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preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style"><div class="fm-sec bkr_bottom_sep"><div class="bkr_thumb"><a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)" class="img_link icnblk_img" ref="pagearea=logo&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-niceng240er5-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Evidence review for investigating and diagnosing suspected bacterial meningitis with blood and urine investigations" /></a></div><div class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK604179_"><span itemprop="name">Evidence review for investigating and diagnosing suspected bacterial meningitis with blood and urine investigations</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Meningitis (bacterial) and meningococcal disease: recognition, diagnosis and management</div><p><b>Evidence review B1</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 240</i></p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2024 Mar</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-5755-2</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2024.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng240er5.s1"><h2 id="_niceng240er5_s1_">Investigating and diagnosing suspected bacterial meningitis with blood and urine investigations</h2><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1"><h3>Review question</h3><p>What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing bacterial meningitis?</p><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.1"><h4>Introduction</h4><p>Bacterial meningitis is a rare but serious infection, which can occur in any age group. Early recognition of the condition requires a high index of suspicion.</p><p>Accurately diagnosing bacterial meningitis in a timely manner ensures that appropriate antibiotic therapy can be initiated, and subsequently adjusted according to the bacterial aetiology and antibiotic sensitivity results. There are a number of tests that may be used to assist in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. It is therefore important to determine which tests are the most accurate and cost-effective for use in clinical practice.</p><p>The aim of this review (B1) is to evaluate these tests and determine which are the most effective for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.</p></div><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.2"><h4>Summary of the protocol</h4><p>See <a href="/books/NBK604179/table/niceng240er5.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er5tab1">Table 1</a> for a summary of the Population, Index tests, Reference standard and Target condition characteristics of this review.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng240er5tab1"><a href="/books/NBK604179/table/niceng240er5.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng240er5tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng240er5.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK604179/table/niceng240er5.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er5tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of the protocol. </p></div></div><p>For further details see the review protocol in <a href="#niceng240er5.appa">appendix A</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.3"><h4>Methods and process</h4><p>This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>. Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in <a href="#niceng240er5.appa">appendix A</a> and the <a href="/books/NBK604179/bin/NG240-Methods-pdf.pdf">methods</a> document (supplementary document 1).</p><p>Declarations of interest were recorded according to <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/about/who-we-are/policies-and-procedures" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NICE’s conflicts of interest policy</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.4"><h4>Diagnostic evidence</h4><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.4.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>Twenty five studies were included in this review, 15 single-gate cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy (DTA) studies (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref1" rid="niceng240er5.ref1">Benjamin 1984</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref2" rid="niceng240er5.ref2">Bonsu 2003</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref3" rid="niceng240er5.ref3">Borchsenius 1991</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref8" rid="niceng240er5.ref8">Hansson 1993</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref10" rid="niceng240er5.ref10">Knudsen 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref11" rid="niceng240er5.ref11">Lembo 1991a</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref12" rid="niceng240er5.ref12">Lembo 1991b</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref13" rid="niceng240er5.ref13">Morales Casado 2016</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref17" rid="niceng240er5.ref17">Peltola 1982</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref18" rid="niceng240er5.ref18">Ray 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref19" rid="niceng240er5.ref19">Roine 1991</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref20" rid="niceng240er5.ref20">Santotoribo 2018</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref21" rid="niceng240er5.ref21">Schwarz 2000</a>, Tzanakaki 2015, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref25" rid="niceng240er5.ref25">Viallon 2011</a>), 3 single-gate retrospective DTA studies (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref5" rid="niceng240er5.ref5">De Cauwer 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref7" rid="niceng240er5.ref7">Dubos 2008</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref14" rid="niceng240er5.ref14">Morrissey 2017</a>), and 7 two-gate cross-sectional DTA studies (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref4" rid="niceng240er5.ref4">Dagan 1998</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref6" rid="niceng240er5.ref6">Dubos 2006</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref9" rid="niceng240er5.ref9">Jereb 2001</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref15" rid="niceng240er5.ref15">Paradowski 1995</a>, Park 2011, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref22" rid="niceng240er5.ref22">Sormunen 1999</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref23" rid="niceng240er5.ref23">Tatara 2000</a>). No evidence from test and treat randomised controlled trials were identified.