adv Nephrol Necker Hosp.
|
|
1992;21:159-176.
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1566645" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1566645</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>203.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.203">Scandling
|
|
JD, Myers
|
|
BD.
|
|
Glomerular size-selectivity and microalbuminuria in
|
|
early diabetic glomerular disease.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1992;41(4):840-846.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.1992.129
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1381005" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1381005</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1992.129" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>204.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.204">Haraldsson
|
|
B, Sörensson
|
|
J. Why do we
|
|
not all have proteinuria? An update of our current understanding of
|
|
the glomerular barrier.
|
|
News Physiol Sci
|
|
2004;19:7-10.
|
|
doi:10.1152/nips.01461.2003
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14739395" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14739395</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/nips.01461.2003" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>205.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.205">Singh
|
|
A, Satchell
|
|
SC, Neal
|
|
CR, McKenzie
|
|
EA, Tooke
|
|
JE, Mathieson
|
|
PW.
|
|
Glomerular endothelial glycocalyx constitutes a
|
|
barrier to protein permeability.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2007;18(11):2885-2893.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2007010119
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17942961" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17942961</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2007010119" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>206.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.206">Singh
|
|
A, Fridén
|
|
V, Dasgupta
|
|
I, et al.
|
|
High glucose causes dysfunction of the human glomerular
|
|
endothelial glycocalyx.
|
|
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.
|
|
2011;300(1):F40-F48.
|
|
doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00103.2010
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3023224/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3023224</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20980411" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20980411</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00103.2010" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>207.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.207">Lemley
|
|
KV, Blouch
|
|
K, Abdullah
|
|
I, et al.
|
|
Glomerular permselectivity at the onset of nephropathy in
|
|
type 2 diabetes mellitus.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2000;11(11):2095-2105.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.V11112095
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11053486" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11053486</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.V11112095" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>208.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.208">Deckert
|
|
T, Kofoed-Enevoldsen
|
|
A, Vidal
|
|
P, Nørgaard
|
|
K, Andreasen
|
|
HB, Feldt-Rasmussen
|
|
B. Size-and
|
|
charge selectivity of glomerular filtration in type 1
|
|
(insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with and without
|
|
albuminuria.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1993;36(3):244-251.
|
|
doi:10.1007/BF00399958
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8462774" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8462774</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00399958" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>209.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.209">Friedman
|
|
S, Jones
|
|
HW, 3rd,
|
|
Golbetz
|
|
HV, Lee
|
|
JA, Little
|
|
HL, Myers
|
|
BD.
|
|
Mechanisms of proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy.
|
|
II. A study of the size-selective glomerular filtration
|
|
barrier.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
1983;32(Suppl
|
|
2):40-46. doi:10.2337/diab.32.2.s40
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6086024" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6086024</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diab.32.2.s40" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>210.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.210">Myers
|
|
BD, Nelson
|
|
RG, Bennett
|
|
PH, Mitch
|
|
WE. Diabetic
|
|
Renal Disease Study: glomerular function at onset of nephropathy in
|
|
NIDDM
|
|
(Abstract). J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
1991;2:A295
|
|
</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>211.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.211">Tomlanovich
|
|
S, Deen
|
|
WM, Jones
|
|
HW, 3rd,
|
|
Schwartz
|
|
HC, Myers
|
|
BD.
|
|
Functional nature of glomerular injury in progressive
|
|
diabetic glomerulopathy.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
1987;36(5):556-565.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diab.36.5.556
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2436961" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2436961</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diab.36.5.556" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>212.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.212">Pavenstädt
|
|
H, Kriz
|
|
W, Kretzler
|
|
M. Cell
|
|
biology of the glomerular podocyte.
|
|
Physiol Rev.
|
|
2003;83(1):253-307.
|
|
doi:10.1152/physrev.00020.2002
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12506131" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12506131</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/physrev.00020.2002" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>213.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.213">Peti-Peterdi
|
|
J, Burford
|
|
JL, Hackl
|
|
MJ. The
|
|
first decade of using multiphoton microscopy for high-power kidney
|
|
imaging.
|
|
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.
|
|
2012;302(2):F227-F233.
|
|
doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00561.2011
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3340919/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3340919</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22031850" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22031850</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00561.2011" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>214.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.214">Tanner
|
|
GA, Rippe
|
|
C, Shao
|
|
Y, Evan
|
|
AP, Williams
|
|
JC, Jr.
|
|
Glomerular permeability to macromolecules in the
|
|
Necturus kidney.
|
|
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.
|
|
2009;296(6):F1269-F1278.
|
|
doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00371.2007
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19339627" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19339627</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00371.2007" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>215.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.215">Tanner
|
|
GA.
|
|
Glomerular sieving coefficient of serum albumin in
|
|
the rat: a two-photon microscopy study.
|
|
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.
|
|
2009;296(6):F1258-F1265.
|
|
doi:10.1152/ajprenal.90638.2008
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19211688" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19211688</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajprenal.90638.2008" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>216.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.216">Keen
|
|
H, Chlouverakis
|
|
C, Fuller
|
|
J, Jarrett
|
|
RJ. The
|
|
concomitants of raised blood sugar: studies in newly detected
|
|
hyperglycemics. II. Urinary albumin excretion, blood pressure and
|
|
their relation to blood sugar levels.
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|
Guys Hosp Rep.
|
|
1969;118(2):247-254.
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5804067" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 5804067</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>217.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.217">Nelson
|
|
RG, Kunzelman
|
|
CL, Pettitt
|
|
DJ, Saad
|
|
MF, Bennett
|
|
PH, Knowler
|
|
WC.
|
|
Albuminuria in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent)
|
|
diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in Pima
|
|
Indians.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1989;32(12):870-876.
|
|
doi:10.1007/BF00297452
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2612758" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2612758</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00297452" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>218.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.218">Collins
|
|
VR, Dowse
|
|
GK, Finch
|
|
CF, Zimmet
|
|
PZ, Linnane
|
|
AW.
|
|
Prevalence and risk factors for micro- and
|
|
macroalbuminuria in diabetic subjects and entire population of
|
|
Nauru.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
1989;38(12):1602-1610.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diab.38.12.1602
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2583379" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2583379</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diab.38.12.1602" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>219.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.219">Saydah
|
|
SH, Pavkov
|
|
ME, Zhang
|
|
C, et al.
|
|
Albuminuria prevalence in first morning void compared
|
|
with previous random urine from adults in the National Health and
|
|
Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009–2010.
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|
Clin Chem.
|
|
2013;59(4):675-683.
|
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doi:10.1373/clinchem.2012.195644
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4562457/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4562457</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23315482" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23315482</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.195644" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>220.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.220">Claudi
|
|
T, Cooper
|
|
JG.
|
|
Comparison of urinary albumin excretion rate in
|
|
overnight urine and albumin creatinine ratio in spot urine in
|
|
diabetic patients in general practice.
|
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Scand J Prim Health Care.
|
|
2001;19(4):247-248.
|
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doi:10.1080/02813430152706774
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11822649" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11822649</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1080/02813430152706774" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>221.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.221">Gansevoort
|
|
RT, Verhave
|
|
JC, Hillege
|
|
HL, et al.
|
|
The validity of screening based on spot morning urine
|
|
samples to detect subjects with microalbuminuria in the general
|
|
population.
|
|
Kidney Int Suppl.
|
|
2005;67(Suppl
|
|
94):S28-S35. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.09408.x [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15752236" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15752236</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.09408.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>222.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.222">Howey
|
|
JE, Browning
|
|
MC, Fraser
|
|
CG. Biologic
|
|
variation of urinary albumin: consequences for analysis, specimen
|
|
collection, interpretation of results, and screening
|
|
programs.
|
|
Am J Kidney Dis.
|
|
1989;13(1):35-37.
|
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doi:10.1016/s0272-6386(89)80112-x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2912063" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2912063</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0272-6386(89)80112-x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>223.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.223">Afkarian
|
|
M, Zelnick
|
|
LR, Hall
|
|
YN, et al.
|
|
Clinical manifestations of kidney disease among US adults
|
|
with diabetes, 1988–2014.
|
|
JAMA.
|
|
2016;316(6):602-610.
|
|
doi:10.1001/jama.2016.10924
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5444809/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5444809</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27532915" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27532915</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/jama.2016.10924" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>224.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.224">Menke
|
|
A, Orchard
|
|
TJ, Imperatore
|
|
G, Bullard
|
|
KM, Mayer-Davis
|
|
E, Cowie
|
|
CC. The
|
|
prevalence of type 1 diabetes in the United States.
|
|
Epidemiology.
|
|
2013;24(5):773-774.
|
|
doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31829ef01a
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4562437/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4562437</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23903880" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23903880</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e31829ef01a" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>225.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.225">Parving
|
|
HH, Lewis
|
|
JB, Ravid
|
|
M, Remuzzi
|
|
G, Hunsicker
|
|
LG, DEMAND
|
|
Investigators. Prevalence and risk factors for microalbuminuria in a
|
|
referred cohort of type II diabetic patients: a global
|
|
perspective.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2006;69(11):2057-2063.
|
|
doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5000377
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16612330" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16612330</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5000377" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>226.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.226">Shikata
|
|
K, Kodera
|
|
R, Utsunomiya
|
|
K, et al.
|
|
Prevalence of albuminuria and renal dysfunction, and
|
|
related clinical factors in Japanese patients with diabetes: the
|
|
Japan Diabetes Complication and its Prevention prospective study
|
|
5.
|
|
J Diabetes Investig.
|
|
2020;11(2):325-332.
|
|
doi:10.1111/jdi.13116 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7078093/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7078093</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31317670" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31317670</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/jdi.13116" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>227.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.227">Lee
|
|
ES, Tang
|
|
WE. The
|
|
prevalence of albuminuria among diabetic patients in a primary care
|
|
setting in Singapore. Singapore
|
|
Med J.
|
|
2015;56(12):681-686.
|
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doi:10.11622/smedj.2015189 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4678408/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4678408</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26702164" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26702164</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.11622/smedj.2015189" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>228.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.228">Mogensen
|
|
CE, Christensen
|
|
CK.
|
|
Predicting diabetic nephropathy in insulin-dependent
|
|
patients.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
1984;311(2):89-93.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJM198407123110204
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6738599" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6738599</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM198407123110204" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>229.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.229">Viberti
|
|
GC, Jarrett
|
|
RJ, Mahmud
|
|
U, Hill
|
|
RD, Argyropoulos
|
|
A, Keen
|
|
H.
|
|
Microalbuminuria as a predictor of clinical
|
|
nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Lancet.
|
|
1982;1(8287):1430-1432.
|
|
doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(82)92450-3
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6123720" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6123720</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(82)92450-3" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>230.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.230">Parving
|
|
HH, Oxenbøll
|
|
B, Svendsen
|
|
PA, Christiansen
|
|
JS, Andersen
|
|
AR. Early
|
|
detection of patients at risk of developing diabetic nephropathy. A
|
|
longitudinal study of urinary albumin excretion.
|
|
Acta Endocrinol (Copenh).
|
|
1982;100(4):550-555.
|
|
doi:10.1530/acta.0.1000550
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6812342" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6812342</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1530/acta.0.1000550" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>231.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.231">Mathiesen
|
|
ER, Oxenbøll
|
|
B, Johansen
|
|
K, Svendsen
|
|
PA, Deckert
|
|
T. Incipient
|
|
nephropathy in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1984;26(6):406-410.
|
|
doi:10.1007/BF00262210
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6468791" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6468791</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00262210" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>232.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.232">Messent
|
|
JW, Elliott
|
|
TG, Hill
|
|
RD, Jarrett
|
|
RJ, Keen
|
|
H, Viberti
|
|
GC.
|
|
Prognostic significance of microalbuminuria in
|
|
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a twenty-three year follow-up
|
|
study.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1992;41(4):836-839.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.1992.128
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1513106" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1513106</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1992.128" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>233.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.233">Mogensen
|
|
CE.
|
|
Microalbuminuria predicts clinical proteinuria and
|
|
early mortality in maturity-onset diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
1984;310(6):356-360.
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|
doi:10.1056/NEJM198402093100605
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6690964" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6690964</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM198402093100605" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>234.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.234">Jerums
|
|
G, Cooper
|
|
ME, Seeman
|
|
E, Murray
|
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RM, McNeil
|
|
JJ. Spectrum
|
|
of proteinuria in type I and type II diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
1987;10(4):419-427.
|
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doi:10.2337/diacare.10.4.419
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3622199" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3622199</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.10.4.419" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>235.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.235">Nelson
|
|
RG, Knowler
|
|
WC, Pettitt
|
|
DJ, Saad
|
|
MF, Charles
|
|
MA, Bennett
|
|
PH.
|
|
Assessment of risk of overt nephropathy in diabetic
|
|
patients from albumin excretion in untimed urine
|
|
specimens.
|
|
Arch Intern Med.
|
|
1991;151(9):1761-1765.
|
|
doi:10.1001/archinte.1991.00400090057011
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1888242" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1888242</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/archinte.1991.00400090057011" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>236.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.236">John
|
|
L, Sunder
|
|
PSS, Kanagasabapathy
|
|
AS. Rate of
|
|
progression of albuminuria in type II diabetes: five-year
|
|
prospective study from south India.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
1994;17(8):888-890.
|
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doi:10.2337/diacare.17.8.888
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7956637" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7956637</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.17.8.888" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>237.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.237">Andersen
|
|
AR, Christiansen
|
|
JS, Andersen
|
|
JK, Kreiner
|
|
S, Deckert
|
|
T. Diabetic
|
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nephropathy in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes: an
|
|
epidemiological study.
|
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Diabetologia.
|
|
1983;25(6):496-501.
|
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doi:10.1007/BF00284458
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6363177" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6363177</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00284458" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>238.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.238">Klein
|
|
R, Klein
|
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BE, Moss
|
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SE. The
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|
incidence of gross proteinuria in people with insulin-dependent
|
|
diabetes mellitus.
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Arch Intern Med.
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1991;151(7):1344-1348.
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doi:10.1001/archinte.1991.00400070108013
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2064485" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2064485</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/archinte.1991.00400070108013" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>239.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.239">Noth
|
|
RH, Krolewski
|
|
AS, Kaysen
|
|
GA, Meyer
|
|
TW, Schambelan
|
|
M. Diabetic
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nephropathy: hemodynamic basis and implications for disease
|
|
management.
|
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Ann Intern Med.
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1989;110(10):795-813.
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doi:10.7326/0003-4819-110-10-795
|
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2653154" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2653154</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.7326/0003-4819-110-10-795" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>240.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.240">Skrivarhaug
|
|
T, Bangstad
|
|
HJ, Stene
|
|
LC, Sandvik
|
|
L, Hanssen
|
|
KF, Joner
|
|
G. Low risk
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|
of overt nephropathy after 24 yr of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes
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|
mellitus (T1DM) in Norway.
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Pediatr Diabetes.
|
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2006;7(5):239-246.
|
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doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2006.00204.x
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17054444" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17054444</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2006.00204.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>241.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.241">Rossing
|
|
P, Hougaard
|
|
P, Parving
|
|
HH.
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Progression of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes:
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ten-year prospective observational study.
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Kidney Int.
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2005;68(4):1446-1450.
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doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00556.x
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16164620" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16164620</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00556.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>242.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.242">Ballard
|
|
DJ, Humphrey
|
|
LL, Melton
|
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LJ, 3rd,
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et al.
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Epidemiology of persistent proteinuria in type II
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diabetes mellitus. Population-based study in Rochester,
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Minnesota.
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Diabetes.
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1988;37(4):405-412.
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doi:10.2337/diab.37.4.405
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3378684" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3378684</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diab.37.4.405" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>243.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.243">Klein
|
|
R, Klein
|
|
BE, Moss
|
|
SE.
|
|
Incidence of gross proteinuria in older-onset
|
|
diabetes. A population-based perspective.
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Diabetes.
|
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1993;42(3):381-389.
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doi:10.2337/diab.42.3.381
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8432408" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8432408</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diab.42.3.381" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>244.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.244">Kunzelman
|
|
CL, Knowler
|
|
WC, Pettitt
|
|
DJ, Bennett
|
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PH.
|
|
Incidence of proteinuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus
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in the Pima Indians.
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Kidney Int.
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1989;35(2):681-687.
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doi:10.1038/ki.1989.39
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2785225" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2785225</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1989.39" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>245.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.245">Krolewski
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AS, Warram
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JH, Christlieb
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AR, Busick
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EJ, Kahn
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CR. The
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changing natural history of nephropathy in type I
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diabetes.
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Am J Med.
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1985;78(5):785-794.
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doi:10.1016/0002-9343(85)90284-0
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3993659" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3993659</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/0002-9343(85)90284-0" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>246.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.246">Kofoed-Enevoldsen
|
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A, Borch-Johnsen
|
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K, Kreiner
|
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S, Nerup
|
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J, Deckert
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T. Declining
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incidence of persistent proteinuria in type I (insulin-dependent)
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diabetic patients in Denmark.
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Diabetes.
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1987;36(2):205-209.
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doi:10.2337/diab.36.2.205
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3803732" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3803732</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diab.36.2.205" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>247.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.247">Pambianco
|
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G, Costacou
|
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T, Ellis
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D, Becker
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DJ, Klein
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R, Orchard
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TJ. The
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30-year natural history of type 1 diabetes complications: the
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Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study
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experience.
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Diabetes.
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2006;55(5):1463-1469.
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doi:10.2337/db05-1423
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16644706" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16644706</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/db05-1423" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>248.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.248">Bojestig
|
|
M, Arnqvist
|
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HJ, Hermansson
|
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G, Karlberg
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BE, Ludvigsson
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J. Declining
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incidence of nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes
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mellitus.
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N Engl J Med.
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1994;330(1):15-18.
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doi:10.1056/NEJM199401063300103
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8259139" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8259139</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM199401063300103" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>249.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.249">Rossing
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P.
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The changing epidemiology of diabetic microangiopathy in
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type 1 diabetes.
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Diabetologia.
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2005;48(8):1439-1444.
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doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1836-x
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15986235" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15986235</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00125-005-1836-x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>250.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.250">Hovind
|
|
P, Tarnow
|
|
L, Rossing
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|
K, et al.
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Decreasing incidence of severe diabetic microangiopathy
|
|
in type 1 diabetes.
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Diabetes Care.
|
|
2003;26(4):1258-1264.
|
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doi:10.2337/diacare.26.4.1258
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12663607" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12663607</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.26.4.1258" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>251.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.251">Thomas
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MC, Brownlee
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M, Susztak
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K, et al.
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Diabetic kidney disease.
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Nat Rev Dis Primers.
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2015;1:15018. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.18
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7724636/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7724636</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27188921" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27188921</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.18" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>252.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.252">Diabetes Control and
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Complications Trial Research Group, Nathan DM, Genuth S, et
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al. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the
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development and progression of long-term complications in
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insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
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N Engl J Med.
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1993;329(14):977-986.
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doi:10.1056/NEJM199309303291401
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8366922" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8366922</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM199309303291401" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>253.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.253">Larson
|
|
TS, Santanello
|
|
N, Shahinfar
|
|
S, et al.
|
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Trends in persistent proteinuria in adult-onset diabetes:
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a population-based study.
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Diabetes Care.
|
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2000;23(1):51-56.
|
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doi:10.2337/diacare.23.1.51
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10857968" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10857968</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.23.1.51" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>254.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.254">Pavkov
|
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ME, Knowler
|
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WC, Bennett
|
|
PH, Looker
|
|
HC, Krakoff
|
|
J, Nelson
|
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RG.
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Increasing incidence of proteinuria and declining
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|
incidence of end-stage renal disease in diabetic Pima
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|
Indians.
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Kidney Int.
|
|
2006;70(10):1840-1846.
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doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5001882
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17003816" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17003816</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5001882" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>255.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.255">Adler
|
|
AI, Stevens
|
|
RJ, Manley
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|
SE, et al.
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Development and progression of nephropathy in type 2
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diabetes: the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS
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64).
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Kidney Int.
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2003;63(1):225-232.
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doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00712.x
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12472787" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12472787</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00712.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>256.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.256">Bilous
|
|
R.
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Microvascular disease: what does the UKPDS tell us about
|
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diabetic nephropathy?
|
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Diabet Med.
|
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2008;25(Suppl
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2):25-29. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02496.x
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18717975" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18717975</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02496.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>257.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.257">Kussman
|
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MJ, Goldstein
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H, Gleason
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RE. The
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clinical course of diabetic nephropathy.
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JAMA.
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1976;236(16):1861-1863.
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doi:10.1001/jama.1976.03270170027020
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/989537" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 989537</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/jama.1976.03270170027020" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>258.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.258">Rossing
|
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P, Hommel
|
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E, Smidt
|
|
UM, Parving
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HH. Impact
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of arterial blood pressure and albuminuria on the progression of
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diabetic nephropathy in IDDM patients.
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Diabetes.
|
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1993;42(5):715-719.
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doi:10.2337/diab.42.5.715
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8482428" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8482428</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diab.42.5.715" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>259.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.259">Roy
|
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MS, Affouf
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M, Roy
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A. Six-year
|
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incidence of proteinuria in type 1 diabetic African
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|
Americans.
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Diabetes Care.
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2007;30(7):1807-1812.
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doi:10.2337/dc06-2534
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17475942" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17475942</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc06-2534" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>260.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.260">Roy
|
|
MS, Affouf
|
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M. Six-year
|
|
progression of retinopathy and associated risk factors in African
|
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American patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: the New Jersey
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725.
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Arch Ophthalmol.
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2006;124(9):1297-1306.
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doi:10.1001/archopht.124.9.1297
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16966625" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16966625</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/archopht.124.9.1297" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>261.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.261">Araki
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S, Haneda
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M, Sugimoto
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T, et al.
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Factors associated with frequent remission of
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microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Diabetes.
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2005;54(10):2983-2987.
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doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.10.2983
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16186402" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16186402</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diabetes.54.10.2983" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>262.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.262">Gaede
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P, Tarnow
|
|
L, Vedel
|
|
P, Parving
|
|
HH, Pedersen
|
|
O. Remission
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|
to normoalbuminuria during multifactorial treatment preserves kidney
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function in patients with type 2 diabetes and
|
|
microalbuminuria.
|
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Nephrol Dial Transplant.
|
|
2004;19(11):2784-2788.
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doi:10.1093/ndt/gfh470
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15328385" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15328385</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/ndt/gfh470" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>263.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.263">Pavkov
|
|
ME, Knowler
|
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WC, Hanson
|
|
RL, Bennett
|
|
PH, Nelson
|
|
RG.
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Predictive power of sequential measures of
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albuminuria for progression to ESRD or death in Pima Indians with
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type 2 diabetes.
|
|
Am J Kidney Dis.
|
|
2008;51(5):759-766.
|
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doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.01.011
|
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2386511/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2386511</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18436086" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18436086</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.01.011" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>264.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.264">Xu
|
|
J, Lee
|
|
ET, Devereux
|
|
RB, et al.
|
|
A longitudinal study of risk factors for incident
|
|
albuminuria in diabetic American Indians: the Strong Heart
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|
Study.
|
|
Am J Kidney Dis.
|
|
2008;51(3):415-424.
|
|
doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.11.010
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2776644/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2776644</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18295057" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18295057</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.11.010" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>265.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.265">Chen
|
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C, Wang
|
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C, Hu
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C, et al.
|
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Normoalbuminuric diabetic kidney disease.
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Front Med.
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2017;11(3):310-318.
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doi:10.1007/s11684-017-0542-7
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28721497" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28721497</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s11684-017-0542-7" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>266.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.266">Kahkoska
|
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AR, Isom
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S, Divers
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J, et al.
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The early natural history of albuminuria in young adults
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with youth-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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J Diabetes Complications.
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2018;32(12):1160-1168.
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doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.09.018
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6289668/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6289668</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30316542" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30316542</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.09.018" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>267.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.267">Xu
|
|
J, Knowler
|
|
WC, Devereux
|
|
RB, et al.
|
|
Albuminuria within the “normal” range and
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risk of cardiovascular disease and death in American Indians: the
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Strong Heart Study.
|
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Am J Kidney Dis.
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2007;49(2):208-216.
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doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.10.017
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17261423" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17261423</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.10.017" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>268.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.268">Gerstein
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HC, Mann
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JF, Yi
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Q, et al.
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Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and
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heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic
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individuals.
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JAMA.
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2001;286(4):421-426.
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doi:10.1001/jama.286.4.421
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11466120" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11466120</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/jama.286.4.421" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>269.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.269">Yuyun
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MF, Adler
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AI, Wareham
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NJ. What is
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15821422" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15821422</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1097/01.mnh.0000165895.90748.3b" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>270.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.270">Hillege
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HL, Fidler
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V, Diercks
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Urinary albumin excretion predicts cardiovascular and
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BC, Hallan
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SI, Miller
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ER, 3rd,
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18385206" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18385206</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/aje/kwn033" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>272.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.272">Borch-Johnsen
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K, Andersen
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RG, Pettitt
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DJ, Carraher
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MJ, Baird
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HR, Knowler
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WC. Effect
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3181642" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3181642</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diab.37.11.1499" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>274.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.274">Jensen
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T, Borch-Johnsen
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K, Kofoed-Enevoldsen
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A, Deckert
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T. Coronary
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1987;30(3):144-148.
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1984:1-23.</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>276.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.276">Pavkov
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ME, Bennett
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PH, Sievers
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ML, et al.
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Predominant effect of kidney disease on mortality in Pima
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2005;68(3):1267-1274.
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doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00523.x
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1800940/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1800940</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16105060" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16105060</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00523.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>277.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.277">Orchard
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TJ, Secrest
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AM, Miller
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RG, Costacou
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T. In the
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absence of renal disease, 20 year mortality risk in type 1 diabetes
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is comparable to that of the general population: a report from the
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Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications
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Study.
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2010;53(11):2312-2319.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3057031/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3057031</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20665208" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20665208</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00125-010-1860-3" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>278.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.278">Arun
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CS, Stoddart
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J, Mackin
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P, MacLeod
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JM, New
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JP, Marshall
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SM.
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Significance of microalbuminuria in long-duration
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type 1 diabetes.
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Diabetes Care.
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2003;26(7):2144-2149.
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doi:10.2337/diacare.26.7.2144
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12832327" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12832327</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.26.7.2144" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>279.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.279">Allen
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KV, Walker
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JD.
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1 diabetes.
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Diabetes Care.
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2003;26(8):2389-2391.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12882867" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12882867</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.26.8.2389" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>280.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.280">Rosolowsky
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ET, Skupien
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J, Smiles
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AM, et al.
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Risk for ESRD in type 1 diabetes remains high despite
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renoprotection.
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2011;22(3):545-553.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3060448/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3060448</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21355053" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21355053</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2010040354" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>281.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.281">Nelson
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RG. Is
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ineffective?
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2011;22(3):402-404.
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doi:10.1681/ASN.2011010076
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21355059" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21355059</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2011010076" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>282.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.282">Groop
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PH, Thomas
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MC, Moran
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The presence and severity of chronic kidney disease
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RD, Madias
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1394976" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1394976</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/clinchem/38.10.1933" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>284.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.284">Jarrett
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RJ, Viberti
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GC, Argyropoulos
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A, Hill
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A, Vaeth
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MB, Morrish
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NJ, Viberti
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GC, Keen
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H, Fitzgerald
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AP, Jackson
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Diabetes.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1587400" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1587400</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diab.41.6.736" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>287.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.287">Neil
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A, Hawkins
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M, Potok
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M, Thorogood
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M, Cohen
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NM, Wang
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H, Mete
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3473098/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3473098</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22841159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22841159</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.06.015" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>289.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.289">Naqvi
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SB, Collins
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HI, Thomas
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SL, Millett
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ER, Nitsch
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D. CKD and
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the risk of acute, community-acquired infections among older people
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electronic health records.
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2015;66(1):60-68.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4510204/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4510204</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25641062" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25641062</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.11.027" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>291.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.291">Dalrymple
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LS, Katz
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B, et al.
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The risk of infection-related hospitalization with
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2012;59(3):356-363.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3288732/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3288732</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21906862" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21906862</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.07.012" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>292.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.292">Shebl
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FM, Warren
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JL, Eggers
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PW, Engels
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EA. Cancer
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G, Hayen
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A, Chapman
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Association of CKD and cancer risk in older
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2009;20(6):1341-1350.
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doi:10.1681/ASN.2008090998
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2689896/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2689896</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19406977" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19406977</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2008090998" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>294.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.294">Kitchlu
|
|
A, Reid
|
|
J, Jeyakumar
|
|
N, et al.
|
|
Cancer risk and mortality in patients with kidney
|
|
disease: a population-based cohort study.
|
|
Am J Kidney Dis.
|
|
2022;80(4):436-448.e1.
|
|
doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.02.020
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35405208" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35405208</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.02.020" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>295.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.295">Larsson
|
|
SC, Wolk
|
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A. Diabetes
|
|
mellitus and incidence of kidney cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort
|
|
studies.
|
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Diabetologia.
|
|
2011;54(5):1013-1018.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2051-6
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21274512" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21274512</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00125-011-2051-6" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>296.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.296">Habib
|
|
SL, Rojna
|
|
M. Diabetes
|
|
and risk of cancer.
|
|
ISRN Oncol.
|
|
2013;2013:583786.
|
|
doi:10.1155/2013/583786
|
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3582053/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3582053</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23476808" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23476808</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1155/2013/583786" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>297.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.297">Izzedine
|
|
H, Perazella
|
|
MA.
|
|
Onco-nephrology: an appraisal of the cancer and
|
|
chronic kidney disease links.
|
|
Nephrol Dial Transplant.
|
|
2015;30(12):1979-1988.
|
|
doi:10.1093/ndt/gfu387
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4832985/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4832985</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25648910" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25648910</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/ndt/gfu387" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>298.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.298">Berhane
|
|
AM, Weil
|
|
EJ, Knowler
|
|
WC, Nelson
|
|
RG, Hanson
|
|
RL.
|
|
Albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate
|
|
as predictors of diabetic end-stage renal disease and
|
|
death.
|
|
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2011;6(10):2444-2451.
|
|
doi:10.2215/CJN.00580111
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3186453/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3186453</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21852671" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21852671</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2215/CJN.00580111" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>299.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.299">Ninomiya
|
|
T, Perkovic
|
|
V, de Galan
|
|
BE, et al.
|
|
Albuminuria and kidney function independently predict
|
|
cardiovascular and renal outcomes in diabetes.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2009;20(8):1813-1821.
|
|
doi:10.1681/asn.2008121270
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2723977/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2723977</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19443635" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19443635</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/asn.2008121270" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>300.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.300">Shara
|
|
NM, Wang
|
|
H, Valaitis
|
|
E, et al.
|
|
Comparison of estimated glomerular filtration rates and
|
|
albuminuria in predicting risk of coronary heart disease in a
|
|
population with high prevalence of diabetes mellitus and renal
|
|
disease.
|
|
Am J Cardiol.
|
|
2011;107(3):399-405.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.09.036
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3035999/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3035999</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21257005" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21257005</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.09.036" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>301.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.301">Rosenson
|
|
RS, Fioretto
|
|
P, Dodson
|
|
PM. Does
|
|
microvascular disease predict macrovascular events in type 2
|
|
diabetes?
|
|
Atherosclerosis.
|
|
2011;218(1):13-18.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.029
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21763654" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21763654</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.029" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>302.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.302">Yokoyama
|
|
H, Oishi
|
|
M, Kawai
|
|
K, Sone
|
|
H, Japan Diabetes
|
|
Clinical Data Management Study Group.
|
|
Reduced GFR and microalbuminuria are independently
|
|
associated with prevalent cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes:
|
|
JDDM study 16.
|
|
Diabet Med.
|
|
2008;25(12):1426-1432.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02592.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19046241" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19046241</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02592.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>303.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.303">Tong
|
|
PC, Kong
|
|
AP, So
|
|
WY, et al.
|
|
Interactive effect of retinopathy and macroalbuminuria on
|
|
all-cause mortality, cardiovascular and renal end points in Chinese
|
|
patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Diabet Med.
|
|
2007;24(7):741-746.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02145.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17403120" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17403120</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02145.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>304.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.304">So
|
|
WY, Kong
|
|
AP, Ma
|
|
RC, et al.
|
|
Glomerular filtration rate, cardiorenal end points, and
|
|
all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetic patients.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2006;29(9):2046-2052.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc06-0248
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16936151" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16936151</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc06-0248" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>305.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.305">Gimeno-Orna
|
|
JA, Lou-Arnal
|
|
LM, Boned-Juliani
|
|
B, Molinero-Herguedas
|
|
E. Mild
|
|
renal insufficiency as a cardiovascular risk factor in
|
|
non-proteinuric type II diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
|
|
2004;64(3):191-199.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2003.10.018
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15126007" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15126007</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2003.10.018" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>306.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.306">Yang
|
|
X, Ma
|
|
RC, So
|
|
WY, et al.
|
|
Impacts of chronic kidney disease and albuminuria on
|
|
associations between coronary heart disease and its traditional risk
|
|
factors in type 2 diabetic patients—the Hong Kong Diabetes
|
|
Registry.
|
|
Cardiovasc Diabetol.
|
|
2007;6:37. doi:10.1186/1475-2840-6-37
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2219954/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2219954</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18053157" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18053157</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1186/1475-2840-6-37" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>307.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.307">Leelawattana
|
|
R, Rattarasarn
|
|
C, Lim
|
|
A, Soonthornpun
|
|
S, Setasuban
|
|
W. Causes of
|
|
death, incidence and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in Thai
|
|
type 2 diabetic patients: a 5 year follow-up study.
|
|
Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
|
|
2003;60(3):183-189.
|
|
doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(03)00035-4
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12822563" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12822563</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0168-8227(03)00035-4" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>308.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.308">Juutilainen
|
|
A, Lehto
|
|
S, Rönnemaa
|
|
T, Pyörälä
|
|
K, Laakso
|
|
M.
|
|
Proteinuria and metabolic syndrome as predictors of
|
|
cardiovascular death in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic men and
|
|
women.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
2006;49(1):56-65.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0050-1
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16365726" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16365726</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00125-005-0050-1" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>309.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.309">Bruno
|
|
G, Merletti
|
|
F, Bargero
|
|
G, et al.
|
|
Estimated glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria and
|
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mortality in type 2 diabetes: the Casale Monferrato
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study.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
2007;50(5):941-948.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0616-1
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17333106" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17333106</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00125-007-0616-1" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>310.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.310">Casiglia
|
|
E, Zanette
|
|
G, Mazza
|
|
A, et al.
|
|
Cardiovascular mortality in non-insulin-dependent
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diabetes mellitus. A controlled study among 683 diabetics and 683
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age- and sex-matched normal subjects.
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Eur J Epidemiol.
|
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2000;16(7):677-684.
|
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doi:10.1023/A:1007673123716
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11078126" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11078126</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1023/A:1007673123716" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>311.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.311">Valmadrid
|
|
CT, Klein
|
|
R, Moss
|
|
SE, Klein
|
|
BE. The risk
|
|
of cardiovascular disease mortality associated with microalbuminuria
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and gross proteinuria in persons with older-onset diabetes
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|
mellitus.
|
|
Arch Intern Med.
|
|
2000;160(8):1093-1100.
|
|
doi:10.1001/archinte.160.8.1093
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10789601" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10789601</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/archinte.160.8.1093" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>312.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.312">Yang
|
|
X, So
|
|
WY, Kong
|
|
AP, et al.
|
|
Development and validation of stroke risk equation for
|
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Hong Kong Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: the Hong Kong
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|
Diabetes Registry.
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|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2007;30(1):65-70.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc06-1273
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17192335" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17192335</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc06-1273" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>313.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.313">Davis
|
|
TM, Millns
|
|
H, Stratton
|
|
IM, Holman
|
|
RR, Turner
|
|
RC. Risk
|
|
factors for stroke in type 2 diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom
|
|
Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) 29.
|
|
Arch Intern Med.
|
|
1999;159(10):1097-1103.
|
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doi:10.1001/archinte.159.10.1097
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10335687" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10335687</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/archinte.159.10.1097" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>314.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.314">Knobler
|
|
H, Zornitzki
|
|
T, Vered
|
|
S, et al.
|
|
Reduced glomerular filtration rate in asymptomatic
|
|
diabetic patients: predictor of increased risk for cardiac events
|
|
independent of albuminuria.
|
|
J Am Coll Cardiol.
|
|
2004;44(11):2142-2148.
|
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doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.09.006
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15582311" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15582311</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.09.006" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>315.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.315">Fox
|
|
CS, Matsushita
|
|
K, Woodward
|
|
M, et al.
|
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Associations of kidney disease measures with mortality
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and end-stage renal disease in individuals with and without
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diabetes: a meta-analysis.
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Lancet.
|
|
2012;380(9854):1662-1673.
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doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61350-6
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3771350/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3771350</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23013602" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23013602</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61350-6" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>316.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.316">Muntner
|
|
P, Coresh
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|
J, Powe
|
|
NR, Klag
|
|
MJ. The
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contribution of increased diabetes prevalence and improved
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myocardial infarction and stroke survival to the increase in treated
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|
end-stage renal disease.
|
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J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2003;14(6):1568-1577.
