122 lines
79 KiB
Text
122 lines
79 KiB
Text
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" class="no-js no-jr">
|
|
<head>
|
|
<!-- For pinger, set start time and add meta elements. -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">var ncbi_startTime = new Date();</script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Logger begin -->
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_db" content="books">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="book-part">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_acc" content="NBK606087">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_domain" content="statpearls">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_report" content="reader">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_type" content="fulltext">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_objectid" content="">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pcid" content="/NBK606087/?report=reader">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_pagename" content="Orthopedic and Podiatry Perioperative Antibiotics - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_bookparttype" content="chapter">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_app" content="bookshelf">
|
|
<!-- Logger end -->
|
|
|
|
<!--component id="Page" label="meta"/-->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Orthopedic and Podiatry Perioperative Antibiotics - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
|
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
|
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="no">
|
|
<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=1,user-scalable=no">
|
|
<meta name="jr-col-layout" content="auto">
|
|
<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE">
|
|
<meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="StatPearls [Internet]">
|
|
<meta name="citation_title" content="Orthopedic and Podiatry Perioperative Antibiotics">
|
|
<meta name="citation_publisher" content="StatPearls Publishing">
|
|
<meta name="citation_date" content="2024/05/09">
|
|
<meta name="citation_author" content="Dan Hayward">
|
|
<meta name="citation_author" content="Michael A. Nammour">
|
|
<meta name="citation_pmid" content="39163442">
|
|
<meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK606087/">
|
|
<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Title" content="Orthopedic and Podiatry Perioperative Antibiotics">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Type" content="Text">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="StatPearls Publishing">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Dan Hayward">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Michael A. Nammour">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2024/05/09">
|
|
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK606087/">
|
|
<meta name="description" content="Perioperative antibiotics are crucial for achieving positive outcomes and preventing infections in orthopedic or podiatry surgery. These antibiotics are typically administered in the perioperative setting, which includes 3 phases—preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative.[1] The selection of specific antibiotic prophylaxis for each phase depends on various factors, including the nature of the surgery (elective or trauma), the type of fracture (open or closed), potential contaminants, and required bacterial coverage. Surgeons must also consider relevant contraindications, such as prior allergic reactions and potential adverse effects.">
|
|
<meta name="og:title" content="Orthopedic and Podiatry Perioperative Antibiotics">
|
|
<meta name="og:type" content="book">
|
|
<meta name="og:description" content="Perioperative antibiotics are crucial for achieving positive outcomes and preventing infections in orthopedic or podiatry surgery. These antibiotics are typically administered in the perioperative setting, which includes 3 phases—preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative.[1] The selection of specific antibiotic prophylaxis for each phase depends on various factors, including the nature of the surgery (elective or trauma), the type of fracture (open or closed), potential contaminants, and required bacterial coverage. Surgeons must also consider relevant contraindications, such as prior allergic reactions and potential adverse effects.">
|
|
<meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK606087/">
|
|
<meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf">
|
|
<meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-statpearls-lrg.png">
|
|
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
|
|
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks">
|
|
<meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/statpearls/article-162474/?report=reader">
|
|
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK606087/">
|
|
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Archivo+Narrow:400,700,400italic,700italic&subset=latin" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/css/libs.min.css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/css/jr.min.css">
|
|
<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css//books_print.min.css" type="text/css" media="print">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_reader.min.css" type="text/css">
|
|
<style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} .body-content h2, .body-content .h2 {border-bottom: 1px solid #97B0C8} .body-content h2.inline {border-bottom: none} a.page-toc-label , .jig-ncbismoothscroll a {text-decoration:none;border:0 !important} .temp-labeled-list .graphic {display:inline-block !important} .temp-labeled-list img{width:100%}</style>
|
|
|
|
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/favicon.ico">
|
|
<meta name="ncbi_phid" content="CE8C27D67C9240B10000000000110010.m_5">
|
|
<meta name='referrer' content='origin-when-cross-origin'/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/css/3852956/3849091.css"></head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<!-- Book content! -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div id="jr" data-jr-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/"><div class="jr-unsupported"><table class="modal"><tr><td><span class="attn inline-block"></span><br />Your browser does not support the NLM PubReader view.<br />Go to <a href="/pmc/about/pr-browsers/">this page</a> to see a list of supported browsers<br />or return to the <br /><a href="/books/NBK606087/?report=classic">regular view</a>.</td></tr></table></div><div id="jr-ui" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-head"><div class="flexh tb"><div id="jr-tb1"><a id="jr-links-sw" class="hidden" title="Links"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 70.6 85.3" style="enable-background:new 0 0 70.6 85.3;vertical-align:middle" xml:space="preserve" width="24" height="24">
|
|
<style type="text/css">.st0{fill:#939598;}</style>
|
|
<g>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M36,0C12.8,2.2-22.4,14.6,19.6,32.5C40.7,41.4-30.6,14,35.9,9.8"></path>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M34.5,85.3c23.2-2.2,58.4-14.6,16.4-32.5c-21.1-8.9,50.2,18.5-16.3,22.7"></path>
|
|
<path class="st0" d="M34.7,37.1c66.5-4.2-4.8-31.6,16.3-22.7c42.1,17.9,6.9,30.3-16.4,32.5h1.7c-66.2,4.4,4.8,31.6-16.3,22.7 c-42.1-17.9-6.9-30.3,16.4-32.5"></path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg> Books</a></div><div class="jr-rhead f1 flexh"><div class="head"></div><div class="body"><div class="t">Orthopedic and Podiatry Perioperative Antibiotics</div><div class="j">StatPearls [Internet]</div></div><div class="tail"></div></div><div id="jr-tb2"><a id="jr-bkhelp-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Help with NLM PubReader">?