</p><p>The included studies are summarised in <a href="/books/NBK604179/table/niceng240er5.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er5tab2">Table 2</a>.</p><p>Two studies included babies only (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref2" rid="niceng240er5.ref2">Bonsu 2003</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref14" rid="niceng240er5.ref14">Morrissey 2017</a>); 11 studies included babies and children (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref1" rid="niceng240er5.ref1">Benjamin 1984</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref4" rid="niceng240er5.ref4">Dagan 1998</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref5" rid="niceng240er5.ref5">De Cauwer 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref6" rid="niceng240er5.ref6">Dubos 2006</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref7" rid="niceng240er5.ref7">Dubos 2008</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref11" rid="niceng240er5.ref11">Lembo 1991a</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref12" rid="niceng240er5.ref12">Lembo 1991b</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref17" rid="niceng240er5.ref17">Peltola 1982</a>, Roine 1999, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref22" rid="niceng240er5.ref22">Sormunen 1999</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref23" rid="niceng240er5.ref23">Tatara 2000</a>); 4 studies included children and adults (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref8" rid="niceng240er5.ref8">Hansson 1993</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref10" rid="niceng240er5.ref10">Knudsen 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref13" rid="niceng240er5.ref13">Morales Casado 2016</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref20" rid="niceng240er5.ref20">Santotoribo 2018</a>); 6 studies included adults (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref9" rid="niceng240er5.ref9">Jereb 2001</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref15" rid="niceng240er5.ref15">Paradowski 1995</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref16" rid="niceng240er5.ref16">Park 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref18" rid="niceng240er5.ref18">Ray 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref21" rid="niceng240er5.ref21">Schwarz 2000</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref25" rid="niceng240er5.ref25">Viallon 2011</a>); and 2 studies did not define the age range of participants (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref3" rid="niceng240er5.ref3">Borchsenius 1991</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref24" rid="niceng240er5.ref24">Tzanakaki 2005</a>).</p><p>Seven studies looked at the DTA of white cell count (WCC; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref2" rid="niceng240er5.ref2">Bonsu 2003</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref3" rid="niceng240er5.ref3">Borchsenius 1991</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref6" rid="niceng240er5.ref6">Dubos 2006</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref7" rid="niceng240er5.ref7">Dubos 2008</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref11" rid="niceng240er5.ref11">Lembo 1991a</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref12" rid="niceng240er5.ref12">Lembo 1991b</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref22" rid="niceng240er5.ref22">Sormunen 1999</a>); 2 studies looked at the DTA for neutrophil count (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref6" rid="niceng240er5.ref6">Dubos 2006</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref7" rid="niceng240er5.ref7">Dubos 2008</a>); 19 studies looked at the DTA of C-reactive protein (CRP; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref1" rid="niceng240er5.ref1">Benjamin 1984</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref3" rid="niceng240er5.ref3">Borchsenius 1991</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref5" rid="niceng240er5.ref5">De Cauwer 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref6" rid="niceng240er5.ref6">Dubos 2006</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref7" rid="niceng240er5.ref7">Dubos 2008</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref8" rid="niceng240er5.ref8">Hansson 1993</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref9" rid="niceng240er5.ref9">Jereb 2001</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref10" rid="niceng240er5.ref10">Knudsen 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref12" rid="niceng240er5.ref12">Lembo 1991b</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref13" rid="niceng240er5.ref13">Morales Casado 2016</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref15" rid="niceng240er5.ref15">Paradowski 1995</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref17" rid="niceng240er5.ref17">Peltola 1982</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref18" rid="niceng240er5.ref18">Ray 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref19" rid="niceng240er5.ref19">Roine 1991</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref20" rid="niceng240er5.ref20">Santotoribo 2018</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref21" rid="niceng240er5.ref21">Schwarz 2000</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref22" rid="niceng240er5.ref22">Sormunen 1999</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref23" rid="niceng240er5.ref23">Tatara 2000</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref25" rid="niceng240er5.ref25">Viallon 2011</a>); 10 studies looked at the DTA of procalcitonin (PCT; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref6" rid="niceng240er5.ref6">Dubos 