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preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style"><div class="fm-sec bkr_bottom_sep"><div class="bkr_thumb"><a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)" class="img_link icnblk_img" ref="pagearea=logo&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-niceng240er6-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Evidence review for investigating and diagnosing suspected meningococcal disease with blood and urine investigations" /></a></div><div class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK604180_"><span itemprop="name">Evidence review for investigating and diagnosing suspected meningococcal disease with blood and urine investigations</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Meningitis (bacterial) and meningococcal disease: recognition, diagnosis and management</div><p><b>Evidence review B2</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 240</i></p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2024 Mar</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-5756-9</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2024.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng240er6.s1"><h2 id="_niceng240er6_s1_">Investigating and diagnosing suspected meningococcal disease with blood and urine investigations</h2><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1"><h3>Review question</h3><p>What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing meningococcal disease?</p><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1.1"><h4>Introduction</h4><p>Meningococcal disease is a rare but serious infection, which can occur in any age group. Early recognition of the condition requires a high index of suspicion.</p><p>Accurately diagnosing meningococcal disease in a timely manner ensures that appropriate antibiotic therapy is given, and close contacts of the index case can be offered chemoprophylaxis. There are several tests that may assist in the diagnosis of meningococcal disease. It is therefore important to determine which tests are the most accurate and cost-effective for use in clinical practice.</p><p>The aim of this review is to evaluate these tests and determine which are the most effective for the diagnosis of meningococcal disease.</p></div><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1.2"><h4>Summary of the protocol</h4><p>See <a href="/books/NBK604180/table/niceng240er6.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er6tab1">Table 1</a> for a summary of the Population, Index tests, Reference standard and Target condition characteristics of this review.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng240er6tab1"><a href="/books/NBK604180/table/niceng240er6.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng240er6tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng240er6.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK604180/table/niceng240er6.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er6tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of the protocol. </p></div></div><p>For further details see the review protocol in <a href="#niceng240er6.appa">appendix A</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1.3"><h4>Methods and process</h4><p>This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>. Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in <a href="#niceng240er6.appa">appendix A</a> and the <a href="/books/NBK604180/bin/NG240-Methods-pdf.pdf">methods</a> document (supplementary document 1).</p><p>Declarations of interest were recorded according to <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/about/who-we-are/policies-and-procedures" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NICE’s conflicts of interest policy</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1.4"><h4>Diagnostic evidence</h4><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1.4.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>Nine studies were included for this review, 1 systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref2" rid="niceng240er6.ref2">Bell 2015</a>), and 8 single-gate, cross-sectional, diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) studies that were published after the systematic review or did not meet the inclusion criteria of the systematic review but were relevant to this review (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref1" rid="niceng240er6.ref1">Baker 1989</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref3" rid="niceng240er6.ref3">Borchsenius 1991</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref4" rid="niceng240er6.ref4">Bourke 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref5" rid="niceng240er6.ref5">Bugden 2004</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref6" rid="niceng240er6.ref6">Marzouk 1993</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref7" rid="niceng240er6.ref7">McKenna 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref8" rid="niceng240er6.ref8">Paize 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref9" rid="niceng240er6.ref9">Wells 2001</a>). No evidence from test and treat randomised controlled trials were identified.</p><p>The included studies are summarised in <a href="/books/NBK604180/table/niceng240er6.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er6tab2">Table 2</a>.</p><p>Five studies looked at the DTA of white cell count (WCC; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref1" rid="niceng240er6.ref1">Baker 1989</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref2" rid="niceng240er6.ref2">Bell 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref3" rid="niceng240er6.ref3">Borchsenius 1991</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref4" rid="niceng240er6.ref4">Bourke 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref9" rid="niceng240er6.ref9">Wells 2001</a>), 2 studies looked at the DTA of neutrophil count (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref4" rid="niceng240er6.ref4">Bourke 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref9" rid="niceng240er6.ref9">Wells 2001</a>), 7 studies looked at the DTA of C-reactive protein (CRP; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref2" rid="niceng240er6.ref2">Bell 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref3" rid="niceng240er6.ref3">Borchsenius 1991</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref4" rid="niceng240er6.ref4">Bourke 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref5" rid="niceng240er6.ref5">Bugden 2004</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref6" rid="niceng240er6.ref6">Marzouk 1993</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref8" rid="niceng240er6.ref8">Paize 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref9" rid="niceng240er6.ref9">Wells 2001</a>), 3 studies looked at the DTA of procalcitonin (PCT; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref2" rid="niceng240er6.ref2">Bell 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref5" rid="niceng240er6.ref5">Bugden 2004</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref8" rid="niceng240er6.ref8">Paize 2011</a>), 2 studies looked at the DTA of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref4" rid="niceng240er6.ref4">Bourke 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref7" rid="niceng240er6.ref7">McKenna 2011</a>), 1 study looked at platelets (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref9" rid="niceng240er6.ref9">Wells 2001</a>), and 1 study looked at the combination of CRP and WCC (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref2" rid="niceng240er6.ref2">Bell 2015</a>). There was no evidence identified for blood lactate or urine meningococcal antigen.</p><p>Five studies used culture (from blood or CSF) and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Neisseria meningitidis as the reference standard (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref2" rid="niceng240er6.ref2">Bell 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref4" rid="niceng240er6.ref4">Bourke 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref5" rid="niceng240er6.ref5">Bugden 2004</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref8" rid="niceng240er6.ref8">Paize 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref9" rid="niceng240er6.ref9">Wells 2001</a>), 1 study used blood and/or CSF culture for Neisseria meningitidis (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref1" rid="niceng240er6.ref1">Baker 1989</a>), 1 study used blood PCR (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref7" rid="niceng240er6.ref7">McKenna 2011</a>), 1 study used blood and/or CSF culture and gram staining and/or antigen detection (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref6" rid="niceng240er6.ref6">Marzouk 1993</a>), and 1 study used blood and/or CSF culture and/or CSF leukocyte count (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref3" rid="niceng240er6.ref3">Borchsenius 1991</a>).</p><p>Six studies included babies and children (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref1" rid="niceng240er6.ref1">Baker 1989</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref2" rid="niceng240er6.ref2">Bell 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref4" rid="niceng240er6.ref4">Bourke 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref6" rid="niceng240er6.ref6">Marzouk 1993</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref8" rid="niceng240er6.ref8">Paize 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref9" rid="niceng240er6.ref9">Wells 2001</a>), 1 study did not clearly define the age range for the data included in this review but it was predominantly from babies and children aged under 13 years (at least 92%) so this study is included in the babies and children group (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref7" rid="niceng240er6.ref7">McKenna 2011</a>), 1 study (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref5" rid="niceng240er6.ref5">Bugden 2004</a>) included young adults (aged 14 to 40 years), and 1 study did not define the age range of participants (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref3" rid="niceng240er6.ref3">Borchsenius 1991</a>).</p><p>Three studies compared people with meningococcal disease to a mixed comparison group including both those with no meningitis/septicaemia and those with other types of meningitis (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref1" rid="niceng240er6.ref1">Baker 1989</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref3" rid="niceng240er6.ref3">Borchsenius 1991</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref6" rid="niceng240er6.ref6">Marzouk 1993</a>). For 6 studies the comparison was between people with meningococcal disease and an undefined non-meningococcal disease control group (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref2" rid="niceng240er6.ref2">Bell 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref4" rid="niceng240er6.ref4">Bourke 2015</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref5" rid="niceng240er6.ref5">Bugden 2004</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref7" rid="niceng240er6.ref7">McKenna 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref8" rid="niceng240er6.ref8">Paize 2011</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref9" rid="niceng240er6.ref9">Wells 2001</a>).</p><p>See the literature search strategy in <a href="#niceng240er6.appb">appendix B</a> and study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng240er6.appc">appendix C</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1.4.2"><h5>Excluded studies</h5><p>Studies not included in this review are listed, and reasons for their exclusion are provided in <a href="#niceng240er6.appj">appendix J</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1.5"><h4>Summary of included studies</h4><p>Summaries of the studies that were included in this review are presented in <a href="/books/NBK604180/table/niceng240er6.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er6tab2">Table 2</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng240er6tab2"><a href="/books/NBK604180/table/niceng240er6.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng240er6tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng240er6.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK604180/table/niceng240er6.