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doi:10.1097/01.asn.0000067420.83632.c1
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12761257" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12761257</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1097/01.asn.0000067420.83632.c1" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>317.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.317">Burrows
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|
NR, Zhang
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Y, Hora
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I, et al.
|
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Sustained lower incidence of diabetes-related end-stage
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|
kidney disease among American Indians and Alaska Natives, Blacks,
|
|
and Hispanics in the U.S., 2000–2016.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2020;43(9):2090-2097.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc20-0495
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8628545/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8628545</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32616609" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32616609</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc20-0495" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>318.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.318">Chu
|
|
CD, Powe
|
|
NR, McCulloch
|
|
CE, et al.
|
|
Trends in chronic kidney disease care in the US by race
|
|
and ethnicity, 2012–2019.
|
|
JAMA Netw Open.
|
|
2021;4(9):e2127014.
|
|
doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.27014
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8477264/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8477264</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34570204" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34570204</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.27014" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>319.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.319">Cowie
|
|
CC, Port
|
|
FK, Wolfe
|
|
RA, Savage
|
|
PJ, Moll
|
|
PP, Hawthorne
|
|
VM.
|
|
Disparities in incidence of diabetic end-stage renal
|
|
disease according to race and type of diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
1989;321(16):1074-1079.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJM198910193211603
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2797067" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2797067</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM198910193211603" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>320.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.320">Nelson
|
|
RG, Newman
|
|
JM, Knowler
|
|
WC, et al.
|
|
Incidence of end-stage renal disease in type 2
|
|
(non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Pima
|
|
Indians.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1988;31(10):730-736.
|
|
doi:10.1007/BF00274774
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3240833" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3240833</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00274774" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>321.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.321">Rostand
|
|
SG, Kirk
|
|
KA, Rutsky
|
|
EA, Pate
|
|
BA. Racial
|
|
differences in the incidence of treatment for end-stage renal
|
|
disease.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
1982;306(21):1276-1279.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJM198205273062106
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7040967" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7040967</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM198205273062106" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>322.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.322">Lopes
|
|
AA, Port
|
|
FK, James
|
|
SA, Agodoa
|
|
L. The
|
|
excess risk of treated end-stage renal disease in Blacks in the
|
|
United States.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
1993;3(12):1961-1971.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.V3121961
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8338929" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8338929</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.V3121961" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>323.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.323">Stephens
|
|
GW, Gillaspy
|
|
JA, Clyne
|
|
D, Mejia
|
|
A, Pollak
|
|
VE. Racial
|
|
differences in the incidence of end-stage renal disease in types I
|
|
and II diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Am J Kidney Dis.
|
|
1990;15(6):562-567.
|
|
doi:10.1016/s0272-6386(12)80527-0
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2368696" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2368696</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0272-6386(12)80527-0" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>324.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.324">Pugh
|
|
JA, Stern
|
|
MP, Haffner
|
|
SM, Eifler
|
|
CW, Zapata
|
|
M. Excess
|
|
incidence of treatment of end-stage renal disease in Mexican
|
|
Americans.
|
|
Am J Epidemiol.
|
|
1988;127(1):135-144.
|
|
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114773
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3276155" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3276155</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114773" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>325.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.325">Burden
|
|
AC, McNally
|
|
PG, Feehally
|
|
J, Walls
|
|
J. Increased
|
|
incidence of end-stage renal failure secondary to diabetes mellitus
|
|
in Asian ethnic groups in the United Kingdom.
|
|
Diabet Med.
|
|
1992;9(7):641-645.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1992.tb01860.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1511571" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1511571</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.1992.tb01860.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>326.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.326">Newman
|
|
JM, Marfin
|
|
AA, Eggers
|
|
PW, Helgerson
|
|
SD. End
|
|
state renal disease among Native Americans,
|
|
1983–86.
|
|
Am J Public Health.
|
|
1990;80(3):318-319.
|
|
doi:10.2105/ajph.80.3.318
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1404694/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1404694</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2305914" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2305914</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2105/ajph.80.3.318" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>327.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.327">Pavkov
|
|
ME, Bennett
|
|
PH, Knowler
|
|
WC, Krakoff
|
|
J, Sievers
|
|
ML, Nelson
|
|
RG. Effect
|
|
of youth-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus on incidence of end-stage
|
|
renal disease and mortality in young and middle-aged Pima
|
|
Indians.
|
|
JAMA.
|
|
2006;296(4):421-426.
|
|
doi:10.1001/jama.296.4.421
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16868300" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16868300</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/jama.296.4.421" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>328.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.328">Pavkov
|
|
ME, Hanson
|
|
RL, Knowler
|
|
WC, Sievers
|
|
ML, Bennett
|
|
PH, Nelson
|
|
RG. Effect
|
|
of intrauterine diabetes exposure on the incidence of end-stage
|
|
renal disease in young adults with type 2 diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2010;33(11):2396-2398.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc10-0811
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2963501/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2963501</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20693350" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20693350</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc10-0811" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>329.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.329">McMillan
|
|
MA, Briggs
|
|
JD, Junor
|
|
BJ. Outcome
|
|
of renal replacement treatment in patients with diabetes
|
|
mellitus.
|
|
BMJ.
|
|
1990;301(6751):540-544.
|
|
doi:10.1136/bmj.301.6751.540
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1663846/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1663846</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2207427" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2207427</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1136/bmj.301.6751.540" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>330.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.330">Hirschl
|
|
MM, Heinz
|
|
G, Sunder-Plassmann
|
|
G, Derfler
|
|
K. Renal
|
|
replacement therapy in type 2 diabetic patients: 10 years’
|
|
experience.
|
|
Am J Kidney Dis.
|
|
1992;20(6):564-568.
|
|
doi:10.1016/s0272-6386(12)70219-6
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1462983" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1462983</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0272-6386(12)70219-6" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>331.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.331">Rischen-Vos
|
|
J, van der Woude
|
|
FJ, Tegzess
|
|
AM, et al.
|
|
Increased morbidity and mortality in patients with
|
|
diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation as compared with
|
|
non-diabetic patients.
|
|
Nephrol Dial Transplant.
|
|
1992;7(5):433-437.
|
|
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ndt.a092162
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1321380" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1321380</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.ndt.a092162" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>332.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.332">Koch
|
|
M, Thomas
|
|
B, Tschöpe
|
|
W, Ritz
|
|
E. Survival
|
|
and predictors of death in dialysed diabetic
|
|
patients.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1993;36(10):1113-1117.
|
|
doi:10.1007/BF02374508
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8243864" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8243864</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF02374508" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>333.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.333">Cowie
|
|
CC, Port
|
|
FK, Rust
|
|
KF, Harris
|
|
MI.
|
|
Differences in survival between Black and White
|
|
patients with diabetic end-stage renal disease.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
1994;17(7):681-687.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.17.7.681
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7924777" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7924777</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.17.7.681" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>334.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.334">Yan
|
|
G, Norris
|
|
KC, Yu
|
|
AJ, et al.
|
|
The relationship of age, race, and ethnicity with
|
|
survival in dialysis patients.
|
|
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2013;8(6):953-961.
|
|
doi:10.2215/CJN.09180912
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3675850/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3675850</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23539227" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23539227</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2215/CJN.09180912" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>335.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.335">Murthy
|
|
BV, Molony
|
|
DA, Stack
|
|
AG. Survival
|
|
advantage of Hispanic patients initiating dialysis in the United
|
|
States is modified by race.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2005;16(3):782-790.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2004080627
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15677309" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15677309</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2004080627" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>336.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.336">Nelson
|
|
RG, Hanson
|
|
RL, Pettitt
|
|
DJ, Knowler
|
|
WC, Bennett
|
|
PH. Survival
|
|
during renal replacement therapy for diabetic end-stage renal
|
|
disease in Pima Indians.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
1996;19(12):1333-1337.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.19.12.1333
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8941459" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8941459</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.19.12.1333" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>337.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.337">Burrows
|
|
NR, Cho
|
|
P, McKeever Bullard
|
|
K, Narva
|
|
AS, Eggers
|
|
PW. Survival
|
|
on dialysis among American Indians and Alaska Natives with diabetes
|
|
in the United States, 1995–2010.
|
|
Am J Public Health.
|
|
2014;104(Suppl
|
|
3):S490-S495. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301942
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4035878/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4035878</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24754656" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24754656</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301942" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>338.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.338">Humphrey
|
|
LL, Ballard
|
|
DJ, Frohnert
|
|
PP, Chu
|
|
CP, O’Fallon
|
|
WM, Palumbo
|
|
PJ. Chronic
|
|
renal failure in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A
|
|
population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota.
|
|
Ann Intern Med.
|
|
1989;111(10):788-796.
|
|
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-111-10-788
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2817626" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2817626</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.7326/0003-4819-111-10-788" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>339.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.339">Hasslacher
|
|
C, Ritz
|
|
E, Wahl
|
|
P, Michael
|
|
C. Similar
|
|
risks of nephropathy in patients with type I or type II diabetes
|
|
mellitus.
|
|
Nephrol Dial Transplant.
|
|
1989;4(10):859-863.
|
|
doi:10.1093/ndt/4.10.859
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2515489" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2515489</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/ndt/4.10.859" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>340.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.340">Pugh
|
|
JA, Medina
|
|
R, Ramirez
|
|
M.
|
|
Comparison of the course to end-stage renal disease
|
|
of type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent)
|
|
diabetic nephropathy.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1993;36(10):1094-1098.
|
|
doi:10.1007/BF02374504
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8243860" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8243860</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF02374504" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>341.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.341">Piani
|
|
F, Melena
|
|
I, Tommerdahl
|
|
KL, et al.
|
|
Sex-related differences in diabetic kidney disease: a
|
|
review on the mechanisms and potential therapeutic
|
|
implications.
|
|
J Diabetes Complications.
|
|
2021;35(4):107841.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107841
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8007279/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8007279</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33423908" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33423908</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107841" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>342.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.342">Norris
|
|
K, Nissenson
|
|
AR. Race,
|
|
gender, and socioeconomic disparities in CKD in the United
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|
States.
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J Am Soc Nephrol.
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2008;19(7):1261-1270.
|
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doi:10.1681/ASN.2008030276
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18525000" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18525000</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2008030276" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>343.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.343">Barbour
|
|
SJ, Schachter
|
|
M, Er
|
|
L, Djurdjev
|
|
O, Levin
|
|
A. A
|
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systematic review of ethnic differences in the rate of renal
|
|
progression in CKD patients.
|
|
Nephrol Dial Transplant.
|
|
2010;25(8):2422-2430.
|
|
doi:10.1093/ndt/gfq283
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20519230" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20519230</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/ndt/gfq283" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>344.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.344">Ward
|
|
MM.
|
|
Socioeconomic status and the incidence of
|
|
ESRD.
|
|
Am J Kidney Dis.
|
|
2008;51(4):563-572.
|
|
doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.11.023
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18371532" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18371532</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.11.023" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>345.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.345">Corwin
|
|
TR, Ozieh
|
|
MN, Garacci
|
|
E, Palatnik
|
|
A, Egede
|
|
LE. The
|
|
relationship between financial hardship and incident diabetic kidney
|
|
disease in older US adults—a longitudinal
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|
study.
|
|
BMC Nephrol.
|
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2021;22(1):167.
|
|
doi:10.1186/s12882-021-02373-3
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8101204/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8101204</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33952186" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33952186</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1186/s12882-021-02373-3" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>346.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.346">Norris KC. Socioeconomic and racial
|
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disparities related to chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. In:
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|
<em>Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2
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|
Diabetes</em>. eBook. American Diabetes Association; 2021.
|
|
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34279874" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.ncbi.nlm<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nih.gov/pubmed/34279874</a> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34279874" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34279874</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>347.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.347">Hirsch
|
|
AG, Nordberg
|
|
CM, Chang
|
|
A, et al.
|
|
Association of community socioeconomic deprivation with
|
|
evidence of reduced kidney function at time of type 2 diabetes
|
|
diagnosis.
|
|
SSM Popul Health.
|
|
2021;15:100876.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100876
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8327153/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8327153</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34377762" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34377762</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100876" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>348.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.348">Rasking
|
|
L, Vanbrabant
|
|
K, Bové
|
|
H, et al.
|
|
Adverse effects of fine particulate matter on human
|
|
kidney functioning: a systematic review.
|
|
Environ Health.
|
|
2022;21(1):24.
|
|
doi:10.1186/s12940-021-00827-7
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8822715/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8822715</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35135544" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35135544</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00827-7" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>349.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.349">Duru
|
|
OK, Middleton
|
|
T, Tewari
|
|
MK, Norris
|
|
K. The
|
|
landscape of diabetic kidney disease in the United
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|
States.
|
|
Curr Diab Rep.
|
|
2018;18(3):14.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s11892-018-0980-x
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|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5817078/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5817078</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29457196" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29457196</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s11892-018-0980-x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>350.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.350">Painter
|
|
RC, Osmond
|
|
C, Gluckman
|
|
P, Hanson
|
|
M, Phillips
|
|
DI, Roseboom
|
|
TJ.
|
|
Transgenerational effects of prenatal exposure to the
|
|
Dutch famine on neonatal adiposity and health in later
|
|
life.
|
|
BJOG.
|
|
2008;115(10):1243-1249.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01822.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18715409" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18715409</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01822.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>351.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.351">Klein
|
|
R, Klein
|
|
BE, Moss
|
|
SE.
|
|
Prevalence of microalbuminuria in older-onset
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
1993;16(10):1325-1330.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.16.10.1325
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8269789" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8269789</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.16.10.1325" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>352.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.352">Coonrod
|
|
BA, Ellis
|
|
D, Becker
|
|
DJ, et al.
|
|
Predictors of microalbuminuria in individuals with IDDM.
|
|
Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications
|
|
Study.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
1993;16(10):1376-1383.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.16.10.1376
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8269796" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8269796</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.16.10.1376" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>353.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.353">Hasslacher
|
|
C, Stech
|
|
W, Wahl
|
|
P, Ritz
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|
E. Blood
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pressure and metabolic control as risk factors for nephropathy in
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|
type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes.
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Diabetologia.
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1985;28(1):6-11.
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doi:10.1007/BF00276992
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3979689" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3979689</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00276992" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>354.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.354">Nelson
|
|
RG, Knowler
|
|
WC, Pettitt
|
|
DJ, Hanson
|
|
RL, Bennett
|
|
PH.
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Incidence and determinants of elevated urinary
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|
albumin excretion in Pima Indians with NIDDM.
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Diabetes Care.
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1995;18(2):182-187.
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doi:10.2337/diacare.18.2.182
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7729295" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7729295</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.18.2.182" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>355.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.355">Cooper
|
|
ME, Frauman
|
|
A, O’Brien
|
|
RC, Seeman
|
|
E, Murray
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RM, Jerums
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G.
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Progression of proteinuria in type 1 and type 2
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diabetes.
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Diabet Med.
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1988;5(4):361-368.
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doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1988.tb01006.x
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2968887" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2968887</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.1988.tb01006.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>356.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.356">Fabre
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|
J, Balant
|
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LP, Dayer
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PG, Fox
|
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HM, Vernet
|
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AT. The
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kidney in maturity onset diabetes mellitus: a clinical study of 510
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patients.
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Kidney Int.
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1982;21(5):730-738.
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doi:10.1038/ki.1982.90
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7109459" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7109459</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1982.90" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>357.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.357">Niskanen
|
|
L, Voutilainen
|
|
R, Teräsvirta
|
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M, et al.
|
|
A prospective study of clinical and metabolic associates
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of proteinuria in patients with type 2 diabetes
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|
mellitus.
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|
Diabet Med.
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1993;10(6):543-549.
|
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doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1993.tb00118.x
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8365091" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8365091</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.1993.tb00118.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>358.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.358">Larkins
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RG, Dunlop
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ME. The link
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between hyperglycaemia and diabetic nephropathy.
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Diabetologia.
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1992;35(6):499-504.
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doi:10.1007/BF00400475
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1612221" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1612221</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00400475" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>359.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.359">Mauer
|
|
SM, Goetz
|
|
FC, McHugh
|
|
LE, et al.
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|
Long-term study of normal kidneys transplanted into
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|
patients with type I diabetes.
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|
Diabetes.
|
|
1989;38(4):516-523.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diab.38.4.516
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2647558" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2647558</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diab.38.4.516" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>360.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.360">Scott
|
|
LJ, Warram
|
|
JH, Hanna
|
|
LS, Laffel
|
|
LM, Ryan
|
|
L, Krolewski
|
|
AS. A
|
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nonlinear effect of hyperglycemia and current cigarette smoking are
|
|
major determinants of the onset of microalbuminuria in type 1
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
2001;50(12):2842-2849.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.12.2842
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11723069" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11723069</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diabetes.50.12.2842" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>361.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.361">Romero
|
|
P, Salvat
|
|
M, Fernández
|
|
J, Baget
|
|
M, Martinez
|
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I. Renal and
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retinal microangiopathy after 15 years of follow-up study in a
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sample of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients.
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2007;21(2):93-100.
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doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2006.04.001
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17331857" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17331857</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2006.04.001" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>362.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.362">Selvin
|
|
E, Francis
|
|
LM, Ballantyne
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|
CM, et al.
|
|
Nontraditional markers of glycemia: associations with
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|
microvascular conditions.
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|
Diabetes Care.
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|
2011;34(4):960-967.
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|
doi:10.2337/dc10-1945
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3064058/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3064058</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21335368" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21335368</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc10-1945" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>363.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.363">Fioretto
|
|
P, Bruseghin
|
|
M, Berto
|
|
I, Gallina
|
|
P, Manzato
|
|
E, Mussap
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M. Renal
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protection in diabetes: role of glycemic control.
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J Am Soc Nephrol.
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|
2006;17(4
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Suppl 2):S86-S89.
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doi:10.1681/ASN.2005121343
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16565255" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16565255</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2005121343" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>364.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.364">Keane
|
|
WF, Brenner
|
|
BM, de Zeeuw
|
|
D, et al.
|
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The risk of developing end-stage renal disease in
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patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy: the RENAAL
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study.
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Kidney Int.
|
|
2003;63(4):1499-1507.
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doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00885.x
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12631367" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12631367</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00885.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>365.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.365">Wiseman
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|
MJ, Saunders
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AJ, Keen
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H, Viberti
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G. Effect of
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kidney size in insulin-dependent diabetes.
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N Engl J Med.
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1985;312(10):617-621.
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doi:10.1056/NEJM198503073121004
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3883162" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3883162</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM198503073121004" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>366.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.366">Christiansen
|
|
JS, Frandsen
|
|
M, Parving
|
|
HH. Effects
|
|
of intravenous glucose infusion on renal function in normal man and
|
|
in insulin-dependent diabetics.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1981;21(4):368-373.
|
|
doi:10.1007/BF00252683
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7286497" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7286497</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00252683" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>367.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.367">Helal
|
|
I, Fick-Brosnahan
|
|
GM, Reed-Gitomer
|
|
B, Schrier
|
|
RW.
|
|
Glomerular hyperfiltration: definitions, mechanisms
|
|
and clinical implications.
|
|
Nat Rev Nephrol.
|
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2012;8(5):293-300.
|
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doi:10.1038/nrneph.2012.19
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22349487" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22349487</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/nrneph.2012.19" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>368.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.368">Steffes
|
|
MW, Sutherland
|
|
DE, Goetz
|
|
FC, Rich
|
|
SS, Mauer
|
|
SM. Studies
|
|
of kidney and muscle biopsy specimens from identical twins
|
|
discordant for type I diabetes mellitus.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
1985;312(20):1282-1287.
|
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doi:10.1056/NEJM198505163122003
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4039409" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 4039409</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM198505163122003" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>369.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.369">Fioretto
|
|
P, Mauer
|
|
M. Reversal
|
|
of diabetic nephropathy: lessons from pancreas
|
|
transplantation.
|
|
J Nephrol.
|
|
2012;25(1):13-18.
|
|
doi:10.5301/jn.5000061
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22241641" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22241641</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.5301/jn.5000061" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>370.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.370">Mathiesen
|
|
ER, Rønn
|
|
B, Jensen
|
|
T, Storm
|
|
B, Deckert
|
|
T.
|
|
Relationship between blood pressure and urinary
|
|
albumin excretion in development of
|
|
microalbuminuria.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
1990;39(2):245-249.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diab.39.2.245
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2227133" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2227133</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diab.39.2.245" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>371.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.371">Raal
|
|
FJ, Kalk
|
|
WJ, Taylor
|
|
DR, Osler
|
|
CE, Panz
|
|
VR. The
|
|
relationship between the development and progression of
|
|
microalbuminuria and arterial blood pressure in type 1
|
|
(insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
|
|
1992;16(3):221-227.
|
|
doi:10.1016/0168-8227(92)90121-7
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1425143" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1425143</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/0168-8227(92)90121-7" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>372.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.372">Steinke
|
|
JM. The
|
|
natural progression of kidney injury in young type 1 diabetic
|
|
patients.
|
|
Curr Diab Rep.
|
|
2009;9(6):473-479.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s11892-009-0077-7
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19954694" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19954694</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s11892-009-0077-7" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>373.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.373">Schultz
|
|
CJ, Neil
|
|
HA, Dalton
|
|
RN, Konopelska Bahu
|
|
T, Dunger
|
|
DB. Blood
|
|
pressure does not rise before the onset of microalbuminuria in
|
|
children followed from diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Oxford Regional
|
|
Prospective Study Group.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2001;24(3):555-560.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.24.3.555
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11289484" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11289484</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.24.3.555" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>374.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.374">Viberti
|
|
GC, Keen
|
|
H, Wiseman
|
|
MJ. Raised
|
|
arterial pressure in parents of proteinuric insulin dependent
|
|
diabetics.
|
|
Br Med J (Clin Res Ed).
|
|
1987;295(6597):515-517.
|
|
doi:10.1136/bmj.295.6597.515 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1247425/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1247425</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3117203" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3117203</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1136/bmj.295.6597.515" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>375.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.375">Barzilay
|
|
J, Warram
|
|
JH, Bak
|
|
M, Laffel
|
|
LM, Canessa
|
|
M, Krolewski
|
|
AS.
|
|
Predisposition to hypertension: risk factor for
|
|
nephropathy and hypertension in IDDM.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1992;41(4):723-730.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.1992.113
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1513093" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1513093</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1992.113" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>376.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.376">Lurbe
|
|
E, Redon
|
|
J, Kesani
|
|
A, et al.
|
|
Increase in nocturnal blood pressure and progression to
|
|
microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2002;347(11):797-805.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013410
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12226150" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12226150</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa013410" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>377.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.377">Sun
|
|
D, Wang
|
|
J, Shao
|
|
W, et al.
|
|
Pathogenesis and damage targets of hypertensive kidney
|
|
injury.
|
|
J Transl Int Med.
|
|
2020;8(4):205-209.
|
|
doi:10.2478/jtim-2020-0033
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7805285/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7805285</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33511047" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33511047</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2478/jtim-2020-0033" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>378.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.378">Nelson
|
|
RG, Pettitt
|
|
DJ, de Courten
|
|
MP, Hanson
|
|
RL, Knowler
|
|
WC, Bennett
|
|
PH. Parental
|
|
hypertension and proteinuria in Pima Indians with
|
|
NIDDM.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1996;39(4):433-438.
|
|
doi:10.1007/BF00400674
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8777992" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8777992</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00400674" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>379.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.379">Nelson
|
|
RG, Pettitt
|
|
DJ, Baird
|
|
HR, et al.
|
|
Pre-diabetic blood pressure predicts urinary albumin
|
|
excretion after the onset of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes
|
|
mellitus in Pima Indians.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1993;36(10):998-1001.
|
|
doi:10.1007/BF02374490
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8243885" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8243885</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF02374490" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>380.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.380">Canessa
|
|
M, Adragna
|
|
N, Solomon
|
|
HS, Connolly
|
|
TM, Tosteson
|
|
DC.
|
|
Increased sodium-lithium countertransport in red
|
|
cells of patients with essential hypertension.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
1980;302(14):772-776.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJM198004033021403
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7354809" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7354809</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM198004033021403" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>381.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.381">Woods
|
|
JW, Falk
|
|
RJ, Pittman
|
|
AW, Klemmer
|
|
PJ, Watson
|
|
BS, Namboodiri
|
|
K. Increased
|
|
red-cell sodium-lithium countertransport in normotensive sons of
|
|
hypertensive parents.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
1982;306(10):593-595.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJM198203113061007
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6949036" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6949036</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM198203113061007" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>382.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.382">Clegg
|
|
G, Morgan
|
|
DB, Davidson
|
|
C. The
|
|
heterogeneity of essential hypertension. Relation between lithium
|
|
efflux and sodium content of erythrocytes and a family history of
|
|
hypertension.
|
|
Lancet.
|
|
1982;2(8304):891-894.
|
|
doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(82)90864-9
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6126750" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6126750</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(82)90864-9" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>383.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.383">Cooper
|
|
R, LeGrady
|
|
D, Nanas
|
|
S, et al.
|
|
Increased sodium-lithium countertransport in college
|
|
students with elevated blood pressure.
|
|
JAMA.
|
|
1983;249(8):1030-1034.
|
|
doi:10.1001/jama.1983.03330320028026
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6823057" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6823057</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/jama.1983.03330320028026" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>384.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.384">Zerbini
|
|
G, Gabellini
|
|
D, Ruggieri
|
|
D, Maestroni
|
|
A. Increased
|
|
sodium-lithium countertransport activity: a cellular dysfunction
|
|
common to essential hypertension and diabetic
|
|
nephropathy.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2004;15(Suppl
|
|
1):S81-S84. doi:10.1097/01.asn.0000093371.65105.8f
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14684679" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14684679</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1097/01.asn.0000093371.65105.8f" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>385.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.385">Mangili
|
|
R, Bending
|
|
JJ, Scott
|
|
G, Li
|
|
LK, Gupta
|
|
A, Viberti
|
|
G. Increased
|
|
sodium-lithium countertransport activity in red cells of patients
|
|
with insulin-dependent diabetes and nephropathy.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
1988;318(3):146-150.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJM198801213180304
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3336402" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3336402</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM198801213180304" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>386.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.386">Jones
|
|
SL, Trevisan
|
|
R, Tariq
|
|
T, et al.
|
|
Sodium-lithium countertransport in microalbuminuric
|
|
insulin-dependent diabetic patients.
|
|
Hypertension.
|
|
1990;15(6 Pt
|
|
1):570-575. doi:10.1161/01.hyp.15.6.570
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2347619" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2347619</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1161/01.hyp.15.6.570" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>387.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.387">Jensen
|
|
JS, Mathiesen
|
|
ER, Nørgaard
|
|
K, et al.
|
|
Increased blood pressure and erythrocyte sodium/lithium
|
|
countertransport activity are not inherited in diabetic
|
|
nephropathy.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1990;33(10):619-624.
|
|
doi:10.1007/BF00400206
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2257999" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2257999</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00400206" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>388.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.388">Carr
|
|
S, Mbanya
|
|
JC, Thomas
|
|
T, et al.
|
|
Increase in glomerular filtration rate in patients with
|
|
insulin-dependent diabetes and elevated erythrocyte sodium-lithium
|
|
countertransport.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
1990;322(8):500-505.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJM199002223220803
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2300121" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2300121</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM199002223220803" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>389.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.389">Lopes de Faria
|
|
JM, Silveira
|
|
LA, Morgano
|
|
M, Pavin
|
|
EJ, Lopes de Faria
|
|
JB.
|
|
Erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport and
|
|
proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
|
|
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.
|
|
2000;41(6):1482-1485.
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798666" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10798666</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>390.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.390">Elving
|
|
LD, Wetzels
|
|
JF, de Nobel
|
|
E, Berden
|
|
JH.
|
|
Erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport is not
|
|
different in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with and
|
|
without diabetic nephropathy.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1991;34(2):126-128.
|
|
doi:10.1007/BF00500384
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2065847" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2065847</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00500384" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>391.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.391">Gall
|
|
MA, Rossing
|
|
P, Jensen
|
|
JS, Funder
|
|
J, Parving
|
|
HH. Red cell
|
|
Na+/Li+ countertransport in non-insulin-dependent diabetics with
|
|
diabetic nephropathy.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1991;39(1):135-140.
|
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doi:10.1038/ki.1991.17
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2002627" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2002627</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1991.17" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>392.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.392">Giordano
|
|
M, Castellino
|
|
P, Solini
|
|
A, Canessa
|
|
ML, DeFronzo
|
|
RA. Na+/Li+
|
|
and Na+/H+ countertransport activity in hypertensive
|
|
non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients: role of insulin resistance
|
|
and antihypertensive treatment.
|
|
Metabolism.
|
|
1997;46(11):1316-1323.
|
|
doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(97)90237-7
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9361692" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9361692</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0026-0495(97)90237-7" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>393.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.393">Fujita
|
|
J, Tsuda
|
|
K, Seno
|
|
M, Obayashi
|
|
H, Fukui
|
|
I, Seino
|
|
Y.
|
|
Erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport activity
|
|
as a marker of predisposition to hypertension and diabetic
|
|
nephropathy in NIDDM.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
1994;17(9):977-982.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.17.9.977
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7988318" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7988318</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.17.9.977" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>394.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.394">Herman
|
|
WH, Prior
|
|
DE, Yassine
|
|
MD, Weder
|
|
AB.
|
|
Nephropathy in NIDDM is associated with cellular
|
|
markers for hypertension.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
1993;16(5):815-818.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.16.5.815
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8388330" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8388330</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.16.5.815" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>395.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.395">Völzke
|
|
H, Gruska
|
|
S, Vogelgesang
|
|
D, Kerner
|
|
W, Kraatz
|
|
G, Rettig
|
|
R.
|
|
Intracellular calcium and sodium-lithium
|
|
countertransport in type 2 diabetic patients with and without
|
|
albuminuria.
|
|
Endocr J.
|
|
2006;53(6):773-781.
|
|
doi:10.1507/endocrj.k06-065
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16983181" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16983181</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1507/endocrj.k06-065" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>396.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.396">Van Norren
|
|
K, Thien
|
|
T, Berden
|
|
JH, Elving
|
|
LD, De Pont
|
|
JJ.
|
|
Relevance of erythrocyte Na+/Li+ countertransport
|
|
measurement in essential hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and diabetic
|
|
nephropathy: a critical review.
|
|
Eur J Clin Invest.
|
|
1998;28(5):339-352.
|
|
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.1998.00302.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9650006" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9650006</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1046/j.1365-2362.1998.00302.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>397.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.397">Diamond
|
|
JR, Karnovsky
|
|
MJ. Focal
|
|
and segmental glomerulosclerosis: analogies to
|
|
atherosclerosis.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1988;33(5):917-924.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.1988.87
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3292816" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3292816</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1988.87" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>398.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.398">Moorhead
|
|
JF, Chan
|
|
MK, El-Nahas
|
|
M, Varghese
|
|
Z. Lipid
|
|
nephrotoxicity in chronic progressive glomerular and
|
|
tubulo-interstitial disease.
|
|
Lancet.
|
|
1982;2(8311):1309-1311.
|
|
doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(82)91513-6
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6128601" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6128601</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(82)91513-6" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>399.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.399">Cases
|
|
A, Coll
|
|
E.
|
|
Dyslipidemia and the progression of renal disease in
|
|
chronic renal failure patients.
|
|
Kidney Int Suppl.
|
|
2005;68(99):S87-S93.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.09916.x [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16336584" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16336584</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.09916.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>400.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.400">Marcovecchio
|
|
ML, Dalton
|
|
RN, Prevost
|
|
AT, et al.
|
|
Prevalence of abnormal lipid profiles and the
|
|
relationship with the development of microalbuminuria in adolescents
|
|
with type 1 diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2009;32(4):658-663.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc08-1641
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2660471/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2660471</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19171721" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19171721</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc08-1641" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>401.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.401">Ku
|
|
E, Campese
|
|
V. Is lipid
|
|
management effective for all stages of CKD?
|
|
Blood Purif.
|
|
2013;35(1-3):26-30.
|
|
doi:10.1159/000345932 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23343543" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23343543</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1159/000345932" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>402.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.402">Jenkins
|
|
AJ, Lyons
|
|
TJ, Zheng
|
|
D, et al.
|
|
Lipoproteins in the DCCT/EDIC cohort: associations with
|
|
diabetic nephropathy.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2003;64(3):817-828.
|
|
doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00164.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12911531" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12911531</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00164.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>403.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.403">Kwan
|
|
BC, Kronenberg
|
|
F, Beddhu
|
|
S, Cheung
|
|
AK.
|
|
Lipoprotein metabolism and lipid management in
|
|
chronic kidney disease.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2007;18(4):1246-1261.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2006091006
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17360943" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17360943</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2006091006" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>404.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.404">Krentz
|
|
AJ.
|
|
Lipoprotein abnormalities and their consequences for
|
|
patients with type 2 diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes Obes Metab.
|
|
2003;5(Suppl
|
|
1):S19-S27. doi:10.1046/j.1462-8902.2003.0310.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14984018" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14984018</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1046/j.1462-8902.2003.0310.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>405.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.405">Thomas
|
|
MC, Rosengård-Bärlund
|
|
M, Mills
|
|
V, et al.
|
|
Serum lipids and the progression of nephropathy in type 1
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2006;29(2):317-322.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-0809
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16443880" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16443880</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-0809" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>406.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.406">Thorn
|
|
LM, Forsblom
|
|
C, Fagerudd
|
|
J, et al.
|
|
Metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes: association with
|
|
diabetic nephropathy and glycemic control (the FinnDiane
|
|
study).
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2005;28(8):2019-2024.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.28.8.2019
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16043748" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16043748</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.28.8.2019" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>407.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.407">Kamanna
|
|
VS. Low
|
|
density lipoproteins and mitogenic signal transduction processes:
|
|
role in the pathogenesis of renal disease.
|
|
Histol Histopathol.
|
|
2002;17(2):497-505.
|
|
doi:10.14670/HH-17.497
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11962755" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11962755</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.14670/HH-17.497" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>408.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.408">Sibley
|
|
SD, Hokanson
|
|
JE, Steffes
|
|
MW, et al.
|
|
Increased small dense LDL and intermediate-density
|
|
lipoprotein with albuminuria in type 1 diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
1999;22(7):1165-1170.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.22.7.1165
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2635089/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2635089</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10388983" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10388983</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.22.7.1165" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>409.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.409">Retnakaran
|
|
R, Cull
|
|
CA, Thorne
|
|
KI, Adler
|
|
AI, Holman
|
|
RR, UKPDS Study
|
|
Group. Risk factors for renal dysfunction in
|
|
type 2 diabetes: U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study 74.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
2006;55(6):1832-1839.
|
|
doi:10.2337/db05-1620
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16731850" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16731850</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/db05-1620" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>410.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.410">Tershakovec
|
|
AM, Keane
|
|
WF, Zhang
|
|
Z, et al.
|
|
Effect of LDL cholesterol and treatment with losartan on
|
|
end-stage renal disease in the RENAAL study.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2008;31(3):445-447.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc07-0196
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18070995" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18070995</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc07-0196" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>411.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.411">Colhoun
|
|
HM, Lee
|
|
ET, Bennett
|
|
PH, et al.
|
|
Risk factors for renal failure: the WHO Multinational
|
|
Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetes.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
2001;44(Suppl
|
|
2):S46-S53. doi:10.1007/pl00002939
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11587050" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11587050</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/pl00002939" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>412.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.412">Rossi
|
|
MC, Nicolucci
|
|
A, Pellegrini
|
|
F, et al.
|
|
Identifying patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of
|
|
microalbuminuria: results of the DEMAND (Developing Education on
|
|
Microalbuminuria for Awareness of reNal and cardiovascular risk in
|
|
Diabetes) Study.
|
|
Nephrol Dial Transplant.
|
|
2008;23(4):1278-1284.
|
|
doi:10.1093/ndt/gfm798
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18039647" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18039647</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/ndt/gfm798" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>413.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.413">Smulders
|
|
YM, Rakic
|
|
M, Stehouwer
|
|
CD, Weijers
|
|
RN, Slaats
|
|
EH, Silberbusch
|
|
J.
|
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Determinants of progression of microalbuminuria in
|
|
patients with NIDDM. A prospective study.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
1997;20(6):999-1005.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.20.6.999
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9167114" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9167114</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.20.6.999" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>414.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.414">Fagot-Campagna
|
|
A, Nelson
|
|
RG, Knowler
|
|
WC, et al.
|
|
Plasma lipoproteins and the incidence of abnormal
|
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excretion of albumin in diabetic American Indians: the Strong Heart
|
|
Study.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1998;41(9):1002-1009.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s001250051023
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9754817" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9754817</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s001250051023" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>415.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.415">Cooper
|
|
ME, Jandeleit-Dahm
|
|
KA. Lipids
|
|
and diabetic renal disease.
|
|
Curr Diab Rep.
|
|
2005;5(6):445-448.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s11892-005-0053-9
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16316596" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16316596</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s11892-005-0053-9" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>416.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.416">Gyebi
|
|
L, Soltani
|
|
Z, Reisin
|
|
E.
|
|
Lipid nephrotoxicity: new concept for an old
|
|
disease.
|
|
Curr Hypertens Rep.
|
|
2012;14(2):177-181.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s11906-012-0250-2
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22290079" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22290079</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s11906-012-0250-2" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>417.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.417">Attia
|
|
DM, Feron
|
|
O, Goldschmeding
|
|
R, et al.
|
|
Hypercholesterolemia in rats induces podocyte stress and
|
|
decreases renal cortical nitric oxide synthesis via an angiotensin
|
|
II type 1 receptor-sensitive mechanism.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2004;15(4):949-957.
|
|
doi:10.1097/01.asn.0000118528.00817.8e
|
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15034097" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15034097</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1097/01.asn.0000118528.00817.8e" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>418.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.418">Attia
|
|
DM, Ni
|
|
ZN, Boer
|
|
P, et al.
|
|
Proteinuria is preceded by decreased nitric oxide
|
|
synthesis and prevented by a NO donor in cholesterol-fed
|
|
rats.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2002;61(5):1776-1787.
|
|
doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00313.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11967027" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11967027</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00313.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>419.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.419">Chade
|
|
AR, Zhu
|
|
XY, Grande
|
|
JP, Krier
|
|
JD, Lerman
|
|
A, Lerman
|
|
LO.
|
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Simvastatin abates development of renal fibrosis in
|
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experimental renovascular disease.
|
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J Hypertens.
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2008;26(8):1651-1660.
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doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328302833a
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18622245" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18622245</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328302833a" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>420.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.420">Feron
|
|
O, Dessy
|
|
C, Moniotte
|
|
S, Desager
|
|
JP, Balligand
|
|
JL.
|
|
Hypercholesterolemia decreases nitric oxide
|
|
production by promoting the interaction of caveolin and endothelial
|
|
nitric oxide synthase.
|
|
J Clin Invest.
|
|
1999;103(6):897-905.
|
|
doi:10.1172/JCI4829
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|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC408139/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC408139</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10079111" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10079111</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1172/JCI4829" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>421.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.421">Romero
|
|
JC, Reckelhoff
|
|
JF.
|
|
State-of-the-art lecture. Role of angiotensin and
|
|
oxidative stress in essential hypertension.
|
|
Hypertension.
|
|
1999;34(4 Pt
|
|
2):943-949. doi:10.1161/01.hyp.34.4.943
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10523389" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10523389</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1161/01.hyp.34.4.943" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>422.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.422">Kopkan
|
|
L, Khan
|
|
MAH, Lis
|
|
A, Awayda
|
|
MS, Majid
|
|
DS.
|
|
Cholesterol induces renal vasoconstriction and
|
|
anti-natriuresis by inhibiting nitric oxide production in
|
|
anesthetized rats.
|
|
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.
|
|
2009;297(6):F1606-F1613.
|
|
doi:10.1152/ajprenal.90743.2008
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2801331/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2801331</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19776170" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19776170</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajprenal.90743.2008" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>423.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.423">Nosadini
|
|
R, Tonolo
|
|
G. Role of
|
|
oxidized low density lipoproteins and free fatty acids in the
|
|
pathogenesis of glomerulopathy and tubulointerstitial lesions in
|
|
type 2 diabetes.
|
|
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.
|
|
2011;21(2):79-85.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2010.10.002
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21186102" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21186102</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2010.10.002" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>424.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.424">Tang
|
|
C, Kanter
|
|
JE, Bornfeldt
|
|
KE, Leboeuf
|
|
RC, Oram
|
|
JF. Diabetes
|
|
reduces the cholesterol exporter ABCA1 in mouse macrophages and
|
|
kidneys.
|
|
J Lipid Res.
|
|
2010;51(7):1719-1728.
|
|
doi:10.1194/jlr.M003525
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2882721/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2882721</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19965614" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19965614</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1194/jlr.M003525" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>425.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.425">Proctor
|
|
G, Jiang
|
|
T, Iwahashi
|
|
M, Wang
|
|
Z, Li
|
|
J, Levi
|
|
M.
|
|
Regulation of renal fatty acid and cholesterol
|
|
metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis in Akita and OVE26 mice with
|
|
type 1 diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
2006;55(9):2502-2509.
|
|
doi:10.2337/db05-0603
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16936198" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16936198</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/db05-0603" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>426.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.426">Merscher-Gomez
|
|
S, Guzman
|
|
J, Pedigo
|
|
CE, et al.
|
|
Cyclodextrin protects podocytes in diabetic kidney
|
|
disease.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
2013;62(11):3817-3827.
|
|
doi:10.2337/db13-0399
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3806621/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3806621</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23835338" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23835338</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/db13-0399" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>427.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.427">Herman-Edelstein
|
|
M, Scherzer
|
|
P, Tobar
|
|
A, Levi
|
|
M, Gafter
|
|
U. Altered
|
|
renal lipid metabolism and renal lipid accumulation in human
|
|
diabetic nephropathy.
|
|
J Lipid Res.
|
|
2014;55(3):561-572.
|
|
doi:10.1194/jlr.P040501
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3934740/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3934740</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24371263" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24371263</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1194/jlr.P040501" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>428.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.428">Mittendorfer
|
|
B, Klein
|
|
S, Fontana
|
|
L.
|
|
A word of caution against excessive protein
|
|
intake.
|
|
Nat Rev Endocrinol.
|
|
2020;16(1):59-66.
|
|
doi:10.1038/s41574-019-0274-7
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31728051" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31728051</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0274-7" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>429.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.429">van Nielen
|
|
M, Feskens
|
|
EJ, Mensink
|
|
M, et al.
|
|
Dietary protein intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes
|
|
in Europe: the EPIC-InterAct Case-Cohort Study.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2014;37(7):1854-1862.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc13-2627
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24722499" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24722499</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc13-2627" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>430.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.430">Hoogeveen
|
|
EK, Kostense
|
|
PJ, Jager
|
|
A, et al.
|
|
Serum homocysteine level and protein intake are related
|
|
to risk of microalbuminuria: the Hoorn Study.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1998;54(1):203-209.
|
|
doi:10.1038/sj.ki.4495353
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9648080" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9648080</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/sj.ki.4495353" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>431.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.431">Farr
|
|
LE, Smadel
|
|
JE. The
|
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effect of dietary protein on the course of nephrotoxic nephritis in
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|
rats.
|
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J Exp Med.