</a><a id="jr-help-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Settings and typography in NLM PubReader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M462,283.742v-55.485l-29.981-10.662c-11.431-4.065-20.628-12.794-25.274-24.001 c-0.002-0.004-0.004-0.009-0.006-0.013c-4.659-11.235-4.333-23.918,0.889-34.903l13.653-28.724l-39.234-39.234l-28.72,13.652 c-10.979,5.219-23.68,5.546-34.908,0.889c-0.005-0.002-0.01-0.003-0.014-0.005c-11.215-4.65-19.933-13.834-24-25.273L283.741,50 h-55.484l-10.662,29.981c-4.065,11.431-12.794,20.627-24.001,25.274c-0.005,0.002-0.009,0.004-0.014,0.005 c-11.235,4.66-23.919,4.333-34.905-0.889l-28.723-13.653l-39.234,39.234l13.653,28.721c5.219,10.979,5.545,23.681,0.889,34.91 c-0.002,0.004-0.004,0.009-0.006,0.013c-4.649,11.214-13.834,19.931-25.271,23.998L50,228.257v55.485l29.98,10.661 c11.431,4.065,20.627,12.794,25.274,24c0.002,0.005,0.003,0.01,0.005,0.014c4.66,11.236,4.334,23.921-0.888,34.906l-13.654,28.723 l39.234,39.234l28.721-13.652c10.979-5.219,23.681-5.546,34.909-0.889c0.005,0.002,0.01,0.004,0.014,0.006 c11.214,4.649,19.93,13.833,23.998,25.271L228.257,462h55.484l10.595-29.79c4.103-11.538,12.908-20.824,24.216-25.525 c0.005-0.002,0.009-0.004,0.014-0.006c11.127-4.628,23.694-4.311,34.578,0.863l28.902,13.738l39.234-39.234l-13.66-28.737 c-5.214-10.969-5.539-23.659-0.886-34.877c0.002-0.005,0.004-0.009,0.006-0.014c4.654-11.225,13.848-19.949,25.297-24.021 L462,283.742z M256,331.546c-41.724,0-75.548-33.823-75.548-75.546s33.824-75.547,75.548-75.547 c41.723,0,75.546,33.824,75.546,75.547S297.723,331.546,256,331.546z"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-cmap-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Table of Contents"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M20,20h10v8H20V20zM36,20h44v8H36V20zM20,37.33h10v8H20V37.33zM36,37.33h44v8H36V37.33zM20,54.66h10v8H20V54.66zM36,54.66h44v8H36V54.66zM20,72h10v8 H20V72zM36,72h44v8H36V72z"></path></svg></a></div></div></nav><nav id="jr-dash" class="noselect"><nav id="jr-dash" class="noselect"><div id="jr-pi" class="hidden"><a id="jr-pi-prev" class="hidden" title="Previous page"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a><div class="pginfo">Page <i class="jr-pg-pn">0</i> of <i class="jr-pg-lp">0</i></div><a id="jr-pi-next" class="hidden" title="Next page"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div><div id="jr-is-tb"><a id="jr-is-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Switch between Figures/Tables strip and Progress bar"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><rect x="10" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect><rect x="40" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect><rect x="70" y="40" width="20" height="20"></rect></svg></a></div><nav id="jr-istrip" class="istrip hidden"><a id="jr-is-prev" href="#" class="hidden" title="Previous"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M80,40 60,65 80,90 70,90 50,65 70,40z M50,40 30,65 50,90 40,90 20,65 40,40z"></path><text x="35" y="25" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a><a id="jr-is-next" href="#" class="hidden" title="Next"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M20,40 40,65 20,90 30,90 50,65 30,40z M50,40 70,65 50,90 60,90 80,65 60,40z"></path><text x="15" y="25" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></nav><nav id="jr-progress"></nav></nav></nav><aside id="jr-links-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">NCBI Bookshelf</div></div><div class="cnt lol f1"><a href="/books/">Home</a><a href="/books/browse/">Browse All Titles</a><a class="btn share" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK606087/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 33 33" style="vertical-align:middle" width="24" height="24" preserveAspectRatio="none"><g><path d="M 17.996,32L 12,32 L 12,16 l-4,0 l0-5.514 l 4-0.002l-0.006-3.248C 11.993,2.737, 13.213,0, 18.512,0l 4.412,0 l0,5.515 l-2.757,0 c-2.063,0-2.163,0.77-2.163,2.209l-0.008,2.76l 4.959,0 l-0.585,5.514L 18,16L 17.996,32z"></path></g></svg> Share on Facebook</a><a class="btn share" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK606087/&text=Orthopedic%20and%20Podiatry%20Perioperative%20Antibiotics"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 33 33" style="vertical-align:middle" width="24" height="24"><g><path d="M 32,6.076c-1.177,0.522-2.443,0.875-3.771,1.034c 1.355-0.813, 2.396-2.099, 2.887-3.632 c-1.269,0.752-2.674,1.299-4.169,1.593c-1.198-1.276-2.904-2.073-4.792-2.073c-3.626,0-6.565,2.939-6.565,6.565 c0,0.515, 0.058,1.016, 0.17,1.496c-5.456-0.274-10.294-2.888-13.532-6.86c-0.565,0.97-0.889,2.097-0.889,3.301 c0,2.278, 1.159,4.287, 2.921,5.465c-1.076-0.034-2.088-0.329-2.974-0.821c-0.001,0.027-0.001,0.055-0.001,0.083 c0,3.181, 2.263,5.834, 5.266,6.438c-0.551,0.15-1.131,0.23-1.73,0.23c-0.423,0-0.834-0.041-1.235-0.118 c 0.836,2.608, 3.26,4.506, 6.133,4.559c-2.247,1.761-5.078,2.81-8.154,2.81c-0.53,0-1.052-0.031-1.566-0.092 c 2.905,1.863, 6.356,2.95, 10.064,2.95c 12.076,0, 18.679-10.004, 18.679-18.68c0-0.285-0.006-0.568-0.019-0.849 C 30.007,8.548, 31.12,7.392, 32,6.076z"></path></g></svg> Share on Twitter</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-cmap-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">In Page Navigation</div></div><div class="cnt lol f1"><a href="/books/n/statpearls/?report=reader">Title Information</a><a href="/books/n/statpearls/toc/?report=reader">Table of Contents Page</a><a href="#_NBK606087_">Orthopedic and Podiatry Perioperative Antibiotics</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-help-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Settings</div></div><div class="cnt f1"><div id="jr-typo-p" class="typo"><div><a class="sf btn wsprkl">A-</a><a class="lf btn wsprkl">A+</a></div><div><a class="bcol-auto btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 200 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text x="10" y="70" style="font-size:60px;font-family: Trebuchet MS, ArialMT, Arial, sans-serif" textLength="180">AUTO</text></svg></a><a class="bcol-1 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M15,25 85,25zM15,40 85,40zM15,55 85,55zM15,70 85,70z"></path></svg></a><a class="bcol-2 btn wsprkl"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M5,25 45,25z M55,25 95,25zM5,40 45,40z M55,40 95,40zM5,55 45,55z M55,55 95,55zM5,70 45,70z M55,70 95,70z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="lol"><a class="" href="/books/NBK606087/?report=classic">Switch to classic view</a><a href="/books/NBK606087/?report=printable">Print View</a></div></div></aside><aside id="jr-bkhelp-p" class="hidden flexv"><div class="tb sk-htbar flexh"><div><a class="jr-p-close btn wsprkl">Done</a></div><div class="title-text f1">Help</div></div><div class="cnt f1 lol"><a id="jr-helpobj-sw" data-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/" data-href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/img/bookshelf/help.xml" href="">Help</a><a href="mailto:info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov?subject=PubReader%20feedback%20%2F%20NBK606087%20%2F%20sid%3ACE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID%20%2F%20phid%3ACE8C27D67C9240B10000000000110010.4">Send us feedback</a><a id="jr-about-sw" data-path="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/" data-href="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/img/bookshelf/about.xml" href="">About PubReader</a></div></aside><aside id="jr-objectbox" class="thidden hidden"><div class="jr-objectbox-close wsprkl">✘</div><div class="jr-objectbox-inner cnt"><div class="jr-objectbox-drawer"></div></div></aside><nav id="jr-pm-left" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Previous Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-pm-right" class="hidden"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 800" preserveAspectRatio="none"><text font-stretch="ultra-condensed" x="800" y="-15" text-anchor="end" transform="rotate(90)" font-size="18" letter-spacing=".1em">Next Page</text></svg></nav><nav id="jr-fip" class="hidden"><nav id="jr-fip-term-p"><input type="search" placeholder="search this page" id="jr-fip-term" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" /><a id="jr-fip-mg" class="wsprkl btn" title="Find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 550 600" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK606087_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Orthopedic and Podiatry Perioperative Antibiotics</span></h1><p class="contribs">Hayward D, Nammour MA.</p><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK606087_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><div id="article-162474.s1"><h2 id="_article-162474_s1_">Continuing Education Activity</h2><p>Perioperative antibiotics are vital to prevent infections in orthopedic and podiatry surgery. These antibiotics are typically administered in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases, with selection based on factors such as the type of surgery, presence of trauma, and potential contaminants. The decision regarding the phase of care to administer antibiotics and the choice of agent varies depending on the clinical scenario. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis is frequently administered across all 3 phases of care, and its utilization is crucial in orthopedic trauma management, particularly in cases of open fractures, as well as in elective procedures. </p><p>The current literature highlights heterogeneous prophylactic management among surgeons and underscores the potential for advancing and standardizing guidelines. In addition, this activity reviews the clinical rationale, dosing, mechanism of action, and coverage of commonly used antibiotic prophylactic agents, along with special considerations in antibiotic selection, such as allergies and the mechanism of injury. This activity also discusses the current guidelines for the timing of antibiotics while also describing the roles of various healthcare team members to ensure optimal prophylactic antibiotic selection for patients in the most common orthopedic and podiatry settings.</p><p>
|
|
<b>Objectives:</b>