2006</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref7" rid="niceng240er5.ref7">Dubos 2008</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref9" rid="niceng240er5.ref9">Jereb 2001</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref10" rid="niceng240er5.ref10">Knudsen 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref13" rid="niceng240er5.ref13">Morales Casado 2016</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref16" rid="niceng240er5.ref16">Park 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref18" rid="niceng240er5.ref18">Ray 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref20" rid="niceng240er5.ref20">Santotoribo 2018</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref21" rid="niceng240er5.ref21">Schwarz 2000</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref25" rid="niceng240er5.ref25">Viallon 2011</a>); and 3 studies looked at molecular diagnosis for bacterial pathogens, specifically the DTA of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Neisseria meningitides (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref24" rid="niceng240er5.ref24">Tzanakaki 2005</a>), Streptococcus pneumonia (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref4" rid="niceng240er5.ref4">Dagan 1998</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref24" rid="niceng240er5.ref24">Tzanakaki 2005</a>), Group B streptococcus (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref14" rid="niceng240er5.ref14">Morrissey 2017</a>) and Haemophilus influenza (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref24" rid="niceng240er5.ref24">Tzanakaki 2005</a>). There was no evidence identified for antigen detection for bacterial pathogens in urine, blood culture of bacterial pathogens or any molecular diagnosis techniques apart from PCR.</p><p>Six studies used cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture as the reference standard (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref1" rid="niceng240er5.ref1">Benjamin 1984</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref2" rid="niceng240er5.ref2">Bonsu 2003</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref14" rid="niceng240er5.ref14">Morrissey 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref22" rid="niceng240er5.ref22">Sormunen 1999</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref23" rid="niceng240er5.ref23">Tatara 2000</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref25" rid="niceng240er5.ref25">Viallon 2011</a>); 2 studies used CSF culture and/or antigen for bacterial pathogens (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref8" rid="niceng240er5.ref8">Hansson 1993</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref13" rid="niceng240er5.ref13">Morales Casado 2016</a>); 6 studies used CSF culture and/or CSF antigen for bacterial pathogens and/or other reference standard not listed in protocol including other CSF findings (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref10" rid="niceng240er5.ref10">Knudsen 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref11" rid="niceng240er5.ref11">Lembo 1991a</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref12" rid="niceng240er5.ref12">Lembo 1991b</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref15" rid="niceng240er5.ref15">Paradowski 1995</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref16" rid="niceng240er5.ref16">Park 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref20" rid="niceng240er5.ref20">Santotoribo 2018</a>); 2 studies used CSF culture and/or CSF antigen and/or blood culture (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref6" rid="niceng240er5.ref6">Dubos 2006</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref7" rid="niceng240er5.ref7">Dubos 2008</a>); 1 study used CSF cultures and/or CSF antigen and/or blood culture and/or other CSF findings (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref18" rid="niceng240er5.ref18">Ray 2007</a>); 4 studies used CSF culture and/or blood culture (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref4" rid="niceng240er5.ref4">Dagan 1998</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref17" rid="niceng240er5.ref17">Peltola 1982</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref19" rid="niceng240er5.ref19">Roine 1991</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref24" rid="niceng240er5.ref24">Tzanakaki 2005</a>); and 4 studies used CSF culture and/or blood culture and/or other reference standard not listed in protocol including other CSF findings as the reference standard (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref3" rid="niceng240er5.ref3">Borchsenius 1991</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref5" rid="niceng240er5.ref5">De Cauwer 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref9" rid="niceng240er5.ref9">Jereb 2001</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref21" rid="niceng240er5.ref21">Schwarz 2000</a>).</p><p>Seventeen studies compared people with bacterial meningitis to those with viral meningitis (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref5" rid="niceng240er5.ref5">De Cauwer 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref6" rid="niceng240er5.ref6">Dubos 2006</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref7" rid="niceng240er5.ref7">Dubos 2008</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref8" rid="niceng240er5.ref8">Hansson 1993</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref9" rid="niceng240er5.ref9">Jereb 2001</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref13" rid="niceng240er5.ref13">Morales Casado 2016</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref15" rid="niceng240er5.ref15">Paradowski 1995</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref16" rid="niceng240er5.ref16">Park 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref17" rid="niceng240er5.ref17">Peltola 1982</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref18" rid="niceng240er5.ref18">Ray 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref19" rid="niceng240er5.ref19">Roine 1991</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref20" rid="niceng240er5.ref20">Santotoribo 