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1939;70(6):615-627.
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doi:10.1084/jem.70.6.615
|
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2133771/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2133771</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19870934" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19870934</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1084/jem.70.6.615" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>432.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.432">Friend
|
|
PS, Fernandes
|
|
G, Good
|
|
RA, Michael
|
|
AF, Yunis
|
|
EJ. Dietary
|
|
restrictions early and late: effects on the nephropathy of the NZB X
|
|
NZW mouse.
|
|
Lab Invest.
|
|
1978;38(6):629-632.
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/96299" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 96299</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>433.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.433">Hostetter
|
|
TH, Olson
|
|
JL, Rennke
|
|
HG, Venkatachalam
|
|
MA, Brenner
|
|
BM.
|
|
Hyperfiltration in remnant nephrons: a potentially
|
|
adverse response to renal ablation.
|
|
Am J Physiol.
|
|
1981;241(1):F85-F93.
|
|
doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1981.241.1.F85
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7246778" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7246778</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1981.241.1.F85" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>434.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.434">Hostetter
|
|
TH, Meyer
|
|
TW, Rennke
|
|
HG, Brenner
|
|
BM. Chronic
|
|
effects of dietary protein in the rat with intact and reduced renal
|
|
mass.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1986;30(4):509-517.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.1986.215
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3784291" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3784291</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1986.215" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>435.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.435">Zatz
|
|
R, Meyer
|
|
TW, Rennke
|
|
HG, Brenner
|
|
BM.
|
|
Predominance of hemodynamic rather than metabolic
|
|
factors in the pathogenesis of diabetic
|
|
glomerulopathy.
|
|
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
|
|
1985;82(17):5963-5967.
|
|
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.17.5963
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC390674/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC390674</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3862110" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3862110</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1073/pnas.82.17.5963" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>436.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.436">Meek
|
|
RL, LeBoeuf
|
|
RC, Saha
|
|
SA, et al.
|
|
Glomerular cell death and inflammation with high-protein
|
|
diet and diabetes.
|
|
Nephrol Dial Transplant.
|
|
2013;28(7):1711-1720.
|
|
doi:10.1093/ndt/gfs579
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3707525/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3707525</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23314315" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23314315</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/ndt/gfs579" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>437.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.437">Tuttle
|
|
KR, Bruton
|
|
JL, Perusek
|
|
MC, Lancaster
|
|
JL, Kopp
|
|
DT, DeFronzo
|
|
RA. Effect
|
|
of strict glycemic control on renal hemodynamic response to amino
|
|
acids and renal enlargement in insulin-dependent diabetes
|
|
mellitus.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
1991;324(23):1626-1632.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJM199106063242304
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2030719" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2030719</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM199106063242304" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>438.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.438">Tuttle
|
|
KR, Bruton
|
|
JL. Effect
|
|
of insulin therapy on renal hemodynamic response to amino acids and
|
|
renal hypertrophy in non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1992;42(1):167-173.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.1992.274
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1635346" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1635346</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1992.274" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>439.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.439">Uribarri
|
|
J, Tuttle
|
|
KR. Advanced
|
|
glycation end products and nephrotoxicity of high-protein
|
|
diets.
|
|
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2006;1(6):1293-1299.
|
|
doi:10.2215/CJN.01270406
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17699361" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17699361</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2215/CJN.01270406" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>440.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.440">Banerjee
|
|
T, Crews
|
|
DC, Wesson
|
|
DE, et al.
|
|
Dietary acid load and chronic kidney disease among adults
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|
in the United States.
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|
BMC Nephrol.
|
|
2014;15:137. doi:10.1186/1471-2369-15-137
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4151375/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4151375</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25151260" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25151260</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1186/1471-2369-15-137" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>441.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.441">Shah
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|
SN, Abramowitz
|
|
M, Hostetter
|
|
TH, Melamed
|
|
ML. Serum
|
|
bicarbonate levels and the progression of kidney disease: a cohort
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|
study.
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Am J Kidney Dis.
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|
2009;54(2):270-277.
|
|
doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.02.014
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4354889/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4354889</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19394734" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19394734</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.02.014" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>442.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.442">Banerjee
|
|
T, McCulloch
|
|
CE, Crews
|
|
DC, et al.
|
|
Proinflammatory diets and risk of ESKD in US adults with
|
|
CKD.
|
|
Kidney360.
|
|
2022;3(11):1852-1860.
|
|
doi:10.34067/KID.0000442022
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9717620/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9717620</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36514411" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36514411</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.34067/KID.0000442022" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>443.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.443">Whaley-Connell
|
|
AT, Sowers
|
|
JR, Stevens
|
|
LA, et al.
|
|
CKD in the United States: Kidney Early Evaluation Program
|
|
(KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
|
|
1999–2004.
|
|
Am J Kidney Dis.
|
|
2008;51(4
|
|
Suppl 2):S13-S20.
|
|
doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.016
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18359403" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18359403</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.016" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>444.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.444">Rudberg
|
|
S, Stattin
|
|
EL, Dahlquist
|
|
G. Familial
|
|
and perinatal risk factors for micro- and macroalbuminuria in young
|
|
IDDM patients.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
1998;47(7):1121-1126.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diabetes.47.7.1121
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9648837" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9648837</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diabetes.47.7.1121" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>445.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.445">Chase
|
|
HP, Garg
|
|
SK, Marshall
|
|
G, et al.
|
|
Cigarette smoking increases the risk of albuminuria among
|
|
subjects with type I diabetes.
|
|
JAMA.
|
|
1991;265(5):614-617.
|
|
doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03460050068022
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1987411" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1987411</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/jama.1991.03460050068022" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>446.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.446">Mühlhauser
|
|
I, Sawicki
|
|
P, Berger
|
|
M.
|
|
Cigarette-smoking as a risk factor for
|
|
macroproteinuria and proliferative retinopathy in type 1
|
|
(insulin-dependent) diabetes.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1986;29(8):500-502.
|
|
doi:10.1007/BF00453501
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3758532" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3758532</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00453501" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>447.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.447">Hovind
|
|
P, Rossing
|
|
P, Tarnow
|
|
L, Parving
|
|
HH. Smoking
|
|
and progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 1
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2003;26(3):911-916.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.911
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12610058" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12610058</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.26.3.911" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>448.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.448">Mühlhauser
|
|
I, Bender
|
|
R, Bott
|
|
U, et al.
|
|
Cigarette smoking and progression of retinopathy and
|
|
nephropathy in type 1 diabetes.
|
|
Diabet Med.
|
|
1996;13(6):536-543.
|
|
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199606)13:6<536::AID-DIA110>3.0.CO;2-J
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8799657" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8799657</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199606)13:6<536::AID-DIA110>3.0.CO;2-J" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>449.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.449">Biesenbach
|
|
G, Janko
|
|
O, Zazgornik
|
|
J. Similar
|
|
rate of progression in the predialysis phase in type I and type II
|
|
diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Nephrol Dial Transplant.
|
|
1994;9(8):1097-1102.
|
|
doi:10.1093/ndt/9.8.1097
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7800207" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7800207</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/ndt/9.8.1097" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>450.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.450">Sawicki
|
|
PT, Didjurgeit
|
|
U, Mühlhauser
|
|
I, Bender
|
|
R, Heinemann
|
|
L, Berger
|
|
M. Smoking
|
|
is associated with progression of diabetic
|
|
nephropathy.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
1994;17(2):126-131.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.17.2.126
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8137682" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8137682</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.17.2.126" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>451.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.451">Hsu
|
|
CC, Hwang
|
|
SJ, Tai
|
|
TY, et al.
|
|
Cigarette smoking and proteinuria in Taiwanese men with
|
|
type 2 diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Diabet Med.
|
|
2010;27(3):295-302.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02947.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536492" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20536492</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02947.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>452.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.452">Chuahirun
|
|
T, Khanna
|
|
A, Kimball
|
|
K, Wesson
|
|
DE.
|
|
Cigarette smoking and increased urine albumin
|
|
excretion are interrelated predictors of nephropathy progression in
|
|
type 2 diabetes.
|
|
Am J Kidney Dis.
|
|
2003;41(1):13-21.
|
|
doi:10.1053/ajkd.2003.50009
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12500217" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12500217</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1053/ajkd.2003.50009" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>453.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.453">Gambaro
|
|
G, Bax
|
|
G, Fusaro
|
|
M, et al.
|
|
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for nephropathy and
|
|
its progression in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Diabetes Nutr Metab.
|
|
2001;14(6):337-342.
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11853366" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11853366</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>454.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.454">Afghahi
|
|
H, Cederholm
|
|
J, Eliasson
|
|
B, et al.
|
|
Risk factors for the development of albuminuria and renal
|
|
impairment in type 2 diabetes—the Swedish National Diabetes
|
|
Register (NDR).
|
|
Nephrol Dial Transplant.
|
|
2011;26(4):1236-1243.
|
|
doi:10.1093/ndt/gfq535
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20817668" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20817668</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/ndt/gfq535" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>455.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.455">Huang
|
|
MF, Lin
|
|
WL, Ma
|
|
YC. A study
|
|
of reactive oxygen species in mainstream of
|
|
cigarette.
|
|
Indoor Air.
|
|
2005;15(2):135-140.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00330.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15737156" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15737156</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00330.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>456.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.456">Wilkes
|
|
HC, Kelleher
|
|
C, Meade
|
|
TW. Smoking
|
|
and plasma fibrinogen.
|
|
Lancet.
|
|
1988;1(8580):307-308.
|
|
doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90398-4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2893128" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2893128</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90398-4" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>457.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.457">Paterson AM, Mancia G,
|
|
FitzGerald GA. Proceedings of the Symposium on Smoking: a Risk Factor
|
|
for Cardiovascular Disease. Am Heart J. 1988;115(Suppl 2):S240-S294.
|
|
</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>458.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.458">Deckert
|
|
T, Feldt-Rasmussen
|
|
B, Borch-Johnsen
|
|
K, Jensen
|
|
T, Kofoed-Enevoldsen
|
|
A.
|
|
Albuminuria reflects widespread vascular damage. The
|
|
Steno hypothesis.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1989;32(4):219-226.
|
|
doi:10.1007/BF00285287
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2668076" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2668076</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00285287" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>459.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.459">Ogden
|
|
CL, Flegal
|
|
KM, Carroll
|
|
MD, Johnson
|
|
CL.
|
|
Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children
|
|
and adolescents, 1999–2000.
|
|
JAMA.
|
|
2002;288(14):1728-1732.
|
|
doi:10.1001/jama.288.14.1728
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12365956" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12365956</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/jama.288.14.1728" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>460.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.460">Nelson
|
|
RG, Pavkov
|
|
ME, Hanson
|
|
RL, Knowler
|
|
WC. Changing
|
|
course of diabetic nephropathy in the Pima Indians.
|
|
Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
|
|
2008;82(Suppl
|
|
1):S10-S14. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2008.09.014
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2603306/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2603306</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18842316" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18842316</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2008.09.014" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>461.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.461">Yarnoff
|
|
BO, Hoerger
|
|
TJ, Shrestha
|
|
SS, et al.
|
|
Modeling the impact of obesity on the lifetime risk of
|
|
chronic kidney disease in the United States using updated estimates
|
|
of GFR progression from the CRIC study.
|
|
PLoS One.
|
|
2018;13(10):e0205530.
|
|
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205530
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6195263/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6195263</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30339684" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30339684</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205530" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>462.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.462">Pavkov
|
|
ME, Hanson
|
|
RL, Knowler
|
|
WC, Bennett
|
|
PH, Krakoff
|
|
J, Nelson
|
|
RG. Changing
|
|
patterns of type 2 diabetes incidence among Pima
|
|
Indians.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2007;30(7):1758-1763.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc06-2010
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17468358" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17468358</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc06-2010" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>463.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.463">Wang
|
|
Y, Chen
|
|
X, Song
|
|
Y, Caballero
|
|
B, Cheskin
|
|
LJ.
|
|
Association between obesity and kidney disease: a
|
|
systematic review and meta-analysis.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2008;73(1):19-33.
|
|
doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002586
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17928825" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17928825</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002586" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>464.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.464">Kambham
|
|
N, Markowitz
|
|
GS, Valeri
|
|
AM, Lin
|
|
J, D’Agati
|
|
VD.
|
|
Obesity-related glomerulopathy: an emerging
|
|
epidemic.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2001;59(4):1498-1509.
|
|
doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.0590041498.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11260414" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11260414</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.0590041498.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>465.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.465">Taylor
|
|
GW, Borgnakke
|
|
WS.
|
|
Periodontal disease: associations with diabetes,
|
|
glycemic control and complications.
|
|
Oral Dis.
|
|
2008;14(3):191-203.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01442.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18336370" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18336370</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01442.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>466.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.466">Akar
|
|
H, Akar
|
|
GC, Carrero
|
|
JJ, Stenvinkel
|
|
P, Lindholm
|
|
B. Systemic
|
|
consequences of poor oral health in chronic kidney disease
|
|
patients.
|
|
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2011;6(1):218-226.
|
|
doi:10.2215/CJN.05470610
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21115624" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21115624</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2215/CJN.05470610" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>467.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.467">Xiong
|
|
X, Buekens
|
|
P, Vastardis
|
|
S, Pridjian
|
|
G.
|
|
Periodontal disease and gestational diabetes
|
|
mellitus.
|
|
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
|
|
2006;195(4):1086-1089.
|
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doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.06.035
|
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16846573" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16846573</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2006.06.035" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>468.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.468">Kshirsagar
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AV, Craig
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RG, Moss
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KL, et al.
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Periodontal disease adversely affects the survival of
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patients with end-stage renal disease.
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Kidney Int.
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2009;75(7):746-751.
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doi:10.1038/ki.2008.660
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19165177" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19165177</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.2008.660" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>469.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.469">Shultis
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WA, Weil
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EJ, Looker
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HC, et al.
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Effect of periodontitis on overt nephropathy and
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2007;30(2):306-311.
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doi:10.2337/dc06-1184
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17259499" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17259499</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc06-1184" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>470.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.470">Fisher
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MA, Taylor
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GW, West
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BT, McCarthy
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ET.
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Bidirectional relationship between chronic kidney
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2011;79(3):347-355.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3045269/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3045269</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20927035" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20927035</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.2010.384" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>471.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.471">Sanz
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M, D’Aiuto
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F, Deanfield
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J, Fernandez-Avilés
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F. European
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2010;12(Suppl
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B):B3-B12. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/suq003 [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/eurheartj/suq003" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>472.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.472">Tonetti
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MS, D’Aiuto
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F, Nibali
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L, et al.
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Treatment of periodontitis and endothelial
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2007;356(9):911-920.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17329698" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17329698</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa063186" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>473.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.473">Harirforoosh
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S, Jamali
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F. Renal
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adverse effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
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drugs.
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Expert Opin Drug Saf.
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2009;8(6):669-681.
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doi:10.1517/14740330903311023
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19832117" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19832117</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1517/14740330903311023" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>474.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.474">Evans
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M, Fored
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CM, Bellocco
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R, et al.
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Acetaminophen, aspirin and progression of advanced
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2009;24(6):1908-1918.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19155536" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19155536</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn745" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>475.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.475">Musu
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M, Finco
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G, Antonucci
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22288307" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22288307</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>476.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.476">Adams
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DH, Howie
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AJ, Michael
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J, McConkey
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B, Bacon
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PA, Adu
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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and renal
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2867313" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2867313</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90714-2" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>477.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.477">Perneger
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TV, Whelton
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PK, Klag
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MJ. Risk of
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7969358" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7969358</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM199412223312502" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>478.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.478">Radhakrishnan
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J, Perazella
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MA.
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Drug-induced glomerular disease: attention
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required!
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Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
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2015;10(7):1287-1290.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4491281/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4491281</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25876771" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25876771</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2215/CJN.01010115" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>479.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.479">Markowitz
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GS, Bomback
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AS, Perazella
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MA.
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Drug-induced glomerular disease: direct cellular
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injury.
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Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
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2015;10(7):1291-1299.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4491280/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4491280</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25862776" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25862776</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2215/CJN.00860115" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>480.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.480">McCullough
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PA, Adam
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A, Becker
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CR, et al.
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Risk prediction of contrast-induced
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doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.01.022 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16949378" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16949378</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.01.022" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>481.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.481">Koopman
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RJ, Mainous
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AG, 3rd,
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Liszka
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HA, et al.
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Evidence of nephropathy and peripheral neuropathy in US
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1578655/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1578655</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17003143" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17003143</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1370/afm.577" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>482.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.482">Sundkvist
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G, Lilja
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B. Autonomic
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8495619" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8495619</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.16.5.773" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>483.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.483">Lilja
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B, Nosslin
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B, Bergström
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B, Sundkvist
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G.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4085171" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 4085171</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>484.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.484">Kim
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YK, Lee
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JE, Kim
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YG, et al.
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Cardiac autonomic neuropathy as a predictor of
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2633204/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2633204</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19194565" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19194565</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.3346/jkms.2009.24.S1.S69" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>485.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.485">Ewing
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DJ, Campbell
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IW, Clarke
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BF. The
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7433630" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7433630</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a067610" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>486.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.486">Bramham
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K, Rajasingham
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D. Pregnancy
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22348367" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22348367</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2012.00270.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>487.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.487">Biesenbach
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G, Stöger
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W, Zazgornik
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J.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3431031" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3431031</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF01726324" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>488.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.488">Powe
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R. Diabetes
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266265" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21266265</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2010.10.006" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>489.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.489">Diabetes Control
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2631985/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2631985</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10937502" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10937502</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.23.8.1084" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>490.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.490">Gordon
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M, Landon
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MB, Samuels
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SG.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8598963" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8598963</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/0029-7844(95)00420-3" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>491.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.491">Rossing
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K, Jacobsen
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P, Hommel
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Pregnancy and progression of diabetic
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11845221" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11845221</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s125-002-8242-4" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>492.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.492">Gordin
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D, Hiilesmaa
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Diabetologia.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17216281" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17216281</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00125-006-0544-5" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>493.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.493">Rocco
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L, Gil
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FZ, da Fonseca Pletiskaitz
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TM, de Fátima Cavanal
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|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18574600" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18574600</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00467-008-0884-0" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>494.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.494">Nelson
|
|
RG.
|
|
Intrauterine determinants of diabetic kidney disease
|
|
in disadvantaged populations.
|
|
Kidney Int Suppl.
|
|
2003;63(83):S13-S16.
|
|
doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.63.s83.4.x [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12864868" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12864868</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.63.s83.4.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>495.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.495">Luyckx
|
|
VA, Bertram
|
|
JF, Brenner
|
|
BM, et al.
|
|
Effect of fetal and child health on kidney development
|
|
and long-term risk of hypertension and kidney
|
|
disease.
|
|
Lancet.
|
|
2013;382(9888):273-283.
|
|
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60311-6
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23727166" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23727166</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60311-6" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>496.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.496">Ruta
|
|
LAM, Dickinson
|
|
H, Thomas
|
|
MC, Denton
|
|
KM, Anderson
|
|
WP, Kett
|
|
MM.
|
|
High-salt diet reveals the hypertensive and renal
|
|
effects of reduced nephron endowment.
|
|
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.
|
|
2010;298(6):F1384-F1392.
|
|
doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00049.2010
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20335316" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20335316</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00049.2010" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>497.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.497">Pinheiro
|
|
AR, Salvucci
|
|
ID, Aguila
|
|
MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda
|
|
CA. Protein
|
|
restriction during gestation and/or lactation causes adverse
|
|
transgenerational effects on biometry and glucose metabolism in F1
|
|
and F2 progenies of rats.
|
|
Clin Sci (Lond).
|
|
2008;114(5):381-392.
|
|
doi:10.1042/CS20070302
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17927565" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17927565</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1042/CS20070302" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>498.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.498">Harrison
|
|
M, Langley-Evans
|
|
SC.
|
|
Intergenerational programming of impaired
|
|
nephrogenesis and hypertension in rats following maternal protein
|
|
restriction during pregnancy.
|
|
Br J Nutr.
|
|
2009;101(7):1020-1030.
|
|
doi:10.1017/S0007114508057607
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2665257/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2665257</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18778527" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18778527</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1017/S0007114508057607" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>499.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.499">Reddy
|
|
MA, Natarajan
|
|
R.
|
|
Epigenetics in diabetic kidney
|
|
disease.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2011;22(12):2182-2185.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2011060629
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3250203/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3250203</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22021712" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22021712</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2011060629" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>500.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.500">Dabelea
|
|
D, Hanson
|
|
RL, Bennett
|
|
PH, Roumain
|
|
J, Knowler
|
|
WC, Pettitt
|
|
DJ.
|
|
Increasing prevalence of type II diabetes in American
|
|
Indian children.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1998;41(8):904-910.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s001250051006
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9726592" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9726592</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s001250051006" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>501.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.501">Abi Khalil
|
|
C, Travert
|
|
F, Fetita
|
|
S, et al.
|
|
Fetal exposure to maternal type 1 diabetes is associated
|
|
with renal dysfunction at adult age.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
2010;59(10):2631-2636.
|
|
doi:10.2337/db10-0419
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3279566/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3279566</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20622173" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20622173</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/db10-0419" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>502.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.502">Abrahamson
|
|
DR, Steenhard
|
|
BM.
|
|
Perinatal nephron programming is not so sweet in
|
|
maternal diabetes.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2008;19(5):837-839.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2008030280
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18385416" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18385416</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2008030280" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>503.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.503">Tran
|
|
S, Chen
|
|
YW, Chenier
|
|
I, et al.
|
|
Maternal diabetes modulates renal morphogenesis in
|
|
offspring.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2008;19(5):943-952.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2007080864
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2386724/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2386724</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18305124" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18305124</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2007080864" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>504.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.504">White
|
|
SL, Perkovic
|
|
V, Cass
|
|
A, et al.
|
|
Is low birth weight an antecedent of CKD in later life? A
|
|
systematic review of observational studies.
|
|
Am J Kidney Dis.
|
|
2009;54(2):248-261.
|
|
doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.12.042
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19339091" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19339091</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.12.042" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>505.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.505">Li
|
|
S, Chen
|
|
SC, Shlipak
|
|
M, et al.
|
|
Low birth weight is associated with chronic kidney
|
|
disease only in men.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2008;73(5):637-642.
|
|
doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002747
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18094674" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18094674</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002747" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>506.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.506">Hsu
|
|
CW, Yamamoto
|
|
KT, Henry
|
|
RK, De Roos
|
|
AJ, Flynn
|
|
JT. Prenatal
|
|
risk factors for childhood CKD.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2014;25(9):2105-2111.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2013060582
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4147970/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4147970</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24744441" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24744441</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2013060582" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>507.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.507">Seaquist
|
|
ER, Goetz
|
|
FC, Rich
|
|
S, Barbosa
|
|
J. Familial
|
|
clustering of diabetic kidney disease. Evidence for genetic
|
|
susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
1989;320(18):1161-1165.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJM198905043201801
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2710189" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2710189</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM198905043201801" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>508.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.508">Borch-Johnsen
|
|
K, Nørgaard
|
|
K, Hommel
|
|
E, et al.
|
|
Is diabetic nephropathy an inherited
|
|
complication?
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1992;41(4):719-722.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.1992.112
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1513092" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1513092</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1992.112" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>509.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.509">Pettitt
|
|
DJ, Saad
|
|
MF, Bennett
|
|
PH, Nelson
|
|
RG, Knowler
|
|
WC. Familial
|
|
predisposition to renal disease in two generations of Pima Indians
|
|
with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes
|
|
mellitus.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
1990;33(7):438-443.
|
|
doi:10.1007/BF00404096
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2401399" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2401399</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00404096" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>510.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.510">Hanson
|
|
RL, Craig
|
|
DW, Millis
|
|
MP, et al.
|
|
Identification of PVT1 as a candidate gene for end-stage
|
|
renal disease in type 2 diabetes using a pooling-based genome-wide
|
|
single nucleotide polymorphism association study.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
2007;56(4):975-983.
|
|
doi:10.2337/db06-1072
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17395743" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17395743</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/db06-1072" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>511.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.511">Millis
|
|
MP, Bowen
|
|
D, Kingsley
|
|
C, Watanabe
|
|
RM, Wolford
|
|
JK. Variants
|
|
in the plasmacytoma variant translocation gene (PVT1) are associated
|
|
with end-stage renal disease attributed to type 1
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
2007;56(12):3027-3032.
|
|
doi:10.2337/db07-0675
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17881614" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17881614</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/db07-0675" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>512.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.512">Pezzolesi
|
|
MG, Poznik
|
|
GD, Mychaleckyj
|
|
JC, et al.
|
|
Genome-wide association scan for diabetic nephropathy
|
|
susceptibility genes in type 1 diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
2009;58(6):1403-1410.
|
|
doi:10.2337/db08-1514
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2682673/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2682673</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19252134" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19252134</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/db08-1514" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>513.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.513">Writing Team for the
|
|
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes
|
|
Interventions and Complications Research Group.
|
|
Sustained effect of intensive treatment of type 1
|
|
diabetes mellitus on development and progression of diabetic
|
|
nephropathy: the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and
|
|
Complications (EDIC) study.
|
|
JAMA.
|
|
2003;290(16):2159-2167.
|
|
doi:10.1001/jama.290.16.2159
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2622725/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2622725</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14570951" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14570951</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/jama.290.16.2159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>514.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.514">Pezzolesi
|
|
MG, Poznik
|
|
GD, Skupien
|
|
J, et al.
|
|
An intergenic region on chromosome 13q33.3 is associated
|
|
with the susceptibility to kidney disease in type 1 and 2
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2011;80(1):105-111.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.2011.64
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3774030/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3774030</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21412220" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21412220</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.2011.64" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>515.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.515">Craig
|
|
DW, Millis
|
|
MP, DiStefano
|
|
JK.
|
|
Genome-wide SNP genotyping study using pooled DNA to
|
|
identify candidate markers mediating susceptibility to end-stage
|
|
renal disease attributed to type 1 diabetes.
|
|
Diabet Med.
|
|
2009;26(11):1090-1098.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02846.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19929986" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19929986</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02846.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>516.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.516">Shimazaki
|
|
A, Kawamura
|
|
Y, Kanazawa
|
|
A, et al.
|
|
Genetic variations in the gene encoding ELMO1 are
|
|
associated with susceptibility to diabetic
|
|
nephropathy.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
2005;54(4):1171-1178.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.4.1171
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15793258" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15793258</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diabetes.54.4.1171" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>517.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.517">Leak
|
|
TS, Perlegas
|
|
PS, Smith
|
|
SG, et al.
|
|
Variants in intron 13 of the ELMO1 gene are associated
|
|
with diabetic nephropathy in African Americans.
|
|
Ann Hum Genet.
|
|
2009;73(2):152-159.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00498.x
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2778056/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2778056</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19183347" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19183347</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00498.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>518.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.518">Knowler
|
|
WC, Coresh
|
|
J, Elston
|
|
RC, et al.
|
|
The Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes
|
|
(FIND): design and methods.
|
|
J Diabetes Complications.
|
|
2005;19(1):1-9.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2003.12.007
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15642484" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15642484</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2003.12.007" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>519.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.519">Iyengar
|
|
SK, Abboud
|
|
HE, Goddard
|
|
KA, et al.
|
|
Genome-wide scans for diabetic nephropathy and
|
|
albuminuria in multiethnic populations: the Family Investigation of
|
|
Nephropathy and Diabetes (FIND).
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
2007;56(6):1577-1585.
|
|
doi:10.2337/db06-1154
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17363742" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17363742</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/db06-1154" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>520.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.520">Schelling
|
|
JR, Abboud
|
|
HE, Nicholas
|
|
SB, et al.
|
|
Genome-wide scan for estimated glomerular filtration rate
|
|
in multi-ethnic diabetic populations: the Family Investigation of
|
|
Nephropathy and Diabetes (FIND).
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
2008;57(1):235-243.
|
|
doi:10.2337/db07-0313
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18003762" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18003762</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/db07-0313" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>521.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.521">Mooyaart
|
|
AL, Valk
|
|
EJ, van Es
|
|
LA, et al.
|
|
Genetic associations in diabetic nephropathy: a
|
|
meta-analysis.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
2011;54(3):544-553.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1996-1
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3034040/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3034040</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21127830" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21127830</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00125-010-1996-1" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>522.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.522">Sandholm
|
|
N, Cole
|
|
JB, Nair
|
|
V, et al.
|
|
Genome-wide meta-analysis and omics integration
|
|
identifies novel genes associated with diabetic kidney
|
|
disease.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
2022;65(9):1495-1509.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s00125-022-05735-0
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9345823/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9345823</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35763030" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35763030</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00125-022-05735-0" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>523.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.523">Langefeld
|
|
CD, Beck
|
|
SR, Bowden
|
|
DW, Rich
|
|
SS, Wagenknecht
|
|
LE, Freedman
|
|
BI.
|
|
Heritability of GFR and albuminuria in Caucasians
|
|
with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Am J Kidney Dis.
|
|
2004;43(5):796-800.
|
|
doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2003.12.043
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15112169" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15112169</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2003.12.043" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>524.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.524">Reddy
|
|
MA, Zhang
|
|
E, Natarajan
|
|
R.
|
|
Epigenetic mechanisms in diabetic complications and
|
|
metabolic memory.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
2015;58(3):443-455.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3462-y
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4324095/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4324095</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25481708" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25481708</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00125-014-3462-y" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>525.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.525">Alvarez
|
|
ML, DiStefano
|
|
JK. The role
|
|
of non-coding RNAs in diabetic nephropathy: potential applications
|
|
as biomarkers for disease development and
|
|
progression.
|
|
Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
|
|
2013;99(1):1-11.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2012.10.010
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23102915" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23102915</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2012.10.010" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>526.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.526">Dwivedi
|
|
RS, Herman
|
|
JG, McCaffrey
|
|
TA, Raj
|
|
DS. Beyond
|
|
genetics: epigenetic code in chronic kidney disease.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2011;79(1):23-32.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.2010.335
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3867804/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3867804</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20881938" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20881938</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.2010.335" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>527.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.527">Kroc Collaborative Study
|
|
Group. Blood glucose control and the
|
|
evolution of diabetic retinopathy and albuminuria. A preliminary
|
|
multicenter trial.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
1984;311(6):365-372.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJM198408093110604
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6377076" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6377076</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM198408093110604" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>528.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.528">Bending
|
|
JJ, Viberti
|
|
GC, Watkins
|
|
PJ, Keen
|
|
H.
|
|
Intermittent clinical proteinuria and renal function
|
|
in diabetes: evolution and the effect of glycaemic
|
|
control.
|
|
Br Med J (Clin Res Ed).
|
|
1986;292(6513):83-86.
|
|
doi:10.1136/bmj.292.6513.83 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1339106/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1339106</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3080101" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3080101</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1136/bmj.292.6513.83" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>529.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.529">Feldt-Rasmussen
|
|
B, Mathiesen
|
|
ER, Deckert
|
|
T. Effect of
|
|
two years of strict metabolic control on progression of incipient
|
|
nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes.
|
|
Lancet.
|
|
1986;2(8519):1300-1304.
|
|
doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91433-9
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2878175" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2878175</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91433-9" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>530.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.530">Dahl-Jørgensen
|
|
K, Bjøro
|
|
T, Kierulf
|
|
P, Sandvik
|
|
L, Bangstad
|
|
HJ, Hanssen
|
|
KF.
|
|
Long-term glycemic control and kidney function in
|
|
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
1992;41(4):920-923.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.1992.140
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1513113" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1513113</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.1992.140" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>531.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.531">Reichard
|
|
P, Nilsson
|
|
BY, Rosenqvist
|
|
U. The
|
|
effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development
|
|
of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
1993;329(5):304-309.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJM199307293290502
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8147960" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8147960</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM199307293290502" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>532.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.532">DCCT/EDIC Research
|
|
Group, de Boer IH, Sun W, et al. Intensive
|
|
diabetes therapy and glomerular filtration rate in type 1
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2011;365(25):2366-2376.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1111732
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3270008/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3270008</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22077236" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22077236</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1111732" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>533.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.533">Nathan
|
|
DM, Cleary
|
|
PA, Backlund
|
|
JY, et al.
|
|
Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease
|
|
in patients with type 1 diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2005;353(25):2643-2653.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa052187
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2637991/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2637991</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16371630" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16371630</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa052187" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>534.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.534">Holman
|
|
RR, Paul
|
|
SK, Bethel
|
|
MA, Matthews
|
|
DR, Neil
|
|
HA. 10-year
|
|
follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2008;359(15):1577-1589.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0806470
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18784090" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18784090</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0806470" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>535.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.535">Del Prato
|
|
S.
|
|
Megatrials in type 2 diabetes. From excitement to
|
|
frustration?
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
2009;52(7):1219-1226.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1352-5
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19373446" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19373446</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1352-5" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>536.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.536">Duckworth
|
|
WC, Abraira
|
|
C, Moritz
|
|
TE, et al.
|
|
The duration of diabetes affects the response to
|
|
intensive glucose control in type 2 subjects: the VA Diabetes
|
|
Trial.
|
|
J Diabetes Complications.
|
|
2011;25(6):355-361.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2011.10.003
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22055259" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22055259</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2011.10.003" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>537.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.537">Boussageon
|
|
R, Bejan-Angoulvant
|
|
T, Saadatian-Elahi
|
|
M, et al.
|
|
Effect of intensive glucose lowering treatment on all
|
|
cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and microvascular events in
|
|
type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled
|
|
trials.
|
|
BMJ.
|
|
2011;343:d4169.
|
|
doi:10.1136/bmj.d4169
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3144314/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3144314</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21791495" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21791495</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1136/bmj.d4169" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>538.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.538">Ohkubo
|
|
Y, Kishikawa
|
|
H, Araki
|
|
E, et al.
|
|
Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of
|
|
diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with
|
|
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective
|
|
6-year study.
|
|
Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
|
|
1995;28(2):103-117.
|
|
doi:10.1016/0168-8227(95)01064-k
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7587918" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7587918</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/0168-8227(95)01064-k" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>539.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.539">Intensive
|
|
blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with
|
|
conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with
|
|
type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS)
|
|
Group.
|
|
Lancet.
|
|
1998;352(9131):837-853.
|
|
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07019-6
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9742976" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9742976</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07019-6" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>540.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.540">Effect of
|
|
intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in
|
|
overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective
|
|
Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group.
|
|
Lancet.
|
|
1998;352(9131):854-865.
|
|
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07037-8
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9742977" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9742977</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07037-8" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>541.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.541">Action to Control
|
|
Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group, Gerstein HC,
|
|
Miller ME, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering
|
|
in type 2 diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2008;358(24):2545-2559.
|
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doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802743
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4551392/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4551392</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18539917" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18539917</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0802743" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>542.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.542">ADVANCE Collaborative
|
|
Group, Patel A, MacMahon S, et al. Intensive
|
|
blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2008;358(24):2560-2572.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802987
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18539916" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18539916</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0802987" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>543.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.543">de Boer
|
|
IH, Sun
|
|
W, Cleary
|
|
PA, et al.
|
|
Intensive diabetes therapy and glomerular filtration rate
|
|
in type 1 diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2011;365(25):2366-2376.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1111732
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3270008/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3270008</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22077236" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22077236</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1111732" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>544.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.544">Eldor
|
|
R, Raz
|
|
I.
|
|
The individualized target HbA1c: a new method for
|
|
improving macrovascular risk and glycemia without hypoglycemia and
|
|
weight gain.
|
|
Rev Diabet Stud.
|
|
2009;6(1):6-12.
|
|
doi:10.1900/RDS.2009.6.6
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2712916/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2712916</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19557292" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19557292</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1900/RDS.2009.6.6" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>545.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.545">Duckworth
|
|
W, Abraira
|
|
C, Moritz
|
|
T, et al.
|
|
Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans
|
|
with type 2 diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2009;360(2):129-139.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0808431
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19092145" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19092145</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0808431" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>546.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.546">Gerich
|
|
JE, Meyer
|
|
C, Woerle
|
|
HJ, Stumvoll
|
|
M. Renal
|
|
gluconeogenesis: its importance in human glucose
|
|
homeostasis.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2001;24(2):382-391.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.24.2.382
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11213896" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11213896</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.24.2.382" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>547.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.547">Williams
|
|
ME.
|
|
Management of diabetes in dialysis
|
|
patients.
|
|
Curr Diab Rep.
|
|
2009;9(6):466-472.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s11892-009-0076-8
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19954693" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19954693</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s11892-009-0076-8" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>548.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.548">Ix
|
|
JH.
|
|
Hemoglobin A1c in hemodialysis patients: should one
|
|
size fit all?
|
|
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2010;5(9):1539-1541.
|
|
doi:10.2215/CJN.04410510
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20671219" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20671219</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2215/CJN.04410510" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>549.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.549">Morgan
|
|
L, Marenah
|
|
CB, Jeffcoate
|
|
WJ, Morgan
|
|
AG. Glycated
|
|
proteins as indices of glycaemic control in diabetic patients with
|
|
chronic renal failure.
|
|
Diabet Med.
|
|
1996;13(6):514-519.
|
|
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199606)13:6<514::AID-DIA108>3.0.CO;2-4
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8799653" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8799653</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199606)13:6<514::AID-DIA108>3.0.CO;2-4" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>550.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.550">Joy
|
|
MS, Cefalu
|
|
WT, Hogan
|
|
SL, Nachman
|
|
PH.
|
|
Long-term glycemic control measurements in diabetic
|
|
patients receiving hemodialysis.
|
|
Am J Kidney Dis.
|
|
2002;39(2):297-307.
|
|
doi:10.1053/ajkd.2002.30549
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11840370" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11840370</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1053/ajkd.2002.30549" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>551.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.551">Inaba
|
|
M, Okuno
|
|
S, Kumeda
|
|
Y, et al.
|
|
Glycated albumin is a better glycemic indicator than
|
|
glycated hemoglobin values in hemodialysis patients with diabetes:
|
|
effect of anemia and erythropoietin injection.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2007;18(3):896-903.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2006070772
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17267743" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17267743</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2006070772" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>552.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.552">Riveline
|
|
JP, Teynie
|
|
J, Belmouaz
|
|
S, et al.
|
|
Glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic patients on chronic
|
|
haemodialysis: use of a continuous glucose monitoring
|
|
system.
|
|
Nephrol Dial Transplant.
|
|
2009;24(9):2866-2871.
|
|
doi:10.1093/ndt/gfp181
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19389864" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19389864</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/ndt/gfp181" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>553.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.553">Freedman
|
|
BI, Shihabi
|
|
ZK, Andries
|
|
L, et al.
|
|
Relationship between assays of glycemia in diabetic
|
|
subjects with advanced chronic kidney disease.
|
|
Am J Nephrol.
|
|
2010;31(5):375-379.
|
|
doi:10.1159/000287561
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20299782" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20299782</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1159/000287561" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>554.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.554">Ng
|
|
JM, Cooke
|
|
M, Bhandari
|
|
S, Atkin
|
|
SL, Kilpatrick
|
|
ES. The
|
|
effect of iron and erythropoietin treatment on the A1C of patients
|
|
with diabetes and chronic kidney disease.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2010;33(11):2310-2313.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc10-0917
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2963485/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2963485</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20798337" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20798337</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc10-0917" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>555.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.555">Ramirez
|
|
SP, McCullough
|
|
KP, Thumma
|
|
JR, et al.
|
|
Hemoglobin A(1c) levels and mortality in the diabetic
|
|
hemodialysis population: findings from the Dialysis Outcomes and
|
|
Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS).
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2012;35(12):2527-2532.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc12-0573
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3507600/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3507600</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22912431" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22912431</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc12-0573" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>556.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.556">Shurraw
|
|
S, Hemmelgarn
|
|
B, Lin
|
|
M, et al.
|
|
Association between glycemic control and adverse outcomes
|
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in people with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease: a
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population-based cohort study.