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Identify appropriate perioperative antibiotic protocols based on orthopedic and podiatric surgical procedures and patient factors.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Implement evidence-based guidelines for perioperative antibiotics selection, dosing, and timing.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Select the most suitable antibiotic agents considering the spectrum of coverage and potential contaminants.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Collaborate with interprofessional healthcare providers to monitor antibiotic therapy and adjust the dosages as needed.</div></li></ul>
|
|
<a href="https://www.statpearls.com/account/trialuserreg/?articleid=162474&utm_source=pubmed&utm_campaign=reviews&utm_content=162474" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.</a>
|
|
</p></div><div id="article-162474.s2"><h2 id="_article-162474_s2_">Introduction</h2><p>Perioperative antibiotics are crucial for achieving positive outcomes and preventing infections in orthopedic or podiatry surgery. These antibiotics are typically administered in the perioperative setting, which includes 3 phases—preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r1" rid="article-162474.r1">[1]</a> The selection of specific antibiotic prophylaxis for each phase depends on various factors, including the nature of the surgery (elective or trauma), the type of fracture (open or closed), potential contaminants, and required bacterial coverage. Surgeons must also consider relevant contraindications, such as prior allergic reactions and potential adverse effects.</p><p>While nearly all elective orthopedic or podiatric surgery cases use perioperative antibiotics, a recent survey revealed a disparity in surgical antibiotic prophylaxis practices among surgeons.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r2" rid="article-162474.r2">[2]</a> In non-arthroplasty cases, a dose of cefazolin is typically administered within 30 minutes before the first incision. Arthroplasty surgeons often augment this with preoperative vancomycin to counter methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) infections. However, trauma cases necessitate a unique approach to antibiotic management due to the high variability of mechanisms of injury and the diverse types of wounds surrounding fractures, which leads to more complex algorithms for the choice of antibiotics.</p></div><div id="article-162474.s3"><h2 id="_article-162474_s3_">Issues of Concern</h2><p>
|
|
<b>Closed Versus Open Fractures</b> </p><p>In the trauma setting, each fracture requires assessment for skin compromise and is classified as either closed or open. Closed fractures do not violate the skin and are not subject to the same contamination risk as open fractures. Prophylaxis for closed fractures is typically sufficient with a first-generation cephalosporin, often cefazolin, administered before surgical incision and followed by 3 additional doses over the subsequent 24 hours postoperatively.</p><p>Open fractures present a significant risk to limb integrity, and bacterial exposure may lead to osteomyelitis, nonunion, and potential amputation.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r3" rid="article-162474.r3">[3]</a> Gustilo and Anderson (GA) introduced a classification system to guide the treatment of open fractures. GA type I fractures involve open wounds of less than 1 cm. GA type II fractures feature open wounds ranging between 1 and 10 cm. GA type III fractures are divided into 3 subdivisions—A, B, and C. </p><p>GA type IIIA fractures have open wounds larger than 10 cm or result from high-energy mechanisms of injury. GA type IIIB fractures require soft tissue flap rearrangement for wound coverage, whereas GA type IIIC fractures involve vascular injury. GA type IIIB or type IIIC fractures may be smaller than 10 cm but are still categorized as higher grades if the injury necessitates soft tissue coverage or involves vascular damage, respectively. Treatment for GA type III fractures typically involves a cephalosporin (such as cefazolin) or ceftriaxone and an aminoglycoside (such as gentamycin). </p><p>
|
|
<b>Coverage Considerations</b> </p><p>Surgical infections predominantly stem from bacterial sources, with fungal, parasitic, or viral etiologies being rare occurrences. Bacteria are classified as either gram-positive or gram-negative, with few exceptions. Antibiotic selection for postoperative infection prevention should be guided by the likely pathogens, primarily targeting gram-positive skin flora such as s <i>Staphylococcus aureus, S epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and S pneumoniae</i>.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r4" rid="article-162474.r4">[4]</a> In shoulder surgery, consideration should also be given to the coverage of <i>Cutibacterium acnes </i>(formerly known as <i>Propionibacterium acnes</i>) should be considered.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r5" rid="article-162474.r5">[5]</a><a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r6" rid="article-162474.r6">[6]</a> The most common antibiotics used perioperatively in orthopedic and podiatric surgery are cefazolin, ceftriaxone, vancomycin, clindamycin, penicillin, and ciprofloxacin. </p><p>In arthroplastic surgery, the combination of cefazolin and vancomycin is controversial. Initially, vancomycin prophylaxis was recommended in institutions with a high MRSA prevalence.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r7" rid="article-162474.r7">[7]</a> However, recent research indicates limited benefits and increased risks with the addition of vancomycin to cefazolin, particularly when it is not dosed correctly.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r8" rid="article-162474.r8">[8]</a><a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r9" rid="article-162474.r9">[9]</a><a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r10" rid="article-162474.r10">[10]</a></p><p>Open wounds contaminated with fresh water are susceptible to infection by <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, a gram-negative rod. Such injuries necessitate additional antibiotic coverage with a fluoroquinolone, typically ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r11" rid="article-162474.r11">[11]</a> In contrast, open wounds contaminated with salt water may be infected by various organisms, including vibrio species, and should be treated with doxycycline.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r11" rid="article-162474.r11">[11]</a></p><p>Open wounds resulting from farm injuries are frequently contaminated with barnyard soil or fecal matter, increasing the risk of infection with <i>Clostridium </i>species. <i>Clostridium </i>is a spore-forming organism that is effectively treated with a member of the penicillin family, often Penicillin G.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r12" rid="article-162474.r12">[12]</a></p><p>Aminoglycosides are used in the treatment of GA type III open injuries. Suzuki et al reported that gram-negative bacteria were isolated in 77% of GA type III injuries, underscoring the need for an effective agent with strong gram-negative coverage.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r13" rid="article-162474.r13">[13]</a></p><p>Vancomycin is indicated for use in individuals who are confirmed or potential carriers of MRSA.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r9" rid="article-162474.r9">[9]</a></p><p>
|
|
<b>Allergy Considerations</b> </p><p>Considering that cefazolin is the standard antibiotic prophylaxis for orthopedic and podiatric procedures, it is important to address patients with severe allergies to cefazolin. In such cases, clindamycin is frequently used as a secondary option due to its similar spectrum coverage.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r14" rid="article-162474.r14">[14]</a></p><p>Historically, cefazolin was avoided in patients with beta-lactam allergies due to cross-reactivity reported to be 8%.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r15" rid="article-162474.r15">[15]</a> However, more recent studies indicate a lower cross-reactivity rate of 0.7% and demonstrate fewer surgical site infections (SSIs) in patients with a documented penicillin allergy who received cefazolin compared to alternatives such as clindamycin or vancomycin.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r16" rid="article-162474.r16">[16]</a><a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r17" rid="article-162474.r17">[17]</a> Patients with proven or possible MRSA colonization who exhibit an allergy to vancomycin should receive treatment with alternative antibiotics such as daptomycin, tigecycline, or linezolid.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r18" rid="article-162474.r18">[18]</a></p><p>
|
|