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er6tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of included studies. </p></div></div><p>See the full evidence tables in <a href="#niceng240er6.appd">appendix D</a> and the forest plots in <a href="#niceng240er6.appe">appendix E</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1.6"><h4>Summary of the evidence</h4><p>This section is a narrative summary of the findings of the review, as presented in the GRADE tables in <a href="#niceng240er6.appf">appendix F</a>. For details of the committee's confidence in the evidence and how this affected recommendations, see <a href="#niceng240er6.s1.1.10">The committee’s discussion and interpretation of the evidence</a>.</p><p>The evidence was assessed as being high to low quality. Downgrading of the evidence was due to 95% confidence intervals crossing decision making thresholds and risk of bias in the evidence. No meta-analyses were conducted for any of the index tests because of the high level of heterogeneity between studies in terms of populations, thresholds and reference standards used. See the GRADE tables in <a href="#niceng240er6.appf">appendix F</a> for the certainty of the evidence for each individual outcome.</p><p>For interpreting the sensitivity and specificity estimates, the following rules of thumb were used (as outlined in the review protocol in <a href="#niceng240er6.appa">Appendix A</a>): sensitivity/specificity estimates of at least 90% were considered as very sensitive/specific; at least 50% as moderately sensitive/specific; and less than 50% as not sensitive/specific.</p><p>Overall, the evidence showed that white cell count (WCC) and neutrophil count were both moderately sensitive and moderately specific for a diagnosis of meningococcal disease in babies and children. There was some evidence from an undefined age range that showed moderate sensitivity of WCC for a diagnosis of meningococcal disease, although specificity fell below the moderate threshold.</p><p>C-reactive protein (CRP) was both moderately to very sensitive and specific for a diagnosis of meningococcal disease in babies and children. There was some evidence showing CRP to be very sensitive and moderately specific for a diagnosis of meningococcal disease in young adults. There was also some evidence from an undefined age range that CRP was moderately sensitive but not specific for a diagnosis of meningococcal disease.</p><p>Procalcitonin (PCT) was moderately to very sensitive and moderately specific for a diagnosis of meningococcal disease in babies and children. PCT was also very sensitive and moderately specific for a diagnosis of meningococcal disease in young adults.</p><p>Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was moderately to very sensitive and very specific for a diagnosis of meningococcal disease in babies and children.</p><p>There was some evidence that low platelet count was very specific but not sensitive for a diagnosis of meningococcal disease in babies and children.</p><p>The combination of WCC and CRP was moderately specific (and just below threshold for moderate sensitivity) for a diagnosis of meningococcal disease in babies and children.</p><p>No evidence was available for blood lactate or urine meningococcal antigen.</p><p>See <a href="#niceng240er6.appf">appendix F</a> for full GRADE tables.</p></div><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1.7"><h4>Economic evidence</h4><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1.7.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>A single economic search was undertaken for all topics included in the scope of this guideline. One economic study was identified which was relevant to this question (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref2" rid="niceng240er6.ref2">Bell 2015</a>).</p><p>See the literature search strategy in <a href="#niceng240er6.appb">appendix B</a> and economic study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng240er6.appg">appendix G</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng240er6tab3"><a href="/books/NBK604180/table/niceng240er6.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng240er6tab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng240er6.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK604180/table/niceng240er6.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er6tab3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Economic evidence profile of procalcitonin test plus standard testing versus standard testing in the diagnosis of meningococcal disease in children. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1.8"><h4>Economic model</h4><p>The cost-effectiveness of procalcitonin for the diagnosis of meningococcal disease was originally prioritised for economic analysis for this review question. However, following the presentation of the clinical evidence it was decided that health economic modelling would not aid the committee decision making given the data from the many included studies could not be synthesised because of the heterogeneity across them. Furthermore, the committee were not persuaded that the clinical evidence was sufficiently strong to make an offer recommendation for PCT given its higher cost when compared to CRP.</p></div><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1.9"><h4>Evidence statements</h4><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1.9.1"><h5>Economic</h5><p>One cost effectiveness analysis found that procalcitonin plus standard testing dominated (cheaper and more effective) standard testing alone for the diagnosis of meningococcal disease in children presenting with fever without source at the emergency department. The evidence was directly applicable but with potentially serious limitations.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1.10"><h4>The committee's discussion and interpretation of the evidence</h4><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1.10.1"><h5>The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The committee agreed that they would prioritise sensitivity over specificity for this diagnostic test accuracy review. They considered the impact of true positives (correctly identifying meningococcal disease and starting the appropriate management), true negatives (reassuring patients and carers that the person does not have meningococcal disease), false positives (potentially starting unnecessary treatments) and false negatives (failing to identify people that require further interventions and intensive management). The committee noted that false negatives could be particularly impactful as they could lead to treatment being delayed until the condition worsens, which would likely result in worse outcomes for the person affected – hence a particular need to focus on the sensitivity of tests. The committee considered the positive and negative predictive values as additional information alongside sensitivity and specificity to allow them to understand what the impact of a system that recommended a certain action for all positive or negative test results would have.</p></div><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1.10.2"><h5>The quality of the evidence</h5><p>The quality of the evidence was assessed with GRADE and was rated as high to low quality and evidence was typically downgraded due to imprecision (95% confidence intervals crossing decision making thresholds) and risk of bias in the evidence (mainly due to missing data or the exclusion of participants from analyses).</p><p>No meta-analyses were conducted for any of the index tests because of the high level of heterogeneity between studies in terms of populations, thresholds and reference standards used. No evidence was available for blood lactate or urine meningococcal antigen.</p></div><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1.10.3"><h5>Benefits and harms</h5><p>The committee noted that none of the blood tests were shown to be both very sensitive and very specific across studies in the evidence reviewed and agreed that no individual blood test would be sufficient to make a diagnosis of meningococcal disease. The committee also agreed that meningococcal disease should not be ruled out based on a normal CRP, PCT or white blood cell count alone. However, the committee agreed that blood tests can be an important tool to support diagnosis (when considered alongside the clinical features) and these tests are simple, cheap, and widely used in current practice. The committee considered the evidence on sensitivity and specificity, together with their clinical knowledge and experience, to recommend blood tests that might support a diagnosis of meningococcal disease.</p><p>There was evidence that both procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were at least moderately sensitive and moderately specific for a diagnosis of meningococcal disease. The evidence showed that, overall, PCT was moderately to very sensitive and moderately specific for diagnosing meningococcal disease in babies and children, and very sensitive and moderately specific for young adults (aged 14–40 years). CRP was both moderately to very sensitive and specific for a diagnosis of meningococcal disease in babies and children, very sensitive and moderately specific in young adults, and moderately sensitive (but not specific) in an undefined age range. The committee discussed the higher costs associated with PCT and agreed that the difference in diagnostic accuracy was not sufficient to warrant recommending PCT over CRP. The committee therefore recommended that CRP, or PCT if CRP is not available, should be included in the blood tests performed for people with suspected meningococcal disease.</p><p>The evidence showed that white cell count (WCC) and neutrophil count were both moderately sensitive and moderately specific for diagnosing meningococcal disease in babies and children. There was also some evidence from an undefined age range that showed moderate sensitivity of WCC, although specificity fell below the moderate threshold. The committee agreed that white blood cell count (including neutrophils) may inform treatment decisions when considered alongside clinical presentation and could guide healthcare professionals in deciding if further investigations are required, and on this basis the committee recommended that this test should be performed.</p><p>The accuracy of blood culture and blood polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Neisseria meningitidis were not investigated as part of this review as they were included in the reference standard rather than index tests. The committee agreed that it was important to specify that these tests should be performed, and their clinical benefit (based on committee consensus) to support a diagnosis was recognised by including them in the list of gold standards for diagnosis specified in the review protocol. The committee recommended a whole-blood diagnostic PCR and gave examples of PCR for meningococcal and pneumococcal as these are the more widely available tests in clinical practice. The PCR was not restricted to meningococcal to allow for differential diagnosis, and the recommendation was left open to allow for other PCR tests as this is an area of active research and development.</p><p>No evidence was identified for the diagnostic accuracy of lactate. The committee agreed that it was important to specify that this test should be performed as the absence of lactate from the recommended list of tests could have the unintended consequence that this test would no longer be performed, and the committee agreed it is important and part of routine practice.</p><p>Only one study investigated a combination of index tests, which was the combination of WCC and CRP. This combination was moderately specific, and just below the threshold for moderate sensitivity, for a diagnosis of meningococcal disease in babies and children. The committee did not recommend diagnosis of meningococcal disease based on any specific combination of tests, but recommended a comprehensive list of blood tests should be performed to support a diagnosis.</p><p>The committee considered the accuracy of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). The evidence base was small but showed LAMP was moderately to very sensitive and very specific for a diagnosis of meningococcal disease in babies and children. However, the committee did not consider it appropriate to include LAMP in the recommendations because it is not routinely available outside of the research setting in the UK, and the committee did not find the evidence sufficiently compelling to recommend a change to current clinical practice.