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Arch Intern Med.
|
|
2011;171(21):1920-1927.
|
|
doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.537
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22123800" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22123800</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.537" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>557.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.557">Sturm
|
|
G, Lamina
|
|
C, Zitt
|
|
E, et al.
|
|
Association of HbA1c values with mortality and
|
|
cardiovascular events in diabetic dialysis patients. The INVOR study
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|
and review of the literature.
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PLoS One.
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|
2011;6(5):e20093.
|
|
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020093
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|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3097236/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3097236</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21625600" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21625600</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020093" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>558.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.558">Pernicova
|
|
I, Korbonits
|
|
M.
|
|
Metformin—mode of action and clinical
|
|
implications for diabetes and cancer.
|
|
Nat Rev Endocrinol.
|
|
2014;10(3):143-156.
|
|
doi:10.1038/nrendo.2013.256
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24393785" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24393785</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/nrendo.2013.256" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>559.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.559">Amador-Licona
|
|
N, Guízar-Mendoza
|
|
J, Vargas
|
|
E, Sánchez-Camargo
|
|
G, Zamora-Mata
|
|
L. The
|
|
short-term effect of a switch from glibenclamide to metformin on
|
|
blood pressure and microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes
|
|
mellitus.
|
|
Arch Med Res.
|
|
2000;31(6):571-575.
|
|
doi:10.1016/s0188-4409(00)00241-1
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11257323" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11257323</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0188-4409(00)00241-1" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>560.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.560">De Jager
|
|
J, Kooy
|
|
A, Lehert
|
|
P, et al.
|
|
Effects of short-term treatment with metformin on markers
|
|
of endothelial function and inflammatory activity in type 2 diabetes
|
|
mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
|
|
J Intern Med.
|
|
2005;257(1):100-109.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01420.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15606381" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15606381</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01420.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>561.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.561">Lachin
|
|
JM, Viberti
|
|
G, Zinman
|
|
B, et al.
|
|
Renal function in type 2 diabetes with rosiglitazone,
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metformin, and glyburide monotherapy.
|
|
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2011;6(5):1032-1040.
|
|
doi:10.2215/cjn.09291010
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3087768/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3087768</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21454723" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21454723</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2215/cjn.09291010" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>562.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.562">Kalra
|
|
S, Das
|
|
AK, Sahay
|
|
RK, et al.
|
|
Consensus recommendations on GLP-1 RA use in the
|
|
management of type 2 diabetes mellitus:
|
|
South Asian Task Force. Diabetes Ther.
|
|
2019;10(5):1645-1717.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s13300-019-0669-4
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6778554/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6778554</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31359367" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31359367</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s13300-019-0669-4" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>563.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.563">Davies
|
|
MJ, Bain
|
|
SC, Atkin
|
|
SL, et al.
|
|
Efficacy and safety of liraglutide versus placebo as
|
|
add-on to glucose-lowering therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes
|
|
and moderate renal impairment (LIRA-RENAL): a randomized clinical
|
|
trial.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2016;39(2):222-230.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc14-2883
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26681713" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26681713</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc14-2883" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>564.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.564">Tuttle
|
|
KR, Lakshmanan
|
|
MC, Rayner
|
|
B, et al.
|
|
Dulaglutide versus insulin glargine in patients with type
|
|
2 diabetes and moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (AWARD-7):
|
|
a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial.
|
|
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.
|
|
2018;6(8):605-617.
|
|
doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30104-9
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29910024" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29910024</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30104-9" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>565.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.565">Muskiet
|
|
MHA, Tonneijck
|
|
L, Huang
|
|
Y, et al.
|
|
Lixisenatide and renal outcomes in patients with type 2
|
|
diabetes and acute coronary syndrome: an exploratory analysis of the
|
|
ELIXA randomised, placebo-controlled trial.
|
|
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.
|
|
2018;6(11):859-869.
|
|
doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30268-7
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30292589" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30292589</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30268-7" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>566.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.566">Bethel
|
|
MA, Mentz
|
|
RJ, Merrill
|
|
P, et al.
|
|
Microvascular and cardiovascular outcomes according to
|
|
renal function in patients treated with once-weekly exenatide:
|
|
insights from the EXSCEL trial.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2020;43(2):446-452.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc19-1065
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7411285/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7411285</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31757838" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31757838</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc19-1065" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>567.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.567">Gerstein
|
|
HC, Colhoun
|
|
HM, Dagenais
|
|
GR, et al.
|
|
Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2
|
|
diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled
|
|
trial.
|
|
Lancet.
|
|
2019;394(10193):121-130.
|
|
doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31149-3
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31189511" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31189511</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31149-3" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>568.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.568">Mann
|
|
JFE, Ørsted
|
|
DD, Buse
|
|
JB.
|
|
Liraglutide and renal outcomes in type 2
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2017;377(22):2197-2198.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMc1713042
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29171823" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29171823</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMc1713042" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>569.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.569">Petrie
|
|
JR, Marso
|
|
SP, Bain
|
|
SC, et al.
|
|
LEADER-4: blood pressure control in patients with type 2
|
|
diabetes and high cardiovascular risk: baseline data from the LEADER
|
|
randomized trial.
|
|
J Hypertens.
|
|
2016;34(6):1140-1150.
|
|
doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000000890
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4856174/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4856174</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26855018" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26855018</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000000890" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>570.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.570">Holman
|
|
RR, Bethel
|
|
MA, Mentz
|
|
RJ, et al.
|
|
Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular
|
|
outcomes in type 2 diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2017;377(13):1228-1239.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1612917
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9792409/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9792409</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28910237" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28910237</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1612917" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>571.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.571">Kristensen
|
|
SL, Rørth
|
|
R, Jhund
|
|
PS, et al.
|
|
Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1
|
|
receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic
|
|
review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome
|
|
trials.
|
|
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.
|
|
2019;7(10):776-785.
|
|
doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30249-9
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31422062" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31422062</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30249-9" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>572.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.572">Mentz
|
|
RJ, Bethel
|
|
MA, Gustavson
|
|
S, et al.
|
|
Baseline characteristics of patients enrolled in the
|
|
Exenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering
|
|
(EXSCEL).
|
|
Am Heart J.
|
|
2017;187:1-9.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2017.02.005
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9849915/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9849915</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28454792" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28454792</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2017.02.005" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>573.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.573">Perkovic
|
|
V, Tuttle
|
|
KR, Rossing
|
|
P, et al.
|
|
Effects of semaglutide on chronic kidney disease in
|
|
patients with type 2 diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2024;391(2):109-121.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2403347
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38785209" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 38785209</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2403347" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>574.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.574">Zinman
|
|
B, Wanner
|
|
C, Lachin
|
|
JM, et al.
|
|
Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in
|
|
type 2 diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2015;373(22):2117-2128.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1504720
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26378978" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26378978</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1504720" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>575.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.575">Wanner
|
|
C, Inzucchi
|
|
SE, Lachin
|
|
JM, et al.
|
|
Empagliflozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2016;375(4):323-334.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1515920
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27299675" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27299675</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1515920" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>576.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.576">Neal
|
|
B, Perkovic
|
|
V, Mahaffey
|
|
KW, et al.
|
|
Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type
|
|
2 diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2017;377(7):644-657.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1611925
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28605608" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28605608</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1611925" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>577.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.577">Wiviott
|
|
SD, Raz
|
|
I, Bonaca
|
|
MP, et al.
|
|
Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2019;380(4):347-357.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1812389
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30415602" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30415602</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1812389" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>578.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.578">Perkovic
|
|
V, Jardine
|
|
MJ, Neal
|
|
B, et al.
|
|
Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and
|
|
nephropathy.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2019;380(24):2295-2306.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1811744
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30990260" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30990260</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1811744" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>579.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.579">Heerspink
|
|
HJL, Stefánsson
|
|
BV, Correa-Rotter
|
|
R, et al.
|
|
Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney
|
|
disease.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2020;383(15):1436-1446.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2024816
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32970396" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32970396</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2024816" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>580.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.580">Wheeler
|
|
DC, Stefansson
|
|
BV, Batiushin
|
|
M, et al.
|
|
The dapagliflozin and prevention of adverse outcomes in
|
|
chronic kidney disease (DAPA-CKD) trial: baseline
|
|
characteristics.
|
|
Nephrol Dial Transplant.
|
|
2020;35(10):1700-1711.
|
|
doi:10.1093/ndt/gfaa234
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7538235/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7538235</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32862232" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32862232</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/ndt/gfaa234" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>581.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.581">Cannon
|
|
CP, McGuire
|
|
DK, Pratley
|
|
R, et al.
|
|
Design and baseline characteristics of the eValuation of
|
|
ERTugliflozin effIcacy and Safety CardioVascular outcomes trial
|
|
(VERTIS-CV).
|
|
Am Heart J.
|
|
2018;206:11-23.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2018.08.016
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30290289" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30290289</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2018.08.016" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>582.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.582">Cannon
|
|
CP, Pratley
|
|
R, Dagogo-Jack
|
|
S, et al.
|
|
Cardiovascular outcomes with ertugliflozin in type 2
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2020;383(15):1425-1435.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2004967
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32966714" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32966714</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2004967" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>583.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.583">McMurray
|
|
JJV, Solomon
|
|
SD, Inzucchi
|
|
SE, et al.
|
|
Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced
|
|
ejection fraction.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2019;381(21):1995-2008.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1911303
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31535829" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31535829</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911303" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>584.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.584">Petrie
|
|
MC, Verma
|
|
S, Docherty
|
|
KF, et al.
|
|
Effect of dapagliflozin on worsening heart failure and
|
|
cardiovascular death in patients with heart failure with and without
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
JAMA.
|
|
2020;323(14):1353-1368.
|
|
doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1906
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7157181/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7157181</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32219386" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32219386</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1906" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>585.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.585">Packer
|
|
M, Anker
|
|
SD, Butler
|
|
J, et al.
|
|
Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in
|
|
heart failure.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2020;383(15):1413-1424.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2022190
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32865377" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32865377</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2022190" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>586.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.586">Anker
|
|
SD, Butler
|
|
J, Filippatos
|
|
G, et al.
|
|
Effect of empagliflozin on cardiovascular and renal
|
|
outcomes in patients with heart failure by baseline diabetes status:
|
|
results from the EMPEROR-Reduced trial.
|
|
Circulation.
|
|
2021;143(4):337-349.
|
|
doi:10.1161/circulationaha.120.051824
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7834911/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7834911</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33175585" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33175585</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.051824" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>587.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.587">Anker
|
|
SD, Butler
|
|
J, Filippatos
|
|
G, et al.
|
|
Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection
|
|
fraction.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2021;385(16):1451-1461.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2107038
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34449189" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34449189</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2107038" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>588.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.588">Anker
|
|
SD, Butler
|
|
J, Filippatos
|
|
G, et al.
|
|
Baseline characteristics of patients with heart failure
|
|
with preserved ejection fraction in the EMPEROR-Preserved
|
|
trial.
|
|
Eur J Heart Fail.
|
|
2020;22(12):2383-2392.
|
|
doi:10.1002/ejhf.2064
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33251670" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33251670</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1002/ejhf.2064" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>589.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.589">Timmons
|
|
JG, Littlejohn
|
|
L, Boyle
|
|
JG, Petrie
|
|
JR. Recent
|
|
developments in adjunct therapies for type 1
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
Expert Opin Investig Drugs.
|
|
2022;31(12):1311-1320.
|
|
doi:10.1080/13543784.2022.2159806 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36655950" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36655950</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1080/13543784.2022.2159806" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>590.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.590">Nagase
|
|
M, Fujita
|
|
T.
|
|
Mineralocorticoid receptor activation in obesity
|
|
hypertension.
|
|
Hypertens Res.
|
|
2009;32(8):649-657.
|
|
doi:10.1038/hr.2009.86
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19521418" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19521418</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/hr.2009.86" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>591.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.591">Barrera-Chimal
|
|
J, Lima-Posada
|
|
I, Bakris
|
|
GL, Jaisser
|
|
F.
|
|
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in diabetic
|
|
kidney disease—mechanistic and therapeutic
|
|
effects.
|
|
Nat Rev Nephrol.
|
|
2022;18(1):56-70.
|
|
doi:10.1038/s41581-021-00490-8
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34675379" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34675379</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/s41581-021-00490-8" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>592.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.592">Verma
|
|
S, Vaidya
|
|
A, Subudhi
|
|
S, Waikar
|
|
SS.
|
|
Aldosterone in chronic kidney disease and renal
|
|
outcomes.
|
|
Eur Heart J.
|
|
2022;43(38):3781-3791.
|
|
doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac352
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10147385/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC10147385</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36219773" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36219773</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac352" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>593.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.593">Bakris
|
|
GL, Agarwal
|
|
R, Anker
|
|
SD, et al.
|
|
Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes
|
|
in type 2 diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2020;383(23):2219-2229.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2025845
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33264825" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33264825</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2025845" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>594.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.594">Pitt
|
|
B, Filippatos
|
|
G, Agarwal
|
|
R, et al.
|
|
Cardiovascular events with finerenone in kidney disease
|
|
and type 2 diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2021;385(24):2252-2263.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2110956
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34449181" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34449181</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2110956" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>595.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.595">Heerspink
|
|
HJL, Birkenfeld
|
|
AL, Cherney
|
|
DZI, et al.
|
|
Rationale and design of a randomised phase III
|
|
registration trial investigating finerenone in participants with
|
|
type 1 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the FINE-ONE
|
|
trial.
|
|
Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
|
|
2023;204:110908.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110908
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37805000" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 37805000</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110908" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>596.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.596">Heerspink
|
|
HJL, Parving
|
|
HH, Andress
|
|
DL, et al.
|
|
Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2
|
|
diabetes and chronic kidney disease (SONAR): a double-blind,
|
|
randomised, placebo-controlled trial.
|
|
Lancet.
|
|
2019;393(10184):1937-1947.
|
|
doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30772-x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30995972" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30995972</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30772-x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>597.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.597">Mann
|
|
JF, Green
|
|
D, Jamerson
|
|
K, et al.
|
|
Avosentan for overt diabetic nephropathy.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2011;21(3):527-535.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2009060593 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2831858/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2831858</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20167702" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20167702</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2009060593" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>598.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.598">Hoekman
|
|
J, Lambers Heerspink
|
|
HJ, Viberti
|
|
G, Green
|
|
D, Mann
|
|
JF, de Zeeuw
|
|
D.
|
|
Predictors of congestive heart failure after
|
|
treatment with an endothelin receptor antagonist.
|
|
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2013;9(3):490-498.
|
|
doi:10.2215/CJN.07040713 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3944766/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3944766</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24408122" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24408122</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2215/CJN.07040713" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>599.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.599">Balamuthusamy
|
|
S, Srinivasan
|
|
L, Verma
|
|
M, et al.
|
|
Renin angiotensin system blockade and cardiovascular
|
|
outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and proteinuria: a
|
|
metaanalysis.
|
|
Am Heart J.
|
|
2008;155(5):791-805.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2008.01.031
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18440325" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18440325</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2008.01.031" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>600.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.600">ACE
|
|
Inhibitors
|
|
in Diabetic Nephropathy Trialist Group. Should all
|
|
patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria receive
|
|
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors? A meta-analysis of
|
|
individual patient data.
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|
Ann Intern Med.
|
|
2001;134(5):370-379.
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|
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-5-200103060-00009
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11242497" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11242497</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.7326/0003-4819-134-5-200103060-00009" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>601.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.601">Lemley
|
|
KV. When to
|
|
initiate ACEI/ARB therapy in patients with type 1 and 2
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
Pediatr Nephrol.
|
|
2010;25(10):2021-2034.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s00467-010-1498-x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20352458" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20352458</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00467-010-1498-x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>602.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.602">Lewis
|
|
EJ, Hunsicker
|
|
LG, Bain
|
|
RP, Rohde
|
|
RD. The
|
|
effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic
|
|
nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group.
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N Engl J Med.
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1993;329(20):1456-1462.
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doi:10.1056/NEJM199311113292004
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8413456" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8413456</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM199311113292004" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>603.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.603">Mauer
|
|
M, Zinman
|
|
B, Gardiner
|
|
R, et al.
|
|
Renal and retinal effects of enalapril and losartan in
|
|
type 1 diabetes.
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N Engl J Med.
|
|
2009;361(1):40-51.
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|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0808400
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|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2978030/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2978030</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19571282" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19571282</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0808400" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>604.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.604">Chaturvedi
|
|
N, The EUCLID Study
|
|
Group. Randomised placebo-controlled trial
|
|
of lisinopril in normotensive patients with insulin-dependent
|
|
diabetes and normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria.
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Lancet.
|
|
1997;349(9068):1787-1792.
|
|
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)10244-0
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9269212" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9269212</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)10244-0" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>605.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.605">Effects of
|
|
ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with
|
|
diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE
|
|
substudy. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study
|
|
Investigators.
|
|
Lancet.
|
|
2000;355(9200):253-259.
|
|
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)12323-7
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10675071" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10675071</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)12323-7" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>606.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.606">Ruggenenti
|
|
P, Fassi
|
|
A, Ilieva
|
|
AP, et al.
|
|
Preventing microalbuminuria in type 2
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
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2004;351(19):1941-1951.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa042167
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15516697" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15516697</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa042167" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>607.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.607">Ravid
|
|
M, Brosh
|
|
D, Levi
|
|
Z, Bar-Dayan
|
|
Y, Ravid
|
|
D, Rachmani
|
|
R. Use of
|
|
enalapril to attenuate decline in renal function in normotensive,
|
|
normoalbuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A
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randomized, controlled trial.
|
|
Ann Intern Med
|
|
1998;128(12 Pt
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|
1):982-988. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-128-12_part_1-199806150-00004
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9625684" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9625684</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.7326/0003-4819-128-12_part_1-199806150-00004" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>608.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.608">Bilous
|
|
R, Chaturvedi
|
|
N, Sjølie
|
|
AK, et al.
|
|
Effect of candesartan on microalbuminuria and albumin
|
|
excretion rate in diabetes: three randomized trials.
|
|
Ann Intern Med.
|
|
2009;151(1):11-20.
|
|
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-1-200907070-00120
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19451554" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19451554</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-1-200907070-00120" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>609.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.609">Mann
|
|
JF, Schmieder
|
|
RE, Dyal
|
|
L, et al.
|
|
Effect of telmisartan on renal outcomes: a randomized
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|
trial.
|
|
Ann Intern Med.
|
|
2009;151(1):1-10.
|
|
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-1-200907070-00122
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19451556" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19451556</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-1-200907070-00122" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>610.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.610">Haller
|
|
H, Ito
|
|
S, Izzo
|
|
JL, Jr.,
|
|
et al.
|
|
Olmesartan for the delay or prevention of
|
|
microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2011;364(10):907-917.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1007994
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21388309" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21388309</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1007994" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>611.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.611">Parving
|
|
HH, Lehnert
|
|
H, Bröchner-Mortensen
|
|
J, et al.
|
|
The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic
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|
nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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N Engl J Med.
|
|
2001;345(12):870-878.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa011489
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11565519" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11565519</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa011489" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>612.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.612">Brenner
|
|
BM, Cooper
|
|
ME, de Zeeuw
|
|
D, et al.
|
|
Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes
|
|
in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2001;345(12):861-869.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa011161
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11565518" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11565518</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa011161" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>613.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.613">Lewis
|
|
EJ, Hunsicker
|
|
LG, Clarke
|
|
WR, et al.
|
|
Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor
|
|
antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2
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|
diabetes.
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N Engl J Med.
|
|
2001;345(12):851-860.
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|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa011303
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11565517" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11565517</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa011303" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>614.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.614">ONTARGET
|
|
Investigators, Yusuf S, Teo KK, et al.
|
|
Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high
|
|
risk for vascular events.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2008;358(15):1547-1559.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0801317
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18378520" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18378520</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0801317" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>615.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.615">Barnett
|
|
AH, Bain
|
|
SC, Bouter
|
|
P, et al.
|
|
Angiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme
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|
inhibition in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy.
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N Engl J Med.
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|
2004;351(19):1952-1961.
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doi:10.1056/NEJMoa042274
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15516696" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15516696</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa042274" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>616.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.616">Vejakama
|
|
P, Thakkinstian
|
|
A, Lertrattananon
|
|
D, Ingsathit
|
|
A, Ngarmukos
|
|
C, Attia
|
|
J.
|
|
Reno-protective effects of renin-angiotensin system
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|
blockade in type 2 diabetic patients: a systematic review and
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|
network meta-analysis.
|
|
Diabetologia.
|
|
2012;55(3):566-578.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2398-8
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3268972/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3268972</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22189484" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22189484</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00125-011-2398-8" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>617.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.617">Lv
|
|
J, Perkovic
|
|
V, Foote
|
|
CV, Craig
|
|
ME, Craig
|
|
JC, Strippoli
|
|
GF.
|
|
Antihypertensive agents for preventing diabetic
|
|
kidney disease.
|
|
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
|
|
2012;12:CD004136.
|
|
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004136.pub3
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|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC11357690/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC11357690</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23235603" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23235603</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004136.pub3" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>618.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.618">Strippoli
|
|
GF, Craig
|
|
M, Deeks
|
|
JJ, Schena
|
|
FP, Craig
|
|
JC. Effects
|
|
of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II
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receptor antagonists on mortality and renal outcomes in diabetic
|
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nephropathy: systematic review.
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BMJ.
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2004;329(7470):828.
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doi:10.1136/bmj.38237.585000.7C
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC521570/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC521570</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15459003" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15459003</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1136/bmj.38237.585000.7C" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>619.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.619">Mann
|
|
JFE, Anderson
|
|
C, Gao
|
|
P, et al.
|
|
Dual inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system in
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|
high-risk diabetes and risk for stroke and other outcomes: results
|
|
of the ONTARGET trial.
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|
J Hypertens.
|
|
2013;31(2):414-421.
|
|
doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835bf7b0
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23249829" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23249829</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835bf7b0" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>620.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.620">Croom
|
|
KF, Curran
|
|
MP, Goa
|
|
KL, Perry
|
|
CM.
|
|
Irbesartan: a review of its use in hypertension and
|
|
in the management of diabetic nephropathy.
|
|
Drugs.
|
|
2004;64(9):999-1028.
|
|
doi:10.2165/00003495-200464090-00011
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15101793" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15101793</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2165/00003495-200464090-00011" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>621.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.621">Mogensen
|
|
CE, Neldam
|
|
S, Tikkanen
|
|
I, et al.
|
|
Randomised controlled trial of dual blockade of
|
|
renin-angiotensin system in patients with hypertension,
|
|
microalbuminuria, and non-insulin dependent diabetes: the
|
|
candesartan and lisinopril microalbuminuria (CALM)
|
|
study.
|
|
BMJ.
|
|
2000;321(7274):1440-1444.
|
|
doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7274.1440
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC27545/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC27545</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11110735" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11110735</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7274.1440" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>622.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.622">Bakris
|
|
GL, Ruilope
|
|
L, Locatelli
|
|
F, et al.
|
|
Treatment of microalbuminuria in hypertensive subjects
|
|
with elevated cardiovascular risk: results of the IMPROVE
|
|
trial.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2007;72(7):879-885.
|
|
doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002455
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17667984" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17667984</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002455" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>623.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.623">Fried
|
|
LF, Emanuele
|
|
N, Zhang
|
|
JH, et al.
|
|
Combined angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of
|
|
diabetic nephropathy.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2013;369(20):1892-1903.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1303154
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24206457" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24206457</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1303154" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>624.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.624">Parving
|
|
HH, Persson
|
|
F, Lewis
|
|
JB, Lewis
|
|
EJ, Hollenberg
|
|
NK, AVOID Study
|
|
Investigators. Aliskiren combined with
|
|
losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2008;358(23):2433-2446.
|
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doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0708379
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18525041" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18525041</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0708379" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>625.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.625">Parving
|
|
HH, Brenner
|
|
BM, McMurray
|
|
JJ, et al.
|
|
Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren for type 2
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
2012;367(23):2204-2213.
|
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doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1208799
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23121378" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23121378</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1208799" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>626.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.626">Bangalore
|
|
S, Kumar
|
|
S, Lobach
|
|
I, Messerli
|
|
FH. Blood
|
|
pressure targets in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus/impaired
|
|
fasting glucose: observations from traditional and bayesian
|
|
random-effects meta-analyses of randomized trials.
|
|
Circulation.
|
|
2011;123(24):2799-2810.
|
|
doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.016337
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21632497" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21632497</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.016337" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>627.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.627">Klahr
|
|
S, Levey
|
|
AS, Beck
|
|
GJ, et al.
|
|
The effects of dietary protein restriction and
|
|
blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease.
|
|
Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
1994;330(13):877-884.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJM199403313301301
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8114857" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8114857</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM199403313301301" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>628.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.628">Walker
|
|
WG, Hermann
|
|
J, Anderson
|
|
J. Racial
|
|
differences in renal protective effect of enalapril vs
|
|
hydrochlorothiazide in randomized doubly blinded trial in
|
|
hypertensive NIDDM
|
|
(Abstract). J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
1993;4:A310
|
|
</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>629.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.629">McClellan
|
|
WM, Warnock
|
|
DG, Judd
|
|
S, et al.
|
|
Albuminuria and racial disparities in the risk for
|
|
ESRD.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2011;22(9):1721-1728.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2010101085
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3171942/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3171942</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21868498" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21868498</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2010101085" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>630.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.630">Murea
|
|
M, Freedman
|
|
BI.
|
|
Essential hypertension and risk of nephropathy: a
|
|
reappraisal.
|
|
Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens.
|
|
2010;19(3):235-241.
|
|
doi:10.1097/MNH.0b013e3283366344
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2904692/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2904692</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20051853" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20051853</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1097/MNH.0b013e3283366344" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>631.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.631">Weir
|
|
MR, Bakris
|
|
GL, Weber
|
|
MA, et al.
|
|
Renal outcomes in hypertensive Black patients at high
|
|
cardiovascular risk.
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2012;81(6):568-576.
|
|
doi:10.1038/ki.2011.417
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22189843" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22189843</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/ki.2011.417" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>632.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.632">James
|
|
PA, Oparil
|
|
S, Carter
|
|
BL, et al.
|
|
2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high
|
|
blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to
|
|
the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8).
|
|
JAMA.
|
|
2014;311(5):507-520.
|
|
doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284427
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24352797" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24352797</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/jama.2013.284427" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>633.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.633">Jain
|
|
R, Stone
|
|
JA, Agarwal
|
|
G, et al.
|
|
Canadian Cardiovascular Harmonized National Guideline
|
|
Endeavour (C-CHANGE) guideline for the prevention and management of
|
|
cardiovascular disease in primary care: 2022 update.
|
|
CMAJ.
|
|
2022;194(43):E1460-E1480.
|
|
doi:10.1503/cmaj.220138
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9828999/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9828999</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36343954" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36343954</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1503/cmaj.220138" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>634.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.634">Williams
|
|
B, Mancia
|
|
G, Spiering
|
|
W, et al.
|
|
2018 Practice guidelines for the management of arterial
|
|
hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension and the
|
|
European Society of Cardiology: ESH/ESC Task Force for the
|
|
Management of Arterial Hypertension.
|
|
J Hypertens.
|
|
2018;36(12):2284-2309.
|
|
doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000001961
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30379783" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30379783</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000001961" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>635.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.635">Kidney Disease:
|
|
Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Blood Pressure Work Group. KDIGO
|
|
2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of blood
|
|
pressure in chronic kidney disease.
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|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2021;99(3s):S1-S87.
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doi:10.1016/j.kint.2020.11.003
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33637192" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33637192</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.11.003" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>636.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.636">Barrett-Connor
|
|
E, Grundy
|
|
SM, Holdbrook
|
|
MJ. Plasma
|
|
lipids and diabetes mellitus in an adult community.
|
|
Am J Epidemiol.
|
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1982;115(5):657-663.
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doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113348
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7081197" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7081197</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113348" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>637.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.637">Feingold
|
|
KR, Grunfeld
|
|
C, Pang
|
|
M, Doerrler
|
|
W, Krauss
|
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RM. LDL
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subclass phenotypes and triglyceride metabolism in
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non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
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Arterioscler Thromb.
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1992;12(12):1496-1502.
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doi:10.1161/01.atv.12.12.1496
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1450181" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1450181</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1161/01.atv.12.12.1496" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>638.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.638">Quaschning
|
|
T, Schömig
|
|
M, Keller
|
|
M, et al.
|
|
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and
|
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hypertriglyceridemia impair lipoprotein metabolism in chronic
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hemodialysis patients.
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J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
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1999;10(2):332-341.
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doi:10.1681/ASN.V102332
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10215333" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10215333</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.V102332" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>639.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.639">Chonchol
|
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M, Cook
|
|
T, Kjekshus
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|
J, Pedersen
|
|
TR, Lindenfeld
|
|
J.
|
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Simvastatin for secondary prevention of all-cause
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mortality and major coronary events in patients with mild chronic
|
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renal insufficiency.
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|
Am J Kidney Dis.
|
|
2007;49(3):373-382.
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doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.11.043
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17336698" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17336698</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.11.043" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>640.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.640">Colhoun
|
|
HM, Betteridge
|
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DJ, Durrington
|
|
PN, et al.
|
|
Effects of atorvastatin on kidney outcomes and
|
|
cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: an analysis from
|
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the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study
|
|
(CARDS).
|
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Am J Kidney Dis.
|
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2009;54(5):810-819.
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doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.03.022
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19540640" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19540640</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.03.022" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>641.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.641">Collins
|
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R, Armitage
|
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J, Parish
|
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S, Sleigh
|
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P, Peto
|
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R, Heart Protection
|
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Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart
|
|
Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963
|
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people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled
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trial.
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Lancet.
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2003;361(9374):2005-2016.
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doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13636-7
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12814710" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12814710</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13636-7" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>642.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.642">Tonelli
|
|
M, Keech
|
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A, Shepherd
|
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J, et al.
|
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Effect of pravastatin in people with diabetes and chronic
|
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kidney disease.
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J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
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2005;16(12):3748-3754.
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doi:10.1681/ASN.2005070779
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16251235" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16251235</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2005070779" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>643.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.643">Baigent
|
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C, Landray
|
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MJ, Reith
|
|
C, et al.
|
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The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin
|
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plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of
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Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled
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trial.
|
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Lancet.
|
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2011;377(9784):2181-2192.
|
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doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60739-3
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3145073/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3145073</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21663949" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21663949</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60739-3" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>644.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.644">Wanner
|
|
C, Krane
|
|
V, März
|
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W, et al.
|
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Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
|
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undergoing hemodialysis.
|
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N Engl J Med.
|
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2005;353(3):238-248.
|
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doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043545
|
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16034009" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16034009</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa043545" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>645.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.645">Fellström
|
|
BC, Jardine
|
|
AG, Schmieder
|
|
RE, et al.
|
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Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients
|
|
undergoing hemodialysis.
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N Engl J Med.
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2009;360(14):1395-1407.
|
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doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0810177
|
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19332456" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19332456</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0810177" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>646.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.646">Holdaas
|
|
H, Holme
|
|
I, Schmieder
|
|
RE, et al.
|
|
Rosuvastatin in diabetic hemodialysis
|
|
patients.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
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2011;22(7):1335-1341.
|
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doi:10.1681/ASN.2010090987
|
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3137581/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3137581</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21566054" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21566054</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2010090987" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>647.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.647">Jardine
|
|
AG, Holdaas
|
|
H, Fellström
|
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B, et al.
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Fluvastatin prevents cardiac death and myocardial
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infarction in renal transplant recipients: post-hoc subgroup
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analyses of the ALERT Study.
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Am J Transplant.
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2004;4(6):988-995.
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doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00445.x
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15147434" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15147434</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00445.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>648.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.648">Tonelli
|
|
M, Collins
|
|
D, Robins
|
|
S, Bloomfield
|
|
H, Curhan
|
|
GC,
|
|
Veterans’ Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein
|
|
Intervention Trial (VA-HIT) Investigators.
|
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Gemfibrozil for secondary prevention of
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cardiovascular events in mild to moderate chronic renal
|
|
insufficiency.
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Kidney Int.
|
|
2004;66(3):1123-1130.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00862.x
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15327407" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15327407</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00862.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>649.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.649">Wen
|
|
SF, Huang
|
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TP, Moorthy
|
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AV. Effects
|
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of low-protein diet on experimental diabetic nephropathy in the
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rat.
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J Lab Clin Med.
|
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1985;106(5):589-597.
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|
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3903011" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3903011</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>650.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.650">Sällström
|
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J, Carlström
|
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M, Olerud
|
|
J, et al.
|
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High-protein-induced glomerular hyperfiltration is
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independent of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism and nitric
|
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oxide synthases.
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Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.
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2010;299(5):R1263-R1268.
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doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00649.2009
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20739607" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20739607</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00649.2009" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>651.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.651">Wiseman
|
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MJ, Bognetti
|
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E, Dodds
|
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R, Keen
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H, Viberti
|
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GC. Changes
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1987;30(3):154-159.
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doi:10.1007/BF00274220
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3582821" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3582821</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/BF00274220" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>652.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.652">Cohen
|
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D, Dodds
|
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R, Viberti
|
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G. Effect of
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protein restriction in insulin dependent diabetics at risk of
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nephropathy.
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1987;294(6575):795-798.
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doi:10.1136/bmj.294.6575.795 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1245861/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1245861</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3105747" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3105747</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1136/bmj.294.6575.795" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>653.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.653">Pedersen
|
|
MM, Mogensen
|
|
CE, Jørgensen
|
|
FS, Møller
|
|
B, Lykke
|
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G, Pedersen
|
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O. Renal
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effects from limitation of high dietary protein in normoalbuminuric
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diabetic patients.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2636645" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2636645</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>654.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.654">Dullaart
|
|
RP, Beusekamp
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B, Meijer
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S, van Doormaal
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JJ, Sluiter
|
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WJ.
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Long-term effects of protein-restricted diet on
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Diabetes Care.
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1993;16(2):483-492.
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doi:10.2337/diacare.16.2.483
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8432221" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8432221</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.16.2.483" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>655.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.655">Tuttle
|
|
KR, Puhlman
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ME, Cooney
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SK, Short
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RA. Effects
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diabetes.
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2002;282(1):F103-F112.
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doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00155.2001
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11739118" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11739118</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00155.2001" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>656.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.656">Ciavarella
|
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A, Di Mizio
|
|
G, Stefoni
|
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S, Borgnino
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LC, Vannini
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P. Reduced
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albuminuria after dietary protein restriction in insulin-dependent
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diabetic patients with clinical nephropathy.
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Diabetes Care.
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1987;10(4):407-413.
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doi:10.2337/diacare.10.4.407
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3622197" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3622197</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.10.4.407" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>657.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.657">Evanoff
|
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G, Thompson
|
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C, Brown
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J, Weinman
|
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E. Prolonged
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dietary protein restriction in diabetic nephropathy.
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Arch Intern Med.
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1989;149(5):1129-1133.
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doi:10.1001/archinte.1989.00390050099020
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2719506" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2719506</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/archinte.1989.00390050099020" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>658.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.658">Walker
|
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JD, Bending
|
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JJ, Dodds
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RA, et al.
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Restriction of dietary protein and progression of renal
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1989;2(8677):1411-1415.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2574360" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2574360</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(89)92032-1" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>659.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.659">Zeller
|
|
K, Whittaker
|
|
E, Sullivan
|
|
L, Raskin
|
|
P, Jacobson
|
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HR. Effect
|
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N Engl J Med.
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1991;324(2):78-84.
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doi:10.1056/NEJM199101103240202
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1984187" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1984187</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM199101103240202" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>660.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.660">Hansen
|
|
HP, Tauber-Lassen
|
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E, Jensen
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BR, Parving
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HH. Effect
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of dietary protein restriction on prognosis in patients with
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diabetic nephropathy.
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2002;62(1):220-228.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12081581" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12081581</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00421.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>661.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.661">Pijls
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LT, de Vries
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H, van Eijk
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JT, Donker
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AJ. Protein
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2002;56(12):1200-1207.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12494305" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12494305</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601474" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>662.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.662">Pan
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Y, Guo
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LL, Jin
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HM.
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Low-protein diet for diabetic nephropathy: a
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18779281" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18779281</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/ajcn/88.3.660" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>663.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.663">Meloni
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C, Tatangelo
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P, Cipriani
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S, et al.
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Adequate protein dietary restriction in diabetic and
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15483780" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15483780</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2004.07.011" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>664.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.664">McGuire
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S.
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|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3042781/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3042781</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22043452" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22043452</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.3945/an.110.1002" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>665.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.665">McGuire S. U.S. Department of
|
|
Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Dietary
|
|
Guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th Edition, Washington, DC: U.S.
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Government Printing Office, January 2011. Adv Nutr. 2011;2(3):293-294.
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|
doi:10.3945/an.111.00043010.3945/an.111.000430 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3090168/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3090168</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22332062" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22332062</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.3945/an.111.000430" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.3945/an.111.000430" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>666.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.666">Centers for Disease
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|
Control and Prevention (CDC). Usual sodium
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|
intakes compared with current dietary guidelines—United
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|
States, 2005–2008.
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MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.
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2011;60(41):1413-1417.
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|
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22012113" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22012113</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>667.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.667">Suckling
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|
RJ, He
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|
FJ, Macgregor
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GA. Altered
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|
dietary salt intake for preventing and treating diabetic kidney
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|
disease.
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Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
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2010;(12):CD006763.
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doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006763.pub2
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21154374" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21154374</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006763.pub2" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>668.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.668">Sacks
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|
FM, Svetkey
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LP, Vollmer
|
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WM, et al.
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Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and
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the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium
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Collaborative Research Group.
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2001;344(1):3-10.
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doi:10.1056/NEJM200101043440101
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11136953" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11136953</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM200101043440101" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>669.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.669">Lin
|
|
J, Fung
|
|
TT, Hu
|
|
FB, Curhan
|
|
GC.
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Association of dietary patterns with albuminuria and
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kidney function decline in older white women: a subgroup analysis
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from the Nurses’ Health Study.
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Am J Kidney Dis.
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2011;57(2):245-254.
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doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.09.027
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3026604/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3026604</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21251540" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21251540</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.09.027" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>670.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.670">Perkins
|
|
BA, Rabbani
|
|
N, Weston
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|
A, et al.
|
|
Serum levels of advanced glycation endproducts and other
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markers of protein damage in early diabetic nephropathy in type 1
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|
diabetes.
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PLoS One.
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2012;7(4):e35655.
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doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035655
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3338454/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3338454</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22558190" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22558190</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035655" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>671.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.671">RamachandraRao
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SP, Zhu Y, Ravasi T, et al. Pirfenidone is
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|
renoprotective in diabetic kidney disease.
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J Am Soc Nephrol.
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2009;20(8):1765-1775.
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doi:10.1681/ASN.2008090931
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2723978/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2723978</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19578007" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19578007</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2008090931" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>672.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.672">Shimizu
|
|
T, Fukagawa
|
|
M, Kuroda
|
|
T, et al.
|
|
Pirfenidone prevents collagen accumulation in the remnant
|
|
kidney in rats with partial nephrectomy.
|
|
Kidney Int Suppl.
|
|
1997;63:S239-S243.
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9407470" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9407470</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>673.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.673">Cho
|
|
ME, Smith
|
|
DC, Branton
|
|
MH, Penzak
|
|
SR, Kopp
|
|
JB.
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|
Pirfenidone slows renal function decline in patients
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|
with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
|
|
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
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|
2007;2(5):906-913.
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|
doi:10.2215/CJN.01050207
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17702727" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17702727</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2215/CJN.01050207" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>674.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.674">Sharma
|
|
K, Ix
|
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JH, Mathew
|
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AV, et al.
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|
Pirfenidone for diabetic nephropathy.
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J Am Soc Nephrol.
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2011;22(6):1144-1151.