<b>Adverse Effects</b> </p><p>All antibiotics routinely used for perioperative prophylaxis in orthopedic and podiatric surgery may lead to mild adverse effects, including gastrointestinal upset. However, judicial selection of antibiotics is essential when there is a risk of life-threatening or organ-damaging effects. Cefazolin has the potential to induce anaphylaxis, while ceftriaxone may lead to anaphylaxis and hematemesis. Vancomycin is associated with red man syndrome and nephrotoxicity.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r19" rid="article-162474.r19">[19]</a> Clindamycin may cause pseudomembranous colitis.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r20" rid="article-162474.r20">[20]</a><a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r21" rid="article-162474.r21">[21]</a> Penicillin may result in adverse reactions such as hives, laryngospasm, and anaphylaxis in hypersensitive patients.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r22" rid="article-162474.r22">[22]</a> Gentamicin carries risks of nephrotoxicity, tinnitus, and vestibular dysfunction.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r23" rid="article-162474.r23">[23]</a> Fluoroquinolones have been documented to increase the risk of tendon rupture and cause arrhythmias.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r24" rid="article-162474.r24">[24]</a><a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r25" rid="article-162474.r25">[25]</a></p><p>
|
|
<b>Mechanism of Action</b> </p><p>
|
|
<b>Cefazolin:</b> Cefazolin, belonging to the first-generation cephalosporin family, functions by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins, consequently leading to cell lysis. The drug exhibits effectiveness against gram-positive bacteria, notably <i>S aureus</i>, group A <i>Streptococcus</i>, and <i>S pneumoniae</i>.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r26" rid="article-162474.r26">[26]</a></p><p>
|
|
<b>Ceftriaxone:</b> Ceftriaxone belongs to the third-generation cephalosporin family that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, ultimately leading to cell lysis. The spectrum of ceftriaxone is much broader than that of cefazolin and other first-generation cephalosporins, thus targeting both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.</p><p>
|
|
<b>Vancomycin:</b> Vancomycin exhibits bacteriostatic activity by binding the D-ala-D-ala protein in the bacterial cell wall. This drug is effective against gram-positive bacteria and is the first-line treatment for MRSA infections.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r9" rid="article-162474.r9">[9]</a></p><p>
|
|
<b>Clindamycin:</b> Clindamycin is classified as a lincosamide, and it functions by binding to the 23S RNA of the 50s ribosomal subunit, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and exerting bacteriostatic activity. This drug is notably effective against gram-positive bacteria, including staphylococci and streptococci, as well as anaerobic bacteria, including <i>Bacteroides</i> species.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r27" rid="article-162474.r27">[27]</a> However, it does not provide coverage against MRSA or gram-negative bacteria.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r28" rid="article-162474.r28">[28]</a></p><p>
|
|
<b>Gentamycin:</b> Gentamycin is a member of the aminoglycoside family, and it functions by binding to the 16S RNA of the 30s ribosome, causing mistranslation of polypeptide chains and eventual cell death.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r29" rid="article-162474.r29">[29]</a> Aminoglycosides are recognized for their broad-spectrum activity, covering gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as mycobacteria. </p><p>
|
|
<b>Penicillin:</b> Penicillins are a family of bactericidal agents that function by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, thereby inhibiting cell wall synthesis. They demonstrate efficacy against gram-positive bacteria, including <i>Clostridium</i> species, but have limited effectiveness against gram-negative bacteria and are ineffective against organisms producing beta-lactamases. </p><p>
|
|
<b>Ciprofloxacin:</b> Ciprofloxacin is a member of the fluoroquinolone family. This drug inhibits the function of DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase, leading to DNA synthesis inhibition and bacteriolysis. The drug is effective against gram-negative bacteria, particularly <i>P aeruginosa</i> and <i>E coli</i>. </p><p>
|
|
<b>Timing</b> </p><p>The current guidelines recommend administering surgical antibiotic prophylaxis within 60 minutes before the surgical incision or within 120 minutes for antibiotics requiring slower infusion times, such as vancomycin.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r30" rid="article-162474.r30">[30]</a><a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r31" rid="article-162474.r31">[31]</a> A part of the Trial to Reduce Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Errors (TRAPE) study assessed the effects of antibiotics administered within specific 30-minute increments around the time of hip and knee replacement surgeries. The study revealed that the lowest rates of SSIs were observed when the antibiotic was administered within a 30-minute window before the skin incision.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r32" rid="article-162474.r32">[32]</a> Postoperatively, antibiotics should be continued for no more than 24 hours in elective cases where the patient remains under observation or inpatient care, such as during evaluation by a physical therapist. Notably, it is crucial to adhere to dosing guidelines to maintain appropriate pharmacokinetics, for instance, administering cefazolin 2 g intravenously (IV) every 8 hours.</p><p>The use of postoperative oral antibiotics in the outpatient setting is controversial, with limited available data. Currently, standardized recommendations for oral antibiotics do not exist in the current literature. Frederick et al discovered no statistically significant difference in patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery who did or did not receive postoperative oral antibiotics.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r33" rid="article-162474.r33">[33]</a> Conversely, DeFrancesco et al observed that high-risk patients experienced benefits from 1 week of extended oral antibiotics, resulting in reduced rates of prosthetic joint infections.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r34" rid="article-162474.r34">[34]</a> Future randomized controlled trials may provide further clarity on the subject of oral antibiotics following outpatient surgery.</p><p>In the trauma setting, special consideration is given to antibiotic administration timing, necessitating a fourth phase termed "post-injury" dose, administered after the presentation but before initiating pre-operative protocols. The literature shows that administering antibiotics within 1 hour of the injury yields superior outcomes compared to delayed treatment.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r35" rid="article-162474.r35">[35]</a><a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r36" rid="article-162474.r36">[36]</a> Furthermore, perioperative antibiotic administration should adhere to a schedule based on the timing of the initial dose. GA type I and type II injuries necessitate perioperative prophylaxis for 24 hours, while GA type III injuries require antibiotic administration for 72 hours during the postoperative period.</p><p>The frequency of administration for each antibiotic is determined by its half-life. Cefazolin, with a half-life of 1.8 hours, is administered every 8 hours. Ceftriaxone, with a reported half-life between 5.8 and 8.7 hours, is given every 24 hours. Vancomycin, with a bi-phasic half-life, has an initial half-life and a terminal half-life of 6 hours and is administered every 8 hours. Clindamycin, with a half-life of 2.4 hours, is administered every 8 hours. Gentamicin, with a half-life of 3 hours, is administered every 8 hours. Penicillin G, with a reported half-life of 30 to 60 minutes, is administered every 4 to 6 hours. Ciprofloxacin, with a half-life of 5 hours, is administered every 12 hours. </p><p>
|
|
<b>Available Dosages</b>
|
|