2018</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref21" rid="niceng240er5.ref21">Schwarz 2000</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref22" rid="niceng240er5.ref22">Sormunen 1999</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref23" rid="niceng240er5.ref23">Tatara 2000</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref24" rid="niceng240er5.ref24">Tzanakaki 2005</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref25" rid="niceng240er5.ref25">Viallon 2011</a>). For 5 studies, the comparison was between those with bacterial meningitis and a mixed comparison group including both those without meningitis and those with other types of meningitis (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref1" rid="niceng240er5.ref1">Benjamin 1984</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref3" rid="niceng240er5.ref3">Borchsenius 1991</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref10" rid="niceng240er5.ref10">Knudsen 2007</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref11" rid="niceng240er5.ref11">Lembo 1991a</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref12" rid="niceng240er5.ref12">Lembo 1991b</a>). One study compared a bacterial meningitis group to a mixed comparison group including those with non-meningitis illnesses and healthy controls (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref4" rid="niceng240er5.ref4">Dagan 1998</a>). For 2 studies the comparison was between people with bacterial meningitis and an undefined non-bacterial meningitis control group (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref2" rid="niceng240er5.ref2">Bonsu 2003</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref14" rid="niceng240er5.ref14">Morrissey 2017</a>).</p><p>See the literature search strategy in <a href="#niceng240er5.appb">appendix B</a> and study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng240er5.appc">appendix C</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.4.2"><h5>Excluded studies</h5><p>Studies not included in this review are listed, and reasons for their exclusion are provided in <a href="#niceng240er5.appj">appendix J</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.5"><h4>Summary of included studies</h4><p>Summaries of the studies that were included in this review are presented in <a href="/books/NBK604179/table/niceng240er5.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er5tab2">Table 2</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng240er5tab2"><a href="/books/NBK604179/table/niceng240er5.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng240er5tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng240er5.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK604179/table/niceng240er5.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er5tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of included studies. </p></div></div><p>See the full evidence tables in <a href="#niceng240er5.appd">appendix D</a> and the forest plots in <a href="#niceng240er5.appe">appendix E</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.6"><h4>Summary of the evidence</h4><p>This section is a narrative summary of the findings of the review, as presented in the GRADE tables in <a href="#niceng240er5.appf">appendix F</a>. For details of the committee's confidence in the evidence and how this affected recommendations, see <a href="#niceng240er5.s1.1.9">The committee’s discussion and interpretation of the evidence</a>.</p><p>No meta-analyses were conducted for any of the index tests because of the high level of heterogeneity between studies in terms of study design, population, threshold, and reference standard. The evidence was stratified by age, different thresholds for the index test and infective organism diagnosed as a result of testing polymerase chain reaction (PCR).</p><p>The evidence was assessed as being high to very low quality. Downgrading of the evidence was commonly due to risk of bias and imprecision (95% confidence intervals crossing decision making thresholds). See the GRADE tables in <a href="#niceng240er5.appf">appendix F</a> for the certainty of the evidence for each individual outcome.</p><p>For interpreting the sensitivity and specificity estimates, the following rules of thumb were used (as outlined in the review protocol in <a href="#niceng240er5.appa">Appendix A</a>): sensitivity/specificity estimates of at least 90% were considered as very sensitive/specific; at least 50% as moderately sensitive/specific; and less than 50% as not sensitive/specific.</p><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.6.1"><h5>White cell count (WCC)</h5><p>In babies and children, there was evidence that white cell count (WCC) at a threshold of 15000 cells/μl was moderately specific for a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis, although estimates of sensitivity varied they were also largely moderately sensitive.</p><p>There was also some evidence showing WCC to be moderately specific (but not sensitive) for a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in babies at a threshold of 15000 cells/μl.</p><p>One study from an undefined age range showed that WCC outside of the normal range (less than 4000 or more than 11000 cells/μl) was moderately sensitive but not specific for a diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis. No evidence was available for the accuracy of WCC in adults.</p></div><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.6.2"><h5>Neutrophil count</h5><p>Neutrophil count was moderately sensitive and moderately specific for a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in babies and children at thresholds of 10,000 cells/μl. No evidence was available for the accuracy of neutrophil count in adults.</p></div><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.6.3"><h5>C-reactive protein (CRP)</h5><p>Overall, c-reactive protein (CRP) was both moderately to highly sensitive and specific for a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in babies and children at thresholds of 2mg/l, 10mg/l and 20mg/l.</p><p>In children and adults, CRP was also largely both moderately to highly sensitive and specific for a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis at thresholds of 14mg/l, 40mg/l, 50mg/l and 90mg/l.