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doi:10.1681/ASN.2010101049
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|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3103734/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3103734</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21511828" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21511828</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2010101049" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>675.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.675">Hagiwara
|
|
S, Kantharidis
|
|
P, Cooper
|
|
ME. What are
|
|
new avenues for renal protection, in addition to RAAS
|
|
inhibition?
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Curr Hypertens Rep.
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|
2012;14(2):100-110.
|
|
doi:10.1007/s11906-012-0251-1
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22298106" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22298106</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s11906-012-0251-1" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>676.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.676">Zieman
|
|
SJ, Melenovsky
|
|
V, Clattenburg
|
|
L, et al.
|
|
Advanced glycation endproduct crosslink breaker
|
|
(alagebrium) improves endothelial function in patients with isolated
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|
systolic hypertension.
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|
J Hypertens.
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|
2007;25(3):577-583.
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|
doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328013e7dd
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17278974" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17278974</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328013e7dd" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>677.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.677">Kass
|
|
DA, Shapiro
|
|
EP, Kawaguchi
|
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M, et al.
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Improved arterial compliance by a novel advanced
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glycation end-product crosslink breaker.
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Circulation.
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2001;104(13):1464-1470.
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|
doi:10.1161/hc3801.097806
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11571237" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11571237</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1161/hc3801.097806" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>678.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.678">Shan
|
|
D, Wu
|
|
HM, Yuan
|
|
QY, Li
|
|
J, Zhou
|
|
RL, Liu
|
|
GJ.
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|
Pentoxifylline for diabetic kidney
|
|
disease.
|
|
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
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|
2012;(2):CD006800.
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|
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006800.pub2
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22336824" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22336824</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006800.pub2" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>679.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.679">Goicoechea
|
|
M, García de Vinuesa
|
|
S, Quiroga
|
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B, et al.
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Effects of pentoxifylline on inflammatory parameters in
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chronic kidney disease patients: a randomized trial.
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J Nephrol.
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2012;25(6):969-975.
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doi:10.5301/jn.5000077
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22241639" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22241639</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.5301/jn.5000077" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>680.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.680">Komers
|
|
R.
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|
Rho kinase inhibition in diabetic kidney
|
|
disease.
|
|
Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens.
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|
2011;20(1):77-83.
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doi:10.1097/MNH.0b013e32834131f8
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21076299" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21076299</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1097/MNH.0b013e32834131f8" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>681.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.681">Gaede
|
|
P, Lund-Andersen
|
|
H, Parving
|
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HH, Pedersen
|
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O. Effect of
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a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2
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diabetes.
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N Engl J Med.
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2008;358(6):580-591.
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doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0706245
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18256393" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18256393</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0706245" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>682.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.682">TODAY Study
|
|
Group. Rapid rise in hypertension and
|
|
nephropathy in youth with type 2 diabetes: the TODAY clinical
|
|
trial.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2013;36(6):1735-1741.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc12-2420
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3661847/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3661847</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23704672" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23704672</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc12-2420" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>683.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.683">Berkowitz
|
|
RI, Marcus
|
|
MD, Anderson
|
|
BJ, et al.
|
|
Adherence to a lifestyle program for youth with type 2
|
|
diabetes and its association with treatment outcome in the TODAY
|
|
clinical trial.
|
|
Pediatr Diabetes.
|
|
2018;19(2):191-198.
|
|
doi:10.1111/pedi.12555
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5748014/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5748014</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28664624" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28664624</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/pedi.12555" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>684.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.684">Trief
|
|
PM, Kalichman
|
|
SC, Wang
|
|
D, et al.
|
|
Medication adherence in young adults with youth-onset
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|
type 2 diabetes: iCount, an observational study.
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|
Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
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|
2022;184:109216.
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|
doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109216
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35085644" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35085644</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109216" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>685.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.685">Copeland
|
|
KC, Zeitler
|
|
P, Geffner
|
|
M, et al.
|
|
Characteristics of adolescents and youth with
|
|
recent-onset type 2 diabetes: the TODAY cohort at
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|
baseline.
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|
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
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|
2011;96(1):159-167.
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|
doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1642
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3038479/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3038479</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20962021" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20962021</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1210/jc.2010-1642" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>686.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.686">Laffel
|
|
LMB, Tamborlane
|
|
WV, Yver
|
|
A, et al.
|
|
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of the
|
|
sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor empagliflozin in young
|
|
people with type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial.
|
|
Diabet Med.
|
|
2018;35(8):1096-1104.
|
|
doi:10.1111/dme.13629
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6099360/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6099360</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29655290" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29655290</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/dme.13629" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>687.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.687">Bjornstad
|
|
P, Laffel
|
|
L, Tamborlane
|
|
WV, et al.
|
|
Acute effect of empagliflozin on fractional excretion of
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|
sodium and eGFR in youth with type 2 diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2018;41(8):e129-e130.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc18-0394
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6054503/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6054503</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29941496" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29941496</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc18-0394" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>688.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.688">Sharkey
|
|
TP, Root
|
|
HF.
|
|
Infection of the urinary tract in
|
|
diabetes.
|
|
JAMA.
|
|
1935;104(25):2231-2235.
|
|
doi:10.1001/jama.1935.02760250009003 [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/jama.1935.02760250009003" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>689.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.689">Baldwin
|
|
AD, Root
|
|
HF.
|
|
Infections of the upper urinary tract in the diabetic
|
|
patient.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
|
1940;223(7):244-250.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJM194008152230703 [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM194008152230703" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>690.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.690">Robbins
|
|
SL, Tucker
|
|
AW, Jr.
|
|
The cause of death in diabetes. A report of 307
|
|
autopsied cases.
|
|
N Engl J Med
|
|
1944;231(26):865-868.
|
|
doi:10.1056/NEJM194412282312601 [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM194412282312601" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>691.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.691">Edmondson
|
|
HA, Martin
|
|
HE, Evans
|
|
N. Necrosis
|
|
of renal papillae and acute pyelonephritis in diabetes
|
|
mellitus.
|
|
Arch Intern Med (Chic).
|
|
1947;79(2):148-175.
|
|
doi:10.1001/archinte.1947.00220080036002
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20285219" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20285219</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/archinte.1947.00220080036002" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>692.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.692">Aye
|
|
RC. Renal
|
|
papillary necrosis.
|
|
Diabetes.
|
|
1954;3(2):124-128.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diab.3.2.124
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13161733" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 13161733</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diab.3.2.124" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>693.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.693">Zhanel
|
|
GG, Harding
|
|
GK, Nicolle
|
|
LE.
|
|
Asymptomatic bacteriuria in patients with diabetes
|
|
mellitus.
|
|
Rev Infect Dis.
|
|
1991;13(1):150-154.
|
|
doi:10.1093/clinids/12.5.150
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2017615" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2017615</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/clinids/12.5.150" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>694.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.694">Renko
|
|
M, Tapanainen
|
|
P, Tossavainen
|
|
P, Pokka
|
|
T, Uhari
|
|
M.
|
|
Meta-analysis of the significance of asymptomatic
|
|
bacteriuria in diabetes.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2011;34(1):230-235.
|
|
doi:10.2337/dc10-0421
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3005460/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3005460</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20937688" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20937688</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/dc10-0421" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>695.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.695">Ishay
|
|
A, Lavi
|
|
I, Luboshitzky
|
|
R.
|
|
Prevalence and risk factors for asymptomatic
|
|
bacteriuria in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Diabet Med.
|
|
2006;23(2):185-188.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01758.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16433717" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16433717</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01758.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>696.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.696">Bonadio
|
|
M, Boldrini
|
|
E, Forotti
|
|
G, et al.
|
|
Asymptomatic bacteriuria in women with diabetes:
|
|
influence of metabolic control.
|
|
Clin Infect Dis.
|
|
2004;38(6):e41-e45.
|
|
doi:10.1086/381755
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14999644" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14999644</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1086/381755" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>697.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.697">Makuyana
|
|
D, Mhlabi
|
|
D, Chipfupa
|
|
M, Munyombwe
|
|
T, Gwanzura
|
|
L.
|
|
Asymptomatic bacteriuria among outpatients with
|
|
diabetes mellitus in an urban black population.
|
|
Cent Afr J Med.
|
|
2002;48(7-8):78-82.
|
|
doi:10.4314/cajm.v48i7.8433
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14562524" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14562524</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.4314/cajm.v48i7.8433" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>698.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.698">Keleştimur
|
|
F, Unal
|
|
A, Paşaoğlu
|
|
H, Başar
|
|
E, Kiliç
|
|
H, Doğanay
|
|
M.
|
|
[Asymptomatic bacteriuria in patients with diabetes mellitus]
|
|
[Article in Turkish]. Mikrobiyol Bul.
|
|
1990;24(2):126-132.
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2089231" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2089231</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>699.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.699">Schmitt
|
|
JK, Fawcett
|
|
CJ, Gullickson
|
|
G.
|
|
Asymptomatic bacteriuria and hemoglobin
|
|
A1.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
1986;9(5):518-520.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.9.5.518
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3769720" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3769720</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.9.5.518" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>700.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.700">Abu-Bakare
|
|
A, Oyaide
|
|
SM.
|
|
Asymptomatic bacteriuria in Nigerian
|
|
diabetics.
|
|
J Trop Med Hyg.
|
|
1986;89(1):29-32.
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3528518" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3528518</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>701.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.701">Rózsai
|
|
B, Lányi
|
|
E, Berki
|
|
T, Soltész
|
|
G. Urinary
|
|
cytokine response to asymptomatic bacteriuria in type 1 diabetic
|
|
children and young adults.
|
|
Pediatr Diabetes.
|
|
2006;7(3):153-158.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1399-543X.2006.00161.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16787522" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16787522</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1399-543X.2006.00161.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>702.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.702">Mendoza
|
|
T, García de los
|
|
Ríos
|
|
M, Lafourcade
|
|
M, Soto
|
|
C, Durruty
|
|
P, Alvo
|
|
M.
|
|
[Asymptomatic bacteriuria in type 2 diabetics women] [Article
|
|
in Spanish]. Rev Med Chil.
|
|
2002;130(9):1001-1007.
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12434647" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12434647</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>703.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.703">Vigg
|
|
B, Rai
|
|
V.
|
|
Asymptomatic bacteriuria in
|
|
diabetics.
|
|
J Assoc Physicians India.
|
|
1977;25(1):57-61.
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/924956" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 924956</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>704.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.704">Joffe
|
|
BI, Seftel
|
|
HC, Distiller
|
|
LA.
|
|
Asymptomatic bacteriuria in diabetes
|
|
mellitus.
|
|
S Afr Med J.
|
|
1974;48(30):1306-1308.
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4604134" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 4604134</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>705.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.705">Rózsai
|
|
B, Lányi
|
|
E, Soltész
|
|
G.
|
|
Asymptomatic bacteriuria and leukocyturia in type 1
|
|
diabetic children and young adults.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
2003;26(7):2209-2210.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.26.7.2209-a [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12832338" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12832338</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.26.7.2209-a" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>706.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.706">Boroumand
|
|
MA, Sam
|
|
L, Abbasi
|
|
SH, Salarifar
|
|
M, Kassaian
|
|
E, Forghani
|
|
S.
|
|
Asymptomatic bacteriuria in type 2 Iranian diabetic
|
|
women: a cross sectional study.
|
|
BMC Womens Health.
|
|
2006;6:4. doi:10.1186/1472-6874-6-4
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1402268/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1402268</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16504076" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16504076</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1186/1472-6874-6-4" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>707.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.707">Zhanel
|
|
GG, Nicolle
|
|
LE, Harding
|
|
GK.
|
|
Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and associated
|
|
host factors in women with diabetes mellitus. The Manitoba Diabetic
|
|
Urinary Infection Study Group.
|
|
Clin Infect Dis.
|
|
1995;21(2):316-322.
|
|
doi:10.1093/clinids/21.2.316
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8562738" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8562738</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/clinids/21.2.316" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>708.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.708">Boyko
|
|
EJ, Fihn
|
|
SD, Scholes
|
|
D, Abraham
|
|
L, Monsey
|
|
B. Risk of
|
|
urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria among diabetic
|
|
and nondiabetic postmenopausal women.
|
|
Am J Epidemiol.
|
|
2005;161(6):557-564.
|
|
doi:10.1093/aje/kwi078
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15746472" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15746472</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1093/aje/kwi078" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>709.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.709">Sotiropoulos
|
|
A, Skourtis
|
|
S, Merkouris
|
|
P, et al.
|
|
Incidence and outcome of asymptomatic bacteriuria in
|
|
females with type 2 diabetes mellitus over a 1-year follow-up period
|
|
and association with risk factors.
|
|
Diabet Med.
|
|
2005;22(11):1625-1626.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01664.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16241934" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16241934</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01664.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>710.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.710">Geerlings
|
|
SE, Stolk
|
|
RP, Camps
|
|
MJ, et al.
|
|
Asymptomatic bacteriuria may be considered a complication
|
|
in women with diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus Women Asymptomatic
|
|
Bacteriuria Utrecht Study Group.
|
|
Diabetes Care
|
|
2000;23(6):744-749.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.23.6.744
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10840989" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10840989</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.23.6.744" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>711.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.711">Geerlings
|
|
SE, Stolk
|
|
RP, Camps
|
|
MJ, et al.
|
|
Consequences of asymptomatic bacteriuria in women with
|
|
diabetes mellitus.
|
|
Arch Intern Med.
|
|
2001;161(11):1421-1427.
|
|
doi:10.1001/archinte.161.11.1421
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11386891" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11386891</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/archinte.161.11.1421" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>712.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.712">Sawers
|
|
JS, Todd
|
|
WA, Kellett
|
|
HA, et al.
|
|
Bacteriuria and autonomic nerve function in diabetic
|
|
women.
|
|
Diabetes Care.
|
|
1986;9(5):460-464.
|
|
doi:10.2337/diacare.9.5.460
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3533474" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3533474</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2337/diacare.9.5.460" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>713.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.713">Brauner
|
|
A, Flodin
|
|
U, Hylander
|
|
B, Ostenson
|
|
CG.
|
|
Bacteriuria, bacterial virulence and host factors in
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diabetic patients.
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|
Diabet Med.
|
|
1993;10(6):550-554.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1993.tb00119.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8365092" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8365092</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.1993.tb00119.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>714.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.714">Hansen
|
|
RO.
|
|
Bacteriuria in diabetic and non-diabetic
|
|
out-patients.
|
|
Acta Med Scand.
|
|
1964;176:721-730.
|
|
doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1964.tb00680.x
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14259911" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14259911</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1964.tb00680.x" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>715.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.715">Vejlsgaard
|
|
R.
|
|
Studies on urinary infection in diabetics. I. Bacteriuria
|
|
in patients with diabetes mellitus and in control
|
|
subjects.
|
|
Acta Med Scand.
|
|
1966;179(2):173-182.
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5325464" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 5325464</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>716.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.716">Ooi
|
|
BS, Chen
|
|
BT, Yu
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|
M.
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Prevalence and site of bacteriuria in diabetes
|
|
mellitus.
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|
Postgrad Med J.
|
|
1974;50(586):497-499.
|
|
doi:10.1136/pgmj.50.586.497
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|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2495655/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2495655</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4464512" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 4464512</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1136/pgmj.50.586.497" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>717.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.717">Jaspan
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|
JB, Mangera
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|
C, Krut
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|
LH.
|
|
Bacteriuria in Black diabetics.
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S Afr Med J.
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|
1977;51(12):374-376.
|
|
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/847559" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 847559</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>718.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.718">Forland
|
|
M, Thomas
|
|
V, Shelokov
|
|
A. Urinary
|
|
tract infections in patients with diabetes mellitus. Studies on
|
|
antibody coating of bacteria.
|
|
JAMA.
|
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1977;238(18):1924-1926.
|
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doi:10.1001/jama.1977.03280190026020
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/333137" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 333137</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/jama.1977.03280190026020" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>719.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.719">Huvos
|
|
A, Rocha
|
|
H. Frequency
|
|
of bacteriuria in patients with diabetes mellitus: a controlled
|
|
study.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
|
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1959;261(24):1213-1216.
|
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doi:10.1056/NEJM195912102612403
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14405661" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14405661</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJM195912102612403" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>720.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.720">O’Sullivan
|
|
DJ, Fitzgerald
|
|
MG, Meynell
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|
MJ, Malins
|
|
JM. Urinary
|
|
tract infection. A comparative study in the diabetic and general
|
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populations.
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Br Med J.
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1961;1(5228):786-788.
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doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5228.786
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1953843/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1953843</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13730121" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 13730121</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5228.786" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>721.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.721">Karunajeewa
|
|
H, McGechie
|
|
D, Stuccio
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|
G, Stingemore
|
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N, Davis
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WA, Davis
|
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TME.
|
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Asymptomatic bacteriuria as a predictor of subsequent
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hospitalisation with urinary tract infection in diabetic adults: the
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Fremantle Diabetes Study.
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Diabetologia.
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2005;48(7):1288-1291.
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doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1794-3
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15918016" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15918016</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s00125-005-1794-3" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>722.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.722">Harding
|
|
GK, Zhanel
|
|
GG, Nicolle
|
|
LE, Cheang
|
|
M, Manitoba
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|
Diabetes Urinary Tract Infection Study Group.
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|
Antimicrobial treatment in diabetic women with
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|
asymptomatic bacteriuria.
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N Engl J Med.
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2002;347(20):1576-1583.
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doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021042
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12432044" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12432044</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021042" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>723.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.723">Ribera
|
|
MC, Pascual
|
|
R, Orozco
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|
D, Pérez Barba
|
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C, Pedrera
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V, Gil
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V. Incidence
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and risk factors associated with urinary tract infection in diabetic
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|
patients with and without asymptomatic bacteriuria.
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Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis.
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2006;25(6):389-393.
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doi:10.1007/s10096-006-0148-5
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16767487" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16767487</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s10096-006-0148-5" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>724.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.724">Semetkowska-Jurkiewicz
|
|
E, Horoszek-Maziarz
|
|
S, Galiński
|
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J, Manitius
|
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A, Krupa-Wojciechowska
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B. The
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clinical course of untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria in diabetic
|
|
patients—14-year follow-up.
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Mater Med Pol.
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1995;27(3):91-95.
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8935144" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8935144</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>725.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.725">Czaja
|
|
CA, Rutledge
|
|
BN, Cleary
|
|
PA, et al.
|
|
Urinary tract infections in women with type 1 diabetes
|
|
mellitus: survey of female participants in the Epidemiology of
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|
Diabetes Interventions and Complications study
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cohort.
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J Urol.
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2009;181(3):1129-1134.
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doi:10.1016/j.juro.2008.11.021
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2699609/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2699609</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19152925" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19152925</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.juro.2008.11.021" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>726.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.726">Foy
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|
MC, Estrella
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MM, Lucas
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GM, et al.
|
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Comparison of risk factors and outcomes in HIV immune
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complex kidney disease and HIV-associated
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nephropathy.
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Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2013;8(9):1524-1532.
|
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doi:10.2215/CJN.10991012
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|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3805081/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3805081</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23685946" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23685946</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2215/CJN.10991012" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>727.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.727">Flandre
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|
P, Pugliese
|
|
P, Cuzin
|
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L, et al.
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Risk factors of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected
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patients.
|
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Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2011;6(7):1700-1707.
|
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doi:10.2215/cjn.09191010
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21566114" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21566114</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2215/cjn.09191010" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>728.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.728">Fernando
|
|
SK, Finkelstein
|
|
FO, Moore
|
|
BA, Weissman
|
|
S.
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Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in an urban HIV
|
|
infected population.
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Am J Med Sci.
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2008;335(2):89-94.
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doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31812e6b34
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18277114" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18277114</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31812e6b34" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>729.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.729">Nasr
|
|
SH, Markowitz
|
|
GS, Stokes
|
|
MB, Said
|
|
SM, Valeri
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AM, D’Agati
|
|
VD. Acute
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postinfectious glomerulonephritis in the modern era: experience with
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86 adults and review of the literature.
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Medicine (Baltimore).
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2008;87(1):21-32.
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doi:10.1097/md.0b013e318161b0fc
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18204367" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18204367</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1097/md.0b013e318161b0fc" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>730.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.730">Kim
|
|
PS, Woods
|
|
C, Dutcher
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L, et al.
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Increased prevalence of albuminuria in HIV-infected
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adults with diabetes.
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|
PLoS One.
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2011;6(9):e24610.
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doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024610
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3172239/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3172239</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21931772" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21931772</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024610" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>731.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.731">Zaidan
|
|
M, Lescure
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FX, Brochériou
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|
I, et al.
|
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Tubulointerstitial nephropathies in HIV-infected patients
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over the past 15 years: a clinico-pathological
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study.
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Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2013;8(6):930-938.
|
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doi:10.2215/CJN.10051012
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3675854/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3675854</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23430209" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23430209</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.2215/CJN.10051012" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>732.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.732">United States Renal Data System. 2023
|
|
USRDS Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United
|
|
States. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes
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|
and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Accessed November 22, 2023. <a href="https://usrds-adr.niddk.nih.gov/2023" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://usrds-adr<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.niddk.nih.gov/2023</a>
|
|
</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>733.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.733">Geetha
|
|
D, Kronbichler
|
|
A, Rutter
|
|
M, et al.
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|
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the kidney community:
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|
lessons learned and future directions.
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|
Nat Rev Nephrol.
|
|
2022;18(11):724-737.
|
|
doi:10.1038/s41581-022-00618-4
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9400561/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9400561</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36002770" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36002770</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1038/s41581-022-00618-4" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>734.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.734">Yang
|
|
Y, Zou
|
|
S, Xu
|
|
G. An update
|
|
on the interaction between COVID-19, vaccines, and diabetic kidney
|
|
disease.
|
|
Front Immunol.
|
|
2022;13:999534.
|
|
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.999534
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9630353/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9630353</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36341356" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36341356</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.999534" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>735.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.735">Qi
|
|
Z, Yuan
|
|
S, Wei
|
|
J, et al.
|
|
Clinical and pathological features of omicron variant of
|
|
SARS-CoV-2-associated kidney injury.
|
|
J Med Virol.
|
|
2023;95(10):e29196.
|
|
doi:10.1002/jmv.29196
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37881096" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 37881096</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1002/jmv.29196" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>736.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.736">Wu
|
|
H, Larsen
|
|
CP, Hernandez-Arroyo
|
|
CF, et al.
|
|
AKI and collapsing glomerulopathy associated with
|
|
COVID-19 and APOL 1 high-risk genotype.
|
|
J Am Soc Nephrol.
|
|
2020;31(8):1688-1695.
|
|
doi:10.1681/ASN.2020050558
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7460910/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7460910</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32561682" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32561682</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1681/ASN.2020050558" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>737.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.737">May
|
|
RM, Cassol
|
|
C, Hannoudi
|
|
A, et al.
|
|
A multi-center retrospective cohort study defines the
|
|
spectrum of kidney pathology in coronavirus 2019 disease
|
|
(COVID-19).
|
|
Kidney Int.
|
|
2021;100(6):1303-1315.
|
|
doi:10.1016/j.kint.2021.07.015
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8328528/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8328528</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34352311" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34352311</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1016/j.kint.2021.07.015" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>738.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.738">Scirica
|
|
BM, Bhatt
|
|
DL, Braunwald
|
|
E, et al.
|
|
Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with
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|
type 2 diabetes mellitus.
|
|
N Engl J Med.
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|
2013;369(14):1317-1326.
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doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1307684
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23992601" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23992601</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1307684" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>739.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.739">Rosenstock
|
|
J, Perkovic
|
|
V, Johansen
|
|
OE, et al.
|
|
Effect of linagliptin vs placebo on major Cardiovascular
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|
events in adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular and
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|
renal risk: the CARMELINA randomized clinical trial.
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|
JAMA.
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2019;321(1):69-79.
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|
doi:10.1001/jama.2018.18269
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6583576/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6583576</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30418475" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30418475</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1001/jama.2018.18269" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>740.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="kidneydisease.REF.740">Rosenstock
|
|
J, Perkovic
|
|
V, Alexander
|
|
JH, et al.
|
|
Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the
|
|
CArdiovascular safety and Renal Microvascular outcomE study with
|
|
LINAgliptin (CARMELINA®): a randomized, double-blind,
|
|
placebo-controlled clinical trial in patients with type 2 diabetes
|
|
and high cardio-renal risk.
|
|
Cardiovasc Diabetol.
|
|
2018;17(1):39.
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doi:10.1186/s12933-018-0682-3
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5870815/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5870815</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29540217" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29540217</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1186/s12933-018-0682-3" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.chapter.Tb.an1"><p class="no_top_margin">Drs. Pavkov, Koyama, and Nelson reported no conflicts of interest. Dr.
|
|
Bjornstad reported serving or having served as a consultant for AstraZeneca,
|
|
Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, LG Chemistry,
|
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Sanofi, Novo Nordisk, and Horizon Pharma; he also serves or has served on
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the advisory boards and/or steering committees of AstraZeneca, Bayer,
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Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, and XORTX.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK609462_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Author Information and Affiliations</h3><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">Meda E. Pavkov</span>, MD, PhD,<sup><img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/corrauth.gif" alt="corresponding author" /></sup><sup>1</sup> <span itemprop="author">Alain K. Koyama</span>, ScD,<sup>2</sup> <span itemprop="author">Petter Bjornstad</span>, MD,<sup>3</sup> and <span itemprop="author">Robert G. Nelson</span>, MD, PhD<sup>4</sup>.</p><h4>Affiliations</h4><div class="affiliation"><sup>1</sup> Centers for Disease Control and
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|
Prevention<br />Division of Diabetes Translation<br />Atlanta, GA<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="vog.cdc@vokvapm" class="oemail">vog.cdc@vokvapm</a></div></div><div class="affiliation"><sup>2</sup> Centers for Disease Control and
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Prevention<br />Division of Diabetes Translation<br />Chronic Kidney Disease
|
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Initiative<br />Atlanta, GA</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>3</sup> University of Colorado School of
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|
Medicine<br />Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine<br />Aurora, CO</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>4</sup> National Institutes of Health<br />National Institute
|
|
of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases<br />Phoenix Epidemiology and
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Clinical Research Branch<br />Chronic Kidney Disease Section<br />Phoenix,
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AZ</div><div><sup><img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/corrauth.gif" alt="corresponding author" /></sup>Corresponding author.</div><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Initial Posting: <span itemprop="datePublished">November 21, 2024</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a><p class="small"><i>Diabetes in America</i> is in the public
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|
domain of the United States. You may use the work
|
|
without restriction in the United States.</p></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Pavkov ME, Koyama AK, Bjornstad P, et al. Kidney Disease and Diabetes. 2024 Nov 21. In: Lawrence JM, Casagrande SS, Herman WH, et al., editors. Diabetes in America [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); 2023-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/diaonline/heartdisease/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/diaonline/section3/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF1"><div id="kidneydisease.F1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%201.%20.%20Classification%20of%20Chronic%20Kidney%20Disease%20to%20Indicate%20Prognosis%20Based%20on%20the%20Combined%20Measures%20of%20Albuminuria%20and%20Estimated%20Glomerular%20Filtration%20Rate.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image001.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image001.jpg" alt="Chart showing C K D classification based on albuminuria categories ranging from normal to severely increased and G F R categories ranging from normal to kidney failure" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 1. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Classification of Chronic Kidney Disease to Indicate Prognosis Based on
|
|
the Combined Measures of Albuminuria and Estimated Glomerular Filtration
|
|
Rate.</p><p>CKD stages based on both albuminuria and GFR levels are indicated in each
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|
cell. Symbols rank adjusted relative risk for five outcomes from a
|
|
meta-analysis of general population cohorts: all-cause mortality,
|
|
cardiovascular mortality, kidney failure treated by dialysis and
|
|
transplantation, acute kidney injury, and progression of kidney disease.
|
|
CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate;
|
|
KDIGO, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. </p><p>* Low risk (if no other markers of kidney disease) </p><p>† Moderately increased risk </p><p>‡ High risk</p><p>§ Very high risk </p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (10), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2013
|
|
Elsevier, reprinted with permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF2"><div id="kidneydisease.F2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%202.%20.%20Outline%20of%20the%20Natural%20History%20of%20Diabetic%20Kidney%20Disease%20in%20Persons%20With%20Type%201%20Diabetes.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image002.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image002.jpg" alt="Line graph showing G F R initially increases in persons with diagnosed diabetes then decreases potentially to E S R D, whereas albumin excretion rises throughout diabetes duration" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 2. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Outline of the Natural History of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Persons With
|
|
Type 1 Diabetes.</p><p>The figure is based on data from 20 men, all of whom developed
|
|
nephropathy. The time between the first examination and follow-up
|
|
averaged 12±3 years; not all persons had both examinations.
|
|
Curved lines represent the typical course of GFR (log scale) and UAE.
|
|
The box in the GFR panel represents the mean ± standard
|
|
deviation of GFR in healthy subjects. In the UAE panel, the small
|
|
vertical box represents the normal range of UAE, and the large
|
|
horizontal box represents the moderate albuminuria range. GFR,
|
|
glomerular filtration rate; UAE, urinary albumin excretion.</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (22), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 1990
|
|
American Diabetes Association, reprinted with permission from The
|
|
American Diabetes Association.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF3"><div id="kidneydisease.F3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%203.%20.%20Risk%20Factors%20For%20and%20Clinical%20Course%20of%20Kidney%20Disease%20in%20Diabetes.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image003.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image003.jpg" alt="Flow chart showing clinical kidney disease progression throughout diabetes progression" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 3. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Risk Factors For and Clinical Course of Kidney Disease in Diabetes.</p><p>The thick horizontal arrows represent the reversibility of albuminuria
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|
with progressive kidney disease. BMI, body mass index; BP, blood
|
|
pressure; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; GFR, glomerular filtration
|
|
rate; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance.</p><p>SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.1" rid="kidneydisease.REF.1">1</a>)</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF4"><div id="kidneydisease.F4" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%204.%20.%20Mean%20Glomerular%20Filtration%20Rate%20in%20Men%20With%20Newly%20Diagnosed%20Type%201%20Diabetes%20and%20Without%20Diabetes.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image004.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image004.jpg" alt="Dot plot showing the distribution of G F R is higher in men with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes than men without diabetes" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 4. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Mean Glomerular Filtration Rate in Men With Newly Diagnosed Type 1
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|
Diabetes and Without Diabetes.</p><p>Subjects were 31 nondiabetic men and 11 men with newly diagnosed and
|
|
untreated type 1 diabetes; horizontal lines are mean ± standard
|
|
deviation. The mean GFR was 41% higher in men with type 1 diabetes than
|
|
in men without diabetes. GFR, glomerular filtration rate. </p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (57), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 1971
|
|
Informa Healthcare, reprinted with permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF5"><div id="kidneydisease.F5" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%205.%20.%20Glomerular%20Filtration%20Rate%20and%20Renal%20Plasma%20Flow%20in%20Persons%20With%20Type%202%20Diabetes%20and%20Without%20Diabetes.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image005.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image005.jpg" alt="Dot plots showing the distribution of G F R and the effective renal plasma flow are higher in persons with type 2 diabetes than persons without diabetes" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 5. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Glomerular Filtration Rate and Renal Plasma Flow in Persons With Type 2
|
|
Diabetes and Without Diabetes.</p><p>GFR and effective renal plasma flow were measured in 110 persons with
|
|
type 2 diabetes and 32 persons without diabetes; mean values are shown
|
|
for each group. Mean GFR averaged 23% higher and renal plasma flow 13%
|
|
higher in persons with diabetes. GFR, glomerular filtration rate.</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (59), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 1992
|
|
Elsevier, reprinted with permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF6"><div id="kidneydisease.F6" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%206.%20.%20Glomerular%20Basement%20Membrane%20and%20Fractional%20Mesangial%20Volume%20by%20Albuminuria%20in%20Persons%20With%20Type%201%20Diabetes.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image006.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image006.jpg" alt="Dot plot showing glomerular basement membrane width and fractional mesangial volume lower in normoalbuminuric persons than those with moderate albuminuria and proteinuria" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 6. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Glomerular Basement Membrane and Fractional Mesangial Volume by
|
|
Albuminuria in Persons With Type 1 Diabetes.</p><p>GBM width and Vv(Mes/glom) in 88 normoalbuminuric (NA), 17 moderately
|
|
albuminuric (MA), and 19 proteinuric (P) persons with type 1 diabetes.
|
|
Normoalbuminuria is defined as AER <20 µg/min, moderate
|
|
albuminuria as AER 20–200 µg/min, and proteinuria as AER
|
|
≥200 µg/min on at least two of three measurements. The
|
|
shaded bars represent mean ± 2 standard deviations in a group of
|
|
76 age-matched normal control subjects. AER, albumin excretion rate;
|
|
GBM, glomerular basement membrane; Vv(Mes/glom), fractional mesangial
|
|
volume.</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (118), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2002
|
|
American Diabetes Association, reprinted with permission from The
|
|
American Diabetes Association.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF7"><div id="kidneydisease.F7" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%207.%20.%20Peripheral%20Glomerular%20Capillaries%20From%20Pima%20Indians%20With%20Type%202%20Diabetes.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image007.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image007.jpg" alt="Picture showing local podocyte detachment in peripheral glomerular capillaries in a Pima Indian with type 2 diabetes " class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 7. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Peripheral Glomerular Capillaries From Pima Indians With Type 2
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|
Diabetes.</p><p>Transmission electron microscopy, x 11,280. Panel A: Intact podocyte foot
|
|
processes (P) attached to glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Panel B:
|
|
Local podocyte detachment (PD) and denuded GBM. CL, capillary lumen; E,
|
|
capillary endothelium.</p><p>SOURCE: Original figure provided by R. G. Nelson</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF8"><div id="kidneydisease.F8" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%208.%20.%20Fractional%20Dextran%20Clearance%20Profile%20in%20Pima%20Indians%20With%20and%20Without%20Type%202%20Diabetes.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image008.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image008.jpg" alt="Line graph showing the fractional dextran clearance decreases with increasing dextran radius similarly for people with and without diabetes" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 8. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Fractional Dextran Clearance Profile in Pima Indians With and Without
|
|
Type 2 Diabetes.</p><p>The figure compares the fractional dextran clearance profile in persons
|
|
with type 2 diabetes and those with normal glucose tolerance. Fractional
|
|
dextran clearances in subjects with diabetes were uniformly elevated
|
|
over the entire range of molecular radii tested; the elevation was most
|
|
marked at the large radius end of the profile, with statistically
|
|
significant differences (p<0.05) for dextrans of ≥48
|
|
Å radius.</p><p>SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.64" rid="kidneydisease.REF.64">64</a>)</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF9"><div id="kidneydisease.F9" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%209.%20.%20Dextran%20Sieving%20Curves%20in%20Pima%20Indians%20With%20Type%202%20Diabetes.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image009.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image009.jpg" alt="Line graph showing people with albuminuria, compared to those with normal albumin, have a higher dextran sieving coefficient among large-radius molecules but not at the low-radius end" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 9. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Dextran Sieving Curves in Pima Indians With Type 2 Diabetes.</p><p>Sieving coefficients were measured in 31 persons with diabetes and severe
|
|
albuminuria at 48 months follow-up (▵) and 11 controls with
|
|
diabetes and long-term normoalbuminuria (○). Lines are best-fit
|
|
splines. A significant elevation of the sieving curve at its
|
|
large-radius end and a tendency toward depression at the low-radius end
|
|
are found in persons with severe albuminuria. Error bars represent one
|
|
standard deviation. ESR, Einstein-Stokes radius. </p><p>* p<0.05 </p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (207), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2000
|
|
American Society of Nephrology, reprinted with
|
|
permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF10"><div id="kidneydisease.F10" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2010.%20.%20Graph%20of%20the%20Shunt%20Magnitude%20as%20a%20Function%20of%20Albuminuria.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image010.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image010.jpg" alt="Line graph showing an increase in shunt magnitude at higher levels of fractional clearance of albumin and albumin-to-creatinine ratio" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 10. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Graph of the Shunt Magnitude as a Function of Albuminuria.</p><p>The shunt magnitude parameter (ω<sub>0</sub>) as a function of
|
|
albuminuria, as reflected by (Panel A) the fractional clearance of
|
|
albumin and (Panel B) the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (A/C), for
|
|
the combined moderate (○) and severe (▴) albuminuria
|
|
groups (n=73). The shaded bar represents the 25th–75th
|
|
percentiles of the ω<sub>0</sub> distribution of
|
|
normoalbuminuric control subjects.</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (207), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2000
|
|
American Society of Nephrology, reprinted with
|
|
permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF11"><div id="kidneydisease.F11" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2011.%20.%20Relationship%20Between%20Shunt%20Magnitude%20and%20Mean%20Podocyte%20Foot%20Process%20Width.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image011.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image011.jpg" alt="Line graph showing that shunt magnitude increases at higher levels of foot process width" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 11. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Relationship Between Shunt Magnitude and Mean Podocyte Foot Process
|
|
Width.</p><p>Shunt magnitude (ω<sub>0</sub>) and mean foot process width in 10
|
|
persons with severe albuminuria who had kidney biopsies. </p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (207), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2000
|
|
American Society of Nephrology, reprinted with
|
|
permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF12"><div id="kidneydisease.F12" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2012.%20.%20Prevalence%20of%20Elevated%20Urinary%20Albumin%20Excretion%20in%20Pima%20Indians%2C%20by%20Duration%20of%20Diabetes%2C%201982%020131988.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image012.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image012.jpg" alt="Bar graph showing the prevalence of albuminuria increases with longer duration of type 2 diabetes" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 12. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Prevalence of Elevated Urinary Albumin Excretion in Pima Indians, by
|
|
Duration of Diabetes, 1982–1988.</p><p>Moderate albuminuria is defined as 31–299 mg/24 hours and severe
|
|
albuminuria as ≥300 mg/24 hours.</p><p>SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.217" rid="kidneydisease.REF.217">217</a>)</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF13"><div id="kidneydisease.F13" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2013.%20.%20Incidence%20of%20Kidney%20Disease%20in%20Persons%20With%20Type%201%20Diabetes%2C%20Pittsburgh%20Epidemiology%20of%20Diabetes%20Complications%20Study%2C%201986%020132000%2C%20and%20Steno%20Clinic%20Population%2C%201933%020131984.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image013.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image013.jpg" alt="Line graph showing the incidence of kidney disease increased with longer duration of diabetes in 1 study and peaked at 17 years duration and declined afterwards in another study" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 13. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Incidence of Kidney Disease in Persons With Type 1 Diabetes, Pittsburgh
|
|
Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study, 1986–2000, and
|
|
Steno Clinic Population, 1933–1984.</p><p>Kidney disease is defined as an albumin excretion rate >200
|
|
µg/min in at least two of three timed urine collections.</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (247), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2006
|
|
American Diabetes Association, reprinted with permission from The
|
|
American Diabetes Association.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF14"><div id="kidneydisease.F14" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2014.%20.%20Cumulative%20Incidence%20of%20Persistent%20Albuminuria%20in%20Persons%20With%20Type%201%20Diabetes%20Diagnosed%20Before%20Age%2015%20Years%2C%20by%20Duration%20of%20Diabetes.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image014.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image014.jpg" alt="Line graph showing the cumulative incidence of persistent albuminuria by duration of diabetes decreased from the early 19 60’s to the late 19 70’s" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 14. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Cumulative Incidence of Persistent Albuminuria in Persons With Type 1
|
|
Diabetes Diagnosed Before Age 15 Years, by Duration of Diabetes.</p><p>Persistent albuminuria is defined as ≥1 positive test by
|
|
Albustix. Subjects are divided into four groups based on calendar years
|
|
in which diabetes was diagnosed.</p><p>* p=0.01 for difference with the group with onset of type 1 diabetes in
|
|
1961–1965</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (248), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 1994
|
|
Massachusetts Medical Society, reprinted with
|
|
permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF15"><div id="kidneydisease.F15" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2015.%20.%20Cumulative%20Incidence%20of%20Diabetic%20Nephropathy%20by%20Period%20of%20Onset%20of%20Type%201%20Diabetes%20Diagnosed%20Before%20Age%2015%20Years%2C%20by%20Duration%20of%20Diabetes.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image015.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image015.jpg" alt="Line graph showing the cumulative incidence of diabetic nephropathy by duration of diabetes decreased from the late 19 60’s to the early 19 80’s" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 15. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Cumulative Incidence of Diabetic Nephropathy by Period of Onset of Type 1
|
|
Diabetes Diagnosed Before Age 15 Years, by Duration of Diabetes.</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (250), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2003
|
|
American Diabetes Association, reprinted with permission from The
|
|
American Diabetes Association.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF16"><div id="kidneydisease.F16" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2016.%20.%20Chronic%20Kidney%20Disease%20Progression%20in%20Persons%20With%20New-Onset%20Type%202%20Diabetes%2C%20United%20Kingdom%20Prospective%20Diabetes%20Study%2C%201977%020131997.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image016.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image016.jpg" alt="Flow chart showing annual progression to the next stage of C K D was 2% to 2.8% and death occurred in 1.4% with no nephropathy increasing to 19.2% in those with elevated plasma creatinine or E S R D" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 16. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in Persons With New-Onset Type 2
|
|
Diabetes, United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study,
|
|
1977–1997.</p><p>Percentages represent annual rates with 95% confidence intervals.</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (255), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2003
|
|
Elsevier, reprinted with permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF17"><div id="kidneydisease.F17" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2017.%20.%20Six-Year%20Incidence%20of%20Any%20Proteinuria%20in%20African%20American%20Men%20and%20Women%20With%20Type%201%20Diabetes%2C%20by%20Duration%20of%20Diabetes%20at%20the%20Baseline%20Examination%2C%20New%20Jersey%20725%20Study%2C%201993%020131998.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image017.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image017.jpg" alt="Line graph showing the 6-year incidence of proteinuria was 42.9% overall and highest among those with 5 to 9 years duration at baseline" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 17. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Six-Year Incidence of Any Proteinuria in African American Men and Women
|
|
With Type 1 Diabetes, by Duration of Diabetes at the Baseline
|
|
Examination, New Jersey 725 Study, 1993–1998.</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (259), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2007
|
|
American Diabetes Association, reprinted with permission from The
|
|
American Diabetes Association.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF18"><div id="kidneydisease.F18" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2018.%20.%20Four-Year%20Cumulative%20Incidence%20of%20Elevated%20Albuminuria%20in%20American%20Indians%2C%20by%20Duration%20of%20Diabetes%2C%20Sex%2C%20and%20Study%20Site%2C%20Strong%20Heart%20Study.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image018.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image018.jpg" alt="Bar graph showing the 4-year cumulative incidence of albuminuria was similar in men and women and higher among people with a longer duration of diabetes" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 18. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Four-Year Cumulative Incidence of Elevated Albuminuria in American
|
|
Indians, by Duration of Diabetes, Sex, and Study Site, Strong Heart
|
|
Study.</p><p>ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio.</p><p>SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.264" rid="kidneydisease.REF.264">264</a>)</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF19"><div id="kidneydisease.F19" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2019.%20.%20Risk%20of%20Death%20Associated%20With%20Estimated%20Glomerular%20Filtration%20Rate%20in%20Type%201%20Diabetes.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image019.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image019.jpg" alt="Line graphs showing the relative hazard of death associated with G F R was generally u-shaped regardless of albuminuria status, with the lowest risk between a G F R of 60 and 90" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 19. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Risk of Death Associated With Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in
|
|
Type 1 Diabetes.</p><p>Relative hazard computed in persons with type 1 diabetes: (Panel A)
|
|
without end-stage renal disease, (Panel B) with normoalbuminuria, (Panel
|
|
C) with moderate albuminuria, and (Panel D) with severe albuminuria.