</p><p>The committee discussed that a bacterial throat swab should be taken from all cases with suspected meningococcal disease. Positive meningococcal isolate would provide additional information about the strain of N. meningitidis. The committee acknowledged that the throat swab should be taken before the administration of antibiotics and on the request form it should be specified that the swab is for meningococcal culture. Furthermore, the committee agreed that it is important to include this recommendation as it is in line with <u>Guidance for public health management of meningococcal disease in the UK</u>.</p></div><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1.10.4"><h5>Cost effectiveness and resource use</h5><p>An included study (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref2" rid="niceng240er6.ref2">Bell 2015</a>) suggested that procalcitonin (PCT) plus standard care (CRP and WCC) dominated standard care alone for the diagnosis of meningococcal disease in a population of children with fever without source. The study reported that costs were lower, despite additional expenditure on PCT, as better diagnostic accuracy resulted in less unnecessary treatment in false positives and a reduction in treatment delays from a reduction in false negatives. However, the committee noted the potentially serious limitations in the study. First, the study results were not based on the same prevalence between the diagnostic strategies being compared. Second, the analysis did not address uncertainty in parameter point estimates for sensitivity, specificity, and prevalence. Third, whilst the analysis stated that it was a comparison of PCT plus standard care against standard care, the diagnostic accuracy of PCT plus standard care did not seem to be based on those tests used in combination but rather of PCT as a standalone test. Finally, it was not clear what the probabilities were or how they were derived for disease severity following a particular diagnostic outcome (true positive, false positive, false negative and true negative) which were fundamental in driving the differences in costs between the diagnostic strategies compared. Therefore, given the potential serious limitations of this analysis, the committee did not use the results from this study to inform their recommendations.</p><p>The committee did not think the clinical evidence was sufficiently strong to conclude that the additional costs of PCT would represent a cost-effective use of NHS resources. Therefore, they only recommended its use when CRP was not available (for example, if a local decision was made to prefer PCT over CRP, this would be acceptable, and it would not be necessary to perform both tests). While the committee acknowledged that no one single blood test could be used to diagnose meningococcal disease they believed several inexpensive blood tests could help support diagnosis and therefore in addition to CRP or PCT, they also recommended blood culture, white blood cell count, lactate, and whole-blood diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The considered these useful tests would be cost-effective given their low cost.</p><p>The committee believed that their recommendations for investigating and diagnosing suspected meningococcal disease are in line with current practice and would not result in a significant resource impact to the NHS.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er6.s1.1.11"><h4>Recommendations supported by this evidence review</h4><p>This evidence review supports recommendations 1.5.2 to 1.5.5.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er6.rl.r1"><h3>References - included studies</h3><ul class="simple-list"><div id="niceng240er6.rl.r1.1"><h4>Diagnostic</h4><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er6.ref1"><p id="p-230">
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<strong>Baker 1989</strong>
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</p>Baker
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R.C., Seguin
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J.H., Leslie
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N., Gilchrist
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M.J., Myers
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M.G., Fever and petechiae in children, Pediatrics, 84, 1051–1055, 1989
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2587134" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2587134</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er6.ref2"><p id="p-231">
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<strong>Bell 2015</strong>
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</p>Bell
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J. M., Shields
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M. D., Agus
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A., Dunlop
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K., Bourke
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T., Kee
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F., Lynn
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F., Clinical and cost-effectiveness of procalcitonin test for prodromal Meningococcal Disease - A metaanalysis, PLoS ONE, 10, e0128993, 2015
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4459795/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4459795</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26053385" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26053385</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er6.ref3"><p id="p-232">
|
|
<strong>Borchsenius 1991</strong>
|
|
</p>Borchsenius
|
|
F., Bruun
|
|
J. N., Tonjum
|
|
T., Systemic meningococcal disease: the diagnosis on admission to hospital. NIPH Annals, 11–22, 1991
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1881574" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1881574</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er6.ref4"><p id="p-233">
|
|
<strong>Bourke 2015</strong>
|
|
</p>Bourke
|
|
T.W., McKenna
|
|
J.P., Coyle
|
|
P.V., Shields
|
|
M.D., Fairley
|
|
D.J., Diagnostic accuracy of loop-mediated isothermal amplification as a near-patient test for meningococcal disease in children: an observational cohort study, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 15, 552–558, 2015
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25728843" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25728843</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er6.ref5"><p id="p-234">
|
|
<strong>Bugden 2004</strong>
|
|
</p>Bugden
|
|
S. A., Coles
|
|
C., Mills
|
|
G. D., The potential role of procalcitonin in the emergency department management of febrile young adults during a sustained meningococcal epidemic, Emergency Medicine Australasia, 16, 114–119, 2004
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15239725" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15239725</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er6.ref6"><p id="p-235">
|
|
<strong>Marzouk 1993</strong>
|
|
</p>Marzouk
|
|
O., Bestwick
|
|
K., Thomson
|
|
A. P. J., Sills
|
|
J. A., Hart
|
|
C. A., Variation in serum C-reactive protein across the clinical spectrum of meningococcal disease, Acta Paediatrica, 82, 729–733, 1993
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8241667" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8241667</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er6.ref7"><p id="p-236">
|
|
<strong>McKenna 2011</strong>
|
|
</p>McKenna
|
|
J. P., Fairley
|
|
D. J., Shields
|
|
M. D., Cosby
|
|
S. L., Wyatt
|
|
D. E., McCaughey
|
|
C., Coyle
|
|
P. V., Development and clinical validation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for the rapid detection of Neisseria meningitidis, Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 69, 137–144, 2011
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21251556" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21251556</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er6.ref8"><p id="p-237">
|
|
<strong>Paize 2011</strong>
|
|
</p>Paize
|
|
F., Carrol
|
|
E., Downey
|
|
C., Parry
|
|
C. M., Green
|
|
G., Diggle
|
|
P., Newland
|
|
P., Riordan
|
|
F. A. I., Thomson
|
|
A., Hart
|
|
C. A., Toh
|
|
C. H., Diagnostic efficacy of activated partial thromboplastin time waveform and procalcitonin analysis in pediatric meningococcal sepsis, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, 12, e322–e329, 2011
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21666537" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21666537</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er6.ref9"><p id="p-238">
|
|
<strong>Wells 2001</strong>
|
|
</p>Wells
|
|
L.C., Smith
|
|
J.C., Weston
|
|
V.C., Collier
|
|
J., Rutter
|
|
N., The child with a non-blanching rash: how likely is meningococcal disease?, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 85, 218–222, 2001
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1718924/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1718924</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11517104" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11517104</span></a>]</div></p></li></ul></div><div id="niceng240er6.rl.r1.2"><h4>Economic</h4><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er6.ref10"><p id="p-239">
|
|
<strong>Bell 2015</strong>
|
|
</p>Bell
|
|
J. M., Shields
|
|
M. D., Agus
|
|
A., Dunlop
|
|
K., Bourke
|
|
T., Kee
|
|
F., Lynn
|
|
F., Clinical and cost-effectiveness of procalcitonin test for prodromal Meningococcal Disease - A metaanalysis, PLoS ONE, 10, e0128993, 2015
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4459795/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4459795</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26053385" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26053385</span></a>]</div></p></li></ul></div></ul></div></div><div id="appendixesappgroup1"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup1_">Appendices</h2><div id="niceng240er6.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="niceng240er6.appa.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604180/bin/niceng240er6-appa-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Review protocol for review question: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing meningococcal disease?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 260K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er6.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><p id="niceng240er6.appb.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604180/bin/niceng240er6-appb-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Literature search strategies for review question: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing meningococcal disease?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 261K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er6.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Diagnostic evidence study selection</h3><p id="niceng240er6.appc.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604180/bin/niceng240er6-appc-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Study selection for: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing meningococcal disease?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 172K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er6.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Evidence tables</h3><p id="niceng240er6.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604180/bin/niceng240er6-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Evidence tables for review question: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing meningococcal disease?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 339K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er6.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Forest plots</h3><p id="niceng240er6.appe.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604180/bin/niceng240er6-appe-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Forest plots for review question: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing meningococcal disease?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 175K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er6.appf"><h3>Appendix F. GRADE tables</h3><p id="niceng240er6.appf.