499 lines
No EOL
67 KiB
HTML
499 lines
No EOL
67 KiB
HTML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
|
||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
|
||
|
||
<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
|
||
<!-- AppResources meta begin -->
|
||
<meta name="paf-app-resources" content="" />
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">var ncbi_startTime = new Date();</script>
|
||
|
||
<!-- AppResources meta end -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- TemplateResources meta begin -->
|
||
<meta name="paf_template" content="" />
|
||
|
||
<!-- TemplateResources meta end -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- Logger begin -->
|
||
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="books" /><meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="book-part" /><meta name="ncbi_acc" content="NBK608496" /><meta name="ncbi_domain" content="pmh_iqwig" /><meta name="ncbi_report" content="record" /><meta name="ncbi_type" content="fulltext" /><meta name="ncbi_objectid" content="" /><meta name="ncbi_pcid" content="/NBK608496/" /><meta name="ncbi_pagename" content="Overview: Scoliosis in teenagers - InformedHealth.org - NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="ncbi_bookparttype" content="chapter" /><meta name="ncbi_app" content="bookshelf" />
|
||
<!-- Logger end -->
|
||
|
||
<title>Overview: Scoliosis in teenagers - InformedHealth.org - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
|
||
|
||
<!-- AppResources external_resources begin -->
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/jig/1.15.2/css/jig.min.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="/core/jig/1.15.2/js/jig.min.js"></script>
|
||
|
||
<!-- AppResources external_resources end -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- Page meta begin -->
|
||
<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,NOFOLLOW,NOARCHIVE,NOIMAGEINDEX" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="InformedHealth.org [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Overview: Scoliosis in teenagers" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2024/03/25" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK608496/" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Scoliosis" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="M411" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="n0001" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Overview: Scoliosis in teenagers" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG)" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2024/03/25" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK608496/" /><meta name="description" content="Teenagers who have scoliosis have a curved, twisted spine. It is not clear why this happens. Often, there is only a slight curve and it just has to be checked regularly. But if the scoliosis is moderate or severe, treatment will be needed." /><meta name="og:title" content="Overview: Scoliosis in teenagers" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Teenagers who have scoliosis have a curved, twisted spine. It is not clear why this happens. Often, there is only a slight curve and it just has to be checked regularly. But if the scoliosis is moderate or severe, treatment will be needed." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK608496/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pmh_iqwig-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/n0001/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK608496/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/large-obj-scrollbars.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script><meta name="book-collection" content="NONE" />
|
||
|
||
<!-- Page meta end -->
|
||
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/favicon.ico" /><meta name="ncbi_phid" content="CE8EAD8C7C80427100000000009A007E.m_12" />
|
||
<meta name='referrer' content='origin-when-cross-origin'/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3852956/3985586/3808861/4121862/3974050/3917732/251717/4216701/14534/45193/4113719/3849091/3984811/3751656/4033350/3840896/3577051/3852958/4008682/4207974/4206132/4062871/12930/3964959/3854974/36029/4128070/9685/3549676/3609192/3609193/3609213/3395586.css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3411343/3882866.css" media="print" /></head>
|
||
<body class="book-part">
|
||
<div class="grid">
|
||
<div class="col twelve_col nomargin shadow">
|
||
<!-- System messages like service outage or JS required; this is handled by the TemplateResources portlet -->
|
||
<div class="sysmessages">
|
||
<noscript>
|
||
<p class="nojs">
|
||
<strong>Warning:</strong>
|
||
The NCBI web site requires JavaScript to function.
|
||
<a href="/guide/browsers/#enablejs" title="Learn how to enable JavaScript" target="_blank">more...</a>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</noscript>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!--/.sysmessage-->
|
||
<div class="wrap">
|
||
<div class="page">
|
||
<div class="top">
|
||
<div id="universal_header">
|
||
<section class="usa-banner">
|
||
<div class="usa-accordion">
|
||
<header class="usa-banner-header">
|
||
<div class="usa-grid usa-banner-inner">
|
||
<img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png" alt="U.S. flag" />
|
||
<p>An official website of the United States government</p>
|
||
<button class="non-usa-accordion-button usa-banner-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-top" type="button">
|
||
<span class="usa-banner-button-text">Here's how you know</span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</header>
|
||
<div class="usa-banner-content usa-grid usa-accordion-content" id="gov-banner-top" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-gov usa-width-one-half">
|
||
<img class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img" src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" alt="Dot gov" />
|
||
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
|
||
<p>
|
||
<strong>The .gov means it's official.</strong>
|
||
<br />
|
||
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before
|
||
sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal
|
||
government site.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="usa-banner-guidance-ssl usa-width-one-half">
|
||
<img class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img" src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg" alt="Https" />
|
||
<div class="usa-media_block-body">
|
||
<p>
|
||
<strong>The site is secure.</strong>
|
||
<br />
|
||
The <strong>https://</strong> ensures that you are connecting to the
|
||
official website and that any information you provide is encrypted
|
||
and transmitted securely.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<div class="usa-overlay"></div>
|
||
<header class="ncbi-header" role="banner" data-section="Header">
|
||
|
||
<div class="usa-grid">
|
||
<div class="usa-width-one-whole">
|
||
|
||
<div class="ncbi-header__logo">
|
||
<a href="/" class="logo" aria-label="NCBI Logo" data-ga-action="click_image" data-ga-label="NIH NLM Logo">
|
||
<img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg" alt="NIH NLM Logo" />
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="ncbi-header__account">
|
||