</p><p>CRP was both moderately to highly sensitive and specific for a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in adults at thresholds of 8mg/l, 22mg/l, 37mg/l, 40mg/l, and 50mg/l.</p><p>There was also some evidence showing CRP to be very sensitive and moderately specific for a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis, at a threshold of 20mg/l, in an undefined age range.</p></div><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.6.4"><h5>Procalcitonin (PCT)</h5><p>Overall, procalcitonin (PCT) was very sensitive and very specific for a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in babies and children, children and adults, and adults. Thresholds ranged from 0.12 ng/ml to 2.13 ng/ml, with the majority of studies using a threshold of 0.5ng/ml.</p></div><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.6.5"><h5>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)</h5><p>Overall, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for N. meningitides, S. pneumonia, and H. influenzae was highly specific and moderately to highly sensitive in an undefined age. PCR for S. pneumonia in babies and children was very sensitive and moderately specific. PCR for group B streptococcus in babies was both very sensitive and very specific.</p><p>No evidence was available for urine detection of bacterial pathogens, blood culture of bacterial pathogens or any molecular diagnosis techniques apart from PCR.</p><p>See <a href="#niceng240er5.appf">appendix F</a> for full GRADE tables.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.7"><h4>Economic evidence</h4><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.7.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>A single economic search was undertaken for all topics included in the scope of this guideline, but no economic studies were identified which were applicable to this review question.</p></div><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.7.2"><h5>Excluded studies</h5><p>Economic studies not included in this review are listed, and reasons for their exclusion are provided in <a href="#niceng240er5.appj">Appendix J</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.8"><h4>Economic model</h4><p>No economic modelling was undertaken for this review because the committee agreed that other topics were higher priorities for economic evaluation.</p></div><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.9"><h4>The committee's discussion and interpretation of the evidence</h4><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.9.1"><h5>The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The committee agreed that they would prioritise sensitivity over specificity for this diagnostic test accuracy review. They considered the impact of true positives (correctly identifying bacterial meningitis and starting the appropriate management), true negatives (reassuring patients and carers that the person does not have bacterial meningitis), false positives (potentially promoting further investigations that are unnecessary, such as lumbar puncture, or starting unnecessary treatments) and false negatives (failing to identify people that require further interventions and intensive management) and noted that false negatives could be particularly impactful as they could lead to treatment being delayed until condition worsens, which would likely result in worse outcomes for the person affected – hence a particular need to focus on the sensitivity of tests. The committee considered the positive and negative predictive values as additional information alongside sensitivity and specificity to allow them to understand what the impact of a system that recommended a certain action for all positive or negative test results would have.</p></div><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.9.2"><h5>The quality of the evidence</h5><p>The quality of the evidence was assessed with GRADE and was rated as high to very low. Generally, evidence was downgraded due to imprecision of effect estimates (95% confidence intervals crossing decision making thresholds) and risk of bias (for example, non-consecutive patient selection, lack of details on population, two-gate study design, lack of information about whether thresholds for index tests were pre-specified, and differences between the reference standard used and the gold standard specified in the protocol). Despite there being a significant body of evidence, meta-analyses could not be conducted because of heterogeneity between studies (for example, different populations included in the studies and different criteria for diagnosing bacterial meningitis).</p><p>The committee noted that no evidence was available for urine detection of bacterial pathogens, blood culture of bacterial pathogens or any molecular diagnosis techniques apart from PCR.</p></div><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.9.3"><h5>Benefits and harms</h5><p>The committee noted that all the evidence was based on individual blood tests and agreed that none of these blood tests alone would be sufficient to make a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis, nor should any of these tests be used to rule out bacterial meningitis. However, the committee agreed that blood tests can be an important tool when used alongside clinical features and lumbar puncture results, and these tests are simple, cheap, and widely used in current practice. The committee considered the evidence on sensitivity and specificity, together with their clinical knowledge and experience, to recommend blood tests that might support a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.</p><p>The evidence showed that, overall, procalcitonin (PCT) was very sensitive and very specific for diagnosing bacterial meningitis in babies, children, and adults. C-reactive protein (CRP) was largely both moderately to highly sensitive and specific for a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in babies, children, and adults. The committee discussed the higher costs associated with PCT and agreed that the difference in diagnostic accuracy was not sufficient to warrant recommending PCT over CRP. The committee therefore recommended that CRP, or PCT if CRP is not available, should be included in the blood tests performed for people with suspected bacterial meningitis.