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604180/bin/niceng240er6-appf-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">GRADE tables for review question: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing meningococcal disease?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 238K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er6.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Economic evidence study selection</h3><p id="niceng240er6.appg.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604180/bin/niceng240er6-appg-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Study selection for: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing meningococcal disease?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 97K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er6.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Economic evidence tables</h3><p id="niceng240er6.apph.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604180/bin/niceng240er6-apph-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Economic evidence tables for review question: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing meningococcal disease?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 142K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er6.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Economic model</h3><div id="niceng240er6.appi.s1"><h4>Economic model for review question: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing meningococcal disease?</h4><p>No economic analysis was conducted for this review question.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er6.appj"><h3>Appendix J. Excluded studies</h3><div id="niceng240er6.appj.s1"><h4>Excluded studies for review question: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing meningococcal disease?</h4><div id="niceng240er6.appj.s1.1"><h5>Diagnostic studies</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng240er6appjtab1"><a href="/books/NBK604180/table/niceng240er6.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 18" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng240er6appjtab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng240er6.appj.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK604180/table/niceng240er6.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er6appjtab1">Table 18</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Excluded studies and reasons for their exclusion. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng240er6.appj.s1.2"><h5>Excluded economic studies</h5><p>No studies were identified which were applicable to this review question.</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng240er6.appk"><h3>Appendix K. Research recommendations - full details</h3><div id="niceng240er6.appk.s1"><h4>Research recommendations for review question: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing meningococcal disease?</h4><p>No research recommendation was made for this review.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Evidence review underpinning recommendations 1.5.2 to 1.5.5 in the NICE guideline</p><p>This evidence review was developed by NICE</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2024.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK604180</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38843369" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">38843369</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng240er6tab1"><div id="niceng240er6.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">Summary of the protocol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK604180/table/niceng240er6.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng240er6.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Population</b>
|
|
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All adults, young people, children and babies (excluding neonates defined as aged 28 days old and younger) with suspected meningococcal disease (excluding meningococcal meningitis alone, as this is included in the reviews on bacterial meningitis)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Index tests</b>
|
|
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Use of the following investigations, individually or in combination:</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Blood</b>
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>white cell count</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>neutrophil count</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>C-reactive protein (CRP)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>lactate</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>procalcitonin</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>molecular diagnosis for <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>platelets</div></li></ul>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Urine</b>
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Meningococcal antigen</div></li></ul>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Reference standard</b>
|
|
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bacterial culture for Neisseria meningitidis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blood culture for Neisseria meningitidis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR; in blood or CSF) for Neisseria meningitidis (using laboratory based techniques)</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Target condition</b>
|
|
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meningococcal disease (excluding meningococcal meningitis alone)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">CRP: c-reactive protein; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; PCR: polymerase chain reaction</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng240er6tab2"><div id="niceng240er6.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of included studies</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK604180/table/niceng240er6.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng240er6.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Index test(s)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Reference standard(s)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref1" rid="niceng240er6.ref1">Baker 1989</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>USA</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=54</p>
|
|
<p>Children and young people aged <21 years old with presence/history of fever >38°C and a petechial rash</p>
|
|
<p>Meningococcal disease n=15:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in months (median; range in parentheses): 41 (6–180)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex not reported</p>
|
|
<p>No meningitis/septicaemia/viral meningitis n=39:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in months (median; range in parentheses): 45 (3–132)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>WCC</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as >15,000/μl (converted to 15 × 10<sup>9</sup>/l for consistency with other studies)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Blood or CSF culture</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sensitivity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Specificity</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4/15 in MD group (27%) meningococcal meningitis and bacteraemia; 4/15 (27%) meningococcal meningitis without bacteraemia; and 7/15 (47%) bacteraemia without meningitis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref2" rid="niceng240er6.ref2">Bell 2015</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data</p>
|
|
<p>Review conducted in UK; included studies restricted to middle-high income countries</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6 studies (N=881) included in SR (N=518–671 included in analysis)</p>
|
|
<p>Children aged 1 month to 16 years admitted to hospital with suspected meningococcal disease (fever>38°C, without source after clinical history/examination)</p>
|
|
<p>No further details reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>WCC</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Thresholds for individual studies not reported; optimal threshold defined as 16 × 10<sup>9</sup>/l</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Thresholds for individual studies not reported; optimal threshold defined as 28mg/l</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>PCT</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Thresholds ranged from 0.2ng/ml to 2ng/ml; optimal threshold defined as 1.93ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Combined CRP & WCC</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Optimal thresholds defined as CRP 28 mg/l and WCC 16 × 10<sup>9</sup>/l</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Blood or CSF culture or PCR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sensitivity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Specificity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>AUC</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sample sizes or demographic details not reported for those with meningococcal disease or non-meningococcal disease control group across all included studies. For data included in analysis, MD n=104–201 and non-MD n=414–474 (variation due to differing amounts of data available for each index test)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref3" rid="niceng240er6.ref3">Borchsenius 1991</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>Norway</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=120</p>
|
|
<p>People with suspected systemic meningococcal disease admitted to hospital (those with meningitis only are not included in this review*)</p>
|
|
<p>Meningococcal disease (n=59):</p>
|
|
<p>Age: Reported for whole MD group only; Mean/median not reported; 50% aged < 12 years</p>
|
|
<p>Sex not reported</p>
|
|
<p>No meningococcal disease (n=61):</p>
|
|
<p>Age: Mean/median not reported; 79% aged < 12 years</p>
|
|
<p>Sex not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥20 mg/l</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>WCC</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Threshold defined as <4000 or ≥11000 cells/mm<sup>3</sup> (converted to × 10<sup>9</sup>/l for consistency with other studies)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF and/or blood culture, clinical picture, meningococcal antigen in CSF, or growth of N. meningitidis in pharyngeal swab specimens</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sensitivity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Specificity</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">*Those with meningococcal meningitis only are included in the review on blood and urine investigations for suspected bacterial meningitis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref4" rid="niceng240er6.ref4">Bourke 2015</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>UK</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=148</p>
|
|
<p>Children aged 0–13 years old presenting to emergency department with suspected meningitis or septicaemia (fever, unwell appearance, non-blanching rash, signs of meningitis, or signs of septicaemia)</p>
|
|
<p>Meningococcal disease group n=27: Age/sex not reported by arm</p>
|
|
<p>Non-meningococcal disease group n=121: No further details reported for control group</p>
|
|
<p>Whole sample (N=148):</p>
|
|
<p>Age (median; range in parentheses): 11 months (17 days-12.5 years)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 84 (57%); female: 64 (43%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as >60mg/l</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>WCC</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Abnormal WCC defined as outside the normal range (<5 or >13 × 10<sup>9</sup>/l)</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Neutrophils</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Abnormal neutrophil count defined as outside the normal range (<2 or >8 × 10<sup>9</sup>/l)</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Molecular diagnosis for Neisseria meningitidis</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Loop-mediated isothemal amplification (LAMP)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Blood culture or PCR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sensitivity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Specificity</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Serogroup of N. meningitidis: B n=26 (96%); Y n=1 (4%)</p>