<a id="account_login" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-button header-button" style="display:none" data-ga-action="open_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu">Log in</a>
|
||
<button id="account_info" class="header-button" style="display:none" aria-controls="account_popup" type="button">
|
||
<span class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="20px" height="20px">
|
||
<g style="fill: #fff">
|
||
<ellipse cx="12" cy="8" rx="5" ry="6"></ellipse>
|
||
<path d="M21.8,19.1c-0.9-1.8-2.6-3.3-4.8-4.2c-0.6-0.2-1.3-0.2-1.8,0.1c-1,0.6-2,0.9-3.2,0.9s-2.2-0.3-3.2-0.9 C8.3,14.8,7.6,14.7,7,15c-2.2,0.9-3.9,2.4-4.8,4.2C1.5,20.5,2.6,22,4.1,22h15.8C21.4,22,22.5,20.5,21.8,19.1z"></path>
|
||
</g>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="username desktop-only" aria-hidden="true" id="uname_short"></span>
|
||
<span class="sr-only">Show account info</span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="ncbi-popup-anchor">
|
||
<div class="ncbi-popup account-popup" id="account_popup" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="ncbi-popup-head">
|
||
<button class="ncbi-close-button" data-ga-action="close_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu" type="button">
|
||
<span class="fa fa-times">
|
||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 48 48" width="24px" height="24px">
|
||
<path d="M38 12.83l-2.83-2.83-11.17 11.17-11.17-11.17-2.83 2.83 11.17 11.17-11.17 11.17 2.83 2.83 11.17-11.17 11.17 11.17 2.83-2.83-11.17-11.17z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="usa-sr-only">Close</span></button>
|
||
<h4>Account</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="account-user-info">
|
||
Logged in as:<br />
|
||
<b><span class="username" id="uname_long">username</span></b>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="account-links">
|
||
<ul class="usa-unstyled-list">
|
||
<li><a id="account_myncbi" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_myncbi">Dashboard</a></li>
|
||
<li><a id="account_pubs" href="/myncbi/collections/bibliography/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_pubs">Publications</a></li>
|
||
<li><a id="account_settings" href="/account/settings/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_settings">Account settings</a></li>
|
||
<li><a id="account_logout" href="/account/signout/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_logout">Log out</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</header>
|
||
<div role="navigation" aria-label="access keys">
|
||
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_0" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="0" tabindex="-1">Access keys</a>
|
||
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="1" tabindex="-1">NCBI Homepage</a>
|
||
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_2" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url usa-sr-only" accesskey="2" tabindex="-1">MyNCBI Homepage</a>
|
||
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_3" href="#maincontent" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="3" tabindex="-1">Main Content</a>
|
||
<a id="nws_header_accesskey_4" href="#" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="4" tabindex="-1">Main Navigation</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<section data-section="Alerts">
|
||
<div class="ncbi-alerts-placeholder"></div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header">
|
||
<div class="res_logo"><h1 class="res_name"><a href="/books/" title="Bookshelf home">Bookshelf</a></h1><h2 class="res_tagline"></h2></div>
|
||
<div class="search"><form method="get" action="/books/"><div class="search_form"><label for="database" class="offscreen_noflow">Search database</label><select id="database"><optgroup label="Recent"><option value="books" selected="selected" data-ac_dict="bookshelf-search">Books</option><option value="refseq">RefSeq</option><option value="nuccore">Nucleotide</option><option value="clinvar" class="last">ClinVar</option></optgroup><optgroup label="All"><option value="gquery">All Databases</option><option value="assembly">Assembly</option><option value="biocollections">Biocollections</option><option value="bioproject">BioProject</option><option value="biosample">BioSample</option><option value="books" data-ac_dict="bookshelf-search">Books</option><option value="clinvar">ClinVar</option><option value="cdd">Conserved Domains</option><option value="gap">dbGaP</option><option value="dbvar">dbVar</option><option value="gene">Gene</option><option value="genome">Genome</option><option value="gds">GEO DataSets</option><option value="geoprofiles">GEO Profiles</option><option value="gtr">GTR</option><option value="ipg">Identical Protein Groups</option><option value="medgen">MedGen</option><option value="mesh">MeSH</option><option value="nlmcatalog">NLM Catalog</option><option value="nuccore">Nucleotide</option><option value="omim">OMIM</option><option value="pmc">PMC</option><option value="protein">Protein</option><option value="proteinclusters">Protein Clusters</option><option value="protfam">Protein Family Models</option><option value="pcassay">PubChem BioAssay</option><option value="pccompound">PubChem Compound</option><option value="pcsubstance">PubChem Substance</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="snp">SNP</option><option value="sra">SRA</option><option value="structure">Structure</option><option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option><option value="toolkit">ToolKit</option><option value="toolkitall">ToolKitAll</option><option value="toolkitbookgh">ToolKitBookgh</option></optgroup></select><div class="nowrap"><label for="term" class="offscreen_noflow" accesskey="/">Search term</label><div class="nowrap"><input type="text" name="term" id="term" title="Search Books. Use up and down arrows to choose an item from the autocomplete." value="" class="jig-ncbiclearbutton jig-ncbiautocomplete" data-jigconfig="dictionary:'bookshelf-search',disableUrl:'NcbiSearchBarAutoComplCtrl'" autocomplete="off" data-sbconfig="ds:'no',pjs:'no',afs:'no'" /></div><button id="search" type="submit" class="button_search nowrap" cmd="go">Search</button></div></div></form><ul class="searchlinks inline_list"><li>
|
||
<a href="/books/browse/">Browse Titles</a>
|
||
</li><li>
|
||
<a href="/books/advanced/">Advanced</a>
|
||
</li><li class="help">
|
||
<a href="/books/NBK3833/">Help</a>
|
||
</li><li class="disclaimer">
|
||
<a target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="link_click" data-ga-label="disclaimer_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/about/disclaimer/">Disclaimer</a>
|
||
</li></ul></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!--<component id="Page" label="headcontent"/>-->
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
<!-- site messages -->
|
||
<!-- Custom content 1 -->
|
||
<div class="col1">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="container">
|
||
<div id="maincontent" class="content eight_col col">
|
||
<!-- Custom content in the left column above book nav -->
|
||
<div class="col2">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Book content -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Custom content between navigation and content -->
|
||
<div class="col3">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="document">
|
||