|
|
Albuminuria is defined by a urinary albumin excretion rate <20
|
|
μg/min (normal albuminuria), 20–200 μg/min
|
|
(moderate albuminuria), and >200 μg/min (severe
|
|
albuminuria) in two of three consecutive urine collections. Line
|
|
indicates adjusted point estimates for cubic regression spline, and
|
|
shaded areas show 95% confidence intervals. GFR, glomerular filtration
|
|
rate. </p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (282), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2009
|
|
American Diabetes Association, reprinted with permission from The
|
|
American Diabetes Association.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF20"><div id="kidneydisease.F20" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2020.%20.%20Trends%20in%20Age-Sex-Adjusted%20Death%20Rates%20From%20Natural%20Causes%20and%20Cardiovascular%20Disease%20in%20American%20Indians%20With%20and%20Without%20Diabetes%2C%20by%20Severity%20of%20Kidney%20Disease.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image020.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image020.jpg" alt="Bar graph showing death rate is higher among people with a longer duration of diabetes and those with worse kidney disease" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 20. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Trends in Age-Sex-Adjusted Death Rates From Natural Causes and
|
|
Cardiovascular Disease in American Indians With and Without Diabetes, by
|
|
Severity of Kidney Disease.</p><p>Trends in age- and sex-adjusted death rates from (Panel A) natural causes
|
|
and (Panel B) cardiovascular disease (CVD). The bars represent mortality
|
|
rates stratified by diabetes and its duration in the four kidney disease
|
|
categories. The line shows overall death rates by diabetes and its
|
|
duration, indicating a lesser effect of duration than of kidney function
|
|
on mortality. Panel C shows the frequency distribution of person-years
|
|
stratified by diabetes and its duration in the four kidney disease
|
|
categories. The fraction of person-years of follow-up among persons with
|
|
normal kidney function ranged from 96% in subjects without diabetes to
|
|
53% in those with 20–30 years of diabetes. Conversely, the
|
|
fraction of person-years among persons on RRT ranged from 0.4% in
|
|
subjects without diabetes to 12% in those with 20–30 years of
|
|
diabetes. Proteinuria is defined by a protein-to-creatinine ratio
|
|
≥0.5 g/g, reflecting an approximate protein excretion rate of at
|
|
least 0.5 g/day. High SCr is defined as SCr ≥133 µmol/L
|
|
(1.5 mg/dL) in men and ≥124 µmol/L (1.4 mg/dL) in women.
|
|
RRT, renal replacement therapy; SCr, serum creatinine.</p><p>∗ Insufficient data</p><p>† Rate is null.</p><p>SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.276" rid="kidneydisease.REF.276">276</a>) </p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF21"><div id="kidneydisease.F21" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2021.%20.%20Association%20of%20(A)%20Urinary%20Albumin-to-Creatinine%20Ratio%20and%20(B)%20Estimated%20Glomerular%20Filtration%20Rate%20Levels%20During%20Follow-Up%20With%20the%20Risk%20for%20Cardiovascular%20Events.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image021.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image021.jpg" alt="Line graphs showing that among those with diabetes, adjusted hazard ratios for cardiovascular events was higher at higher levels of U A C R and at lower levels of G F R" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 21. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Association of (A) Urinary Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio and (B) Estimated
|
|
Glomerular Filtration Rate Levels During Follow-Up With the Risk for
|
|
Cardiovascular Events.</p><p>Closed and open squares represent hazard ratios (HRs) in subgroups for
|
|
eGFR <60 and ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, UACR
|
|
<30 and ≥30 mg/g, or SBP <140 and ≥140
|
|
mmHg. Hazard ratios are adjusted for age; sex; follow-up variables,
|
|
including eGFR (or UACR); SBP; glycated hemoglobin (A1C); low-density
|
|
lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol; high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
|
|
cholesterol; triglycerides; body mass index; randomized study treatment;
|
|
and baseline covariates, including duration of diabetes, history of
|
|
hypertension, history of macrovascular disease, electrocardiogram
|
|
abnormalities, current smoking, and current drinking. The hazard ratios
|
|
and 95% confidence intervals for the regression lines were corrected
|
|
with the regression dilution attenuation coefficient of log-transformed
|
|
UACR (1.98) and log-transformed eGFR (1.96). CI, confidence interval;
|
|
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; SBP, systolic blood
|
|
pressure; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio. </p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (299), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2009
|
|
American Society of Nephrology, reprinted with
|
|
permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF22"><div id="kidneydisease.F22" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2022.%20.%20Trends%20in%20Incident%20End-Stage%20Kidney%20Disease%20Cases%20and%20Incident%20Rate%2C%20by%20Primary%20Diagnosis%20of%20End-Stage%20Kidney%20Disease%2C%20U.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image022.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image022.jpg" alt="Line graphs showing diabetes is a bigger contributor to E S R D than hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and cystic kidney" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 22. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Trends in Incident End-Stage Kidney Disease Cases and Incident Rate, by
|
|
Primary Diagnosis of End-Stage Kidney Disease, U.S. Renal Data System,
|
|
2000–2020.</p><p>Data are adjusted for age, sex, and race and ethnicity; unknown sex and
|
|
other or unknown race and ethnicity were dropped. Data are standardized
|
|
to the 2015 U.S. population. </p><p>SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>)</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF23"><div id="kidneydisease.F23" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2023.%20.%20Incident%20ESKD%20Cases%20(Line)%20and%20Increase%20in%20ESKD%20Attributable%20to%20Increased%20Prevalence%20of%20Diabetes%2C%20Improved%20Survival%20Following%20Myocardial%20Infarction%20and%20Stroke%2C%20and%20U.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image023.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image023.jpg" alt="Line graphs showing absolute incident of E S R D has increased from near 0 in 19 78 to almost 37,000 in 19 91, with diabetes being the biggest contributor to this increase" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 23. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Incident ESKD Cases (Line) and Increase in ESKD Attributable to Increased
|
|
Prevalence of Diabetes, Improved Survival Following Myocardial
|
|
Infarction and Stroke, and U.S. Population Growth in 1991 (Bars).</p><p>ESKD, end-stage kidney disease.</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (316), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2003
|
|
American Society of Nephrology, reprinted with
|
|
permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF24"><div id="kidneydisease.F24" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2024.%20.%20Survival%20Probabilities%20Among%20Incident%20End-Stage%20Kidney%20Disease%20Patients%20With%20Diabetes%2C%20by%20Treatment%20Modality%2C%20U.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image024.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image024.jpg" alt="Line graphs showing survival on dialysis slowly improved across modalities, including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and transplant, between 2000 and 2010" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 24. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Survival Probabilities Among Incident End-Stage Kidney Disease Patients
|
|
With Diabetes, by Treatment Modality, U.S. Renal Data System,
|
|
2000–2015.</p><p>Data are adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, and primary cause of
|
|
end-stage kidney disease. HD, hemodialysis; PD, peritoneal dialysis; Tx,
|
|
transplant.</p><p>SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>)</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF25"><div id="kidneydisease.F25" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2025.%20.%20Survival%20Probabilities%20Among%20Incident%20Dialysis%20Patients%2C%20by%20Cause%20of%20End-Stage%20Kidney%20Disease%2C%20U.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image025.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image025.jpg" alt="Line graphs showing survival on dialysis is reduced in persons with diabetes compared to persons with hypertension or glomerulonephritis" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 25. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Survival Probabilities Among Incident Dialysis Patients, by Cause of
|
|
End-Stage Kidney Disease, U.S. Renal Data System, 2000–2015.</p><p>Data are adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, and primary cause of
|
|
end-stage kidney disease. GN, glomerulonephritis; HT, hypertension.</p><p>SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>)</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF26"><div id="kidneydisease.F26" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2026.%20.%20Expected%20Remaining%20Years%20of%20Life%20Among%20Prevalent%20Dialysis%20Patients%20With%20Diabetes%2C%20U.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image026.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image026.jpg" alt="Bar graph showing that among dialysis patients with diabetes, White persons had a lower life expectancy compared to Black, Hispanic, Asian, or Native American persons" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 26. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Expected Remaining Years of Life Among Prevalent Dialysis Patients With
|
|
Diabetes, U.S. Renal Data System, 2020.</p><p>SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>)</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF27"><div id="kidneydisease.F27" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2027.%20.%20Hazard%20Ratios%20for%20Death%20From%20Any%20Cause%20Among%20Non-Hispanic%20American%20Indians%20With%20Diabetes%20at%20Initiation%20of%20Hemodialysis%2C%20by%20Degree%20of%20American%20Indian%20Ancestry%2C%201995%020132010.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image027.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image027.jpg" alt="Plot showing hazard ratios of death after dialysis initiation was lower in those with a greater degree of American Indian ancestry compared to non-Hispanic whites" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 27. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Hazard Ratios for Death From Any Cause Among Non-Hispanic American
|
|
Indians With Diabetes at Initiation of Hemodialysis, by Degree of
|
|
American Indian Ancestry, 1995–2010.</p><p>Information on American Indian ancestry was obtained from the IHS patient
|
|
database. The reference group is non-Hispanic (NH) White patients on
|
|
hemodialysis with a primary diagnosis of diabetes (dashed horizontal
|
|
line). The capped vertical lines represent 95% confidence intervals
|
|
around the hazard ratio estimates. Hazard ratios are adjusted for sex,
|
|
age, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, current
|
|
smoking status, erythropoietin treatment, history of hypertension,
|
|
cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or
|
|
malignancy. AI/AN, American Indian/Alaska Native; HR, hazard ratio; IHS,
|
|
Indian Health Service.</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (337), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2014
|
|
American Public Health Association, reprinted with
|
|
permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF28"><div id="kidneydisease.F28" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2028.%20.%20Incidence%20of%20Proteinuria%20in%20Pima%20Indians%20With%20Type%202%20Diabetes%2C%20by%20OGTT%20Glucose%20Level%20and%20Diabetes%20Duration.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image028.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image028.jpg" alt="Line graph showing that higher levels of 2-hour glucose at diagnosis and longer duration of diabetes was associated with higher incidence of proteinuria" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 28. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Incidence of Proteinuria in Pima Indians With Type 2 Diabetes, by OGTT
|
|
Glucose Level and Diabetes Duration.</p><p>Incidence of proteinuria (protein-to-creatinine ratio ≥1.0 g/g)
|
|
by duration of diabetes in 480 Pima Indians with type 2 diabetes,
|
|
according to tertiles of 2-hour plasma glucose concentration after 75 g
|
|
oral glucose, measured at diagnosis of diabetes. A conversion formula
|
|
for glucose values is available in the <i>Conversions</i> section. OGTT, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance
|
|
test.</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (244), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 1989
|
|
Elsevier, reprinted with permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF29"><div id="kidneydisease.F29" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2029.%20.%20Morphometric%20Measurements%20in%20Kidney%20and%20Skeletal%20Muscle%20From%20Identical%20Twins%20Discordant%20for%20Type%201%20Diabetes.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image029.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image029.jpg" alt="Line graphs showing widened glomerular and tubular basement membranes and increased mesangial fraction in those with diabetes compared to an identical twin without diabetes" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 29. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Morphometric Measurements in Kidney and Skeletal Muscle From Identical
|
|
Twins Discordant for Type 1 Diabetes.</p><p>Panel A: basement membrane width (nm). Panel B: fractional volume of the
|
|
mesangium (%). Values for twins without diabetes (●) are linked
|
|
to values for their siblings with diabetes (○). The numbers next
|
|
to the lines indicate the twin pair. The shaded areas indicate normal
|
|
ranges. The normal range for glomerular basement membrane in men (higher
|
|
normal values) overlaps the range in women (lower normal values).
|
|
Significant differences between siblings with diabetes and their twins
|
|
without diabetes were found for glomerular basement membrane width
|
|
(p=0.002), tubular basement membrane width (p=0.0012), and fractional
|
|
volume of the mesangium (p=0.0035), but not in muscle capillary basement
|
|
membrane width (p=0.50). </p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (368), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 1985
|
|
Massachusetts Medical Society, reprinted with
|
|
permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF30"><div id="kidneydisease.F30" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2030.%20.%20Renal%20Histologic%20Changes%20at%20Baseline%20and%205%20and%2010%20Years%20After%20Pancreas%20Transplantation.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image030.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image030.jpg" alt="Line graphs showing decreases in G B M thickness, T B M thickness, mesangial fractional volume, and mesangial matrix fractional volume 10 years after pancreas transplantation" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 30. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Renal Histologic Changes at Baseline and 5 and 10 Years After Pancreas
|
|
Transplantation.</p><p>Thickness of the GBM (Panel A), thickness of the TBM (Panel B), mesangial
|
|
fractional volume (Panel C), and mesangial matrix fractional volume
|
|
(Panel D) are shown before (baseline) and after pancreas transplantation
|
|
in persons with type 1 diabetes. Shaded areas represent the normal
|
|
ranges obtained in 66 age- and sex-matched normal controls (mean
|
|
± 2 standard deviations). GBM, glomerular basement membrane;
|
|
Mes, mesangium; MM, mesangial matrix; TBM, tubular basement membrane;
|
|
Vv, fractional volume.</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (369), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2012
|
|
Springer, reprinted with permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF31"><div id="kidneydisease.F31" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2031.%20.%20Mean%20Blood%20Pressure%20in%20Parents%20of%20Persons%20With%20Type%201%20Diabetes%20and%20With%20or%20Without%20Proteinuria.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image031.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image031.jpg" alt="Dot plot showing higher blood pressure in parents of type 1 diabetes patients with proteinuria compared to parents of those without proteinuria" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 31. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Mean Blood Pressure in Parents of Persons With Type 1 Diabetes and With
|
|
or Without Proteinuria.</p><p>Family study of diabetes, including 26 surviving parents of 17 persons
|
|
with type 1 diabetes and proteinuria and parents of 17 matched persons
|
|
without diabetes or proteinuria. The figure shows mean blood pressure in
|
|
the parent with higher arterial pressure of 17 proteinuric and 17
|
|
nonproteinuric diabetic persons; horizontal lines are means. Mean blood
|
|
pressure in parents of proteinuric subjects averaged 11 mmHg (95%
|
|
confidence interval 1.7–20.3 mmHg) higher than in parents of
|
|
diabetic subjects without proteinuria. Proteinuria is defined as urinary
|
|
protein >0.15 g/L.</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (374), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 1987 BMJ
|
|
Publishing Group, reprinted with permission .</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF32"><div id="kidneydisease.F32" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2032.%20.%20Nocturnal%20Systolic%20Blood%20Pressure%20According%20to%20Albuminuria%20and%20Level%20of%20Glycated%20Hemoglobin%20(A1C)%20in%20Type%201%20Diabetes.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image032.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image032.jpg" alt="Line graph showing an increase in nocturnal systolic blood pressure was observed in those who developed albuminuria but not those who did not develop albuminuria, regardless of A1c level" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 32. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Nocturnal Systolic Blood Pressure According to Albuminuria and Level of
|
|
Glycated Hemoglobin (A1C) in Type 1 Diabetes.</p><p>Panel A: Nocturnal systolic blood pressure in 14 subjects who
|
|
subsequently developed moderate albuminuria (microalbuminuria) and in 61
|
|
subjects who remained normoalbuminuric. Panel B: Nocturnal systolic
|
|
blood pressure according to the mean (± standard deviation) A1C.
|
|
The final evaluation was the last evaluation during follow-up in the
|
|
normoalbuminuria group or the last evaluation before the development of
|
|
moderate albuminuria. Vertical bars indicate standard deviations.
|
|
Microalbuminuria is defined as albumin excretion of 30–299 mg/24
|
|
hours in two consecutive measurements less than 6 months apart. A
|
|
conversion formula for A1C values is available in the Conversions
|
|
section. HbA<sub>1c</sub>/A1C, glycated hemoglobin.</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (376), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2002
|
|
Massachusetts Medical Society, reprinted with
|
|
permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF33"><div id="kidneydisease.F33" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2033.%20.%20Prevalence%20of%20Elevated%20Albuminuria%20in%20Pima%20Indians%20After%20Diagnosis%20of%20Type%202%20Diabetes%2C%20by%20Blood%20Pressure%20Before%20Onset%20of%20Diabetes.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image033.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image033.jpg" alt="Bar graph showing albuminuria after diabetes diagnosis was more common in those who had higher mean blood pressure before diabetes diagnosis" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 33. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Prevalence of Elevated Albuminuria in Pima Indians After Diagnosis of
|
|
Type 2 Diabetes, by Blood Pressure Before Onset of Diabetes.</p><p>Elevated albuminuria is defined by urinary albumin-to-creatinine (ACR)
|
|
ratio ≥100 mg/g. Participants with the highest prediabetic blood
|
|
pressure had the highest prevalence of elevated albuminuria after onset
|
|
of diabetes. </p><p>SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.379" rid="kidneydisease.REF.379">379</a>)</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF34"><div id="kidneydisease.F34" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2034.%20.%20Correlation%20of%20Sodium-Lithium%20Countertransport%20Activity%20With%20Nephropathy.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image034.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image034.jpg" alt="Dot plot showing sodium-lithium counter-transport activity was higher with albuminuria than those with normoalbuminuria" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 34. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Correlation of Sodium-Lithium Countertransport Activity With
|
|
Nephropathy.</p><p>Sodium-lithium (Na-Li) countertransport activity was measured in 21
|
|
persons with type 1 diabetes and normoalbuminuric matched controls.
|
|
Diabetic nephropathy is defined by a urinary protein excretion
|
|
>0.5 g/24 hours. The horizontal bars represent medians. </p><p>* p=0.02</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (384), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2004
|
|
American Society of Nephrology, reprinted with
|
|
permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF35"><div id="kidneydisease.F35" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2035.%20.%20Effect%20of%20Serum%20HDL%20Cholesterol%20Concentration%20on%20the%20Incidence%20of%20Albuminuria%20in%20American%20Indians%20With%20Type%202%20Diabetes%2C%20Strong%20Heart%20Study%2C%201989%020131996.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image035.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image035.jpg" alt="Line graph showing low H D L levels were associated with greater albuminuria in women but not in men" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 35. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Effect of Serum HDL Cholesterol Concentration on the Incidence of
|
|
Albuminuria in American Indians With Type 2 Diabetes, Strong Heart
|
|
Study, 1989–1996.</p><p>Effect of HDL cholesterol concentration on the incidence of albuminuria
|
|
(ACR ≥30 mg/g) in persons with diabetes and normal urinary
|
|
albumin at baseline. Results are controlled for age, treatment with oral
|
|
hypoglycemic agents or insulin, glycated hemoglobin (A1C), study site,
|
|
degree of Indian heritage, mean arterial blood pressure, baseline
|
|
albuminuria, and duration of diabetes at follow-up. A generalized
|
|
additive logistic regression model was used so that nonlinearity in the
|
|
relation could be examined. In each sex, the p-value reflects a test for
|
|
any effect (linear or not) of HDL cholesterol. A conversion formula for
|
|
HDL cholesterol values is available in the <i>Conversions</i> section. ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio;
|
|
HDL, high-density lipoprotein.</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (414), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 1998
|
|
Springer, reprinted with permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF36"><div id="kidneydisease.F36" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2036.%20.%20Impact%20of%20Smoking%20Habit%20on%20Kidney%20Function%2C%20Adjusted%20for%20Difference%20in%20Blood%20Pressure%20Between%20Groups%2C%20Steno%20Clinic%2C%201983%020131997.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image036.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image036.jpg" alt="Bar graph showing the decline in glomerular filtration rate was similar for smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers after adjusting for blood pressure" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 36. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Impact of Smoking Habit on Kidney Function, Adjusted for Difference in
|
|
Blood Pressure Between Groups, Steno Clinic, 1983–1997.</p><p>GFR was measured yearly by the <sup>51</sup>Cr-EDTA plasma clearance
|
|
technique. In 301 persons with type 1 diabetes and severe albuminuria
|
|
followed for a median of 7 years (range 3–14 years), the mean
|
|
GFR decline was 4.0 mL/min/year, with no difference between nonsmokers
|
|
(n=94), ex-smokers (n=31), and smokers (n=176) (p=0.24). The adjusted
|
|
rates of GFR decline were 4.1 mL/min/year in nonsmokers, 3.1 mL/min/year
|
|
in ex-smokers, and 4.1 mL/min/year in the smoking group. Severe
|
|
albuminuria is defined as persistent albuminuria ≥300 mg/24
|
|
hours in at least two of three consecutive urine collections, presence
|
|
of diabetic retinopathy, and absence of any clinical or laboratory
|
|
evidence of other kidney or renal tract disease. Error bars represent
|
|
95% confidence intervals. GFR, glomerular filtration rate.</p><p>SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.447" rid="kidneydisease.REF.447">447</a>)</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF37"><div id="kidneydisease.F37" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2037.%20.%20Effect%20of%20Youth-Onset%20Type%202%20Diabetes%20on%20Incidence%20of%20End-Stage%20Kidney%20Disease%20in%20Pima%20Indians%2C%20by%20Diabetes%20Duration%20and%20Age%2C%201965%020132002.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image037.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image037.jpg" alt="Line graphs showing adult-onset compared to youth-onset type 2 diabetes had a cumulative incidence of E S R D that was higher at a comparable duration of diabetes and lower at a comparable age" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 37. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Effect of Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes on Incidence of End-Stage Kidney
|
|
Disease in Pima Indians, by Diabetes Duration and Age,
|
|
1965–2002.</p><p>Participants were observed from onset of diabetes to outcome or December
|
|
2002. Youth-onset type 2 diabetes is defined as onset age <20
|
|
years; older-onset type 2 diabetes is defined as onset between ages 20
|
|
and 55 years. </p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Bottom panel: Reference (327), reproduced with
|
|
permission, <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2006 American Medical Association. All
|
|
rights reserved. Top panel: Adapted from reference
|
|
(327).</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF38"><div id="kidneydisease.F38" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2038.%20.%20Cumulative%20Incidence%20of%20Diabetic%20End-Stage%20Kidney%20Disease%20Among%20Pima%20Indians%2C%20by%20Offspring%02019s%20Age%20and%20Duration%20of%20Diabetes%2C%20According%20to%20Exposure%20to%20Diabetes%20in%20Utero%2C%201965%020132006.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image038.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image038.jpg" alt="Line graph showing intrauterine exposure to diabetes was associated with a 4-fold increase in incidence of E S R D due to younger age of diabetes onset" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 38. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Cumulative Incidence of Diabetic End-Stage Kidney Disease Among Pima
|
|
Indians, by Offspring’s Age and Duration of Diabetes, According
|
|
to Exposure to Diabetes <i>in Utero</i>,
|
|
1965–2006.</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (328), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2010
|
|
American Diabetes Association, reprinted with permission from The
|
|
American Diabetes Association.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF39"><div id="kidneydisease.F39" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2039.%20.%20Association%20Between%20Birth%20Weight%20and%20Chronic%20Kidney%20Disease.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image039.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image039.jpg" alt="Bar graph showing low birth weight children were more likely to have C K D than normal birth weight children after adjustment, while high birth weight was not associated after adjustment" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 39. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Association Between Birth Weight and Chronic Kidney Disease.</p><p>The horizontal dashed line represents the reference birth weight (defined
|
|
as 2,500–3,999 g). Birth weight is based on Washington state
|
|
birth records from 1987–2008. Chronic kidney disease definition
|
|
is based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision,
|
|
diagnoses and procedure codes 753.0, 753.15, 599.6, and 753.2. BMI, body
|
|
mass index.</p><p>* Low birth weight (defined as 400–2,499 g) data are adjusted for
|
|
maternal diabetes, BMI, and smoking; high birth weight (defined as
|
|
≥4,000g) data are adjusted for maternal BMI and smoking. </p><p>SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.506" rid="kidneydisease.REF.506">506</a>)</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF40"><div id="kidneydisease.F40" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2040.%20.%20Kidney%20Status%20of%20Siblings%20of%20Type%201%20Diabetes%20Probands%2C%20by%20Diabetic%20Nephropathy.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image040.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image040.jpg" alt="Bar graph showing 17% of those with a sibling without nephropathy had kidney disease while 83% of those with a sibling with nephropathy had kidney disease" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 40. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Kidney Status of Siblings of Type 1 Diabetes Probands, by Diabetic
|
|
Nephropathy.</p><p>Probands with diabetic nephropathy were persons with kidney transplant
|
|
for diabetic ESKD; probands without diabetic nephropathy were persons
|
|
with albumin excretion rate <45 mg/24 hours. The siblings of
|
|
probands who were free of diabetic nephropathy (n=12) had less evidence
|
|
of kidney disease than did the siblings of probands who had diabetic
|
|
nephropathy (n=29) (p<0.001). The numbers on top of the bars are
|
|
percentages. ESKD, end-stage kidney disease.</p><p>* Albumin excretion rate ≥45 mg/24 hours</p><p>SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.507" rid="kidneydisease.REF.507">507</a>)</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF41"><div id="kidneydisease.F41" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2041.%20.%20Prevalence%20of%20Proteinuria%20in%20Offspring%2C%20by%20Number%20of%20Parents%20With%20Proteinuria%2C%20Pima%20Indians.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image041.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image041.jpg" alt="Bar graph showing proteinuria in 46% of those with both parents having proteinuria, 23% in those with 1 parent with it, and 14% in those with neither parent" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 41. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Prevalence of Proteinuria in Offspring, by Number of Parents With
|
|
Proteinuria, Pima Indians.</p><p>Proteinuria is defined as urinary protein excretion ≥1g
|
|
protein/24 hours. Data are adjusted for age, systolic blood pressure,
|
|
diabetes duration, and glucose concentration. Prevalence of proteinuria
|
|
in offspring was significantly higher if both parents had proteinuria
|
|
than if neither parent did; prevalence was intermediate if one parent
|
|
had proteinuria. Numbers on top of the bars are percentages.</p><p>SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.509" rid="kidneydisease.REF.509">509</a>)</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF42"><div id="kidneydisease.F42" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2042.%20.%20Genetic%20Variants%20Reproducibly%20Associated%20With%20Diabetic%20Nephropathy.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image042.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image042.jpg" alt="Forest plot showing 24 genetic variants associated with albuminuria or E S R D" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 42. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Genetic Variants Reproducibly Associated With Diabetic Nephropathy.</p><p>Panel A: All genetic variants in or near a gene that were reproduced in
|
|
an independent study and significantly associated with diabetic
|
|
nephropathy after meta-analysis. Panel B: All genetic variants in or
|
|
near a gene that were reproduced in an independent study and
|
|
significantly associated with diabetic nephropathy in a subgroup.
|
|
Parentheses (y-axis labels of both panels) contain the allele used in
|
|
the comparison. The subgroup in which the genetic variant was
|
|
reproducibly associated with diabetic nephropathy is shown in the y-axis
|
|
label of Panel B as follows (in order of appearance on the axis): Asian,
|
|
T2D (type 2 diabetes), ESRD (end-stage renal disease), T1D (type 1
|
|
diabetes), Eur (European), and Prot (proteinuria). CI, confidence
|
|
interval. </p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (521), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2011
|
|
Springer, reprinted with permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF43"><div id="kidneydisease.F43" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2043.%20.%20Signaling%20and%20Epigenetic%20Networks%20Involved%20in%20the%20Pathogenesis%20of%20Diabetic%20Complications%20and%20Metabolic%20Memory.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image043.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image043.jpg" alt="Flow chart showing hyperglycemia-induced epigenetic aberrations alter transcription factors involved in the expression of genes mediating the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 43. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Signaling and Epigenetic Networks Involved in the Pathogenesis of
|
|
Diabetic Complications and Metabolic Memory.</p><p>Metabolic and hemodynamic disorders associated with diabetes can
|
|
upregulate growth factors and lipids that trigger signaling pathways,
|
|
transcription factors, and crosstalk with epigenetic networks. These
|
|
events can induce chromatin remodeling and changes in the
|
|
transcriptional regulation of key genes in cells from target tissues.
|
|
Persistence of epigenetic changes (including histone PTMs, DNAme, and
|
|
ncRNAs) may lead to metabolic memory, which is known to increase the
|
|
risk for diabetic complications even after normalization of
|
|
hyperglycemia. AGE, advanced glycation endproducts; Ang II, angiotensin
|
|
II; AT1R, angiotensin II type 1 receptor; CD, cluster of
|
|
differentiation; DNAme, DNA methylation; ECM, extracellular matrix; MI,
|
|
myocardial infarction; miRNA, microRNA; lncRNA, long noncoding RNA;
|
|
NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; NEFA, nonesterified fatty
|
|
acids; oxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein; PTM, posttranslational
|
|
modification; RAGE, receptor for AGEs; SR, scavenger; TBR, TGF-β
|
|
receptor; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; Zeb1, zinc
|
|
finger E-box-binding homeobox 1.</p><p>SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.524" rid="kidneydisease.REF.524">524</a>)</p></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF44"><div id="kidneydisease.F44" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image044.jpg" alt="Line graph showing a higher albuminuria prevalence in those formerly conventionally treated compared to those intensively treated in both the primary and secondary prevention cohort" /></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 44. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Cumulative Incidence of Moderately Elevated and Severe Albuminuria in
|
|
Participants With Type 1 Diabetes, Diabetes Control and Complications
|
|
Trial.</p><p>Moderate albuminuria is defined as an albumin excretion rate ≥40
|
|
mg/24 hours; severe albuminuria is defined as albumin excretion rate
|
|
≥300 mg/24 hours. In the primary prevention cohort, intensive
|
|
therapy reduced the adjusted risk of moderate albuminuria by 34%
|
|
(p<0.04) but did not change the risk of severe albuminuria
|
|
(p=0.4). In the secondary prevention cohort, intensive treatment reduced
|
|
the risk of moderate albuminuria by 43% (p=0.001) and the risk of severe
|
|
albuminuria by 56% (p=0.01). </p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (252), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 1993
|
|
Massachusetts Medical Society, reprinted with
|
|
permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF45"><div id="kidneydisease.F45" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2045.%20.%20Differences%20in%20Glycated%20Hemoglobin%20(A1C)%20Level%20and%20Prevalence%20and%20Incidence%20of%20Moderate%20and%20Severe%20Albuminuria%2C%20by%20Randomized%20Treatment%20Group%20at%20the%20End%20of%20the%20Diabetes%20Control%20and%20Complications%20Trial%20and%20Each%20Year%20in%20the%20Epidemiology%20of%20Diabetes%20Interventions%20and%20Complications%20Study.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image045.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image045.jpg" alt="Graphs showing 57% lower adjusted risk for moderate albuminuria and 84% lower risk for severe albuminuria in the formerly intensively treated relative to those conventionally treated" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 45. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Differences in Glycated Hemoglobin (A1C) Level and Prevalence and
|
|
Incidence of Moderate and Severe Albuminuria, by Randomized Treatment
|
|
Group at the End of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and
|
|
Each Year in the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and
|
|
Complications Study.</p><p>Panel A: Boxes indicate 25th and 75th percentiles of A1C level; whiskers,
|
|
5th and 95th percentiles; heavy horizontal lines, medians; thin
|
|
horizontal lines, means. P values indicate significance of the A1C level
|
|
between intensive and conventional treatment groups. </p><p>Panel B: Moderate albuminuria is defined as albumin excretion rate
|
|
≥28 µg/min, equivalent to 40 mg/24 hours. (A.)
|
|
Prevalence at the end of the DCCT and during the EDIC study. The
|
|
differences between the treatment groups are significant at each time
|
|
point after DCCT closeout (p<0.001). (B.) Cumulative incidence
|
|
of new-onset moderate albuminuria during the EDIC study, by treatment
|
|
group during the DCCT. The cumulative incidence is significantly lower
|
|
in the former intensive treatment group 8 years after the end of
|
|
randomization (log-rank test p<0.001). </p><p>Panel C: Severe albuminuria is defined as albumin excretion rate
|
|
≥208 µg/min, equivalent to 300 mg/24 hours. (A.)
|
|
Prevalence of severe albuminuria at the end of the DCCT and during the
|
|
EDIC study. The differences between the treatment groups are significant
|
|
at each time point after DCCT close-out (p<0.01). (B.)
