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</svg> Books</a></div><div class="jr-rhead f1 flexh"><div class="head"></div><div class="body"><div class="t">Nitrofurantoin</div><div class="j">Mother To Baby | Fact Sheets [Internet]</div></div><div class="tail"></div></div><div id="jr-tb2"><a id="jr-bkhelp-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Help with NLM PubReader">?</a><a id="jr-help-sw" class="btn wsprkl hidden" title="Settings and typography in NLM PubReader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M462,283.742v-55.485l-29.981-10.662c-11.431-4.065-20.628-12.794-25.274-24.001 c-0.002-0.004-0.004-0.009-0.006-0.013c-4.659-11.235-4.333-23.918,0.889-34.903l13.653-28.724l-39.234-39.234l-28.72,13.652 c-10.979,5.219-23.68,5.546-34.908,0.889c-0.005-0.002-0.01-0.003-0.014-0.005c-11.215-4.65-19.933-13.834-24-25.273L283.741,50 h-55.484l-10.662,29.981c-4.065,11.431-12.794,20.627-24.001,25.274c-0.005,0.002-0.009,0.004-0.014,0.005 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itemprop="name">Nitrofurantoin</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK605076_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="nitrofurantoin-en.nitrofurantoin-en_s_001"><div class="h2"></div><p>This sheet is about exposure to nitrofurantoin in pregnancy and while breastfeeding. This information is based on available published literature. It should not take the place of medical care and advice from your healthcare provider.</p><p>
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<b>
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<i>What is nitrofurantoin?</i>
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</p><blockquote><p>Nitrofurantoin is an antibacterial medication that has been used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs). Some brand names are Macrobid®, Macrodantin®, and Furadantin®.</p><p>Sometimes when people find out they are pregnant, they think about changing how they take their medication, or stopping their medication altogether. However, it is important to talk with your healthcare providers before making any changes to how you take your medication. Your healthcare provider can talk with you about using nitrofurantoin and what treatment is best for you.</p><p>The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) states that it is “reasonable to offer” nitrofurantoin in the first trimester when other medication is not available. ACOG also states that the use of nitrofurantoin in the second and third trimester has been considered a first-line treatment for UTIs.</p><p>The product label for nitrofurantoin recommends that people who are near the end of their pregnancy (38 to 42 weeks gestation) or are otherwise close to delivery should not use this medication.</p></blockquote><p>
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<i>I take nitrofurantoin. Can it make it harder for me to get pregnant?</i>
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</p><blockquote><p>It is not known if nitrofurantoin can make it harder to get pregnant.</p></blockquote><p>
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<i>Does taking nitrofurantoin increase the chance of miscarriage?</i>
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</p><blockquote><p>Miscarriage is common and can occur in any pregnancy for many different reasons. Two studies including 173 pregnancies did not find an association with nitrofurantoin use and an increased chance for miscarriage. However, people with untreated urine infections might have a greater chance for miscarriage.</p></blockquote><p>
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<b>
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<i>Does taking nitrofurantoin increase the chance of birth defects?</i>
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</b>
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</p><blockquote><p>Every pregnancy starts out with a 3-5% chance of having a birth defect. This is called the background risk. Most studies with nitrofurantoin do not suggest an increased chance of birth defects. Some studies on nitrofurantoin have suggested an increased chance of birth defects with use in pregnancy. However, study design flaws make some of the results in these studies questionable. There are also many studies on nitrofurantoin use in pregnancy that did not find birth defects. Overall, an increased chance for birth defects has not been confirmed.</p></blockquote><p>
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<b>
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<i>Does taking nitrofurantoin in pregnancy increase the chance of other pregnancy-related problems?</i>
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</b>
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</p><blockquote><p>It is not known if nitrofurantoin can cause other pregnancy-related problems, such as preterm delivery (birth before week 37) or low birth weight (weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces [2500 grams] at birth). However, people with untreated urine infections might have a greater chance for these and other pregnancy complications, including preeclampsia (high blood pressure and problems with organs, such as the kidneys) that can lead to seizures (called eclampsia), and cesarean section (C-section).</p><p>There have been reports of newborns with hemolytic anemia (breakdown of red blood cells) when they were exposed to nitrofurantoin late in pregnancy. For this reason, the manufacturer has recommended using different antibiotics to treat urine infections later in pregnancy.</p></blockquote><p>
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<b>
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<i>Does taking nitrofurantoin in pregnancy affect future behavior or learning for the child?</i>
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</b>
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</p><blockquote><p>Studies have not been done to see if nitrofurantoin can cause behavior or learning issues for the child.</p></blockquote><p>
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<b>
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<i>Breastfeeding while taking nitrofurantoin:</i>
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</b>
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</p><blockquote><p>Nitrofurantoin gets into breast milk in small amounts. In a report on 6 people taking nitrofurantoin while breastfeeding, 2 noted that their children had diarrhea. When any antibiotic is taken during breastfeeding, babies can be watched for diarrhea or rash.</p><p>The product label for nitrofurantoin recommends people who are breastfeeding should not use this medication when infants are less than 1 month old or if the nursing infant has a diagnosis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) due to the risk of hemolytic anemia (breakdown of red blood cells). However, the benefits of treating your condition, as well as the benefits of breastfeeding, may outweigh possible risks. Use of nitrofurantoin while breastfeeding an older infant without G6PD is unlikely to cause side effects. Your healthcare providers can talk with you about using nitrofurantoin and what treatment is best for you while you are nursing. Be sure to talk to your healthcare provider about all your breastfeeding questions.</p></blockquote><p>
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<b>