<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-pmh_iqwig-lrg.png" alt="Cover of InformedHealth.org" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>InformedHealth.org [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK608496_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK608496_dtls__"><div>Cologne, Germany: <a href="https://www.informedhealth.org/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG)</a>; 2006-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/i3606/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/n0001.outlook-a/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK608496_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Overview: Scoliosis in teenagers</span></h1><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">March 25, 2024</span>; Next update: 2027.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="n0001.introduction"><h2 id="_n0001_introduction_">Introduction</h2><p>Teenagers who have scoliosis have a curved, twisted <a href="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/i2375/">spine</a>. The cause of scoliosis in this age group (adolescents) is often unknown (idiopathic). Doctors then call it “adolescent idiopathic scoliosis” or AIS. It usually develops while teenagers are still growing.</p><p>Often, there is only a slight curve and no treatment is needed. But the spine should be checked by a doctor every few months until it stops growing. The aim of these check-ups is to find out in good time whether the curve is getting worse and whether treatment might help.</p><p>Moderate and progressive (worsening) scoliosis is often treated using a back brace. This can prevent the spine from curving further.</p><p>If the scoliosis is very severe, surgery may be needed. This involves straightening the spine by joining together (fusing) some of the bones in the spine, called vertebrae.</p></div><div id="n0001.ataglance"><h2 id="_n0001_ataglance_">At a glance</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Teenagers who have scoliosis have a curved, twisted spine.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>It is not clear why this happens.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In mild cases, the scoliosis doesn’t necessarily have to be treated but regular check-ups are needed.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Moderate scoliosis is often treated using a back brace.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgery is only needed in very severe cases.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sports and exercise can help strengthen the back muscles.</div></li></ul></div><div id="n0001.symptoms"><h2 id="_n0001_symptoms_">Symptoms</h2><p>People with scoliosis rarely feel any symptoms. Some teenagers have back pain or tension around their shoulders. But most people have back pain every now and then anyway, so it's not clear whether that’s due to the scoliosis.</p><p>The main sign of scoliosis is visible changes in the upper body. For instance, the back, shoulders, chest or hips may start looking "wonky" or crooked. This is particularly noticeable when the person bends forward. Then one side of their ribs forms a visible hump.</p><p>The curve in the spine can vary from person to person. The degree of the curve (the “Cobb angle”) is determined with the help of an x-ray.</p><p>In around 80% of teenagers with scoliosis, the spine in the upper back curves to the right (see illustration). Curving in the lower back is less common. Sometimes the spine curves in both the lower and upper back. This also tends to be rare.</p><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK608496/bin/en_wirbelsaeule_skoliose_vorbeugetest.jpg" alt="Illustration: Scoliosis: "Forward bend test" to look for a sideways curve in the thoracic spine" /></div><p>Scoliosis: "Forward bend test" to look for a sideways curve in the thoracic spine</p></div><div id="n0001.causesandriskfactors"><h2 id="_n0001_causesandriskfactors_">Causes and risk factors</h2><p>It is not clear what causes scoliosis in young people. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) develops between the age of 10 and the time when the spine has stopped growing.</p><p>Scoliosis has nothing to do with poor posture. It isn’t anybody’s fault when a young person develops it. And there aren't any known ways to prevent it.</p><p>One known risk factor is a family history. In an estimated 10% of teenagers with scoliosis, their mother or father had scoliosis too. Experts also believe that scoliosis is more likely to develop if some parts of the spine grow unusually long or short.</p></div><div id="n0001.prevalence"><h2 id="_n0001_prevalence_">Prevalence</h2><p>An estimated 2% of people between the ages of 10 and 16 have scoliosis. Most of them only have a slightly curved spine:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>75% of them have mild scoliosis (a Cobb angle between 10 and 20 degrees),</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>15% have moderate scoliosis (20 to 30 degrees),</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>5% have severe scoliosis (30 to 40 degrees) and</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>5% have very severe scoliosis (over 40 degrees).</div></li></ul><p>Scoliosis is more common in girls than in boys. Girls are also much more likely to have severe scoliosis.</p></div><div id="n0001.outlook"><h2 id="_n0001_outlook_">Outlook</h2><p>It is not possible to say for sure whether scoliosis will get worse. But doctors can at least give an estimate based on the Cobb angle and how far the person's bones have developed overall (their skeletal maturity). The more severe the curve and the less mature the <a href="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/i2063/">bones</a>, the more likely it is that the scoliosis will get worse. Once the bones have stopped growing, the curve in the spine won't get worse – unless the scoliosis is very severe, with a Cobb angle of more than 50 degrees.</p><p>Doctors can assess skeletal maturity with the help of an x-ray of the back of the pelvic bone (iliac crest). If a lot of bone tissue has already formed on the iliac crest, that means the skeleton has already developed quite far and the bones aren't likely to grow much more. Skeletal maturity is divided into stages known as “Risser stages,” on a scale of 0 to 5. Risser stage 0 means that the bones are still very much in the growth phase. At Risser stage 5, growth is complete.</p><p>The following table shows the likelihood of scoliosis getting worse for different angles and stages of skeletal maturity.</p><div id="n0001table1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK608496/table/n0001table1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__n0001table1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_n0001table1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Curvature (Cobb angle)
|
||
</th><th id="hd_b_n0001table1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Skeletal maturity (Risser stage)
|
||
</th><th id="hd_b_n0001table1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Likelihood of scoliosis getting worse
|
||
</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_n0001table1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">11 to 19 degrees
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_b_n0001table1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0 to 1
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_b_n0001table1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">20%