|
|
Cumulative incidence of severe albuminuria in the EDIC study by former
|
|
treatment groups. The difference in cumulative incidences is significant
|
|
by the log-rank-test (p<0.001). </p><p>A conversion formula for A1C values is available in the <i>Conversions</i> section. A1C, glycated hemoglobin;
|
|
DCCT, Diabetes Control and Complications Trial; EDIC, Epidemiology of
|
|
Diabetes Interventions and Complications study. </p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (513), reproduced with permission,
|
|
<a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2003 American Medical Association. All rights
|
|
reserved.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF46"><div id="kidneydisease.F46" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2046.%20.%20Effect%20of%20Captopril%20on%20Incidence%20of%20Kidney%20Disease%20in%20Persons%20With%20Type%201%20Diabetes%20and%20Proteinuria%2C%201987%020131992.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image046.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image046.jpg" alt="Line graph showing captopril resulted in approximately half the risk of doubling serum creatinine and half the risk of death or E S R D after 4 years of follow-up" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 46. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Effect of Captopril on Incidence of Kidney Disease in Persons With Type 1
|
|
Diabetes and Proteinuria, 1987–1992.</p><p>The Collaborative Study included 409 subjects with type 1 diabetes and
|
|
urinary protein excretion ≥500 mg/24 hours, who were randomized
|
|
to receive either captopril or placebo and were followed for a median of
|
|
3 years. Treatment with captopril was associated with a significant
|
|
reduction of both endpoints.</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (602), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 1993
|
|
Massachusetts Medical Society, reprinted with
|
|
permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF47"><div id="kidneydisease.F47" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2047.%20.%202014%20Hypertension%20Guideline%20Management%20Algorithm%2C%20Eighth%20Joint%20National%20Committee.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image047.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image047.jpg" alt="Flow chart demonstrating individualized nature of hypertension management guidelines, taking into consideration factors such as frailty, comorbidities, and albuminuria" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 47. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>2014 Hypertension Guideline Management Algorithm, Eighth Joint National
|
|
Committee.</p><p>ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor
|
|
blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DBP,
|
|
diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.</p><p>* ACEIs and ARBs should not be used in combination.</p><p>† If blood pressure fails to be maintained at goal, reenter the
|
|
algorithm where appropriate based on the current individual therapeutic
|
|
plan. </p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (632), reproduced with permission,
|
|
<a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2014 American Medical Association. All rights
|
|
reserved.</div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobkidneydiseaseF48"><div id="kidneydisease.F48" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=FIGURE%2048.%20.%20Cumulative%20Incidence%20of%20End-Stage%20Kidney%20Disease%20or%20Death%20in%20Persons%20With%20Type%201%20Diabetes%2C%20by%20Protein%20Intake.&p=BOOKS&id=609462_kidneydisease-Image048.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK609462/bin/kidneydisease-Image048.jpg" alt="Line graph showing a reduced protein diet resulted in lower risk of death or E S R D" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">FIGURE 48. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Cumulative Incidence of End-Stage Kidney Disease or Death in Persons With
|
|
Type 1 Diabetes, by Protein Intake.</p><p>Eighty-two persons with type 1 diabetes and severe albuminuria were
|
|
randomized to usual-protein diet and low-protein diet. The numbers at
|
|
the bottom of the figure represent the number of persons in each group
|
|
at risk for the event at baseline and after each 6-month period. ESKD,
|
|
end-stage kidney disease.</p></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (660), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2002
|
|
Elsevier, reprinted with permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTalbuminuriacategoriesa"><div id="kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 1. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Albuminuria Categories According to KDIGO Classification </p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;"></th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2" colspan="3" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">KDIGO
|
|
CLASSIFICATION EQUIVALENT</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Normal to
|
|
Mildly Increased (A1)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Moderately Increased (A2)*</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Severely Increased (A3)†</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" colspan="4" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">AER</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">µg/min</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><20</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20–199</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">≥200</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">mg/24 hours</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><30</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30–299</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">≥300</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_3" colspan="4" scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>ACR</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">mg/g</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><30</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30–299</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">≥300</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">mg/mmol</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3–29</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">≥30</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>PER</b> (mg/24 h)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><150</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">150–499</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">≥500</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_3" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_7_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PCR</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_7_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">mg/g</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><150</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">150–499</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">≥500</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_7_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">mg/mmol</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><15</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15–49</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">≥50</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_7_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Protein reagent strip</b>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Negative to trace</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Trace to +</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_3_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.albuminuria_categories_a_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">+ or greater</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">The conversions are rounded; for an exact conversion from mg/g to
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|
mg/mmol of creatinine, multiply by 0.113. ACR, albumin-to-creatinine
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|
ratio in urine; AER, albumin excretion rate; KDIGO, Kidney Disease:
|
|
Improving Global Outcomes; PCR, protein-to-creatinine ratio; PER,
|
|
protein excretion rate.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>* </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.1.1"><p class="no_margin">Relative to young adult level</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>† </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.1.2"><p class="no_margin">Including nephrotic syndrome (albumin excretion usually
|
|
>2,200 mg/24 hours [ACR >2,220 mg/g; >220
|
|
mg/mmol])</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (10), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2013
|
|
Elsevier, reprinted with permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTkidneyfunctioncategori"><div id="kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 2. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Kidney Function Categories According to KDIGO Classification</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">KIDNEY FUNCTION<br />CATEGORY</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">GFR (ML/MIN/1.73 M<sup>2</sup>)</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">TERMS</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">G1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">≥90</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Normal or high</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">G2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">60–89</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Mildly decreased*</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">G3a</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">45–59</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Mildly to moderately decreased</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">G3b</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30–44</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Moderately to severely decreased</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">G4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15–29</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Severely decreased</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">G5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><15</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_categori_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Kidney failure</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">GFR categories G1 and G2 fulfill the criteria for CKD in the presence
|
|
of markers of kidney damage (e.g., elevated albuminuria). Mildly
|
|
decreased kidney function (G2) in the absence of other markers is
|
|
not classified as CKD. CKD, chronic kidney disease; GFR, glomerular
|
|
filtration rate; KDIGO, Kidney Disease: Improving Global
|
|
Outcomes.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>* </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.2.1"><p class="no_margin">Relative to young adult level</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (10), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2013
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Elsevier, reprinted with permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofchronicki"><div id="kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 3. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (eGFR and ACR) in Adults Age
|
|
≥20 Years, by Age, Sex, Race and Ethnicity, and Risk Factor
|
|
Categories, U.S., 1988–2020</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1" rowspan="3" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">CHARACTERISTICS</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2" colspan="5" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">PERCENT
|
|
(STANDARD ERROR)</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" colspan="5" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Time
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Period</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">1988–1994</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">1999–2004</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">2005–2010</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">2011–2016</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">2017–2020</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1" colspan="6" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(223,244,253);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">All
|
|
CKD*</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11.2 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.0 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.9 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14.0 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14.3 (0.6)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age
|
|
(years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20–39</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.0 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.7 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.7 (0.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.2 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.0 (0.6)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40–59</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.1 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.4 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.5 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.0 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.9 (0.8)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">≥60</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">28.5 (1.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33.3 (0.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">31.3 (0.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30.1 (1.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">28.4 (0.9)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_6_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sex</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_6_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Men</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.2 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11.6 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11.1 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.3 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.7 (0.7)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_6_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.1 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14.3 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14.5 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15.6 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15.8 (0.9)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_9_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Race and
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ethnicity</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Hispanic White</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.9 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.4 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.6 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.9 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14.0 (1.0)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Hispanic Black</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15.2 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17.2 (0.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17.4 (0.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18.7 (0.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19.5 (1.4)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mexican American</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.9 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.6 (0.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11.5 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.3 (1.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.7 (0.8)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk
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factors</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diabetes†</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">36.8 (2.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">39.1 (1.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">36.2 (1.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35.5 (1.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">37.3 (1.9)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Self-reported diabetes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">41.4 (2.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">41.1 (1.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">39.6 (1.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">37.3 (1.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">40.0 (1.8)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypertension‡</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29.4 (0.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29.0 (0.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27.8 (1.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">28.7 (0.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27.5 (0.9)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Self-reported hypertension</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">23.3 (1.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25.4 (0.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24.9 (0.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25.9 (0.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26.7 (0.7)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cardiovascular disease§</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22.3 (1.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">38.0 (1.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">36.5 (1.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">41.5 (1.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">37.2 (2.4)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Obesity (BMI ≥30
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kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15.3 (0.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15.9 (0.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15.8 (0.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16.2 (0.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16.8 (0.8)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_20_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(223,244,253);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">eGFR
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<60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_20_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_20_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.0 (0.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_20_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.3 (0.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_20_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.5 (0.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_20_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.0 (0.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_20_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.9 (0.4)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age
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(years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20–39</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.1 (0.0)<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.3 (0.1)<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.2 (0.1)<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.3 (0.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.5 (0.2)<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40–59</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.1 (0.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.0 (0.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.7 (0.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.4 (0.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.8 (0.3)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">≥60</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15.8 (0.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20.7 (0.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19.8 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18.5 (0.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17.0 (0.8)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5" colspan="6" scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sex</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Men</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.2 (0.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.3 (0.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.3 (0.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.2 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.0 (0.4)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.7 (0.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.3 (0.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.6 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.7 (0.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_22_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.6 (0.6)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_29_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Race and
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ethnicity</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_29_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Hispanic White</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.2 (0.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.6 (0.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.0 (0.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.5 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.4 (0.6)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_29_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Hispanic Black</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.4 (0.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.9 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.5 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.0 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.6 (0.8)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_29_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mexican American</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.9 (0.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.3 (0.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.8 (0.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.6 (0.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_29_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.1 (0.5)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk
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factors</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diabetes†</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.3 (1.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15.8 (1.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16.4 (0.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17.2 (0.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14.7 (1.3)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Self-reported diabetes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15.6 (1.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17.6 (1.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18.4 (1.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19.3 (1.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16.3 (1.4)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypertension‡</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.1 (0.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14.0 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.9 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.7 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.9 (0.8)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Self-reported hypertension</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.8 (0.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.6 (0.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.4 (0.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.7 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.2 (0.9)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cardiovascular disease§</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.0 (1.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25.5 (1.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">23.0 (1.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25.2 (1.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22.2 (2.2)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Obesity (BMI ≥30
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kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.2 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.8 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.4 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.4 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.7 (0.6)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5" colspan="6" scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(223,244,253);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">
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<b>Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (ACR) ≥30 mg/g</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.7 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.6 (0.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.3 (0.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.1 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.3 (0.5)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_42_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age
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(years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_42_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20–39</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.0 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.7 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.6 (0.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.2 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.9 (0.6)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_42_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40–59</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.6 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.3 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.5 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.5 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.8 (0.7)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_42_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">≥60</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18.1 (0.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19.2 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18.1 (0.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17.8 (1.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_42_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16.3 (1.0)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_46_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sex</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_46_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Men</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_46_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.2 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_46_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.2 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_46_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.5 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_46_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.2 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_46_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.7 (0.7)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_46_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_46_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.1 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_46_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.9 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_46_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.0 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_46_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11.0 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_46_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.9 (0.7)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_49_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Race and
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ethnicity</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_49_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Hispanic White</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.1 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.6 (0.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.5 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.5 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.2 (0.8)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_49_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Hispanic Black</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.5 (0.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.6 (0.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.3 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.2 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.8 (1.0)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_49_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mexican American</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.4 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.8 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.8 (0.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11.2 (1.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_49_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11.6 (0.8)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk
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factors</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diabetes†</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30.9 (1.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30.6 (1.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27.4 (1.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26.8 (1.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29.0 (1.4)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Self-reported diabetes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35.5 (2.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32.7 (1.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30.4 (1.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27.9 (1.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">31.5 (1.4)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypertension‡</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">21.9 (0.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20.0 (0.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18.9 (0.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20.0 (0.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19.1 (0.8)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Self-reported hypertension</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17.0 (1.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16.7 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16.6 (0.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17.2 (0.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18.4 (0.6)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cardiovascular disease§</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14.4 (0.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">21.6 (1.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24.0 (1.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26.6 (1.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24.2 (1.7)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Obesity (BMI ≥30
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|
kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.1 (0.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.4 (0.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11.6 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.3 (0.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_chronic_ki_1_1_53_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.1 (0.7)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Relative standard errors are based on exact values and not the values
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rounded to tenths that are provided in the table. Conversion
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formulas for A1C and glucose values are available in the <i>Conversions</i> section. A1C, glycated
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hemoglobin; ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio in urine; BMI, body
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mass index; BP, blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR,
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estimated glomerular flow rate; NHANES, National Health and
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Nutrition Examination Survey.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>* </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.3.1"><p class="no_margin">All CKD includes an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> using
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the CKD-EPI 2021 equation or ACR ≥30 mg/g.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>† </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.3.2"><p class="no_margin">Diabetes is defined as self-report, A1C ≥6.5%, or fasting
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plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>‡ </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.3.3"><p class="no_margin">Hypertension is defined as BP ≥130/80 mmHg or taking BP
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medication for those with CKD or diabetes, otherwise BP
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≥140/80 mmHg or taking BP medication.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>§ </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.3.4"><p class="no_margin">Cardiovascular disease includes heart failure, heart attack, or
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angina, as well as coronary heart disease for the NHANES
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1999–2020.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt><sup>1</sup>
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</dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.3.5"><p class="no_margin">Relative standard error >30%–40%</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt><sup>2</sup>
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</dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.3.6"><p class="no_margin">Relative standard error >40%–50%</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">SOURCE: NHANES III (1988–1994) and NHANES
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1999–2020</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofalbuminuri"><div id="kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 4. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Prevalence of Albuminuria and Decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate in
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Adults Age ≥20 Years With Diabetes, by Age and Time Period,
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U.S., 1988–2020</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" style="border-bottom: solid 0.50pt; background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">AGE (YEARS), TIME PERIOD</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2" colspan="4" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">ALBUMINURIA</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3" colspan="4" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">DECREASED
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EGFR</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">N*</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Unadjusted Prevalence (% [95% CI])</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Adjusted Ratio (95% CI)†</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">P for Trend</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">N*</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_6" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Unadjusted Prevalence (% [95% CI])</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_7" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Adjusted Ratio (95% CI)†</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_8" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">P for Trend</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>≥20</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.02</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1988–1994</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,823</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30.9 (27.4–34.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,809</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.3 (11.1–15.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1999–2004</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,757</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30.6 (28.6–32.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0 (0.8–1.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,715</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15.8 (13.8–18.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.5 (1.1–2.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2005–2010</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,422</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27.4 (25.5–29.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.8 (0.7–1.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,348</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16.4 (14.6–18.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.4 (1.1–1.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2011–2016</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,662</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26.8 (24.1–29.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.8 (0.6–1.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,603</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17.2 (15.8–18.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.7 (1.3–2.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2017–2020</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,600</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29.0 (26.3–31.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.9 (0.7–1.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,544</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14.7 (12.3–17.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.3 (0.9–1.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>20–64</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.02</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.006</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1988–1994</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">994</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27.6 (23.1–32.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">968</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.9 (2.5–6.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1999–2004</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">908</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27.9 (24.7–31.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0 (0.7–1.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">875</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.6 (3.9–8.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.7 (0.9–3.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2005–2010</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,323</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">23.7 (21.0–26.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.8 (0.6–1.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,278</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.6 (4.4–7.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.5 (0.9–2.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2011–2016</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,564</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22.2 (19.6–25.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.7 (0.5–0.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,526</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.1 (5.8–8.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.0 (1.2–3.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2017–2020</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">903</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26.7 (22.4–31.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.9 (0.6–1.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">865</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.9 (2.8–5.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0 (0.6–1.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>≥65</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.55</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.018</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1988–1994</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">829</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">36.6 (31.8–41.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">841</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">28.0 (23.9–32.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1999–2004</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">849</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35.3 (32.4–38.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0 (0.7–1.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">840</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33.3 (29.6–37.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.4 (1.1–1.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2005–2010</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,099</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33.3 (30.8–35.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.9 (0.7–1.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,070</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32.9 (29.6–36.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.4 (1.1–1.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2011–2016</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,098</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34.6 (30.2–39.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.9 (0.7–1.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,077</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34.5 (31.0–38.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.6 (1.2–2.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2017–2020</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">697</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32.5 (27.3–38.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.8 (0.6–1.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">679</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30.7 (25.6–36.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.3 (0.9–1.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Albuminuria is defined as albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR)
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≥30 mg/g; decreased eGFR is defined as <60
|
|
mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> using the CKD-EPI 2021 equation. Diabetes
|
|
is defined as self-report, A1C ≥6.5%, or fasting plasma
|
|
glucose ≥126 mg/dL. Conversion formulas for A1C and glucose
|
|
values are available in the <i>Conversions</i> section. A1C, glycated hemoglobin; CI,
|
|
confidence interval; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate;
|
|
NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>* </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.4.1"><p class="no_margin">Unweighted number of NHANES participants with diabetes</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>† </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.4.2"><p class="no_margin">Adjusted for age, sex, and race and ethnicity</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">SOURCE: NHANES III (1988–1994) and NHANES
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1999–2020</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofalbuminuri1"><div id="kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 5. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Prevalence of Albuminuria and Decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate in
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Adults Age ≥20 Years With Diabetes, by Race and Ethnicity and
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|
Time Period, U.S., 1988–2020</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" style="border-bottom: solid 0.50pt; background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">RACE AND ETHNICITY,<br />TIME PERIOD</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2" colspan="4" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">ALBUMINURIA</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3" colspan="4" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">DECREASED
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EGFR</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">N*</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Unadjusted Prevalence (% [95% CI])</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Adjusted Ratio (95% CI)†</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">P for Trend</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">N*</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_6" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Unadjusted Prevalence (% [95% CI])</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_7" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Adjusted Ratio (95% CI)†</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_8" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">P for Trend</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Non-Hispanic White</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.16</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1988–1994</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">644</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30.9 (26.3–35.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">655</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.5 (11.0–16.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0 (1.0–1.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1999–2004</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">703</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27.6 (25.2–30.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.8 (0.7–1.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">687</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16.2 (13.7–19.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.4 (1.0–2.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2005–2010</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">937</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24.9 (22.5–27.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.7 (0.6–1.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">929</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17.4 (14.9–20.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.5 (1.0–2.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2011–2016</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">793</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25.5 (21.8–29.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.8 (0.6–1.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">787</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19.4 (17.2–21.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.9 (1.4–2.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2017–2020</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">472</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25.6 (20.7–31.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.8 (0.5–1.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">472</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15.8 (12.5–19.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.2 (0.8–1.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Non-Hispanic Black</b>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.42</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.05</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1988–1994</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">567</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33.3 (30.0–36.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">546</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17.0 (14.1–20.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0 (1.0–1.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1999–2004</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">403</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34.1 (29.7–38.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.1 (0.8–1.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">395</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">23.0 (19.3–27.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.6 (1.1–2.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2005–2010</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">657</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30.6 (26.3–35.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.9 (0.7–1.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">607</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22.8 (18.7–27.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.6 (1.0–2.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2011–2016</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">716</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30.6 (27.4–34.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.9 (0.7–1.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">686</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22.3 (19.4–25.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.5 (1.1–2.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2017–2020</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">461</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35.0 (30.7–39.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0 (0.8–1.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">430</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20.9 (17.4–25.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.2 (0.9–1.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Mexican American</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.35</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.55</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1988–1994</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">549</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30.0 (25.5–34.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">546</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.4 (3.6–8.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0 (1.0–1.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1999–2004</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">495</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33.8 (28.6–39.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.2 (0.9–1.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">484</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.0 (4.9–10.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.4 (0.8–2.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2005–2010</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">501</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35.3 (30.8–40.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.2 (0.9–1.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">498</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.8 (5.6–10.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.3 (0.8–2.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2011–2016</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">466</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29.0 (23.9–34.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.9 (0.7–1.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">461</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.8 (6.2–12.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.7 (0.9–3.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2017–2020</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">220</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34.0 (28.0–40.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.2 (0.8–1.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">214</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.6 (4.7–12.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.5 (0.7–2.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_albuminuri_1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Albuminuria is defined as albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR)
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≥30 mg/g; decreased eGFR is defined as <60
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mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> using the CKD-EPI 2021 equation. Diabetes
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is defined as self-report, A1C ≥6.5%, or fasting plasma
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glucose ≥126 mg/dL. Conversion formulas for A1C and glucose
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values are available in the <i>Conversions</i> section. A1C, glycated hemoglobin; CI,
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confidence interval; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate;
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NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>* </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.5.1"><p class="no_margin">Unweighted number of NHANES participants with diabetes</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>† </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.5.2"><p class="no_margin">Adjusted for age, sex, and race and ethnicity</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">SOURCE: NHANES III (1988–1994) and NHANES
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1999–2020</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTcrudeprevalenceofchro"><div id="kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 6. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Crude Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults Age ≥20
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Years, by Type of Diabetes, U.S., 2011–2020</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">CHARACTERISTICS</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">PERCENT
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(STANDARD ERROR)</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Type 1
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Diabetes (N=61)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Type 2 Diabetes (N=4,013)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">31.4 (7.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">36.2 (1.2)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_2" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age
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(years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20–44</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17.8 (5.4)<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">23.1 (2.3)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45–64</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">46.2 (14.7)<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">28.0 (1.7)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">≥65</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<sup>2</sup>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">51.0 (1.9)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_2" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_6_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sex</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_6_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Men</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33.9 (10.3)<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">36.2 (1.8)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_6_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27.5 (8.7)<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">36.2 (1.6)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_2" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_9_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Race and
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|
ethnicity</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Hispanic White</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">31.0 (9.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">36.1 (1.9)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Hispanic Black</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">38.9 (11.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">41.6 (1.3)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mexican American</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<sup>2</sup>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35.2 (2.3)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_2" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_13_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cardiovascular disease</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_13_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">94.1 (4.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">49.6 (2.7)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_13_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24.9 (7.5)<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">31.7 (1.3)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_2" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_16_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypertension</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_16_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">37.9 (11.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">42.3 (1.5)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_16_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29.2 (11.3)<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_prevalence_of_chro_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19.9 (1.4)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by albumin-to creatinine
|
|
ratio (ACR) ≥30 mg/g or estimated glomerular filtration rate
|
|
(eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> using the 2021 CKD-EPI
|
|
equation without race. Cardiovascular disease is defined as
|
|
self-report of history of congestive heart failure, coronary heart
|
|
disease, heart attack, or stroke. Hypertension is defined as blood
|
|
pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or self-report of hypertension. Type 1
|
|
diabetes includes individuals with self-reported diabetes whose age
|
|
of diagnosis was <30 years, who currently use insulin, and
|
|
who began insulin therapy within 1 year of diabetes diagnosis. Type
|
|
2 diabetes includes individuals with self-reported diabetes who are
|
|
not defined as having type 1 diabetes or those with undiagnosed
|
|
diabetes based on A1C ≥6.5% or fasting plasma glucose
|
|
≥126 mg/dL. Conversion formulas for A1C and glucose values
|
|
are available in the <i>Conversions</i>
|
|
section. A1C, glycated hemoglobin. </p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt><sup>1</sup>
|
|
</dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.6.1"><p class="no_margin">Relative standard error >30%–40%</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt><sup>2</sup>
|
|
</dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.6.2"><p class="no_margin">Estimate is too unreliable to present; ≤1 case or relative
|
|
standard error >50%.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">SOURCE: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
|
|
2011–2020</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTincidenceofproteinuria"><div id="kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 7. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Incidence of Proteinuria in Three Independent Time Periods Among Pima
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Indians With Type 2 Diabetes, by Diabetes Duration and Proportion of
|
|
Person-Years Accumulating in Short and Long Duration Categories,
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|
1967–2002</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_1" rowspan="3" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2" colspan="9" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">TIME
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PERIOD</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1" colspan="3" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1967–1978</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2" colspan="3" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1979–1990</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3" colspan="3" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1991–2002</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Cases</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">P-yrs</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Rate*</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Cases</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">P-yrs</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_6" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Rate*</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_7" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Cases</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_8" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">P-yrs</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_9" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Rate*</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_8 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_9" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" colspan="10" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diabetes
|
|
duration (years)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><10</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">31</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,383.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,846.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_8 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,055.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_9 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15.6</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10–15</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">598.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">53.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">712.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">50.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">31</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_8 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">620.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_9 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">50.0</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15–20</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">176.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">96.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">47</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">493.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">95.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">48</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_8 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">439.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_9 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">109.2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">≥20</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">78.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">101.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">231.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">138.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_8 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">295.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_9 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">101.6</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unadjusted rate</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">88</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,238.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">137</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,283.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">41.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">141</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_8 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,411.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_9 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">41.3</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age-sex adjusted rate (95% CI)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24.3 (18.7–30.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35.4 (28.1–42.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_8" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_9 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">38.9 (31.2–46.5)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Proportion of person-years of follow-up
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in persons with ≥10 years duration of diabetes (%)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_3" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_6" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_8 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_proteinuria_1_1_3_9" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">40</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Proteinuria is defined as urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio
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≥0.5 g/g. CI, confidence interval; P-yrs, person-years of
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follow-up.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>* </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.7.1"><p class="no_margin">Rate is reported as cases per 1,000 person-years at risk.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (254), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2006
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Elsevier, reprinted with permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTcrudeallcauseandcause"><div id="kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 8. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Crude All-Cause and Cause-Specific Death Rates in Adults With Diabetes
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and Chronic Kidney Disease, U.S., 1999–2018</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">CHARACTERISTICS</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_2" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">N</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3" colspan="3" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">DEATH RATE
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(STANDARD ERROR)*</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">All
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Causes</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Cardiovascular<br />Disease</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Cancer</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,152</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">57.5 (2.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17.9 (1.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.0 (0.8)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_3" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age
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(years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20–44</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">258</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15.7 (3.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.2 (1.5)<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.0 (0.0)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45–64</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,057</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35.8 (3.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11.8 (2.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.3 (1.2)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">≥65</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,837</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">89.9 (3.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27.7 (1.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11.6 (1.4)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_3" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_6_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sex</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_6_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Men</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,685</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">56.8 (3.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18.2 (1.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.0 (1.1)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_6_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,467</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">58.1 (3.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17.6 (1.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.9 (1.0)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_3" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_9_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Race and
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ethnicity</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Hispanic White</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,157</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">71.2 (3.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22.5 (2.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.2 (1.2)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Hispanic Black</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">881</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">46.2 (2.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14.1 (1.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.9 (0.9)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mexican American</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">617</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34.2 (3.1)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11.5 (2.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.0 (0.5)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_3" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_13_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CKD†</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_13_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stages 1–2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,651</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">41.0 (2.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.2 (1.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.7 (1.0)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_13_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stages 3–5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,501</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">82.8 (3.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26.7 (2.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.crude_allcause_and_cause_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.9 (1.3)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Deaths are ascertained through 2018. Diabetes is defined as
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self-reported diabetes or undiagnosed diabetes based on A1C
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≥6.5% or fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL.
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Conversion formulas for A1C and glucose values are available in the
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<i>Conversions</i> section. A1C, glycated
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hemoglobin; CKD, chronic kidney disease.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>* </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.8.1"><p class="no_margin">Death rate per 1,000 person-years</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>† </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.8.2"><p class="no_margin">CKD stages are defined in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK609462/figure/kidneydisease.F1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figkidneydiseaseF1" rid-ob="figobkidneydiseaseF1">Figure 1</a>.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt><sup>1</sup>
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</dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.8.3"><p class="no_margin">Relative standard error >30%–40%</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">SOURCE: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
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1999–2018 and the Linked Mortality File through 2018</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTprospectivestudieswith"><div id="kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 9. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Prospective Studies With at Least 200 Type 2 Diabetes Subjects That
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Evaluated Hard Cardiovascular Endpoints</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">STUDY NAME/ LOCATION, YEARS (REF.)</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">N</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">NEPHROPATHY MARKER*</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">CARDIOVASCULAR ENDPOINT†</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">HAZARD RATIO OR RELATIVE RISK (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Japan (Japan Diabetes Clinical Data
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Management [JDDM] Study Group), 2004–2005<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.302" rid="kidneydisease.REF.302">302</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,002</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Microalbuminuria – ACR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Composite, CVD</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.7 (1.22–2.38)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hong Kong, NR <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.303" rid="kidneydisease.REF.303">303</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,416</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Albuminuria –
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ACR<br />Microalbuminuria<br />Macroalbuminuria</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Composite, CVD events</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.68 (1.11–2.55)<br />2.45
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(1.51–3.99)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hong Kong,
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1995–2000<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.304" rid="kidneydisease.REF.304">304</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,421</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Albuminuria – ACR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Composite, CVD events</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.85 (1.07–3.18)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Spain, 1994–1998 <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.305" rid="kidneydisease.REF.305">305</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">423</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Microalbuminuria – UAE</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Composite, CVD events<br />CVD death</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.30 (1.30–3.80)<br /><p>2.30
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(1.30–3.80)</p></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HOPE study and MICRO HOPE substudy;
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North and South America and Europe,
|
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1994–1999<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.268" rid="kidneydisease.REF.268">268</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,498</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Microalbuminuria – ACR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Composite, CVD events</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.84 (1.46–2.31)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hong Kong, 1995–2005
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<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.306" rid="kidneydisease.REF.306">306</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7,067</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Albuminuria<br />Microalbuminuria<br />Macroalbuminuria</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Composite, CHD events</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.34 (0.97–1.85)<br />1.76
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(1.19–2.58)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thailand, 1997–2001
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<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.307" rid="kidneydisease.REF.307">307</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">229</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Proteinuria</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Composite, CHD events</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.41 (1.18–16.45)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Finland, 1982–2001
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<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.308" rid="kidneydisease.REF.308">308</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">720</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Proteinuria</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CVD death</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.60 (1.00–2.60)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Casale Monferrato Study, Italy,
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1991–2001 <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.309" rid="kidneydisease.REF.309">309</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,538</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Albuminuria –
|
|
AER<br />Microalbuminuria<br />Macroalbuminuria</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CVD death</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.20 (0.93–1.57)<br />1.45
|
|
(1.16–1.82)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Italy, NR <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.310" rid="kidneydisease.REF.310">310</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">683</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Microalbuminuria – UAE</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CVD death</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.01 (1.15–3.68)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of
|
|
Diabetic Retinopathy (WESDR), 1980–1996 <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.311" rid="kidneydisease.REF.311">311</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">840</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Microalbuminuria – UAE</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CVD death</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.84 (1.42–2.40)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hong Kong, 1995–2005
|
|
<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.312" rid="kidneydisease.REF.312">312</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7,209</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Albuminuria – ACR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Stroke</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.70 (1.45–2.00)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes
|
|
Study (UKPDS), 1977–1991 <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.313" rid="kidneydisease.REF.313">313</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,776</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Albuminuria – ACR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Stroke</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.30 (1.40–4.00)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Israel, 1999–2003
|
|
<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.314" rid="kidneydisease.REF.314">314</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">269</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Reduced eGFR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Cardiac events</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prospective_studies_with_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.20 (1.10–4.46)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">ACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; AER, albumin excretion
|
|
rate; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease;
|
|
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MI, myocardial
|
|
infarction; NR, not reported; UAE, urinary albumin excretion. </p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>* </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.9.1"><p class="no_margin">Criteria for albuminuria: ACR: ≥30 and <300 mg/g in
|
|
at least two of three consecutive random samples (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.302" rid="kidneydisease.REF.302">302</a>);
|
|
3.5–25 mg/mmol (moderate) and ≥25–150
|
|
mg/mmol (severe) on spot urine (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.303" rid="kidneydisease.REF.303">303</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.304" rid="kidneydisease.REF.304">304</a>); ≥2 mg/mmol
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.268" rid="kidneydisease.REF.268">268</a>);
|
|
≥2.5 mg/mmol and <25 mg/mmol in men or ≥3.5
|
|
mg/mmol and <25 mg/mmol in women (moderate) and
|
|
≥25–150 mg/mmol (severe) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.306" rid="kidneydisease.REF.306">306</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.312" rid="kidneydisease.REF.312">312</a>); ≥50 mg/L and
|
|
<300 mg/L relative to mean urine creatinine concentration
|
|
(11 mmol/L in men and 8 mmol/L in women) (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.312" rid="kidneydisease.REF.312">312</a>); UAE: 30–300
|
|
mg/24 h (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.305" rid="kidneydisease.REF.305">305</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.310" rid="kidneydisease.REF.310">310</a>) and ≥0.03 g/L in spot urine (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.311" rid="kidneydisease.REF.311">311</a>); AER
|
|
2–200 µg/min (moderate) and >200
|
|
µg/min (severe) in a timed overnight sample (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.309" rid="kidneydisease.REF.309">309</a>).
|
|
Criteria for proteinuria: ≥1+ at least twice without pyuria
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.307" rid="kidneydisease.REF.307">307</a>);
|
|
total urinary protein measured in morning spot urine, ≥0.1
|
|
g/L and ≥0.2 g/L (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.308" rid="kidneydisease.REF.308">308</a>). Criterion for reduced
|
|
eGFR: creatinine clearance <60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.314" rid="kidneydisease.REF.314">314</a>).
|
|
</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>† </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.9.2"><p class="no_margin">Definitions of composite endpoints: Cardiovascular events were
|
|
defined as: MI, angina, revascularization, heart failure, stroke,
|
|
lower limb amputation (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.303" rid="kidneydisease.REF.303">303</a>); CVD death,
|
|
hospitalization for angina, MI, stroke, heart failure or
|
|
revascularization (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.304" rid="kidneydisease.REF.304">304</a>); unstable angina requiring revascularization, fatal
|
|
or nonfatal MI, fatal or nonfatal stroke, lower leg amputation
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.305" rid="kidneydisease.REF.305">305</a>);
|
|
MI, stroke, or CVD death (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.268" rid="kidneydisease.REF.268">268</a>). CHD events were defined
|
|
as: MI, nonfatal ischemic heart disease, CHD death (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.312" rid="kidneydisease.REF.312">312</a>); MI,
|
|
angina, sudden death, fatal or nonfatal congestive heart failure
|
|
(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.307" rid="kidneydisease.REF.307">307</a>).
|
|
Cardiac events were defined as confirmed MI (on the basis of cardiac
|
|
enzymes and electrocardiogram [ECG] evidence), unstable angina and
|
|
coronary revascularization (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.314" rid="kidneydisease.REF.314">314</a>). </p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (301), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2011,
|
|
reprinted with permission from Elsevier; and references listed within
|
|
the table.</div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTsummarystatisticsonre"><div id="kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 10. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Summary Statistics on Reported Kidney Failure Treatment, by Age, Sex,
|
|
Race and Ethnicity, and Primary Diagnosis, U.S. Renal Data System,
|
|
2020</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">CHARACTERISTICS</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2" colspan="3" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">INCIDENCE</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3" colspan="7" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">PREVALENCE
|
|
BY DECEMBER 31</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Incident
|
|
Count*</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Percent</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Adjusted Incidence Rate†</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Prevalent Count*</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Percent</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Adjusted Prevalence†</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Prevalent Count on Dialysis</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Percent</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Prevalent Count with Functioning Transplant</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Percent</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">130,522</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">362.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">807,920</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,271.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">562,074</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">245,846</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age
|
|
(years)‡</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0–17</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">912</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6,177</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">83.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,600</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,577</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.9</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18–44</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15,708</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">117.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">116,343</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">936.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">66,785</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">49,558</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20.2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45–64</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">48,846</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">37.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">598.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">339,686</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">42.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,152.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">224,286</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">39.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">115,400</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">46.9</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65–74</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35,670</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,225.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">207,662</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7,189.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">150,037</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">57,625</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">23.4</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">≥75</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29,386</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,446.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">138,052</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7,171.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">119,366</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">21.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18,686</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.6</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sex</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Men</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">76,305</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">58.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">461.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">471,925</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">58.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,855.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">325,778</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">58.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">146,147</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">59.4</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">54,217</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">41.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">280.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">335,995</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">41.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,768.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">236,296</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">42.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99,699</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">40.6</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Race and
|
|
ethnicity</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">White</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">61,031</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">46.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">248.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">344,754</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">42.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,475.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">218,274</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">38.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">126,480</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">51.4</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Black</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34,922</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">948.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">233,960</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6,306.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">183,273</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">50,687</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20.6</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hispanic</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22,461</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">511.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">152,061</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,377.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">112,204</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">39,857</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16.2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asian</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6,222</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">349.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">42,921</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,350.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29,385</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13,536</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.5</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">American Indian</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,335</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">595.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7,828</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,478.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6,288</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,540</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.6</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,572</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,841.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10,292</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18,774.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8,379</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,913</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.8</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="11" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Primary
|
|
diagnosis</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Diabetes</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>59,474</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>45.6</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>166.1</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>309,030</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>38.3</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>859.7</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>255,934</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>45.5</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>53,096</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>21.6</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypertension</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">37,168</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">28.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">104.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">213,824</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">605.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">167,897</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">45,927</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18.7</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Glomerulonephritis</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8,395</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">117,603</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">342.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">53,307</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">64,296</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26.2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cystic kidney disease</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,397</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">41,042</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">122.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15,190</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25,852</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.5</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Urologic disease</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,679</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_2 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_3 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_4 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17,997</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_5 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_6 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">53.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_7 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9,201</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_8 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_9 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8,796</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_2_10 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.summary_statistics_on_re_1_1_18_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.6</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>* </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.10.1"><p class="no_margin">Counts include all persons, U.S. and territories.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>† </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.10.2"><p class="no_margin">Per million population, adjusted for age, sex, and race and
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ethnicity; unknown sex and other or unknown race and ethnicity were
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dropped.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>‡ </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.10.3"><p class="no_margin">Age is computed at the start of therapy for incidence, on December 31
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for point prevalence, at the time of transplant for transplants, and
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on the date of death for death.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>)</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofreportede"><div id="kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 11. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Prevalence of Reported End-Stage Kidney Disease, by Primary Diagnosis,
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Sex, and Race and Ethnicity, U.S. Renal Data System, 2020</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">PRIMARY
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DISEASE GROUP</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_2" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">TOTAL
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PERSONS</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_3" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">PREVALENCE
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(%)</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_4" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">MEDIAN AGE
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(YEARS)</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5" colspan="8" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">PERCENT</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Men</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">White</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Black</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Hispanic</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Asian</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_6" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">American Indian</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_7" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">NH/PI</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_8" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Other</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All ESKD (reference)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">807,920</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">62</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">58.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">42.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.3</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Diabetes</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>309,017</b>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>38.2</b>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>64.0</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>58.0</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>39.3</b>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>27.4</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>23.8</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>5.5</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>1.7</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>1.8</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>0.3</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Diabetes with renal manifestations, type 2</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>269,980</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>33.4</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>65.0</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>58.2</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>37.0</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>27.9</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>25.0</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>5.9</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>1.8</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>2.0</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>0.3</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Diabetes with renal manifestations, type 1</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>39,037</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>4.8</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>55.0</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>56.9</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>54.8</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>23.8</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>15.7</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>2.8</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>0.8</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>0.9</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>0.3</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Glomerulonephritis</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">93,606</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">55.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">59.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">47.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.4</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Secondary
|
|
glomerulonephritis/vasculitis</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">23,576</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">50.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">41.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.4</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interstitial
|
|
nephritis/pyelonephritis</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24,579</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">62.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">56.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">68.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.3</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypertensive/large vessel disease</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">214,199</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">64.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">61.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">43.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.3</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cystic/hereditary/congenital
|
|
diseases</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">54,776</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">56.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">57.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">68.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.4</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Neoplasms/tumors</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6,764</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">68.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">62.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">64.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.3</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complications of transplanted organ</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5,541</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">59.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">60.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">63.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_reported_e_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.4</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Data include persons alive on December 31, 2020. ESKD, end-stage
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kidney disease; NH/PI, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>)</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTincidenceratesofrepor"><div id="kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 12. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Incidence Rates of Reported End-Stage Kidney Disease Due to Diabetes, by
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Age, Sex, and Race and Ethnicity, U.S. Renal Data System,
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2000–2020</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1" rowspan="3" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">CHARACTERISTICS</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2" colspan="5" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">INCIDENCE
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RATE</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1" colspan="5" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Year</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">2000</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">2005</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">2010</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">2015</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">2020</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1" colspan="6" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(223,244,253);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">White</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All (crude)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">107.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">118.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">122.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">143.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">131.7</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All (adjusted)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">113.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">116.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">111.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">122.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">105.1</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age
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(years)*</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0–17</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">†</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">†</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">†</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18–44</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">23.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">21.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22.9</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45–64</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">182.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">180.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">168.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">191.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">169.3</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65–74</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">438.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">453.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">426.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">434.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">364.5</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">≥75</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">322.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">403.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">415.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">440.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">368.0</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_9_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sex</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Men</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">129.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">142.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">140.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">154.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">134.3</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">95.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">88.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">95.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">80.1</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_12_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(223,244,253);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Black</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_12_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All (crude)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">315.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">341.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">344.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">337.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">333.1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_12_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All (adjusted)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">505.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">505.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">465.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">415.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">382.2</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age
|
|
(years)*</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0–17</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">†</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">†</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">†</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">†</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18–44</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">74.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">91.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">106.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">110.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">102.9</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45–64</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">935.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">898.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">767.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">686.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">640.9</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65–74</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,836.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,782.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,643.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,377.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,235.1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">≥75</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,187.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,372.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,411.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,255.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,161.6</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_21_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sex</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_21_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Men</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">489.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">532.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">517.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">467.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">443.5</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_21_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">518.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">483.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">419.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">369.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">328.0</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_24_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(223,244,253);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Hispanic</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_24_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All (crude)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_24_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">176.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_24_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">171.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_24_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">179.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_24_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">191.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_24_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">198.5</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_24_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All (adjusted)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_24_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">422.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_24_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">379.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_24_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">353.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_24_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">327.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_24_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">293.8</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age
|
|
(years)*</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0–17</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">†</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">†</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">†</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">†</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">†</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18–44</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">37.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">44.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">46.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">55.4</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45–64</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">754.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">674.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">612.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">568.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">524.5</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65–74</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,621.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,425.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,289.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,173.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">987.4</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">≥75</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,218.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,143.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,137.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,063.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_27_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">881.7</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_33_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sex</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_33_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Men</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">454.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">445.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">421.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">409.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">369.6</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_33_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">395.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">321.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">294.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">255.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_3_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.incidence_rates_of_repor_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">226.8</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Incidence rates are new cases per million population. Rates by age
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are adjusted for sex and race, rates by sex are adjusted for age and
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race, and rates by race and ethnicity are adjusted for sex and age.
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Adjusted rates use the 2015 ESKD cohort as the standard population.