</p><p>IV administration is the preferred method for all antibiotics during the perioperative period. Dosing guidelines for adult patients are as follows:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cefazolin is dosed at 1 g for patients with a body weight of less than 60 kg, 2 g for patients with a body weight of 60 to 120 kg, and 3 g for patients with a body weight of more than 120 kg.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r37" rid="article-162474.r37">[37]</a> </div></li></ul><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ceftriaxone is dosed at 2 g.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r38" rid="article-162474.r38">[38]</a> </div></li></ul><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Vancomycin is dosed at 15 to 20 mg/kg.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r19" rid="article-162474.r19">[19]</a> Pharmacists make dosage adjustments, and serum trough levels are typically monitored.</div></li></ul><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Clindamycin is dosed at 600 mg for patients with a body weight of less than 75 kg and 900 mg for patients with a body weight of more than 75 kg.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r39" rid="article-162474.r39">[39]</a> </div></li></ul><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>IV penicillin G is dosed at 2 million units for surgical prophylaxis.</div></li></ul><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gentamicin is dosed at 6 mg/kg.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r40" rid="article-162474.r40">[40]</a> </div></li></ul><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>IV ciprofloxacin is dosed at 400 mg.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r41" rid="article-162474.r41">[41]</a> </div></li></ul><p>When tailoring antibiotic prophylaxis for the pediatric population, accurate dosing is essential, utilizing the patient's age, weight, and body mass index (BMI) according to the manufacturer's dosing schedule.</p></div><div id="article-162474.s4"><h2 id="_article-162474_s4_">Clinical Significance</h2><p>Orthopedic and podiatric surgeries, particularly those involving implanted metal hardware, are at risk for SSIs. The reported annual incidence of SSIs ranges from 1.9% to 3.6% in orthopedic surgery and 3.4% to 4.2% in podiatric foot and ankle surgery.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r42" rid="article-162474.r42">[42]</a><a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r43" rid="article-162474.r43">[43]</a><a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r44" rid="article-162474.r44">[44]</a> Long-term complications of SSIs include prolonged morbidity, disability, and increased mortality. SSIs are the primary cause of unplanned hospital readmissions among surgical patients.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r45" rid="article-162474.r45">[45]</a> Prophylactic antibiotic use has become a standard practice to mitigate the risk of SSIs and their associated complications.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r14" rid="article-162474.r14">[14]</a><a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r2" rid="article-162474.r2">[2]</a> </p><p>Patients undergoing arthroplasty are susceptible to prosthetic joint infection, with reported incidence rates ranging from 0.1% to 11.1% of cases. Prosthetic joint infection can lead to subsequent surgeries, reduced quality of life, amputation, permanent disability, and increased mortality.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r46" rid="article-162474.r46">[46]</a><a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r47" rid="article-162474.r47">[47]</a> Often, vancomycin is administered in the preoperative phase to mitigate the risk of prosthetic joint infection secondary to <i>S aureus</i>.</p><p>Although prophylactic antibiotic administration is crucial to safe surgical practice, it poses inherent risks to patients. Systemic antibiotic use may disrupt the gut microbiota and cause severe cutaneous adverse reactions, opportunistic infections, or allergic reactions.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r22" rid="article-162474.r22">[22]</a><a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r48" rid="article-162474.r48">[48]</a> Furthermore, overuse of antibiotics may lead to the emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms, with potentially devastating consequences.<a class="bibr" href="#article-162474.r49" rid="article-162474.r49">[49]</a> Therefore, it is crucial to carefully select and administer appropriate perioperative antibiotics for orthopedic or podiatric patients to mitigate the risk of surgical site infections or prosthetic joint infections while minimizing adverse reactions and preventing the proliferation of multidrug-resistant organisms. Antibiotic stewardship is a collective responsibility shared by all healthcare team members.</p></div><div id="article-162474.s5"><h2 id="_article-162474_s5_">Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes </h2><p>Patients undergoing orthopedic or podiatric surgery face the risk of SSIs, which can be mitigated through perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis spanning the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases. Tailored antibiotic coverage is necessary for specific scenarios, such as vancomycin for MRSA carriers, penicillin for contamination with barnyard soil, and clindamycin for patients with cefazolin allergies. Ensuring the indicated antibiotics are administered via the correct route, at the proper dosage, and within the appropriate timing is essential.</p><p>Effective perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis relies on consistent practice and collaboration among an integrated healthcare team. This team typically includes primary surgeons, surgical assistants, anesthesia personnel, surgical technicians, circulating nurses, floor nurses, pharmacists, advanced practitioners, and any other clinicians involved in the patient’s care. Each member of the team plays a crucial role in ensuring appropriate prophylaxis and its timing, mitigating adverse events related to allergies or toxicity, and optimizing patient outcomes. Collaboration among these diverse healthcare professionals is essential for successful perioperative antibiotic management.</p></div><div id="article-162474.s6"><h2 id="_article-162474_s6_">Review Questions</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.statpearls.com/account/trialuserreg/?articleid=162474&utm_source=pubmed&utm_campaign=reviews&utm_content=162474" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.</a>
|
|
</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
|
|
<a href="https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/commentarticle/162474/?utm_source=pubmed&utm_campaign=comments&utm_content=162474" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Comment on this article.</a>
|
|
</div></li></ul></div><div id="article-162474.s7"><h2 id="_article-162474_s7_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r1">Davrieux CF, Palermo M, Serra E, Houghton EJ, Acquafresca PA, Finger C, Giménez ME. STAGES AND FACTORS OF THE "PERIOPERATIVE PROCESS": POINTS IN COMMON WITH THE AERONAUTICAL INDUSTRY. <span><span class="ref-journal">Arq Bras Cir Dig. </span>2019 Feb 07;<span class="ref-vol">32</span>(1):e1423.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6368165/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6368165</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30758471" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30758471</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r2">Santoshi JA, Behera P, Nagar M, Sen R, Chatterjee A. Current Surgical Antibiotic Prophylaxis Practices: A Survey of Orthopaedic Surgeons in India. <span><span class="ref-journal">Indian J Orthop. </span>2021 Jun;<span class="ref-vol">55</span>(3):749-757.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8081791/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8081791</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33995883" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33995883</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r3">Masters EA, Trombetta RP, de Mesy Bentley KL, Boyce BF, Gill AL, Gill SR, Nishitani K, Ishikawa M, Morita Y, Ito H, Bello-Irizarry SN, Ninomiya M, Brodell JD, Lee CC, Hao SP, Oh I, Xie C, Awad HA, Daiss JL, Owen JR, Kates SL, Schwarz EM, Muthukrishnan G. Evolving concepts in bone infection: redefining "biofilm", "acute vs. chronic osteomyelitis", "the immune proteome" and "local antibiotic therapy". <span><span class="ref-journal">Bone Res. </span>2019;<span class="ref-vol">7</span>:20.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6804538/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6804538</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31646012" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31646012</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r4">Tan TL, Gomez MM, Kheir MM, Maltenfort MG, Chen AF. Should Preoperative Antibiotics Be Tailored According to Patient's Comorbidities and Susceptibility to Organisms? <span><span class="ref-journal">J Arthroplasty. </span>2017 Apr;<span class="ref-vol">32</span>(4):1089-1094.e3.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28040397" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28040397</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r5">Boyanova L. <em>Cutibacterium acnes</em> (formerly <em>Propionibacterium acnes</em>): friend or foe? <span><span class="ref-journal">Future Microbiol. </span>2023 Mar;<span class="ref-vol">18</span>:235-244.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37042433" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 37042433</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r6">Patel MS, Singh AM, Gregori P, Horneff JG, Namdari S, Lazarus MD. Cutibacterium acnes: a threat to shoulder surgery or an orthopedic red herring? <span><span class="ref-journal">J Shoulder Elbow Surg. </span>2020 Sep;<span class="ref-vol">29</span>(9):1920-1927.