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_n0001table1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2 to 4
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_b_n0001table1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2%
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_n0001table1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">20 to 29 degrees
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_b_n0001table1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">0 to 1
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_b_n0001table1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">68%
|
||
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_n0001table1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2 to 4
|
||
</td><td headers="hd_b_n0001table1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">23%
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>Scoliosis cases with a Cobb angle smaller than 10 degrees are considered to reflect normal variation in spine development and don’t need to be treated.</p><p>There is hardly any data on the outlook for scoliosis with an angle of more than 30 degrees. One of the reasons for this is that scoliosis of this severity is always treated when it starts to get worse (at the latest). But very severe scoliosis with an angle of more than 50 degrees nearly always gets worse with age if it isn’t treated.</p></div><div id="n0001.effects"><h2 id="_n0001_effects_">Effects</h2><p>Scoliosis can lead to more "wear and tear" on the vertebrae (spine bones) and the spinal disks. This can cause back pain in adulthood, especially if the scoliosis is in the lower back. But it’s often difficult to say whether back pain is actually caused by scoliosis because <a href="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/i2378/">back pain</a> is very common anyway. Research on the link between back pain and scoliosis has produced conflicting results.</p><p>In severe scoliosis, the curve in the spine can cause the ribs to press down on the heart and lungs. As the person gets older, this can cause <a class="def" href="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/glossary/def-item/def145/">breathlessness</a> and stop the heart pumping blood properly. But these types of complications are very rare.</p><p>There are no medical reasons why women with scoliosis shouldn't have children. Research has shown that <a href="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/i2686/">pregnancies</a> in women who have scoliosis are usually no different to those in women who don’t have scoliosis. There is also no <a class="def" href="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/glossary/def-item/def98/">evidence</a> to suggest that pregnancy makes scoliosis worse.</p></div><div id="n0001.diagnosis"><h2 id="_n0001_diagnosis_">Diagnosis</h2><p>The doctor will begin by ruling out other possible causes of the curve in the spine – for instance, having one leg that is longer than the other. They will ask you about</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>your current symptoms,</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>past medical problems,</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>other people in your family who have scoliosis,</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>when you first became aware of the curve in your spine and</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>how it has developed since then.</div></li></ul><p>The doctor will then do a physical examination to check your posture and structural features of your body. You will need to strip down to your underwear for this so that they can see if anything is "wonky." The doctor will check</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>whether your shoulders, chest and waist are in the correct position in relation to each other,</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>the shape of your spine,</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>whether your legs have different lengths, and</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>whether the ribs form a hump on one side when you bend forward (the “forward bend test”).</div></li></ul><p>For the forward bend test, you have to stand with your knees straight and bend forward with your arms dangling and palms together.</p><p>More examinations are needed to assess the severity of the scoliosis and the possible outlook:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>An x-ray of the spine while standing: </b>The x-ray image shows how severe the curve is. It is used to work out the Cobb angle. The doctor begins by marking the two vertebrae at the top and bottom ends of the curve on the image. They are the spine bones that tilt sideways the most. Then the doctor draws a line from each of those vertebrae, parallel to the top of the upper vertebra and the bottom of the lower one. The Cobb angle is measured at the point where the two lines meet (see illustration).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Assessment of growth stage: </b>The doctor or assistant will first measure your height and ask whether you’ve already had a growth spurt. If you’re a girl, they will also want to know whether you've had your first <a href="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/i2114/">period</a> yet. Based on this information, the doctor can assess how much more the spine is likely to grow. This is because the spine is usually more or less fully developed around two years after a girl’s first period.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Assessment of skeletal maturity:</b> If the doctor needs more information about your skeletal maturity, your Risser stage can be determined based on an x-ray of the back of your pelvic bone (iliac crest). Alternatively, this can be done based on an x-ray of your left hand instead.</div></li></ul><div class="graphic"><img src="/books/NBK608496/bin/en_wirbelsaeule_skoliose_cobb-winkel.jpg" alt="Illustration: How the Cobb angle is measured" /></div><p>How the Cobb angle is measured</p></div><div id="n0001.treatment"><h2 id="_n0001_treatment_">Treatment</h2><p>There are various treatment options for scoliosis:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Active surveillance:</b> This means the spine is checked every four to six months while it’s still growing. It is important to go to these check-ups. If the curve gets worse, treatment is started.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Physical therapy:</b> Certain types of physical therapy (like the Schroth method) were developed especially for scoliosis. They involve specific stretching, posture, breathing and strengthening exercises. The aim is to straighten the spine. But there are only a few good-quality studies on their effectiveness. Other physical therapy treatments can be used to strengthen the muscles or ease symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Back brace (spinal orthosis): </b>By putting pressure on certain parts of the spine, orthopedic braces stop the curve getting worse. They are worn until the spine stops growing.