|
|
<p>Culture was also performed on CSF but all these results were negative (presumed due to antibiotics prior to lumbar puncture)</p>
|
|
<p>Antibiotics prior to lumbar puncture: 148 (100%)</p>
|
|
<p>Paper also reports CRP at threshold >10mg/l but only data for >60mg/l threshold included in review as this is more consistent with other studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref5" rid="niceng240er6.ref5">Bugden 2004</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>New Zealand</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=183</p>
|
|
<p>Young adults aged 14–40 years presenting to the emergency department with temperature ≥38°C (or history of fever and use of antipyretic medicine) or symptoms consistent with meningococcal disease (referred by GP)</p>
|
|
<p>Meningococcal disease group n=9: No further details reported</p>
|
|
<p>Negative for meningococcal disease group n=174: No further details reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>PCT</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥0.5 ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥20mg/l</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Blood and/or CSF culture and meningococcal PCR on blood and/or CSF</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sensitivity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Specificity</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Very small number of people diagnosed with meningococcal disease; therefore confidence intervals are wide</p>
|
|
<p>9/9 MD group had history of fever; only 4/9 had a recorded temperature >38° at the initial presentation</p>
|
|
<p>Prior antibiotics: 25/183 (14%)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref6" rid="niceng240er6.ref6">Marzouk 1993</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>UK</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=180</p>
|
|
<p>Children who presented with suspected clinical diagnosis of meningococcal disease</p>
|
|
<p>Meningococcal disease group n=124:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in months (median; range in parentheses): 18 (1–182)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex not reported</p>
|
|
<p>No meningitis/viral meningitis group n=56:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in months (median; no measure of variance reported): 14</p>
|
|
<p>Sex not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥60mg/l</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF culture, blood culture, Gram stain and/or meningococcal antigen detected in blood or CSF</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sensitivity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Specificity</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>MD group included 15/124 with meningococcal meningitis only but disaggregated data not reported for this group</p>
|
|
<p>Serogroup of N. meningitidis: B n=78 (63%); C n=36 (29%); unknown n=10 (8%)</p>
|
|
<p>Paper also reports CRP at thresholds of ≥40mg/l and ≥100mg/l, but data only extracted for ≥60mg/l threshold as this is more consistent with other studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref7" rid="niceng240er6.ref7">McKenna 2011</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>UK</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=213</p>
|
|
<p>Residual clinical specimens (serum and EDTA blood), predominantly from children presenting to the emergency department with suspected meningitis or septicaemia</p>
|
|
<p>Meningococcal disease group n=18: No further details reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-meningococcal disease group n=195: No further details reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Molecular diagnosis for Neisseria meningitidis</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Loop-mediated isothemal amplification (LAMP)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Blood PCR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sensitivity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Specificity</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study also reports LAMP data for other specimen types (throat swab, CSF, respiratory secretions, faeces) but data only extracted for serum (n=141) and EDTA blood (n=72)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref8" rid="niceng240er6.ref8">Paize 2011</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>UK</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=36</p>
|
|
<p>Children attending A&E with suspected meningococcal disease or transferring from regional hospitals with diagnosed meningococcal disease</p>
|
|
<p>Meningococcal disease n=24: Age/sex not available by arm</p>
|
|
<p>Non-meningococcal disease n=12: Presumed viral illness, no further details reported</p>
|
|
<p>Whole sample (N=36):</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (median; range in parentheses): 2 (0–4.5)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 13 (36%); female: 23 (64%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Threshold not specified</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>PCT</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as >0.5ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Blood or CSF culture or PCR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sensitivity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Specificity</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Paper also reports PCT at 11.5ng/ml threshold but only data for 0.5ng/ml threshold included in review as it is more consistent with other studies</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref9" rid="niceng240er6.ref9">Wells 2001</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>UK</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=218</p>
|
|
<p>Children aged ≤15 years presenting to emergency department with non-blanching rash</p>
|
|
<p>Meningococcal disease n=24: Age/sex not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-meningococcal disease n=194: No further details reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>WCC</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Abnormal WCC defined as outside the normal range (<4 or >11 × 10<sup>9</sup>/l)</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Neutrophils</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Abnormal neutrophil count defined as outside the normal range (<2 or >7.5 × 10<sup>9</sup>/l)</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Platelets</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Low platelet count defined as <150 × 10<sup>9</sup>/l</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as >6mg/l</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF culture, blood culture, and/or positive PCR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sensitivity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Specificity</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serogroup of N. meningitidis: B n=12 (50%); C n=11 (46%); unknown n=1 (4%)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">A&E: accident and emergency; AUC: area under the curve; CRP: c-reactive protein; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; DTA: diagnostic test accuracy; EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; GP: general practitioner; LAMP: loop-mediated isothermal amplification; MD: meningococcal disease; N. meningitidis: Neisseria meningitides; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PCT: procalcitonin; WCC: white cell count</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng240er6tab3"><div id="niceng240er6.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Economic evidence profile of procalcitonin test plus standard testing versus standard testing in the diagnosis of meningococcal disease in children</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK604180/table/niceng240er6.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng240er6.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Limitations</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Other comments</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_5" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incremental</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_6" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Uncertainty</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Costs</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Effect</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cost effectiveness</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref2" rid="niceng240er6.ref2">Bell 2015</a> Clinical and Cost-Effectiveness of Procalcitonin Test for Prodromal Meningococcal Disease–A Meta-Analysis</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potentially serious limitations<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Directly applicable<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p><b>Type of economic analysis</b>: Cost-effectiveness analysis – decision analytic model</p>
|
|
<p><b>Time horizon:</b> < 1-year</p>
|
|
<p><b>Primary measure of outcome:</b> Correctly treated patient</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-£464<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.051</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dominant (PCT + standard testing is cheaper and more effective than standard testing alone)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>One-way sensitivity analysis was undertaken by varying the diagnostic thresholds for each test, using the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristics (HSROC) statistics.</p>
|
|
<p>This suggested that PCT plus standard testing was cost-saving except when the PCT threshold approached 0.2ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="niceng240er6.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Outcome does not capture differences in long-term health related quality of life and a different prevalence was used in the model for procalcitonin plus standard testing than for standard testing</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="niceng240er6.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">QALYs are not used as an outcome measure</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="niceng240er6.tab3_3"><p class="no_margin">Costs from a 2017–18 price year were updated for inflation to 2019/20 using an inflator of 1.05 derived from the hospital & community health services (HCHS) index and NHS Cost Inflation Index (NHSCII).</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng240er6appjtab1"><div id="niceng240er6.appj.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 18</span><span class="title">Excluded studies and reasons for their exclusion</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK604180/table/niceng240er6.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng240er6.appj.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for Exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Alliluev
|
|
A. P, Koroleva
|
|
I. S, Vengerov
|
|
Yu Ya, Kotel'nikova
|
|
O. V
|
|
et al (1999) Latex agglutination test for rapid and retrospective diagnosis of meningococcal infection. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
|
|
128(5): 1128–1131
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Baethgen
|
|
L. F, Moraes
|
|
C, Weidlich
|
|
L
|
|
et al (2003) Direct-test PCR for detection of meningococcal DNA and its serogroup characterization: Standardization and adaptation for use in a public health laboratory. Journal of Medical Microbiology
|
|
52(9): 793–799
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12909657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12909657</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>CSF sample</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bas Suarez
|
|
M. P, Sebastian Garcia
|
|
I, Mendoza Alamo
|
|
P
|
|
et al (2010) Febrile neonates: Reliability of low risk criteria for serious bacterial infection. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine
|
|
1: 399
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Conference abstract</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Baspinar
|
|
E. O, Dayan
|
|
S, Bekcibasi
|
|
M
|
|