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<i>If a male takes nitrofurantoin, could it affect fertility or increase the chance of birth defects?</i>
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</b>
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</p><blockquote><p>When nitrofurantoin was given to males at doses higher than typically used for 2 weeks, sperm production was low or stopped in 13 out of the 36 study participants. Low sperm production could affect fertility (ability to get partner pregnant). However, use of typical doses of 100mg twice daily for one week did not have this same effect. This means that with typical use, nitrofurantoin is unlikely to affect male fertility. In general, exposures that fathers or sperm donors have are unlikely to increase risks to a pregnancy. For more information, please see the MotherToBaby fact sheet Paternal Exposures at <a href="https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/paternal-exposures-pregnancy/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/paternal-exposures-pregnancy/</a>.</p></blockquote></div><div id="R001"><h2 id="_R001_">Selected References:</h2><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="c001">Ailes
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EC, et al, & The National Birth Defects Prevention Study.
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2016. Association between antibiotic use among pregnant women with urinary tract infections in the first trimester and birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997 to 2011. Birth defects research. Part A,
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106(11):940–949. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5225492/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5225492</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27891788" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27891788</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="c002">Ansaldi
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Y, et al. 2023. Urinary tract infections in pregnancy.
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Clinical microbiology and infection: the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases,
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29(10):1249–1253. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36031053" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36031053</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="c003">Ben
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David S, et al. 1995. The safety of nitrofurantoin during the first trimester of pregnancy: meta-analysis.
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Fundamental & clinical pharmacology,
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9(5):503–507. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8617414" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8617414</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="c004">Bookstaver
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H, et al. 2000. Anémie hémolytique chez un nouveau-né après prise maternelle de nitrofurantoïne en fin de grossesse [Hemolytic anemia in a newborn after maternal treatment with nitrofurantoin at the end of pregnancy]. Archives de pediatrie: organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie, 7(7):745–747. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10941490" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10941490</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="c006">Chang
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193(6):S71.</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="c007">Christensen
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AE, et al. 2001. Nitrofurantoin and congenital abnormalities.
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JS, et al. 1998. Maternal exposure to prescription and non-prescription pharmaceuticals or drugs of abuse and risk of craniosynostosis.
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27(1):64–67. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9563695" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9563695</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="c013">Goldberg
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O, et al. 2013. Exposure to nitrofurantoin during the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk for major malformations.
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53(9):991–995. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23873250" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23873250</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="c014">Goldberg
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O, et al. 2015. Exposure to nitrofurantoin during early pregnancy and congenital malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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37(2):150–156. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25767948" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25767948</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="c015">Hailey
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FJ, et al. 1983. Foetal safety of nitrofurantoin macrocrystals therapy during pregnancy: a retrospective analysis.
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11(6):364–369. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6653868" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6653868</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="c016">Källén
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The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal: official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association,
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42(6):589–593. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16241169" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16241169</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="c018">Kass
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RR, et al. 1983. Pyelonephritis in pregnancy: a prospective randomized trial to prevent recurrent disease evaluating suppressive therapy with nitrofurantoin and close surveillance.
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EH, et al. 2007. Drug treatment during pregnancy and isolated orofacial clefts in Hungary.
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60(6):539–540. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4055319/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4055319</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24925943" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24925943</span></a>]</div></p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK605076_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Published online: February 2024.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> by OTIS, February 2024.<p class="small">This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CC BY-NC-ND 3.0</a>)</p></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS)</a>, Brentwood (TN)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>Mother To Baby | Fact Sheets [Internet]. Brentwood (TN): Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS); 1994-. Nitrofurantoin. 2024 Feb.<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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