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><b>Surgery: </b>This involves using small rods, wires, hooks and/or screws to straighten the tilted vertebrae. Surgery is only considered if the scoliosis is very severe. This is because very severe scoliosis usually continues to get worse even after the person’s <a href="https://www.informedhealth.org/the-structure-of-the-skeleton.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">bones have stopped growing</a>.</div></li></ul><p>The right treatment option for you will depend on how curved your spine is and your skeletal maturity – but also on what you would prefer.</p><p>Sports and exercise can't stop scoliosis from progressing but they are a helpful part of an overall treatment approach. They can improve your general wellbeing and fitness, strengthen your back muscles and help to prevent back pain. Strengthening the back muscles is particularly important if you wear a back brace.</p><p>There is no proof that other treatments, such as electrical stimulation or chiropractic treatment, have any effect on scoliosis.</p></div><div id="n0001.rehabilitation"><h2 id="_n0001_rehabilitation_">Rehabilitation</h2><p>Scoliosis treatment is often given in an outpatient setting (without an overnight stay). But if you’re in great pain, the outpatient treatment isn’t enough or the scoliosis is greatly affecting your quality of life, inpatient rehabilitation treatment is an option. In Germany, various specialized rehabilitation centers offer inpatient scoliosis treatment lasting roughly between three and six weeks. The treatment may include things like physical therapy, patient education classes (to learn how to use a back brace, for example) and counseling support to help reduce emotional stress caused by scoliosis.</p></div><div id="n0001.everydaylife"><h2 id="_n0001_everydaylife_">Everyday life</h2><p>Being diagnosed with scoliosis often leads to a number of worries in teenagers. They are in a phase of life where they just want to belong and not be different. On top of that, the treatment (wearing a brace, for instance) often takes a long time and raises a lot of questions: Will I cope with the brace? What clothes can I wear now? How will other people react?</p><blockquote><p>When I was a teenager I told my parents that I'd had enough and finally wanted to wear clothes that aren’t five sizes too big.</p><p class="align_right">— Emilia, 30 years old, </p></blockquote><p>The good news is that the restrictions caused by scoliosis usually have much less of an impact on friendships, hobbies and leisure activities than you might first think.</p><p>It is mainly the adjustments in everyday life that need time and patience. For instance, it often takes a good few weeks to get used to wearing the brace. It can also take time for physical therapy exercises to become a normal part of your daily life.</p><p>Although scoliosis poses a number of challenges, it’s important to know that there is effective treatment and it will end in the foreseeable future. When things are difficult, it’s often helpful to think about the positive things in your life and stay optimistic: Most teenagers who have scoliosis will be able to lead a completely normal life.</p><p>Talking to other teenagers with scoliosis can help too – for example, through a <a href="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/i2082/">support group</a> near you or online.</p><p>If you’re a parent, it’s important that you take your child’s worries seriously and involve them in any decisions about the treatment. They can usually cope better if they understand and know what scoliosis is, what the treatment is for, and what to expect. You can also encourage your child to ask the doctor questions themselves. If they do that, it’s a good idea to make a note of the questions beforehand so nothing is forgotten.</p></div><div id="n0001.furtherinformation"><h2 id="_n0001_furtherinformation_">Further information</h2><p>When people are ill or need medical advice, they usually go to see their family doctor first. Information about <a href="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/i2698/">health care in Germany</a> can help you to navigate the German health care system and <a href="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/i2698.praxis-tu/">find a suitable doctor</a>. You can use this list of questions to <a href="https://www.informedhealth.org/at-the-doctors.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">prepare for your appointment</a>.</p><p>There are many places in Germany where teenagers with scoliosis can get support. They include support groups and information centers. This <a href="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/i2082/">list</a> may help you find the support you’re looking for.</p></div><div id="n0001.sources"><h2 id="_n0001_sources_">Sources</h2><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="n0001.ref1.11">Altaf F, Gibson A, Dannawi Z et al. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633006" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis</a>. BMJ 2013; 346: f2508. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23633006" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23633006</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="n0001.ref2.11">Ceballos-Laita L, Carrasco-Uribarren A, Cabanillas-Barea S et al. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36692412" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">The effectiveness of Schroth method in Cobb angle, quality of life and trunk rotation angle in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis</a>. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2023; 59(2): 228-236. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10170402/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC10170402</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36692412" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36692412</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="n0001.ref3.11">Deutsche Wirbelsäulengesellschaft (DWG), Vereinigung für Kinderorthopädie (VKO), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie (DGOU). <a href="https://register.awmf.org/de/leitlinien/detail/151-002" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Adoleszente Idiopathische Skoliose (S2k-Leitlinie)</a>. AWMF-Registernr.: 151-002. 2023.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="n0001.ref4.11">Di Felice F, Zaina F, Donzelli S et al. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29493563" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">The Natural History of Idiopathic Scoliosis During Growth: A Meta-Analysis</a>. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2018; 97(5): 346-356. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29493563" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29493563</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="n0001.ref5.11">Dunn J, Henrikson NB, Morrison CC et al. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29638297" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Screening for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force</a> (AHRQ Evidence Syntheses; No. 156). 2018.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="n0001.ref6.11">Gamiz-Bermudez F, Obrero-Gaitan E, Zagalaz-Anula N et al. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34962437" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Corrective exercise-based therapy for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis</a>. Clin Rehabil 2022; 36(5): 597-608. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34962437" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34962437</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="n0001.ref7.11">Hresko MT. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23445094" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Clinical practice. Idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents</a>. N Engl J Med 2013; 368(9): 834-841. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23445094" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23445094</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="n0001.ref8.11">Negrini S, Donzelli S, Aulisa AG et al. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29435499" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">2016 SOSORT guidelines: orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth</a>. Scoliosis Spinal Disord 2018; 13: 3. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6064121/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6064121</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30065972" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30065972</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="n0001.ref9.11">Niethard FU, Pfeil J, Biberthaler P. Duale Reihe Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2014.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="n0001.ref10.11">Théroux J, Stomski N, Hodgetts CJ et al. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28439404" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Prevalence of low back pain in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review</a>. Chiropr Man Therap 2017; 25: 10. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5399433/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5399433</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28439404" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28439404</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="n0001.ref11.11">Trobisch P, Suess O, Schwab F. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21191550" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Idiopathic scoliosis</a>. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2010; 107(49): 875-883; quiz 884. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3011182/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3011182</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21191550" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21191550</span></a>]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="bk_ref" id="n0001.gi-sources-disclaimer"><p id="p-69">IQWiG health information is written with the aim of helping people understand the advantages and disadvantages of the main treatment options and health care services.</p><p id="p-70">Because IQWiG is a German institute, some of the information provided here is specific to the German health care system. The suitability of any of the described options in an individual case can be determined by talking to a doctor. informedhealth.org can provide support for talks with doctors and other medical professionals, but cannot replace them. We do not offer individual consultations.</p><p id="p-71">Our information is based on the results of good-quality studies. It is written by a team of health care professionals, scientists and editors, and reviewed by external experts. You can find a detailed description of how our health information is produced and updated in our methods.</p></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="post-content"><div><div class="half_rhythm">© IQWiG (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health
|
||
Care)</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK608496</span></div><div style="margin-top:2em" class="bk_noprnt"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/">Contents</a><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/i3606/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/pmh_iqwig/n0001.outlook-a/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Custom content below content -->
|
||
<div class="col4">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Book content -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- Custom contetnt below bottom nav -->
|
||
<div class="col5">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="rightcolumn" class="four_col col last">
|
||
<!-- Custom content above discovery portlets -->
|
||
<div class="col6">
|
||
<div id="ncbi_share_book"><a href="#" class="ncbi_share" data-ncbi_share_config="popup:false,shorten:true" ref="id=NBK608496&db=books">Share</a></div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK608496/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK608496/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK608496" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK608496" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Overview: Scoliosis in teenagers. [Updated 2024 Mar 25].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="#" class="toggle-glossary-link" title="Enable/disable links to the glossary">Disable Glossary Links</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#n0001.introduction" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="#n0001.ataglance" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">At a glance</a></li><li><a href="#n0001.symptoms" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Symptoms</a></li><li><a href="#n0001.causesandriskfactors" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Causes and risk factors</a></li><li><a href="#n0001.prevalence" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Prevalence</a></li><li><a href="#n0001.outlook" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Outlook</a></li><li><a href="#n0001.effects" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Effects</a></li><li><a href="#n0001.diagnosis" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Diagnosis</a></li><li><a href="#n0001.treatment" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Treatment</a></li><li><a href="#n0001.rehabilitation" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Rehabilitation</a></li><li><a href="#n0001.everydaylife" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Everyday life</a></li><li><a href="#n0001.furtherinformation" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Further information</a></li><li><a href="#n0001.sources" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Sources</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Informed Health Links</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="source-links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="https://www.informedhealth.org/informed-health.2169.en.html" ref="pagearea=source-links&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">About</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related information</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="discovery_db_links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pmc&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pmc_refs&IdsFromResult=5689980" ref="log$=recordlinks">PMC</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">PubMed Central citations</div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pubmed_refs&IdsFromResult=5689980" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Links to PubMed</div></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Recent Activity</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="recent_activity" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="HTDisplay" class=""><div class="action"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('ClearHT')">Clear</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOff')" class="HTOn">Turn Off</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')" class="HTOff">Turn On</a></div><ul id="activity"><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=1" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c80b98d5edb449bf6a6350">Overview: Scoliosis in teenagers - InformedHealth.org</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Overview: Scoliosis in teenagers - InformedHealth.org<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=2" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c80b97feee5b00ac27237b">Health care in Germany: Learn More – Electronic health records (ePA) and e-presc...