et al (2017) Comparison of culture and PCR methods in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Brazilian journal of microbiology: [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]
|
|
48(2): 232–236
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5470338/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5470338</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27793541" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27793541</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Only CSF samples tested</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Benito
|
|
J, Luaces-Cubells
|
|
C, Mintegi
|
|
S
|
|
et al (2013) Lack of value of midregional proadrenomedullin and C-terminal pro-endothelin-1 for prediction of severe bacterial infections in infants with fever without a source. European Journal of Pediatrics
|
|
172(11): 1441–9
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23793138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23793138</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>0.8% with bacterial meningitis</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bennett
|
|
D. E; Mulhall
|
|
R. M; Cafferkey
|
|
M. T. PCR-based assay for detection of Neisseria meningitidis capsular serogroups 29E, X, and Z. Journal of clinical microbiology
|
|
42(4): 1764–5 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC387612/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC387612</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15071043" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15071043</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Borrow
|
|
R, Claus
|
|
H, Guiver
|
|
M
|
|
et al (1997) Nonculture diagnosis and serogroup determination of meningococcal B and C infection by a sialyltransferase (siaD) PCR ELISA. Epidemiology & InfectionEpidemiol Infect
|
|
118(2): 111–7 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2808779/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2808779</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9129587" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9129587</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Borrow
|
|
R, Guiver
|
|
M, Sadler
|
|
F
|
|
et al (1998) False positive diagnosis of meningococcal infection by the IS1106 PCR ELISA. FEMS Microbiology Letters
|
|
162(2): 215–218
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9627955" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9627955</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bourke
|
|
T. W; Fairley
|
|
D. J; Shields
|
|
M. D. (2010) Rapid diagnosis of meningococcal disease. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
|
|
8(12): 1321–1323
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21133654" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21133654</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Editorial</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Breeding
|
|
K. M, Ragipani
|
|
B, Lee
|
|
K. U. D
|
|
et al (2016) Real-time PCR-based serotyping of Streptococcus agalactiae. Scientific reports
|
|
6: 38523
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5133537/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5133537</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27910939" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27910939</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Population undefined (GBS infection)- no details whether population had meningitis or age of population</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bromberger
|
|
P. I, Chandler
|
|
B, Gezon
|
|
H
|
|
et al (1980) Rapid detection of neonatal group B streptococcal infections by latex agglutination. Journal of pediatrics
|
|
96(1): 104–6
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6985656" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6985656</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Neonates</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bronska
|
|
E, Dzupova
|
|
O, Krizova
|
|
P
|
|
et al (2005) Invasive meningococcal disease and latex agglutination test - Is it still beneficial for diagnosis?. Folia Microbiologica
|
|
50(5): 453–456
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16475507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16475507</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bronska
|
|
E, Kalmusova
|
|
J, Dzupova
|
|
O
|
|
et al (2006) Dynamics of PCR-based diagnosis in patients with invasive meningococcal disease. Clinical Microbiology and Infection
|
|
12(2): 137–141
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16441451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16441451</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Browne
|
|
K; Miegel
|
|
J; Stottmeier
|
|
K. D. (1984) Detection of pneumococci in blood cultures by latex agglutination. Journal of clinical microbiology
|
|
19(5): 649–650
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC271148/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC271148</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6736226" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6736226</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Population undefined (septic pneumococcal episode)- no details whether population had meningitis</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Carcamo Yanez
|
|
V. A, Gopfert
|
|
J. C, Otto
|
|
M
|
|
et al (2017) Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Procalcitonin Sandwich Immunoassay. HighthroughputHigh-throughput
|
|
6(4): 16 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5748597/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5748597</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29479055" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29479055</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Chiu
|
|
I. M, Huang
|
|
L. C, Chen
|
|
I. L
|
|
et al (2019) Diagnostic values of C-reactive protein and complete blood cell to identify invasive bacterial infection in young febrile infants. Pediatrics and Neonatology
|
|
60(2): 197–200
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30089532" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30089532</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>48% of population bacterial meningitis</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Clarke
|
|
S. C, Reid
|
|
J, Thom
|
|
L
|
|
et al (2001) Confirmation of meningococcal disease by urinary antigen testing. Clinical Microbiology and Infection
|
|
7(10): 565–567
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11683799" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11683799</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Reference standard not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>PCR urine</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Claxton
|
|
P. M and Masterton
|
|
R. G. (1994) Rapid organism identification from Bactec NR blood culture media in a diagnostic microbiology laboratory. Journal of Clinical Pathology
|
|
47(9): 796–8
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC494934/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC494934</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7962646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7962646</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Reference standard not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Blood culture</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Congeni
|
|
B. L; Igel
|
|
H. J; Platt
|
|
M. S. (1984) Evaluation of a latex particle agglutination kit in pneumococcal disease. Pediatric infectious disease
|
|
3(5): 417–9
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6494012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6494012</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Latex agglutination</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Coonrod
|
|
J. D and Rylko
|
|
Bauer (1976) Latex agglutination in the diagnosis of pneumococcal infection. Journal of clinical microbiology
|
|
4(2): 168–174
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC274420/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC274420</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9422" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9422</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Reference standard not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>LA of CSF</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Corless
|
|
C. E, Guiver
|
|
M, Borrow
|
|
R
|
|
et al (2001) Simultaneous detection of Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in suspected cases of meningitis and septicemia using real-time PCR. Journal of clinical microbiology
|
|
39(4): 1553–1558
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC87969/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC87969</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11283086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11283086</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Insufficient data to construct 2 × 2 table</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Cruciani
|
|
M and Mengoli
|
|
C. (2009) An Overview of Meta-analyses of Diagnostic Tests in Infectious Diseases. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
|
|
23(2): 225–267
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19393907" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19393907</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Review of diagnostic systematic review methods</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
de Paz
|
|
H. D, Brotons
|
|
P, Esteva
|
|
C
|
|
et al (2020) Validation of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Rapid Diagnosis of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
|
|
10 (no pagination) [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7105778/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7105778</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32266166" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32266166</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Reference standard not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>PCR of various clinical samples (only 0.8% were of CSF)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Deghmane
|
|
A. E; Hong
|
|
E; Taha
|
|
M. K. (2019) Diagnosis of Meningococcal Infection Using Internally Controlled Multiplex Real-Time PCR. Methods in Molecular BiologyMethods Mol Biol
|
|
1969: 17–31 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30877667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30877667</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Editorial</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Demissie
|
|
D. E, Kaplan
|
|
S. L, Romero
|
|
J. R
|
|
et al (2013) Altered neutrophil counts at diagnosis of invasive meningococcal infection in children. Pediatric infectious disease journal
|
|
32(10): 1070–1072
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23736141" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23736141</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Dillon
|
|
J. R; Carballo
|
|
M; Pauze
|
|
M. (1988) Evaluation of eight methods for identification of pathogenic Neisseria species: Neisseria-Kwik, RIM-N, Gonobio-Test, Minitek, Gonochek II, GonoGen, Phadebact Monoclonal GC OMNI Test, and Syva MicroTrak Test. Journal of clinical microbiology
|
|
26(3): 493–7
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC266319/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC266319</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3128578" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3128578</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Population does not meet the inclusion criteria</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Doyle
|
|
C. J and Jennison
|
|
A. V. (2013) Novel realtime polymerase chain reactions for serogroup specific gene detection of Neisseria meningitidis serogroups B, C, W-135 and Y. Journal of Microbiological Methods
|
|
94(2): 83–85
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23657053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23657053</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>PCR of blood or CSF (distribution not reported)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ferguson
|
|
B. L. (1966) Significance of the blood white cell count in the diagnosis of hemophilus influenzae meningitis. North Carolina medical journal (Durham, N.C.)