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32499199" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32499199</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r7">Bratzler DW, Houck PM., Surgical Infection Prevention Guidelines Writers Workgroup. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. American Association of Critical Care Nurses. American Association of Nurse Anesthetists. American College of Surgeons. American College of Osteopathic Surgeons. American Geriatrics Society. American Society of Anesthesiologists. American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses. Ascension Health. Association of periOperative Registered Nurses. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Medical Letter. Premier. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Surgical Infection Society. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery: an advisory statement from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Infect Dis. </span>2004 Jun 15;<span class="ref-vol">38</span>(12):1706-15.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15227616" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15227616</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r8">Peel TN, Astbury S, Cheng AC, Paterson DL, Buising KL, Spelman T, Tran-Duy A, Adie S, Boyce G, McDougall C, Molnar R, Mulford J, Rehfisch P, Solomon M, Crawford R, Harris-Brown T, Roney J, Wisniewski J, de Steiger R., ASAP Trial Group. Trial of Vancomycin and Cefazolin as Surgical Prophylaxis in Arthroplasty. <span><span class="ref-journal">N Engl J Med. </span>2023 Oct 19;<span class="ref-vol">389</span>(16):1488-1498.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37851875" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 37851875</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r9">Kheir MM, Tan TL, Azboy I, Tan DD, Parvizi J. Vancomycin Prophylaxis for Total Joint Arthroplasty: Incorrectly Dosed and Has a Higher Rate of Periprosthetic Infection Than Cefazolin. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Orthop Relat Res. </span>2017 Jul;<span class="ref-vol">475</span>(7):1767-1774.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5449331/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5449331</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28401341" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28401341</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r10">Choe PG, Koo HL, Yoon D, Bae JY, Lee E, Hwang JH, Song KH, Park WB, Bang JH, Kim ES, Kim HB, Park SW, Oh MD, Kim NJ. Effect of an intervention targeting inappropriate continued empirical parenteral vancomycin use: a quasi-experimental study in a region of high MRSA prevalence. <span><span class="ref-journal">BMC Infect Dis. </span>2018 Apr 16;<span class="ref-vol">18</span>(1):178.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5902846/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5902846</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29661158" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29661158</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r11">Noonburg GE. Management of extremity trauma and related infections occurring in the aquatic environment. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Am Acad Orthop Surg. </span>2005 Jul-Aug;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>(4):243-53.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16112981" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16112981</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r12">Dornbusch K, Nord CE, Dahlbäck A. Antibiotic susceptibility of Clostridium species isolated from human infections. <span><span class="ref-journal">Scand J Infect Dis. </span>1975;<span class="ref-vol">7</span>(2):127-34.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/170668" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 170668</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r13">Suzuki T, Inui T, Sakai M, Ishii K, Kurozumi T, Watanabe Y. Type III Gustilo-Anderson open fracture does not justify routine prophylactic Gram-negative antibiotic coverage. <span><span class="ref-journal">Sci Rep. </span>2023 May 01;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>(1):7085.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10151338/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC10151338</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37127796" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 37127796</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r14">Dhammi IK, Ul Haq R, Kumar S. Prophylactic antibiotics in orthopedic surgery: Controversial issues in its use. <span><span class="ref-journal">Indian J Orthop. </span>2015 Jul-Aug;<span class="ref-vol">49</span>(4):373-6.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4510788/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4510788</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26229155" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26229155</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r15">Sousa-Pinto B, Blumenthal KG, Courtney L, Mancini CM, Jeffres MN. Assessment of the Frequency of Dual Allergy to Penicillins and Cefazolin: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. <span><span class="ref-journal">JAMA Surg. </span>2021 Apr 01;<span class="ref-vol">156</span>(4):e210021.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7970387/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7970387</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33729459" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33729459</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r16">Sarfani S, Stone CA, Murphy GA, Richardson DR. Understanding Penicillin Allergy, Cross-reactivity, and Antibiotic Selection in the Preoperative Setting. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Am Acad Orthop Surg. </span>2022 Jan 01;<span class="ref-vol">30</span>(1):e1-e5.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8928301/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8928301</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34669610" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34669610</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r17">Norvell MR, Porter M, Ricco MH, Koonce RC, Hogan CA, Basler E, Wong M, Jeffres MN. Cefazolin vs Second-line Antibiotics for Surgical Site Infection Prevention After Total Joint Arthroplasty Among Patients With a Beta-lactam Allergy. <span><span class="ref-journal">Open Forum Infect Dis. </span>2023 Jun;<span class="ref-vol">10</span>(6):ofad224.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10289809/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC10289809</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37363051" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 37363051</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r18">Micek ST. Alternatives to vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Infect Dis. </span>2007 Sep 15;<span class="ref-vol">45 Suppl 3</span>:S184-90.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17712745" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17712745</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r19">Elbarbry F. Vancomycin Dosing and Monitoring: Critical Evaluation of the Current Practice. <span><span class="ref-journal">Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. </span>2018 Jun;<span class="ref-vol">43</span>(3):259-268.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29260505" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29260505</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r20">Smieja M. Current indications for the use of clindamycin: A critical review. <span><span class="ref-journal">Can J Infect Dis. </span>1998 Jan;<span class="ref-vol">9</span>(1):22-8.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3250868/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3250868</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22346533" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22346533</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>21.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r21">Amin NM. Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Am Fam Physician. </span>1985 May;<span class="ref-vol">31</span>(5):115-20.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3993509" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3993509</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>22.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r22">Mohsen S, Dickinson JA, Somayaji R. Update on the adverse effects of antimicrobial therapies in community practice. <span><span class="ref-journal">Can Fam Physician. </span>2020 Sep;<span class="ref-vol">66</span>(9):651-659.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7491661/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7491661</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32933978" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32933978</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>23.