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Health care in Germany: Learn More – Electronic health records (ePA) and e-prescriptions in Germany - InformedHealth.org<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=3" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c80b97feee5b00ac271b09">Health care in Germany: Learn More – Health insurance in Germany - InformedHealt...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Health care in Germany: Learn More – Health insurance in Germany - InformedHealth.org<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=4" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c80b95b70fbb19602c4c68">Health care in Germany: Learn More – Two institutes: IQWiG and IQTIG - InformedH...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Health care in Germany: Learn More – Two institutes: IQWiG and IQTIG - InformedHealth.org<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=5" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c80b946d1ec11b6f862ed5">Health care in Germany: Learn More – What are “Heilmittel” and “Hilfsmittel” in ...</a><div class="ralinkpop offscreen_noflow">Health care in Germany: Learn More – What are “Heilmittel” and “Hilfsmittel” in Germany? - InformedHealth.org<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"></div></div><div class="tertiary"></div></li></ul><p class="HTOn">Your browsing activity is empty.</p><p class="HTOff">Activity recording is turned off.</p><p id="turnOn" class="HTOff"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')">Turn recording back on</a></p><a class="seemore" href="/sites/myncbi/recentactivity">See more...</a></div></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Custom content below discovery portlets -->
|
||
<div class="col7">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Custom content after all -->
|
||
<div class="col8">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="col9">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.scrollTo-1.4.2.js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
(function($){
|
||
$('.skiplink').each(function(i, item){
|
||
var href = $($(item).attr('href'));
|
||
href.attr('tabindex', '-1').addClass('skiptarget'); // ensure the target can receive focus
|
||
$(item).on('click', function(event){
|
||
event.preventDefault();
|
||
$.scrollTo(href, 0, {
|
||
onAfter: function(){
|
||
href.focus();
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
})(jQuery);
|
||
</script>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="bottom">
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
var PBooksSearchTermData = {
|
||
highlighter: "bold",
|
||
dateTime: "03/05/2025 03:12:13",
|
||
terms: [
|
||
'2010'
|
||
]
|
||
};
|
||
</script>
|
||
<div id="NCBIFooter_dynamic">
|
||
<!--<component id="Breadcrumbs" label="breadcrumbs"/>
|
||
<component id="Breadcrumbs" label="helpdesk"/>-->
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="footer" id="footer">
|
||
<section class="icon-section">
|
||
<div id="icon-section-header" class="icon-section_header">Follow NCBI</div>
|
||
<div class="grid-container container">
|
||
<div class="icon-section_container">
|
||
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_twitter" href="https://twitter.com/ncbi" aria-label="Twitter"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
||
<defs>
|
||
<style>
|
||
.cls-11 {
|
||
fill: #737373;
|
||
}
|
||
</style>
|
||
</defs>
|
||
<title>Twitter</title>
|
||
<path class="cls-11" d="M250.11,105.48c-7,3.14-13,3.25-19.27.14,8.12-4.86,8.49-8.27,11.43-17.46a78.8,78.8,0,0,1-25,9.55,39.35,39.35,0,0,0-67,35.85,111.6,111.6,0,0,1-81-41.08A39.37,39.37,0,0,0,81.47,145a39.08,39.08,0,0,1-17.8-4.92c0,.17,0,.33,0,.5a39.32,39.32,0,0,0,31.53,38.54,39.26,39.26,0,0,1-17.75.68,39.37,39.37,0,0,0,36.72,27.3A79.07,79.07,0,0,1,56,223.34,111.31,111.31,0,0,0,116.22,241c72.3,0,111.83-59.9,111.83-111.84,0-1.71,0-3.4-.1-5.09C235.62,118.54,244.84,113.37,250.11,105.48Z">
|
||
</path>
|
||
</svg></a>
|
||
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/ncbi.nlm" aria-label="Facebook"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
||
<title>Facebook</title>
|
||
<path class="cls-11" d="M210.5,115.12H171.74V97.82c0-8.14,5.39-10,9.19-10h27.14V52l-39.32-.12c-35.66,0-42.42,26.68-42.42,43.77v19.48H99.09v36.32h27.24v109h45.41v-109h35Z">
|
||
</path>
|
||
</svg></a>
|
||
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ncbinlm" aria-label="LinkedIn"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
||
<title>LinkedIn</title>
|
||
<path class="cls-11" d="M101.64,243.37H57.79v-114h43.85Zm-22-131.54h-.26c-13.25,0-21.82-10.36-21.82-21.76,0-11.65,8.84-21.15,22.33-21.15S101.7,78.72,102,90.38C102,101.77,93.4,111.83,79.63,111.83Zm100.93,52.61A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,163,182v61.39H119.18s.51-105.23,0-114H163v13a54.33,54.33,0,0,1,34.54-12.66c26,0,44.39,18.8,44.39,55.29v58.35H198.1V182A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,180.56,164.44Z">
|
||
</path>
|
||
</svg></a>
|
||
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_github" href="https://github.com/ncbi" aria-label="GitHub"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 300 300">
|
||
<defs>
|
||
<style>
|
||
.cls-11,
|
||
.cls-12 {
|
||
fill: #737373;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.cls-11 {
|
||
fill-rule: evenodd;
|
||
}
|
||
</style>
|
||
</defs>
|
||
<title>GitHub</title>
|
||
<path class="cls-11" d="M151.36,47.28a105.76,105.76,0,0,0-33.43,206.1c5.28,1,7.22-2.3,7.22-5.09,0-2.52-.09-10.85-.14-19.69-29.42,6.4-35.63-12.48-35.63-12.48-4.81-12.22-11.74-15.47-11.74-15.47-9.59-6.56.73-6.43.73-6.43,10.61.75,16.21,10.9,16.21,10.9,9.43,16.17,24.73,11.49,30.77,8.79,1-6.83,3.69-11.5,6.71-14.14C108.57,197.1,83.88,188,83.88,147.51a40.92,40.92,0,0,1,10.9-28.39c-1.1-2.66-4.72-13.42,1-28,0,0,8.88-2.84,29.09,10.84a100.26,100.26,0,0,1,53,0C198,88.3,206.9,91.14,206.9,91.14c5.76,14.56,2.14,25.32,1,28a40.87,40.87,0,0,1,10.89,28.39c0,40.62-24.74,49.56-48.29,52.18,3.79,3.28,7.17,9.71,7.17,19.58,0,14.15-.12,25.54-.12,29,0,2.82,1.9,6.11,7.26,5.07A105.76,105.76,0,0,0,151.36,47.28Z">
|
||
</path>
|
||
<path class="cls-12" d="M85.66,199.12c-.23.52-1.06.68-1.81.32s-1.2-1.06-.95-1.59,1.06-.69,1.82-.33,1.21,1.07.94,1.6Zm-1.3-1">
|
||
</path>
|
||
<path class="cls-12" d="M90,203.89c-.51.47-1.49.25-2.16-.49a1.61,1.61,0,0,1-.31-2.19c.52-.47,1.47-.25,2.17.49s.82,1.72.3,2.19Zm-1-1.08">