|
|
27(6): 286–287
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Case report</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Florea
|
|
D, Otelea
|
|
D, Bnica
|
|
L
|
|
et al (2012) PCR and mass spectrometry - A new diagnostic method for infectious diseases. Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases
|
|
4: 44
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Conference abstract</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Fretzayas
|
|
A, Moustaki
|
|
M, Stefos
|
|
E
|
|
et al (2010) Differential diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis based on common clinical and laboratory findings: Are there criterion standards?. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice
|
|
18(4): 253–257
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Diagnostic data on signs and symptoms only</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Friedland
|
|
L. R, Menon
|
|
A. G, Reising
|
|
S. F
|
|
et al (1994) Development of a polymerase chain reaction assay to detect the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA. Diagnostic Microbiology & Infectious DiseaseDiagn Microbiol Infect Dis
|
|
20(4): 187–93 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7705031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7705031</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Friedman
|
|
C. A; Wender
|
|
D. F; Rawson
|
|
J. E. (1984) Rapid diagnosis of group B streptococcal infection utilizing a commercially available latex agglutination assay. Pediatrics
|
|
73(1): 27–30
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6361678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6361678</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Neonates</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Gartzonika
|
|
C; Vrioni
|
|
G; Levidiotou
|
|
S. (2005) Evaluation of a commercially available reverse transcription-PCR enzyme immunoassay (Enterovirus Consensus kit) for the diagnosis of enterovirus central nervous system infections. Clinical Microbiology and Infection
|
|
11(2): 131–137
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15679487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15679487</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Only CSF samples tested</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ge
|
|
X; Li
|
|
P; Wu
|
|
Z. (2019) Clinical diagnostic value of combined detection of serum C-reactive protein and procalcitonin for bacterial infectious diseases in children. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan
|
|
29(2): 189–190
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30700365" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30700365</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Gooch
|
|
Iii W. M. (1985) Immunologic diagnosis of infectious disease by antigen detection in urine. Journal of Medical Technology
|
|
2(12): 762–765
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Discussion paper</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Gunduz
|
|
A, Tekin
|
|
M, Konca
|
|
C
|
|
et al (2018) Effectiveness of Laboratory Markers in Determining Serious Bacterial Infection in Children with Fever without Source. Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
|
|
13(4): 287–292
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Population does not meet the inclusion criteria</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hanson
|
|
L. A, Jodal
|
|
U, Sabel
|
|
K. G
|
|
et al (1983) The diagnostic value of C-reactive protein. Pediatric infectious disease
|
|
2(2): 87–9
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6856495" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6856495</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Editorial</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hatherill
|
|
M, Tibby
|
|
S.M, Sykes
|
|
K
|
|
et al (1999) Diagnostic markers of infection: comparison of procalcitonin with C reactive protein and leucocyte count. Archives of Disease in Childhood
|
|
81(5): 417–421
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1718133/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1718133</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10519716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10519716</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Diagnostic data available for serious bacterial infection defined as a combined category of septic shock and bacterial meningitis (only 10% of which were bacterial meningitis)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hill
|
|
R. B, Adams
|
|
S, Gunn
|
|
B. A
|
|
et al (1994) The effects of nonclassic pediatric bacterial pathogens on the usefulness of the Directigen latex agglutination test. American Journal of Clinical Pathology
|
|
101(6): 729–732
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8209860" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8209860</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>LA on CSF or urine (80% of bacterial meningitis group in urine; no details on comparator group)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hirvonen
|
|
J. J, Seiskari
|
|
T, Harju
|
|
I
|
|
et al (2015) Use of an automated PCR assay, the GenomEra S. pneumoniae, for rapid detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in blood cultures. Infectious Diseases
|
|
47(11): 796–800
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26162002" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26162002</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not meningococcal disease</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hong
|
|
E, Barraud
|
|
O, Bidet
|
|
P
|
|
et al (2012) Proficiency of PCR in hospital settings for nonculture diagnosis of invasive meningococcal infections. Clinical Laboratory
|
|
58(03apr): 343–346
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22582511" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22582511</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hoshina
|
|
T, Takimoto
|
|
T, Nanishi
|
|
E
|
|
et al (2015) The uselessness of procalcitonin in the diagnosis of focal bacterial central nervous system infection. Journal of infection and chemotherapy
|
|
21(8): 620–622
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25971424" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25971424</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Jordens
|
|
J. Z, Williams
|
|
J. N, Jones
|
|
G. R
|
|
et al (2002) Detection of meningococcal carriage by culture and PCR of throat swabs and mouth gargles. Journal of clinical microbiology
|
|
40(1): 75–79
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC120086/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC120086</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11773095" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11773095</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Meningococcal carriage in healthy volunteers</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kalmusova
|
|
J; Bronska
|
|
E; Krizova
|
|
P. (2004) [Diagnostics of invasive meningococcal, haemophilus and pneumococcal disease by PCR assay]. Klinicka Mikrobiologie a Infekcni Lekarstvi
|
|
10(3): 130–3
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15227604" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15227604</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Non-English language article</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Article in Czech/Slovak</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kimura
|
|
K, Yanagisawa
|
|
H, Wachino
|
|
J
|
|
et al (2013) Rapid and reliable loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for detecting Streptococcus agalactiae. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases
|
|
66(6): 546–8
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24270149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24270149</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design/index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Development of LAMP method for GBS detection</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kline
|
|
M. W, O'Brian Smith
|
|
E, Kaplan
|
|
S. L
|
|
et al (1988) Effects of causative organism and presence or absence of meningitis on white blood cell counts in children with bacteremia. Journal of emergency medicine
|
|
6(1): 33–35
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3129489" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3129489</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Insufficient presentation of results</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Only mean/SD white blood cell counts of those with and without meningitis are reported</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kohli
|
|
V, Singhi
|
|
S, Sharma
|
|
P
|
|
et al (1993) Value of serum C-reactive protein concentrations in febrile children without apparent focus. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics
|
|
13(4): 373–378
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7506886" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7506886</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Koller
|
|
R. F, Barbani
|
|
M. T, Zurcher
|
|
S
|
|
et al (2016) Expanding the spectrum of microbiological diagnostics by FilmArray multiplex PCR. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
|
|
54 (7): ea113
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Conference abstract</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lai
|
|
C. C, Chen
|
|
S. Y, Wang
|
|
C. Y
|
|
et al (2010) Diagnostic value of procalcitonin for bacterial infection in elderly patients in the emergency department. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
|
|
58(3): 518–522
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20163483" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20163483</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lorrot
|
|
M, Moulin
|
|
F, Coste
|
|
J
|
|
et al (2000) Procalcitonin in pediatric emergencies: comparison with C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and interferon alpha in the differentiation between bacterial and viral infections. Presse medicale (paris, france: 1983)
|
|
29(3): 128–134
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10686961" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10686961</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Non-English language article</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Article in French</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Luaces-Cubells
|
|
C, Mintegi
|
|
S, Garcia-Garcia
|
|
J.J
|
|
et al (2012) Procalcitonin to detect invasive bacterial infection in non-toxic-appearing infants with fever without apparent source in the emergency department. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
|
|
31(6): 645–647
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22333704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22333704</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Invasive bacterial infection (only 50% were bacterial meningitis, no sub-group analysis conducted)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Mandl
|
|
K.D; Stack
|
|
A.M; Fleisher
|
|
G.R. (1997) Incidence of bacteremia in infants and children with fever and petechiae. Journal of Pediatrics
|
|
131(3): 398–404
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9329416" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9329416</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not diagnostic accuracy study</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Marcos
|
|
M. A, Martinez
|
|
E, Almela
|
|
M
|
|
et al (2001) New rapid antigen test for diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis. Lancet
|
|
357(9267): 1499–1500
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11377604" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11377604</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Research letter</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Matos
|
|
J. D. A, Madureira
|
|
D. J, Rebelo
|
|
M. C
|
|
et al (2006) Diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the gene for pneumolysin. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
|
|
101(5): 559–563
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17072463" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17072463</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Mauffrey
|
|
F, Fournier
|
|
E, Demczuk
|
|
W
|
|
et al (2017) Comparison of sequential multiplex PCR, sequetyping and whole genome sequencing for serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource]PLoS ONE
|
|
12(12): e0189163
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5728576/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5728576</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29236737" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29236737</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Comparison of different serotyping methods</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Milcent
|
|
K, Faesch
|
|
S, Guen
|
|
C. G. L
|
|
et al (2016) Use of Procalcitonin Assays to Predict Serious Bacterial Infection in Young Febrile Infants. JAMA Pediatrics
|
|
170(1): 62–69
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26595253" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26595253</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Invasive bacterial illness (results for meningitis not reported separately and <50% of those with invasive bacterial illness had meningitis)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Mills
|
|
G.D, Lala
|
|
H.M, Oehley
|
|
M.R
|
|
et al (2006) Elevated procalcitonin as a diagnostic marker in meningococcal disease. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|
|
25(8): 501–509
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16896823" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16896823</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study included in systematic review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er6.ref2" rid="niceng240er6.ref2">Bell 2015</a></i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Mohamed
|
|
N, Elfaitouri
|
|
A, Fohlman
|
|
J
|
|
et al (2004) A sensitive and quantitative single-tube real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR for detection of enteroviral RNA. Journal of clinical virology
|
|
30(2): 150–156
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15125871" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15125871</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Only CSF samples tested</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Murphy