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r23">Kahlmeter G, Dahlager JI. Aminoglycoside toxicity - a review of clinical studies published between 1975 and 1982. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Antimicrob Chemother. </span>1984 Jan;<span class="ref-vol">13 Suppl A</span>:9-22.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6365884" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6365884</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>24.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r24">Baik S, Lau J, Huser V, McDonald CJ. Association between tendon ruptures and use of fluoroquinolone, and other oral antibiotics: a 10-year retrospective study of 1 million US senior Medicare beneficiaries. <span><span class="ref-journal">BMJ Open. </span>2020 Dec 21;<span class="ref-vol">10</span>(12):e034844.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7754651/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7754651</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33371012" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33371012</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>25.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r25">Aspinall SL, Sylvain NP, Zhao X, Zhang R, Dong D, Echevarria K, Glassman PA, Goetz MB, Miller DR, Cunningham FE. Serious cardiovascular adverse events with fluoroquinolones versus other antibiotics: A self-controlled case series analysis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Pharmacol Res Perspect. </span>2020 Dec;<span class="ref-vol">8</span>(6):e00664.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7550792/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7550792</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33047487" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33047487</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>26.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r26">Schmitz ML, Rubino CM, Onufrak NJ, Martinez DV, Licursi D, Karpf A, Cetnarowski W. Pharmacokinetics and Optimal Dose Selection of Cefazolin for Surgical Prophylaxis of Pediatric Patients. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Clin Pharmacol. </span>2021 May;<span class="ref-vol">61</span>(5):666-676.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8049034/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8049034</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33202066" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33202066</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>27.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r27">Nodzo SR, Boyle KK, Frisch NB. Nationwide Organism Susceptibility Patterns to Common Preoperative Prophylactic Antibiotics: What Are We Covering? <span><span class="ref-journal">J Arthroplasty. </span>2019 Jul;<span class="ref-vol">34</span>(7S):S302-S306.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30745218" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30745218</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>28.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r28">Bosco JA, Bookman J, Slover J, Edusei E, Levine B. Principles of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Total Joint Arthroplasty: Current Concepts. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Am Acad Orthop Surg. </span>2015 Aug;<span class="ref-vol">23</span>(8):e27-35.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26209148" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26209148</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>29.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r29">Krause KM, Serio AW, Kane TR, Connolly LE. Aminoglycosides: An Overview. <span><span class="ref-journal">Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. </span>2016 Jun 01;<span class="ref-vol">6</span>(6)</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4888811/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4888811</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27252397" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27252397</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>30.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r30">Baseel D, Kim J, Mohammed S, Lowe A, Siddiqi J. The Ideal Time to Administer Pre-operative Antibiotics: Current and Future Practices. <span><span class="ref-journal">Cureus. </span>2022 May;<span class="ref-vol">14</span>(5):e24979.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9188836/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9188836</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35719787" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35719787</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>31.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r31">de Jonge SW, Gans SL, Atema JJ, Solomkin JS, Dellinger PE, Boermeester MA. Timing of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in 54,552 patients and the risk of surgical site infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Medicine (Baltimore). </span>2017 Jul;<span class="ref-vol">96</span>(29):e6903.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5521876/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5521876</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28723736" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28723736</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>32.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r32">Steinberg JP, Braun BI, Hellinger WC, Kusek L, Bozikis MR, Bush AJ, Dellinger EP, Burke JP, Simmons B, Kritchevsky SB., Trial to Reduce Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Errors (TRAPE) Study Group. Timing of antimicrobial prophylaxis and the risk of surgical site infections: results from the Trial to Reduce Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Errors. <span><span class="ref-journal">Ann Surg. </span>2009 Jul;<span class="ref-vol">250</span>(1):10-6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19561486" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19561486</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>33.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r33">Frederick RM, Burnette H, Joyce M, Kumar P, McGee T, Chiu CY, Bettin CC, Grear BJ, Murphy GA, Richardson DR. Efficacy of Postoperative Oral Antibiotics in Foot and Ankle Surgery. <span><span class="ref-journal">Foot Ankle Int. </span>2022 Sep;<span class="ref-vol">43</span>(9):1204-1210.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35778868" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35778868</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>34.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r34">DeFrancesco CJ, Fu MC, Kahlenberg CA, Miller AO, Bostrom MP. Extended Antibiotic Prophylaxis May Be Linked to Lower Peri-prosthetic Joint Infection Rates in High-Risk Patients: An Evidence-Based Review. <span><span class="ref-journal">HSS J. </span>2019 Oct;<span class="ref-vol">15</span>(3):297-301.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6778286/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6778286</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31624486" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31624486</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>35.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r35">Oliphant BW, Jakubus JL, Mikhail JN, Miller AN, Sangji N, Scott JW, Hemmila MR. Decreasing time to antibiotic administration in open fractures of the femur and tibia through performance improvement in a statewide trauma: Collaborative quality initiative. <span><span class="ref-journal">Surgery. </span>2022 Mar;<span class="ref-vol">171</span>(3):777-784.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34876285" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34876285</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>36.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r36">Harper KD, Quinn C, Eccles J, Ramsey F, Rehman S. Administration of intravenous antibiotics in patients with open fractures is dependent on emergency room triaging. <span><span class="ref-journal">PLoS One. </span>2018;<span class="ref-vol">13</span>(8):e0202013.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6091925/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6091925</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30106964" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30106964</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>37.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r37">Ryu H, Mohayya S, Hong T, Modi M, Yang J, Abdul Azim A, Bhatt PJ, Brunetti L, Narayanan N. Safety and Effectiveness of High-Dose Cefazolin in Patients With High Body Weight: A Retrospective Cohort Study. <span><span class="ref-journal">Open Forum Infect Dis. </span>2022 Apr;<span class="ref-vol">9</span>(4):ofac105.