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ESKD, end-stage kidney disease.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>* </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.12.1"><p class="no_margin">Age as of the date of ESKD initiation</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>† </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.12.2"><p class="no_margin">Values for cells with 10 or fewer persons are suppressed.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>)</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTincidenceofreporteden"><div id="kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 13. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Incidence of Reported End-Stage Kidney Disease, by Primary Diagnosis,
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Sex, and Race and Ethnicity, U.S. Renal Data System,
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2016–2020</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">PRIMARY
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DISEASE GROUP</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_2" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">TOTAL
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PERSONS</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_3" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">INCIDENCE
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(%)</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_4" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">MEDIAN AGE
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(YEARS)</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5" colspan="7" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">PERCENT</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Men</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">White</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Black</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Hispanic</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Asian</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_6" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">American Indian</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_7" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">NH/PI</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All ESKD (reference)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">653,598</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">64.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">58.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">50.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Diabetes</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>306,444</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>47.2</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>64.0</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>57.4</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>48.1</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>23.1</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>20.4</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>4.9</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>1.5</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>1.6</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Diabetes with renal manifestations, type 2</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>277,788</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>42.7</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>65.0</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>57.5</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>47.6</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>22.9</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>20.9</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>5.1</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>1.5</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>1.7</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Diabetes with renal manifestations, type 1</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>28,656</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>4.4</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>55.0</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>56.4</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>53.6</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>25.1</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>15.8</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>3.1</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>0.9</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>1.0</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Glomerulonephritis</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34,943</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">56.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">59.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">56.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Secondary
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glomerulonephritis/vasculitis</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10,336</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">50.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">47.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.9</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interstitial
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nephritis/pyelonephritis</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17,108</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">65.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">60.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">73.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.7</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypertensive/large vessel disease</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">187,743</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">28.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">67.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">59.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">47.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.9</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cystic/hereditary/congenital
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diseases</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18,747</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">53.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">55.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">68.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.5</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Neoplasms/tumors</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9,436</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">68.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">63.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">68.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.4</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complications of transplanted organ</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,315</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">62.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">61.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">70.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_1_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.incidence_of_reported_en_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.8</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Data include persons alive on December 31, 2020. ESKD, end-stage
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kidney disease; NH/PI, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.12" rid="kidneydisease.REF.12">12</a>)</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTchangesinlipidslipopr"><div id="kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 14. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Changes in Lipids, Lipoproteins, ApoA, and ApoB, by Stage of Chronic
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Kidney Disease </p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">LIPID PARAMETER</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">CKD 1–5</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">NEPHROTIC<br />SYNDROME</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">HEMODIALYSIS</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">PERITONEAL<br />DIALYSIS</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Total cholesterol</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↗</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↑↑</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↔↓</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↑</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> LDL cholesterol</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↗</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↑↑</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↔↓</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↑</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> HDL cholesterol</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↓</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↓</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↓</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↓</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> Non-HDL cholesterol</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↗</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↑↑</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↔↓</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↑</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Triglycerides</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↗</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↑↑</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↑</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↑</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lp(a)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↗</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↑↑</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↑</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↑↑</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Apo A-I</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↘</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↗</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↓</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↓</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Apo A-IV</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↗</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↑↘</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↑</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↑</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Apo B</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↗</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↑↑</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↔↓</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.changes_in_lipids_lipopr_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">↑</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Changes are derived from the combined literature. Non-HDL cholesterol
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includes cholesterol in LDL, VLDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein,
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and chylomicron and its remnant. Normal (↔), increased
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(↑), markedly increased (⇈), and decreased
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(↓) plasma levels compared with non-uremic individuals;
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increasing (↗) and decreasing (↘) plasma levels with
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decreasing glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Apo A, apolipoprotein
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A; Apo B, apolipoprotein B; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HDL,
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|
high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; Lp,
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lipoprotein; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (403), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2007
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|
American Society of Nephrology, reprinted with
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|
permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTkidneyfunctionduringa"><div id="kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 15. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Kidney Function During and After Pregnancy, by Presence or Absence of
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Diabetes</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2" colspan="4" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">DIABETES</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_3" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">GESTATIONAL DIABETES</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_4" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">NO
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DIABETES</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">ACR
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<30 mg/g<br />Preserved GFR</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">ACR 30–300 mg/g<br />Preserved GFR</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">ACR ≥300 mg/g<br />Preserved GFR</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Impaired GFR</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Proteinuria</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Exaggerated increase</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Nephrotic range possible</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Nephrotic range typical</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Increases after 20 weeks, normal up to 300
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mg/day</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Increases after 20 weeks, normal up to 300
|
|
mg/day</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GFR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Increases</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Variable</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Increases</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Increases circa 50%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Preeclampsia</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15%–20% overall in diabetic women, increasing with
|
|
worsening nephropathy</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7%–10%</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2%–5%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postpartum<br />proteinuria</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Usually returns to baseline</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Increased risk of moderate albuminuria compared with
|
|
unaffected women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postpartum kidney function</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Usually normal</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">May be equal to prepregnancy decline</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Possible deterioration or accelerated decline</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Usually normal</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.kidney_function_during_a_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Preeclampsia increases risk of ESKD</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease;
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GFR, glomerular filtration rate. </p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (488), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2011
|
|
Elsevier, reprinted with permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTserialcreatininecleara"><div id="kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 16. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Serial Creatinine Clearance and 24-Hour Proteinuria Measurements During
|
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and After Pregnancy in Participants With Type 1 Diabetes,
|
|
1988–1994</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_1" rowspan="3" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;"></th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_2" rowspan="3" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_2" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">N</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3" colspan="4" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">MEAN
|
|
± STANDARD DEVIATION</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1" colspan="3" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Estimated
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Gestational Age (Weeks)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_2" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" style="border-bottom: solid 0.50pt; background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Follow-up*</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;"><20</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">20–28 </th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border-bottom: solid 0.50pt; background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">28–38</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(223,244,253);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_2" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(223,244,253);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Change in Creatinine Clearance (mL/min)</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_2" colspan="6" scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Initial creatinine clearance</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All persons</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">45</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">120±53.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">112.2±46.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">105.3±47.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">77.9±45.4</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">>90 mL/min</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">139±45</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">130±37</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">119±44</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">94±43</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60–90 mL/min</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">76±8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">80±15</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">81±21</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">68±27</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><60 mL/min</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35±12</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34±6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33±18</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14±8†</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(223,244,253);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_2" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(223,244,253);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Change in Proteinuria (g/24 h)</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_2" colspan="6" scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Initial collection</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All persons</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">45</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.74±1.33</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.60±3.22</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.82±4.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.94±4.26</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><1 g/24 h</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.68±0.23</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.44±1.34</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.05±1.51</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.82±0.59</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1–3 g/24 h</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.0±0.59</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.81±3.82</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.62±5.40</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.8±4.11</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">>3 g/24 h</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.44±0.78</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.58±1.73</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.93±4.52</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.serial_creatinine_cleara_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.71±5.90</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>* </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.16.1"><p class="no_margin">Mean follow-up was 2.8±1.8 years. Follow-up information was
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obtained for 34 out of the 45 women.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>† </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.16.2"><p class="no_margin">Three persons with kidney transplant</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (490), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 1996
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Wolters Kluwer Health, reprinted with permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTcharacteristicsofperso"><div id="kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 17. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Characteristics of Persons With Type 2 Diabetes Included in Randomized
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Controlled Studies of Intensive Versus Conventional Glycemic
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Treatment</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">CHARACTERISTICS</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2" colspan="5" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">STUDY,
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YEARS (REF.)</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Ohkubo,
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NR<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.538" rid="kidneydisease.REF.538">538</a>)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">UKPDS, 1977–1991<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.539" rid="kidneydisease.REF.539">539</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.540" rid="kidneydisease.REF.540">540</a>)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">ACCORD, 2001–2007<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.541" rid="kidneydisease.REF.541">541</a>)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">ADVANCE, 2001–2007<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.542" rid="kidneydisease.REF.542">542</a>)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">VADT, 2000–2008<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.545" rid="kidneydisease.REF.545">545</a>)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of participants</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">110</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,209</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10,251</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11,140</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,791</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> Intensive therapy</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3,071</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5,128</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5,571</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">892</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> Standard therapy</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,138</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5,123</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5,569</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">899</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Men (%)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">47</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">62</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">58</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">97</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age (years)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">53</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">62</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">66</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">60</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">28</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">31</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">31</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duration of diabetes (years)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11.5</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Follow-up (years)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.6</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Previous CVD (%)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">40</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Initial A1C (%)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.4</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_5" colspan="6" scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Final A1C (%)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> Intensive group </td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.9</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> Standard group</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_perso_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.4</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">A conversion formula for A1C values is available in the <i>Conversions</i> section. A1C, glycated
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hemoglobin; ACCORD, Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in
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Diabetes; ADVANCE, Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax
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|
and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation; CVD,
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cardiovascular disease; NR, not reported; UKPDS, United Kingdom
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Prospective Diabetes Study; VADT, Veterans Affairs Diabetes
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Trial.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (537) <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2011 BMJ
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Publishing Group, reprinted with permission; and references listed
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within the table.</div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTeffectofintensivevers"><div id="kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 18. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Effect of Intensive Versus Conventional Glycemic Control on Kidney
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Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_1" rowspan="3" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">STUDY,
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YEARS (REF.)</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2" colspan="6" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">RANDOMIZED
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INTENSIVE VERSUS CONVENTIONAL GLYCEMIC CONTROL</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">↓ in new ACR ≥30 mg/g</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_2" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">↓
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in new ACR >300 mg/g</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_3" colspan="2" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Hazard
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Ratio (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_4" colspan="2" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk Ratio
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(99% CI)</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Serum
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Creatinine Doubling</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">ESKD</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_4" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">ESKD or Serum Creatinine Doubling</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_4" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Severe Hypoglycemia</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ohkubo, NR <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.538" rid="kidneydisease.REF.538">538</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">62%</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100%</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">UKPDS, 1977–1991 <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.539" rid="kidneydisease.REF.539">539</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.540" rid="kidneydisease.REF.540">540</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17%</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34%</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">p=0.02</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.74 (0.26–2.11)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.89 (0.69–5.19)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACCORD, 2001–2007
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<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.541" rid="kidneydisease.REF.541">541</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">21%</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">31%</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.07 (1.01–1.13)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.95 (0.73–1.24)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.03 (0.98–1.08)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.00 (2.42–3.73)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ADVANCE, 2001–2007
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<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.542" rid="kidneydisease.REF.542">542</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8%</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30%</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.15 (0.82–1.63)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.64 (0.38–1.08)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.10 (0.70–1.73)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.85 (1.30–2.63)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VADT, 2000–2008 <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.545" rid="kidneydisease.REF.545">545</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32%</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">37%</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">p=0.99</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">p=0.35</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.0 (0.68–1.49)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.effect_of_intensive_vers_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.74 (1.57–4.77)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">ACCORD, Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes; ACR,
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albumin-to-creatinine ratio; ADVANCE, Action in Diabetes and
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Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled
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Evaluation; CI, confidence interval; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease;
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NR, not reported; UKPDS, United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study;
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VADT, Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">SOURCE: References are listed within the table.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTcharacteristicsofparti"><div id="kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 19. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Characteristics of Participants in Studies Assessing Kidney Outcomes and
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Use of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Sodium-Glucose
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Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors, and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">BASELINE
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CHARACTERISTICS</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2" colspan="5" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">GLP-1
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RA</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3" colspan="9" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">SGLT2
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INHIBITORS</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4" colspan="2" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">DPP-4
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INHIBITORS</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">LEADER
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(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.8" rid="kidneydisease.REF.8">8</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.569" rid="kidneydisease.REF.569">569</a>)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">SUSTAIN 6 (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.9" rid="kidneydisease.REF.9">9</a>)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">REWIND (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.567" rid="kidneydisease.REF.567">567</a>)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">EXSCEL (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.570" rid="kidneydisease.REF.570">570</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.571" rid="kidneydisease.REF.571">571</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.572" rid="kidneydisease.REF.572">572</a>)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">FLOW (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.573" rid="kidneydisease.REF.573">573</a>)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_6" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">EMPA-REG Outcome (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.574" rid="kidneydisease.REF.574">574</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.575" rid="kidneydisease.REF.575">575</a>)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_7" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">CANVAS (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.576" rid="kidneydisease.REF.576">576</a>)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_8" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">DECLARE-TIMI (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.577" rid="kidneydisease.REF.577">577</a>)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_9" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">CREDENCE (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.578" rid="kidneydisease.REF.578">578</a>)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_10" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">DAPA-CKD (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.579" rid="kidneydisease.REF.579">579</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.580" rid="kidneydisease.REF.580">580</a>)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_11" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">VERTIS CV (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.581" rid="kidneydisease.REF.581">581</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.582" rid="kidneydisease.REF.582">582</a>)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_12" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">DAPA-HF (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.583" rid="kidneydisease.REF.583">583</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.584" rid="kidneydisease.REF.584">584</a>)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_13" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">EMPEROR Reduced (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.585" rid="kidneydisease.REF.585">585</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.586" rid="kidneydisease.REF.586">586</a>)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_14" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">EMPEROR Preserved (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.587" rid="kidneydisease.REF.587">587</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.588" rid="kidneydisease.REF.588">588</a>)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_15" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">SAVOR-TIMI (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.738" rid="kidneydisease.REF.738">738</a>)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_16" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">CARMELINA (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.739" rid="kidneydisease.REF.739">739</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.740" rid="kidneydisease.REF.740">740</a>)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Liraglutide/<br />Placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Semaglutide/<br />placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Dulaglutide/<br />placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Exenatide/<br />placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Semaglutide/placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Empagliflozin/<br />placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Canagliflozin/placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Dapagliflozin/<br />placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Canagliflozin/<br />placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Dapagliflozin/<br />placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Ertugliflozin/placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Dapagliflozin/placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_13" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Empagliflozin/<br />placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_14" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Empagliflozin/<br />placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_15" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Saxagliptin/<br />placebo</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_16" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Linagliptin/<br />placebo</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Participants with type 2 diabetes
|
|
(%)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">67.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">42</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_13" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">49.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_14" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_15" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_16" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women (%)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">39.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">46.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">38</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">28.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">37.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">23.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_13" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_14" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">44.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_15" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_16" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">37.1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mean age (years)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">64.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">64.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">66.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">62</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">66.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">63.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">63.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">64</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">63</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">61.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">64.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">66</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_13" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">66.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_14" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">71.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_15" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">65.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_16" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">65.8</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">White (%)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">77.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">83.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">75.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">75.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">65.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">72.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">78.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">79.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">66.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">53.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">87.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">70.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_13" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">70.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_14" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">75.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_15" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">75.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_16" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">80.2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asian (%)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">23.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">21.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">23.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_13" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_14" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_15" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_16" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9.2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Black (%)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_13" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_14" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_15" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_16" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.9</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">30.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">31.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">28.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_13" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_14" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_15" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_16" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">31.4</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duration of diabetes (years)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">56.8% >15</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">57% >10</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">­NR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_13" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_14" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_15" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_16" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14.7</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Median follow-up (years)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_13" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_14" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_15" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_16" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Previous CVD (%)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">81.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">83</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">41</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">31</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">65.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">40.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">50.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">37.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">99.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_13" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_14" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">82</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_15" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">91</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_16" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">83.8</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Initial A1C (%)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.8 (with diabetes)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_13" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_14" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_15" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_16" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.9</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><60 in 24.7%</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><60 in 28.5%</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">74.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">75</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">47.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><60 in 26%</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">76.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">85.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">56.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">43.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">76</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">65.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_13" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">62</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_14" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">60.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_15" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">72.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_16" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">54.6</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kidney outcomes (HR, 95% CI)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.78<br />(0.67–0.92)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.64<br />(0.46–0.88)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.85<br />(0.77–0.93)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.88<br />(0.76–1.01)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.79<br />(0.66–0.94)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.61<br />(0.53–0.70)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.60<br />(0.47–0.77)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.53 (0.43−0.66)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.7<br />(0.59–0.82)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.61<br />(0.51–0.72)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.81<br />(0.63–1.04)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.71<br />(0.44–1.16)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_13" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.5<br />(0.32–0.77)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_14" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.95<br />(0.73–1.24)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_15" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.08<br />(0.88–1.32)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_16" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.04<br />(0.89–1.22)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Definition of kidney outcomes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">New onset of urine ACR >300 mg/g or a
|
|
doubling of serum creatinine level and an eGFR <45
|
|
mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, the need for renal replacement
|
|
therapy, or death from kidney disease</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">New onset of urine ACR >300 mg/g or a
|
|
doubling of serum creatinine level and an eGFR <45
|
|
mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, the need for renal replacement
|
|
therapy, or death from kidney disease</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">New macroalbuminuria, a sustained decline in eGFR of
|
|
≥30% from baseline, or chronic renal replacement
|
|
therapy</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">40% eGFR decline, use of kidney replacement therapy,
|
|
kidney death, or new macroalbuminuria</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Kidney failure, sustained ≥50% reduction in
|
|
eGFR from baseline, or death from kidney-related cause</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Incident or worsening nephropathy
|
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(progression<br />to macroalbuminuria, doubling of the serum
|
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creatinine level, initiation of renal-replacement therapy, or
|
|
death from renal disease) and incident albuminuria</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Composite outcome of sustained 40% reduction in
|
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eGFR, the need for renal-replacement therapy, or death from
|
|
renal causes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">≥40% decrease in eGFR to <60 mL/min/
|
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1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, new ESKD, or death from renal causes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ESKD, doubling of serum creatinine, or<br />death
|
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from renal or CV causes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">≥50% decline in<br />eGFR, ESKD,
|
|
or<br />death from renal<br />or CV cause</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Renal death, renal<br />replacement therapy, or
|
|
doubling of serum creatinine</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Sustained eGFR decline of ≥50%, ESKD
|
|
(defined as a sustained [≥28 days] eGFR of <15
|
|
mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, sustained dialysis, or renal
|
|
transplantation), or renal death</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_13" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Time to onset of renal replacement therapy;
|
|
sustained reduction in eGFR of ≥40%, sustained eGFR
|
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<15 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> for individuals with
|
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baseline eGFR ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_14" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Time to onset of renal replacement therapy;
|
|
sustained reduction in eGFR of 40%, sustained eGFR <15
|
|
mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> for individuals with baseline eGFR
|
|
≥30 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_15" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Doubling of serum creatinine level, initiation of
|
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renal replacement, or creatinine >6.0 mg/dL (530
|
|
mmol/L)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_1_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.characteristics_of_parti_1_1_2_16" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ESKD, sustained ≥40% decrease in eGFR, or
|
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renal death</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">A conversion formula for A1C values is available in the <i>Conversions</i> section. A1C, glycated
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hemoglobin; ACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; CANVAS
|
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Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study; CARMELINA,
|
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Cardiovascular Safety and Renal Microvascular Outcome Study with
|
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Linagliptin; CI, confidence interval; CREDENCE, Canagliflozin and
|
|
Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical
|
|
Evaluation; CV (CVD), cardiovascular (disease); DAPA-CKD,
|
|
Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Chronic Kidney
|
|
Disease trial; DAPA-HF, Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse
|
|
Outcomes in Heart Failure trial; DECLARE-TIMI, Dapagliflozin Effect
|
|
on Cardiovascular Events–Thrombolysis in Myocardial
|
|
Infarction; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; eGFR, estimated
|
|
glomerular filtration rate; EMPA-REG, Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular
|
|
Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients;
|
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EMPEROR-Preserved, Empagliflozin Outcome Trial in Patients with
|
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Chronic Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction;
|
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EMPEROR-Reduced, Empagliflozin Outcome Trial in Patients with
|
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Chronic Heart Failure and a Reduced Ejection Fraction; ESKD,
|
|
end-stage kidney disease; EXSCEL, Exenatide Study of Cardiovascular
|
|
Event Lowering; FLOW, Evaluate Renal Function with Semaglutide Once
|
|
Weekly trial; GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist;
|
|
HR, hazard ratio; LEADER, Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes:
|
|
Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results; NR, not reported;
|
|
REWIND, Researching Cardiovascular Events With a Weekly Incretin in
|
|
Diabetes; SAVOR-TIMI, Saxagliptin Assessment of Vascular Outcomes
|
|
Recorded in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus–Thrombolysis in
|
|
Myocardial Infarction; SGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2;
|
|
SUSTAIN 6, Trial to Evaluate Cardiovascular and Other Long-Term
|
|
Outcomes with Semaglutide in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes;
|
|
VERTIS-CV, Evaluation of Ertugliflozin Efficacy and Safety
|
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Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">SOURCE: References are listed within the table.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTrandomizedcontrolledst"><div id="kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 20. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Randomized Controlled Studies of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1" rowspan="3" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">STUDY,
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YEARS OF DATA COLLECTION (REF.)</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2" colspan="6" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">STUDY
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CHARACTERISTICS</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3" colspan="3" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">RENAL
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OUTCOMES</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Treated</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Type of
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Diabetes</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">HT</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Follow-up
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(Months)</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Baseline
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ACR Category</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7" colspan="3" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk Ratio
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(95% CI)</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">New
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Moderate or Severe ACR</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">Doubling in SCR</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">ESKD</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" colspan="10" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(223,244,253);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ACE versus
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placebo or other treatment</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RASS, NR <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.603" rid="kidneydisease.REF.603">603</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">94</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">95</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Normal</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.67 (0.20–2.31)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.67 (0.40–7.00)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">EUCLID, NR <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.604" rid="kidneydisease.REF.604">604</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">265</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">265</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Mixed</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.73 (0.49–1.09)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lewis, 1987–1992 <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.602" rid="kidneydisease.REF.602">602</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.616" rid="kidneydisease.REF.616">616</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">207</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">202</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Yes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Severe</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.67 (0.53–0.84)*</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.80 (0.62–1.04)*</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" scope="row" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HOPE, NR <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.605" rid="kidneydisease.REF.605">605</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.617" rid="kidneydisease.REF.617">617</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">47</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Yes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">72</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Normal to Moderate</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.71 (0.39–1.29)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1.34
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|
(0.68–2.65)†</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.35
|
|
(0.46–12.10)†</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,774</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,722</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Yes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">72</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Normal to Moderate</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.75 (0.60–0.90)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">BENEDICT, NR <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.606" rid="kidneydisease.REF.606">606</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">301</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">300</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Yes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Normal</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.60 (0.34–1.05)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ravid, 1990–1997 <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.607" rid="kidneydisease.REF.607">607</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">97</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">97</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Yes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">72</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Normal</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.34 (0.13–0.90)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.38 (0.11–1.40)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ADVANCE,
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2001–2008<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.542" rid="kidneydisease.REF.542">542</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.617" rid="kidneydisease.REF.617">617</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5,569</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5,571</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Yes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">51.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Mixed</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.84 (0.78–0.90)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.62 (0.33–1.15)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(223,244,253);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ARB versus
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placebo or other treatment</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DIRECT 1,
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2001–2008<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.608" rid="kidneydisease.REF.608">608</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,662</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,664</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">56.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Normal</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.07 (0.53–2.14)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RASS, NR <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.603" rid="kidneydisease.REF.603">603</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">96</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">95</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Normal</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.64 (1.08–6.45)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">TRANSCEND, 2001–2008
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<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.609" rid="kidneydisease.REF.609">609</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,954</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,972</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1, 2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Yes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">56</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Normal</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.75 (0.61–0.92)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.99 (0.56–1.76)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.50 (0.09–2.71)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="2" scope="row" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DIRECT 2, 2001–2008<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.608" rid="kidneydisease.REF.608">608</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">363</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">362</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">56.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Normal</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">HR 0.73 (0.48–1.10)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">588</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">592</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Yes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">56.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Normal</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">HR 1.01 (0.74–1.39)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ROADMAP,
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2004–2009<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.610" rid="kidneydisease.REF.610">610</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,233</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,216</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Yes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">38.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Normal</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.84 (0.70–1.02)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.17 (0.89–5.29)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IRMA 2, NR<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.611" rid="kidneydisease.REF.611">611</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.618" rid="kidneydisease.REF.618">618</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">194</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">201</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Yes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">HR 0.32 (0.15–0.65)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RENAAL, 1996–2001<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.612" rid="kidneydisease.REF.612">612</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.618" rid="kidneydisease.REF.618">618</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">751</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">762</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Yes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">42</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Severe</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.84 (0.70–1.01)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.77 (0.64–0.93)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IDNT, 1996–2000 <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.613" rid="kidneydisease.REF.613">613</a>) </td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">579</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">569</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Yes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">31.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Severe</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.71 (0.54–0.92)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.83 (0.62–1.11)</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3" id="hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" scope="colgroup" colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(223,244,253);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ACE versus
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ARB</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RASS, NR <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.603" rid="kidneydisease.REF.603">603</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">94</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">96</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">No</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Normal</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.25 (0.09–0.73)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="2" scope="row" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ONTARGET, NR <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.614" rid="kidneydisease.REF.614">614</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.619" rid="kidneydisease.REF.619">619</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2,159</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4,306</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1, 2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Yes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">56</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Normal</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1.04
|
|
(0.91–1.17)‡</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">HR 1.06
|
|
(0.70–1.60)*§</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">HR 1.16
|
|
(0.73–1.83)*§</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Barnett, NR <br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.615" rid="kidneydisease.REF.615">615</a>) </td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">120</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">130</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_4 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Yes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_5 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_6 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.04 (0.71–1.51)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_1_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_2_7 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_3_3 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_4_1 hd_b_kidneydisease.T.randomized_controlled_st_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio;
|
|
ADVANCE, Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and
|
|
Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation; ARB, angiotensin
|
|
receptor blocker; BENEDICT, Bergamo Nephrologic Diabetes
|
|
Complications Trial; CI, confidence interval; DIRECT, Diabetic
|
|
Retinopathy Candesartan Trials; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease;
|
|
EUCLID, EURODIAB Controlled Trial of Lisinopril in Insulin-Dependent
|
|
Diabetes; HOPE, Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation; HR, hazard
|
|
ratio; HT, hypertension; IDNT, Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy
|
|
Trial; IRMA, Irbesartan Microalbuminuria in Patients With Type 2
|
|
Diabetes and Microalbuminuria; NR, not reported; ONTARGET, Ongoing
|
|
Telmisartan Alone and in Combination With Ramipril Global Endpoint
|
|
Trial; RASS, Renin Angiotensin System Study; RENAAL, Reduction of
|
|
Endpoints in Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes With the Angiotensin II
|
|
Antagonist Losartan; ROADMAP, Randomized Olmesartan and Diabetes
|
|
Microalbuminuria Prevention; SCR, serum creatinine; TRANSCEND,
|
|
Telmisartan Randomised Assessment Study in ACE Intolerant Subjects
|
|
with Cardiovascular Disease. </p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>* </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.20.1"><p class="no_margin">Dual versus monotherapy with either ACE or ARB</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>† </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.20.2"><p class="no_margin">Outcome represents type 1 and type 2 diabetes subjects combined.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>‡ </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.20.3"><p class="no_margin">Outcome represents entire study population.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>§ </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.20.4"><p class="no_margin">Combined endpoint of chronic dialysis or doubling of serum
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creatinine</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">SOURCE: References are listed within the table.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTguidelinecomparisonsof"><div id="kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 21. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Guideline Comparisons of Blood Pressure Goals and Drug Therapy for Adults
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With Hypertension</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">GUIDELINE, YEAR (REF.)</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">POPULATION</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">BP TARGET<br />(mmHG)</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">INITIAL DRUG TREATMENT OPTIONS</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">LEVEL OF EVIDENCE FOR BP TARGET*</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_1" rowspan="5" scope="row" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">American Diabetes Association (ADA), 2024
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<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.17" rid="kidneydisease.REF.17">17</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Diabetes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><130/80</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ACE or ARB</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">B</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_2" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Pediatric type 1 diabetes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><90th percentile for age, sex, and height;
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if ≥13 years old, <120/80 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Lifestyle modification,<br />ACE or
|
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ARB†</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">C</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_2" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Pediatric type 2 diabetes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><90th percentile for age, sex, and height;
|
|
if ≥13 years old, <130/80 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Lifestyle modification,<br />ACE or
|
|
ARB†</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">C</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_2" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Diabetes + pregnancy</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><110–135/85</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Methyldopa, labetalol, diltiazem, clonidine, or
|
|
prazosin</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">A</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_2" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Diabetes + CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><130/80</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ACE or ARB</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Not graded</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="row" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8), 2014
|
|
<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.632" rid="kidneydisease.REF.632">632</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Diabetes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><140/90</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Not Black: thiazide-type diuretic, ACE or ARB, or
|
|
CCB<br />Black: thiazide-type diuretic or CCB</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Expert opinion</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_2" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><140/90</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ACE or ARB</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Expert opinion</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="row" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Canadian guidelines (Hypertension Canada 2020,
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C-CHANGE 2022)<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.633" rid="kidneydisease.REF.633">633</a>) </td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Diabetes</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><130/80</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ACE or ARB—with CVD risk, CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">C for SBP<br />A for DBP</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_2" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">High CV risk</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">≤120</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ACE, ARB, beta-blockers, or CCB</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">B</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">European Society of
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Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology (ESH/ESC), 2018
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<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.634" rid="kidneydisease.REF.634">634</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Diabetes and/or CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><140–130/80–70</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ACE or ARB, CCB, diuretic</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Not graded</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="row" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO),
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2021‡<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.635" rid="kidneydisease.REF.635">635</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CKD</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><120</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">ACE or ARB</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2B</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_2" colspan="1" scope="row" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Kidney transplant recipients</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><130/80</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CCB, ARB</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.guideline_comparisons_of_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1C</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Albuminuria is defined as ACR ≥30 mg/g. ACE,
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angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ACR, albumin-to-creatinine
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ratio; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BP, blood pressure; CCB,
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calcium channel blocker; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD,
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cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic
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blood pressure. </p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>* </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.21.1"><p class="no_margin">Level of evidence: A=clear evidence from well-conducted,
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generalizable randomized controlled trials; B=supportive evidence
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from well-conducted cohort studies; C=supportive evidence from
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poorly controlled or uncontrolled studies; D=expert consensus or
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clinical experience</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>† </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.21.2"><p class="no_margin">Due to the potential teratogenic effects, individuals of childbearing
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age should receive reproductive counseling, and medication should be
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avoided in individuals of childbearing age who are not using
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reliable contraception. </p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>‡ </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.21.3"><p class="no_margin">With or without diabetes</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">SOURCE: References are listed within the table.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTclinicaltrialsofthee"><div id="kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 22. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Clinical Trials of the Effect of Dietary Protein Reduction on the Course
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of Diabetic Nephropathy in Persons With Type 1 Diabetes and Severe
|
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Albuminuria</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">LOCATION (REF.)</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">N</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">TREATMENT DURATION <br />(MONTHS)</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">PROTEIN RESTRICTION <br />(G/KG/DAY)</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">OUTCOME IN TREATMENT GROUP</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Italy (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.656" rid="kidneydisease.REF.656">656</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Decreased urinary albumin excretion</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Texas (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.657" rid="kidneydisease.REF.657">657</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">24</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Decreased urinary protein excretion</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">United Kingdom (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.658" rid="kidneydisease.REF.658">658</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Decreased rate of GFR decline; decreased urinary
|
|
albumin excretion</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not reported (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.659" rid="kidneydisease.REF.659">659</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">34.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.clinical_trials_of_the_e_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Decreased rate of GFR decline; decreased urinary
|
|
albumin excretion</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">In the studies in references (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.656" rid="kidneydisease.REF.656">656</a>) and (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.659" rid="kidneydisease.REF.659">659</a>), a
|
|
protein-restricted diet was compared with a standard diet; in
|
|
reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.657" rid="kidneydisease.REF.657">657</a>), there was no control group; in reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.658" rid="kidneydisease.REF.658">658</a>),
|
|
subjects were compared before and after dietary protein restriction.
|
|
Severe albuminuria is defined by proteinuria ≥0.5 g/24
|
|
hours. GFR, glomerular filtration rate.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">SOURCE: References are listed within the table.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTprevalenceofasymptomat"><div id="kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 23. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Populations With and Without
|
|
Diabetes </p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">LOCATION, YEARS (REF.)</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">NO.<br />DIABETES/<br />CONTROL</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">MEAN AGE (YEARS) (DIABETES/<br />CONTROL)</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">PATIENT SOURCE<br />(DIABETES/ CONTROL)</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">POPULATION</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_6" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">TYPE OF DIABETES</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_7" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">PREVALENCE<br />DIABETES<br />N (%)</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_8" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">PREVALENCE CONTROLS<br />N (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Israel, 2002–2003<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.695" rid="kidneydisease.REF.695">695</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">411/160</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">59.6/53.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient clinics</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25 (6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Italy, 1997–2000<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.696" rid="kidneydisease.REF.696">696</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">228/146</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">57.7/59.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient clinics</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1, 2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">40 (18)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">27 (18)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zimbabwe,
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|
1999–2000<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.697" rid="kidneydisease.REF.697">697</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">123/53</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">51.0/46.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient clinics</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">African</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1, 2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">39 (32)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Turkey, 1988–1989<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.698" rid="kidneydisease.REF.698">698</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">110/100</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Not available</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Hospital</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Men and women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1, 2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6/64 (9) women,<br />1/46
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(2)
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|
men</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0/56 (0) women,<br />0/44 (0) men</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">California, NR<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.699" rid="kidneydisease.REF.699">699</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">752/200</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">55.0/54.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient clinics</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Men and women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">31/341 (9) women<br />1/411
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(0.2) men</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5/100 (5) women,<br />0/100 (0)
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men</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nigeria, NR<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.700" rid="kidneydisease.REF.700">700</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">190/190</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Not available</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient clinics</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">African</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1, 2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">9/100 (9) women,<br />3/90
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(3)
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men</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8/100 (8) women,<br />2/90
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(2)
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|
men</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hungary, NR<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.701" rid="kidneydisease.REF.701">701</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">133/178</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15.6/14.1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient clinic/medical students</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Youth</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14/67 (21) women,<br />8/66
|
|
(12)
|
|
men</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5/84 (6) women,<br />0/94 (0)
|
|
men</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chile, NR<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.702" rid="kidneydisease.REF.702">702</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">50/50</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Not available</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient clinics</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">16 (32)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">India, NR<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.703" rid="kidneydisease.REF.703">703</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">90/93</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18–60/18–60 (range)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient clinics</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Men and women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1, 2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5/42 (12) women,<br />2/48
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(4)
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men</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4/48 (8) women,<br />1/45
|
|
(2)
|
|
men</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">South Africa, NR<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.704" rid="kidneydisease.REF.704">704</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100/36</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">57.0/72.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient clinics</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Men and women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1, 2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8/60 (13) women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1/36 (3)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hungary, NR<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.705" rid="kidneydisease.REF.705">705</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">178/194</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15.1/14.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient clinics</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Children and adolescents</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10/92 (11) women,<br />8/86
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(9)
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|
men</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Iran, 2004<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.706" rid="kidneydisease.REF.706">706</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">202</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">56.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient clinics</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22 (11)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Canada, 1989–1993
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<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.707" rid="kidneydisease.REF.707">707</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1,072</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">>16</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient clinics</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1, 2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">85 (8)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Washington,
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1998–2002<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.708" rid="kidneydisease.REF.708">708</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">218/799</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Not available</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Epidemiologic cohort study</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Postmenopausal women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1, 2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14 (6)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">32 (4)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Greece, 2001–2002<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.709" rid="kidneydisease.REF.709">709</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">363/350</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">61.3/63.0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient clinics</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35 (10)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">10 (3)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Netherlands, 1996–1997
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<br />(<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.710" rid="kidneydisease.REF.710">710</a>,<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.711" rid="kidneydisease.REF.711">711</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">636/153</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">59.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient clinic/health center</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1, 2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">163 (26)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.prevalence_of_asymptomat_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">NR, not reported.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.694" rid="kidneydisease.REF.694">694</a>) and references listed within the table.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTadjustedoddsratiosfor"><div id="kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 24. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Adjusted Odds Ratios for Cystitis or Pyelonephritis in Women With Type 1
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Diabetes Participating in the Uro-EDIC Survey, 2002–2004</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" scope="col" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">CHARACTERISTICS</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">ODDS RATIO
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(95% CI)</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_1" colspan="1" scope="colgroup" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Cystitis*</th><th headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Pyelonephritis†</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conventional versus intensive treatment
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(DCCT)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.70 (0.40–1.22)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.19 (0.04–0.85)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Primary versus secondary DCCT
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cohort</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.60 (0.92–2.79)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.71 (0.19–2.76)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age (per 1-year increase)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.98 (0.94–1.03)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.95 (0.85–1.07)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">After versus before menopause</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.41 (0.66–3.00)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1.02 (0.15–6.87)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_1 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_2" colspan="3" scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Composite vascular complication score‡ </td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> 0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> 1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2.09 (1.12–3.91)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> 2–4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.96 (0.26–3.52)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> 1–4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4.48 (1.08–18.54)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sexual activity in last 12 months</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8.28 (1.45–158.32)§</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_1_2 hd_h_kidneydisease.T.adjusted_odds_ratios_for_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.90 (0.10–7.76)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">The study included 550 women with type 1 diabetes participating in
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the Uro-EDIC survey. CI, confidence interval; DCCT, Diabetes Control
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and Complications Trial; NR, not reported; Uro-EDIC, ancillary study
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of urologic complications in the DCCT/Epidemiology of Diabetes
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Interventions and Complications (EDIC) cohort.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>* </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.24.1"><p class="no_margin">Additional covariates in the cystitis multivariate model were not
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statistically significant at p≤0.01, including race
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(p=0.05), frequency of sexual intercourse in the last 12 months
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(p=0.43), exercise (p=0.20), alcohol use (p=0.13), total cholesterol
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(p=0.11), or triglycerides (p=0.22).</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>† </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.24.2"><p class="no_margin">Additional covariates in the pyelonephritis multivariate model were
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not statistically significant at p≤0.01, including smoking
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(p=0.06), oral contraceptive use (p=0.04), or diabetic ketoacidosis
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ever (p=0.39).</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>‡ </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.24.3"><p class="no_margin">The composite vascular complication score of 0 to 4 is based on a
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history of proliferative retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, or
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cardiovascular/cerebrovascular event.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>§ </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.24.4"><p class="no_margin">Likelihood ratio test</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div><div class="permissions">SOURCE: Reference (725), <a href="/books/about/copyright/">copyright</a> © 2009
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Elsevier, reprinted with permission.</div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobkidneydiseaseTdemographicandclinical"><div id="kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical" class="table"><h3><span class="label">TABLE 25. </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Subjects With HIV, Diabetes,
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and Both HIV and Diabetes, 2007–2009</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK609462/table/kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">CHARACTERISTICS</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">HIV+ AND DIABETES</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">HIV+</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">DIABETES</th><th id="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(183,232,251);text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">P-VALUE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">73</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">82</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">61</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Age (years)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">52±1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">45±1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">51±1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><0.0001*<br />0.9†<br /><0.0001‡</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Race and ethnicity (%)</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.0002</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Caucasian</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">18</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">48</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">African American</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">74</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">38</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">67</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hispanic</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asian</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Sex (%)</b>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.1</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Men</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">63</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">78</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">67</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Women</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">37</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">33</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">31±1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">26±1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">35±1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><0.0001*<br />0.001†<br /><0.0001‡</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systolic BP (mmHg)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">131±2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">123±1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">127±3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.002*<br />0.16†<br />0.13‡</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">80±1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">77±1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">77±1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.18</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RAAS use (%)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">49%</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">20%</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">64%</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><0.0001*<br />0.09†<br /><0.0001‡</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duration diabetes (years)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.8±0.7</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6.2±0.8§</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.53</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current insulin use (%)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">29</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">21</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.32</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A1C</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.1±0.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.8±0.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.03</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duration HIV (years)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">13±1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14±1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.38</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CD4 (cells/mL)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">588±32</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">522±30</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.13</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HIV VL <50 copies/mL (%)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">56</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">81</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.0007</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current ARV therapy (%)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">77</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">94</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.002</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ARV therapy naïve (%)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">15</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.0006</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duration ARV therapy (years)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.7±0.6</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7.9±0.5</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.8</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serum creatinine (mg/dL)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.96±0.02</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.98±0.02</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.94±0.02</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.45</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GFR (mL/min)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">82.0±2.3</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">88.1±2.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">82.6±1.9</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(252,248,225);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.09</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACR (mg/g)</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">117.5±36.8</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">17.7±5.4</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">59.9±32.2</td><td headers="hd_h_kidneydisease.T.demographic_and_clinical_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:rgb(254,252,242);text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><0.0001*<br />0.1†<br />0.04‡</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Data are from a cross-sectional study including 73 adults with HIV
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and type 2 diabetes, 82 adults with HIV and without diabetes, and 61
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control subjects with type 2 diabetes and without HIV. A conversion
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formula for A1C values is available in the <i>Conversions</i> section<i>.</i>
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A1C, glycated hemoglobin; ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio in urine;
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ARV, antiretroviral therapy; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood
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pressure; CD4, cluster of differentiation 4; GFR, glomerular
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filtration rate, calculated using the Cockroft-Gault equation; HIV,
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human immunodeficiency virus; RAAS, renin-angiotensin aldosterone
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system; VL, viral load.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>* </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.25.1"><p class="no_margin">P-value for HIV+ diabetes+ versus HIV+</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>† </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.25.2"><p class="no_margin">P-value for HIV+ diabetes+ versus diabetes+</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>‡ </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.25.3"><p class="no_margin">P-value for HIV+ versus diabetes+</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>§ </dt><dd><div id="kidneydisease.TF.25.4"><p class="no_margin">Data were available on 43 subjects.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">SOURCE: Reference (<a class="bibr" href="#kidneydisease.REF.730" rid="kidneydisease.REF.730">730</a>)</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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