|
||
</path>
|
||
<path class="cls-12" d="M94.12,210c-.65.46-1.71,0-2.37-.91s-.64-2.07,0-2.52,1.7,0,2.36.89.65,2.08,0,2.54Zm0,0"></path>
|
||
<path class="cls-12" d="M99.83,215.87c-.58.64-1.82.47-2.72-.41s-1.18-2.06-.6-2.7,1.83-.46,2.74.41,1.2,2.07.58,2.7Zm0,0">
|
||
</path>
|
||
<path class="cls-12" d="M107.71,219.29c-.26.82-1.45,1.2-2.64.85s-2-1.34-1.74-2.17,1.44-1.23,2.65-.85,2,1.32,1.73,2.17Zm0,0">
|
||
</path>
|
||
<path class="cls-12" d="M116.36,219.92c0,.87-1,1.59-2.24,1.61s-2.29-.68-2.3-1.54,1-1.59,2.26-1.61,2.28.67,2.28,1.54Zm0,0">
|
||
</path>
|
||
<path class="cls-12" d="M124.42,218.55c.15.85-.73,1.72-2,1.95s-2.37-.3-2.52-1.14.73-1.75,2-2,2.37.29,2.53,1.16Zm0,0"></path>
|
||
</svg></a>
|
||
<a class="footer-icon" id="footer_blog" href="https://ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" aria-label="Blog">
|
||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="Layer_1" data-name="Layer 1" viewBox="0 0 40 40">
|
||
<defs><style>.cls-1{fill:#737373;}</style></defs>
|
||
<title>NCBI Insights Blog</title>
|
||
<path class="cls-1" d="M14,30a4,4,0,1,1-4-4,4,4,0,0,1,4,4Zm11,3A19,19,0,0,0,7.05,15a1,1,0,0,0-1,1v3a1,1,0,0,0,.93,1A14,14,0,0,1,20,33.07,1,1,0,0,0,21,34h3a1,1,0,0,0,1-1Zm9,0A28,28,0,0,0,7,6,1,1,0,0,0,6,7v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1A23,23,0,0,1,29,33a1,1,0,0,0,1,1h3A1,1,0,0,0,34,33Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section class="container-fluid bg-primary">
|
||
<div class="container pt-5">
|
||
<div class="row mt-3">
|
||
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12">
|
||
<p><a class="text-white" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html">Connect with NLM</a></p>
|
||
<ul class="list-inline social_media">
|
||
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH" aria-label="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
|
||
<style type="text/css">
|
||
.st20 {
|
||
fill: #FFFFFF;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.st30 {
|
||
fill: none;
|
||
stroke: #FFFFFF;
|
||
stroke-width: 8;
|
||
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
|
||
}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<title>Twitter</title>
|
||
<g>
|
||
<g>
|
||
<g>
|
||
<path class="st20" d="M192.9,88.1c-5,2.2-9.2,2.3-13.6,0.1c5.7-3.4,6-5.8,8.1-12.3c-5.4,3.2-11.4,5.5-17.6,6.7 c-10.5-11.2-28.1-11.7-39.2-1.2c-7.2,6.8-10.2,16.9-8,26.5c-22.3-1.1-43.1-11.7-57.2-29C58,91.6,61.8,107.9,74,116 c-4.4-0.1-8.7-1.3-12.6-3.4c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.4c0,13.2,9.3,24.6,22.3,27.2c-4.1,1.1-8.4,1.3-12.5,0.5c3.6,11.3,14,19,25.9,19.3 c-11.6,9.1-26.4,13.2-41.1,11.5c12.7,8.1,27.4,12.5,42.5,12.5c51,0,78.9-42.2,78.9-78.9c0-1.2,0-2.4-0.1-3.6 C182.7,97.4,189.2,93.7,192.9,88.1z"></path>
|
||
</g>
|
||
</g>
|
||
<circle class="st30" cx="124.4" cy="128.8" r="108.2"></circle>
|
||
</g>
|
||
</svg></a></li>
|
||
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">
|
||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
|
||
<style type="text/css">
|
||
.st10 {
|
||
fill: #FFFFFF;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.st110 {
|
||
fill: none;
|
||
stroke: #FFFFFF;
|
||
stroke-width: 8;
|
||
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
|
||
}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<title>Facebook</title>
|
||
<g>
|
||
<g>
|
||
<path class="st10" d="M159,99.1h-24V88.4c0-5,3.3-6.2,5.7-6.2h16.8V60l-24.4-0.1c-22.1,0-26.2,16.5-26.2,27.1v12.1H90v22.5h16.9 v67.5H135v-67.5h21.7L159,99.1z"></path>
|
||
</g>
|
||
</g>
|
||
<circle class="st110" cx="123.6" cy="123.2" r="108.2"></circle>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a></li>
|
||
<li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH" aria-label="Youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve">
|
||
<title>Youtube</title>
|
||
<style type="text/css">
|
||
.st4 {
|
||
fill: none;
|
||
stroke: #FFFFFF;
|
||
stroke-width: 8;
|
||
stroke-miterlimit: 10;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.st5 {
|
||
fill: #FFFFFF;
|
||
}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<circle class="st4" cx="124.2" cy="123.4" r="108.2"></circle>
|
||
<g transform="translate(0,-952.36218)">
|
||
<path class="st5" d="M88.4,1037.4c-10.4,0-18.7,8.3-18.7,18.7v40.1c0,10.4,8.3,18.7,18.7,18.7h72.1c10.4,0,18.7-8.3,18.7-18.7 v-40.1c0-10.4-8.3-18.7-18.7-18.7H88.4z M115.2,1058.8l29.4,17.4l-29.4,17.4V1058.8z"></path>
|
||
</g>
|
||
</svg></a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12">
|
||
<p class="address_footer text-white">National Library of Medicine<br />
|
||
<a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323" class="text-white" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">8600 Rockville Pike<br />
|
||
Bethesda, MD 20894</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
|
||
<p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html" class="text-white">Web Policies</a><br />
|
||
<a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office" class="text-white">FOIA</a><br />
|
||
<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" class="text-white" id="vdp">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg">
|
||
<p><a class="supportLink text-white" href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/">Help</a><br />
|
||
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html" class="text-white">Accessibility</a><br />
|
||
<a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html" class="text-white">Careers</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="row">
|
||
<div class="col-lg-12 centered-lg">
|
||
<nav class="bottom-links">
|
||
<ul class="mt-3">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a class="text-white" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a class="text-white" href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentOmnitureBaseJS/InstrumentNCBIConfigJS/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js?v=1"> </script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/static/js/hfjs2.js"> </script>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!--/.page-->
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!--/.wrap-->
|
||
</div><!-- /.twelve_col -->
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!-- /.grid -->
|
||
|
||
<span class="PAFAppResources"></span>
|
||
|
||
<!-- BESelector tab -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<noscript><img alt="statistics" src="/stat?jsdisabled=true&ncbi_db=books&ncbi_pdid=book-part&ncbi_acc=NBK608496&ncbi_domain=pmh_iqwig&ncbi_report=record&ncbi_type=fulltext&ncbi_objectid=&ncbi_pcid=/NBK608496/&ncbi_pagename=Overview: Scoliosis in teenagers - InformedHealth.org - NCBI Bookshelf&ncbi_bookparttype=chapter&ncbi_app=bookshelf" /></noscript>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- usually for JS scripts at page bottom -->
|
||
<!--<component id="PageFixtures" label="styles"></component>-->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID /projects/books/PBooks@9.11 portal107 v4.1.r689238 Tue, Oct 22 2024 16:10:51 -->
|
||
<span id="portal-csrf-token" style="display:none" data-token="CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID"></span>
|
||
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3879255/4121861/3501987/4008961/3893018/3821238/4062932/4209313/4212053/4076480/3921943/3400083/3426610.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
|
||
</html> |