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8946698/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8946698</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35350175" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35350175</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>38.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r38">Ayele AA, Gebresillassie BM, Erku DA, Gebreyohannes EA, Demssie DG, Mersha AG, Tegegn HG. Prospective evaluation of Ceftriaxone use in medical and emergency wards of Gondar university referral hospital, Ethiopia. <span><span class="ref-journal">Pharmacol Res Perspect. </span>2018 Feb;<span class="ref-vol">6</span>(1)</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5817827/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5817827</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29417764" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29417764</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>39.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r39">Bouazza N, Pestre V, Jullien V, Curis E, Urien S, Salmon D, Tréluyer JM. Population pharmacokinetics of clindamycin orally and intravenously administered in patients with osteomyelitis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Br J Clin Pharmacol. </span>2012 Dec;<span class="ref-vol">74</span>(6):971-7.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3522810/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3522810</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22486719" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22486719</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>40.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r40">Russell GV, King C, May CG, Pearsall AW. Once daily high-dose gentamicin to prevent infection in open fractures of the tibial shaft: a preliminary investigation. <span><span class="ref-journal">South Med J. </span>2001 Dec;<span class="ref-vol">94</span>(12):1185-91.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11811857" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11811857</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>41.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r41">Davis R, Markham A, Balfour JA. Ciprofloxacin. An updated review of its pharmacology, therapeutic efficacy and tolerability. <span><span class="ref-journal">Drugs. </span>1996 Jun;<span class="ref-vol">51</span>(6):1019-74.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8736621" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8736621</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>42.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r42">Al-Mulhim FA, Baragbah MA, Sadat-Ali M, Alomran AS, Azam MQ. Prevalence of surgical site infection in orthopedic surgery: a 5-year analysis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Int Surg. </span>2014 May-Jun;<span class="ref-vol">99</span>(3):264-8.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4027911/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4027911</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24833150" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24833150</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>43.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r43">Mosleh S, Baradaranfard F, Jokar M, Akbari L, Aarabi A. Prevalence of surgical site infection after orthopaedic surgery with two types of drainage at three public hospitals in Iran. <span><span class="ref-journal">Int J Orthop Trauma Nurs. </span>2021 Nov;<span class="ref-vol">43</span>:100842.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34049832" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34049832</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>44.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r44">Cheng J, Zhang L, Zhang J, Asadi K, Farzan R. Prevalence of surgical site infection and risk factors in patients after foot and ankle surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. <span><span class="ref-journal">Int Wound J. </span>2024 Jan;<span class="ref-vol">21</span>(1):e14350.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10781588/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC10781588</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37606302" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 37606302</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>45.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r45">Merkow RP, Ju MH, Chung JW, Hall BL, Cohen ME, Williams MV, Tsai TC, Ko CY, Bilimoria KY. Underlying reasons associated with hospital readmission following surgery in the United States. <span><span class="ref-journal">JAMA. </span>2015 Feb 03;<span class="ref-vol">313</span>(5):483-95.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25647204" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25647204</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>46.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r46">Wildeman P, Rolfson O, Söderquist B, Wretenberg P, Lindgren V. What Are the Long-term Outcomes of Mortality, Quality of Life, and Hip Function after Prosthetic Joint Infection of the Hip? A 10-year Follow-up from Sweden. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Orthop Relat Res. </span>2021 Oct 01;<span class="ref-vol">479</span>(10):2203-2213.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8445574/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8445574</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34061486" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34061486</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>47.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r47">Lindeque B, Hartman Z, Noshchenko A, Cruse M. Infection after primary total hip arthroplasty. <span><span class="ref-journal">Orthopedics. </span>2014 Apr;<span class="ref-vol">37</span>(4):257-65.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24762833" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24762833</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>48.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r48">Lin YF, Yang CH, Sindy H, Lin JY, Rosaline Hui CY, Tsai YC, Wu TS, Huang CT, Kao KC, Hu HC, Chiu CH, Hung SI, Chung WH. Severe cutaneous adverse reactions related to systemic antibiotics. <span><span class="ref-journal">Clin Infect Dis. </span>2014 May;<span class="ref-vol">58</span>(10):1377-85.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24599767" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24599767</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>49.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-162474.r49">Reitan RL, McBroom RM, Gilder RE. The Risk of Infection and Indication of Systemic Antibiotics in Chronic Wounds. <span><span class="ref-journal">Wounds. </span>2020 Jul;<span class="ref-vol">32</span>(7):186-194.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33166266" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33166266</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
|
|
<b>Disclosure: </b>Dan Hayward declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
|
|
<b>Disclosure: </b>Michael Nammour declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK606087_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Author Information and Affiliations</h3><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">Dan Hayward</span><sup>1</sup>; <span itemprop="author">Michael A. Nammour</span>.</p><h4>Affiliations</h4><div class="affiliation"><sup>1</sup> LSU Health Shreveport</div><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">May 9, 2024</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © 2025, StatPearls Publishing LLC.<p class="small">
|
|
This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
|
|
(<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">
|
|
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
|
|
</a>), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used commercially. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit the author and journal.
|
|
</p></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.statpearls.com/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">StatPearls Publishing</a>, Treasure Island (FL)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Hayward D, Nammour MA. Orthopedic and Podiatry Perioperative Antibiotics. [Updated 2024 May 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. <span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Book content -->
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/rlib/js/InstrumentNCBIBaseJS/InstrumentPageStarterJS.js"> </script>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID /projects/books/PBooks@9.11 portal105 v4.1.r689238 Tue, Oct 22 2024 16:10:51 -->
|
|
<span id="portal-csrf-token" style="display:none" data-token="CE8B5AF87C7FFCB1_0191SID"></span>
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="//static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4216699/js/3968615.js" snapshot="books"></script></body>
|
|
</html>
|