|
|
J, O'Rourke
|
|
S, Corcoran
|
|
M
|
|
et al (2018) Evaluation of the clinical utility of a real-time PCR assay for the diagnosis of streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia in children: A retrospective diagnostic accuracy study. Pediatric infectious disease journal
|
|
37(2): 153–156
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29076932" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29076932</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Pneumococcal bacteraemia</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Newcombe
|
|
J, Cartwright
|
|
K, Palmer
|
|
W. H
|
|
et al (1996) PCR of peripheral blood for diagnosis of meningococcal disease. Journal of Clinical MicrobiologyJ Clin Microbiol
|
|
34(7): 1637–40 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC229085/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC229085</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8784560" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8784560</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>No index test of interest (lab-based PCR)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Nielsen
|
|
M, Sheikh
|
|
N, Fitzgerald
|
|
E
|
|
et al (2017) Screening for early-onset invasive group B Streptococcal disease in neonates in an Irish hospital (2001–2014): a retrospective audit. Infectious Diseases
|
|
49(6): 466–470
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28276804" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28276804</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Infants less than 28 days old without suspected bacterial meningitis</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Olaciregui Echenique
|
|
I, Hernandez
|
|
U, Munoz
|
|
J. A
|
|
et al (2009) Markers that predict serious bacterial infection in infants under 3 months of age presenting with fever of unknown origin. Archives of disease in childhood
|
|
94(7): 501–505
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19158133" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19158133</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Serious bacterial infection/unspecified sepsis/bacteraemia (results for meningitis or meningococcal disease not reported separately and unclear what proportion of those with serious bacterial infection/unspecified sepsis/bacteraemia these conditions accounted for)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Payne
|
|
M, Champagne
|
|
S, Lowe
|
|
C
|
|
et al (2018) Evaluation of the filmarray blood culture identification panel compared to direct MALDI-TOF MS identification for rapid identification of pathogens. Journal of Medical Microbiology
|
|
67(9): 1253–1256
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30028662" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30028662</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Unclear what proportion, if any, of the sample had meningitis. Only the pathogens, and not the condition caused by them, are reported</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Petti
|
|
C. A; Woods
|
|
C. W; Reller
|
|
L. B. (2005) Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen test using positive blood culture bottles as an alternative method to diagnose pneumococcal bacteremia. Journal of clinical microbiology
|
|
43(5): 2510–2512
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1153727/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1153727</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15872298" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15872298</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Pneumococcal bacteraemia</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Picazo
|
|
J. J, Contreras
|
|
J. R, Rios
|
|
E
|
|
et al (2013) Rapid diagnosis of invasive pneumococcal disease in pediatric population. Journal of Microbiological Methods
|
|
93(2): 116–20
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23499921" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23499921</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Pleural and cerebrospinal fluid</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Rench
|
|
M. A; Metzger
|
|
T. G; Baker
|
|
C. J. (1984) Detection of group B streptococcal antigen in body fluids by a latex-coupled monoclonal antibody assay. Journal of clinical microbiology
|
|
20(5): 852–854
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC271457/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC271457</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6392320" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6392320</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Latex agglutination</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Richardson
|
|
D. C, Louie
|
|
L, Louie
|
|
M
|
|
et al (2003) Evaluation of a rapid PCR assay for diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis. Journal of clinical microbiology
|
|
41(8): 3851–3853
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC179789/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC179789</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12904400" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12904400</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Only CSF samples tested</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Saha
|
|
S. K, Darmstadt
|
|
G. L, Yamanaka
|
|
N
|
|
et al (2005) Rapid diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis: Implications for treatment and measuring disease burden. Pediatric infectious disease journal
|
|
24(12): 1093–1098
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16371872" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16371872</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Sheppard
|
|
C. L, Harrison
|
|
T. G, Kearns
|
|
A. M
|
|
et al (2003) Diagnosis of invasive pneumococcal infection by PCR amplification of Streptococcus pneumoniae genomic fragments in blood: a multicentre comparative study. Communicable disease and public health / PHLS
|
|
6(3): 221–227 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14708272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14708272</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Pneumococcal pneumonia</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Smith
|
|
M. D, Derrington
|
|
P, Evans
|
|
R
|
|
et al (2003) Rapid diagnosis of bacteremic pneumococcal infections in adults by using the Binax NOW Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen test: A prospective, controlled clinical evaluation. Journal of clinical microbiology
|
|
41(7): 2810–2813
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC165271/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC165271</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12843005" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12843005</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Pneumococcal bacteraemia</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Smith
|
|
M. D, Sheppard
|
|
C. L, Hogan
|
|
A
|
|
et al (2009) Diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in adults with bacteremia and community-acquired pneumonia: Clinical comparison of pneumococcal PCR and urinary antigen detection. Journal of clinical microbiology
|
|
47(4): 1046–1049
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2668348/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2668348</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19225103" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19225103</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Pneumococcal bacteraemia</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Su
|
|
G, Fu
|
|
Z, Hu
|
|
L
|
|
et al (2015) 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of bloodstream infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one
|
|
10 (5) [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4440735/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4440735</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25996771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25996771</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Unspecified sepsis/bacteraemia/bloodstream infections. Checked included studies. No new studies identified</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Tansarli
|
|
G. S and Chapin
|
|
K. C. (2020) Diagnostic test accuracy of the BioFire FilmArray meningitis/encephalitis panel: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection
|
|
26(3): 281–290
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31760115" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31760115</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>BioFire FilmArray on CSF</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Trippella
|
|
G, Galli
|
|
L, De Martino
|
|
M
|
|
et al (2017) Procalcitonin performance in detecting serious and invasive bacterial infections in children with fever without apparent source: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Review of Antiinfective TherapyExpert Rev Anti Infect Ther
|
|
15(11): 1041–1057 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29103336" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29103336</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Reference standard not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>No comparator of interest</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Tzanakaki
|
|
G, Tsolia
|
|
M, Vlachou
|
|
V
|
|
et al (2003) Evaluation of non-culture diagnosis of invasive meningococcal disease by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology
|
|
39(1): 31–36
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14556993" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14556993</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Lab-based PCR</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Van Den Bruel
|
|
A, Thompson
|
|
M. J, Haj-Hassan
|
|
T
|
|
et al (2011) Diagnostic value of laboratory tests in identifying serious infections in febrile children: Systematic review. BMJ
|
|
342(7810): d3082
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21653621" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21653621</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Serious infection (includes mixed population of which meningitis is included, no proportion breakdown)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Wakhle
|
|
L and Saigal
|
|
S. R. (1997) Rapid and specific diagnosis of group B streptococcal infection by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Advances in Experimental Medicine & BiologyAdv Exp Med Biol
|
|
418: 347–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9331667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9331667</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Discussion paper</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Waterfield
|
|
T, Fairley
|
|
D, Blackwood
|
|
B
|
|
et al (2019) A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of Loop-mediated-isothermal AMPlification (LAMP) in the diagnosis of invasive meningococcal disease in children. BMC PediatricsBMC Pediatr
|
|
19(1): 49 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6366060/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6366060</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30732581" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30732581</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Includes studies from countries that are not high-income OECD countries. No new relevant studies identified</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Waterfield
|
|
T, Lyttle
|
|
M. D, McKenna
|
|
J
|
|
et al (2020) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for the early diagnosis of invasive meningococcal disease in children. Archives of Disease in Childhood. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32586928" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32586928</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>LAMP on oropharynx swab</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Waterfield
|
|
T, Maney
|
|
J. A, Lyttle
|
|
M. D
|
|
et al (2020) Diagnostic test accuracy of point-of-care procalcitonin to diagnose serious bacterial infections in children. BMC Pediatrics
|
|
20 (1) [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7576699/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7576699</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33087092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33087092</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Serious bacterial infection (10% diagnosed as bacterial meningitis)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Waterfield
|
|
T, Patenall
|
|
B, McKenna
|
|
J
|
|
et al (2017) 52 Loop-mediated isothermal amplification PCR (LAMP) for the rapid identification of invasive meningococcal disease in the emergency department. Emergency medicine journal: EMJ
|
|
34(12): a895
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Conference abstract</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Webb
|
|
B. J and Baker
|
|
C. J. (1980) Commercial latex agglutination test for rapid diagnosis of group B streptococcal infection in infants. Journal of clinical microbiology
|
|
12(3): 442–444
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC273604/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC273604</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7012177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7012177</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>LA in CSF</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Wood
|
|
A. L and Gill
|
|
M. J. (2001) PCR and the investigation of meningococcal infection. Epidemiology and Infection
|
|
127(2): 269–274
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2869746/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2869746</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11693504" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11693504</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er6.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>No index test of interest</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; LA: latex agglutination; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PCT: procalcitonin; OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; RCT: randomised controlled trial</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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