</p><p>The evidence showed that white cell count (WCC) at a threshold of greater than or equal to 15000 cells/μl was moderately specific for diagnosing bacterial meningitis in babies and children, although estimates of sensitivity varied they were also largely moderately sensitive. There was also some evidence from an undefined age range that abnormal WCC (either below 4000 or above 11000 cells/μl) was moderately sensitive (but not specific) for diagnosing meningococcal meningitis. Neutrophil count was shown to be both moderately sensitive and moderately specific for a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in babies and children. The committee agreed that white blood cell count (including neutrophils) may be valuable to treatment decisions when considered alongside clinical presentation and could guide healthcare professionals in deciding if further investigations are required, and on this basis the committee recommended that this test should be performed.</p><p>There was limited evidence on the accuracy of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), mainly from an undefined age range. However, the evidence that was available showed that, overall, PCR for N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, and H. influenzae were both moderately to highly sensitive and specific for diagnosing bacterial meningitis. PCR for group B streptococcus in babies was both very sensitive and very specific. Based on the evidence, and their clinical knowledge and experience, the committee recommended that whole-blood diagnostic PCR should be included in the battery of blood tests performed. The committee agreed to give examples of PCR for meningococcal and pneumococcal as these are the more widely available tests in clinical practice, however, they did not want to restrict the recommendation to these tests as this is an area of active research and development.</p><p>There was no evidence available on the accuracy of blood culture for diagnosing bacterial meningitis. The committee agreed that it was important to specify that this should be performed as the absence of blood culture from the recommended list of tests could have the unintended consequence that this test would no longer be performed, and the committee agreed the test is important and part of routine practice. Additionally, the committee acknowledged that it is standard practice to take blood sugar and agreed to include blood glucose test to avoid situations where this test could be missed.</p><p>The committee were aware of the <u>Guidance for public health management of meningococcal disease in the UK</u>, and that meningococcal meningitis (without septicaemia) is included in this review. The committee agreed to reflect this guidance and recommend that a bacterial throat swab for meningococcal culture should be performed for people with suspected bacterial meningitis. The committee also noted that this should preferably be performed before starting antibiotics as antibiotics can affect the likelihood of obtaining a positive culture result, and that the request form should be explicit that this is specifically for meningococcal culture.</p><p>The committee also agreed that a HIV test should be performed in adults with suspected bacterial meningitis because HIV is a risk factor for serious infections. This is also in line with current practice.</p><p>No evidence was identified for urine detection of bacterial pathogens, and the committee agreed that it was not appropriate to make recommendations in this area.</p></div><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.9.4"><h5>Cost effectiveness and resource use</h5><p>This review question was not prioritised for economic analysis and therefore the committee made a qualitative assessment of the likely cost-effectiveness of their recommendations. The committee did not think the clinical evidence was sufficiently strong to conclude that the additional costs of PCT would represent a cost-effective use of NHS resources. Therefore, they only recommended its use when CRP was not available (for example, if a local decision was made to prefer PCT over CRP, this would be acceptable, and it would not be necessary to perform both tests). The committee believed that their recommendations for investigating and diagnosing suspected meningitis are low cost and reflect current NHS practice. Therefore, the committee did not anticipate that their recommendations would result in a significant resource impact to the NHS.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er5.s1.1.10"><h4>Recommendations supported by this evidence review</h4><p>This evidence review supports recommendations 1.4.2 to 1.4.5.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er5.rl.r1"><h3>References - included studies</h3><ul class="simple-list"><div id="niceng240er5.rl.r1.1"><h4>Diagnostic</h4><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er5.ref1"><p id="p-530">
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H., C-reactive protein is useful in distinguishing Gram stain-negative bacterial meningitis from viral meningitis in children, Journal of paediatrics, 725–729, 1999 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10356141" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10356141</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er5.ref23"><p id="p-552">
|
|
<strong>Tatara 2000</strong>
|
|
</p>Tatara
|
|
R., Imai
|
|
H., Serum C-reactive protein in the differential diagnosis of childhood meningitis, Pediatrics International, 241–246, 2000
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11059546" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11059546</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er5.ref24"><p id="p-553">
|
|
<strong>Tzanakaki 2005</strong>
|
|
</p>Tzanakaki
|
|
G., Tsophanomichalou
|
|
M., Kesanopoulos
|
|
K., Matzourani
|
|
R., Sioumala
|
|
M., Tabaki
|
|
A., Kremastinou
|
|
J., Simultaneous single-tube PCR assay for the detection of Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 11, 386–390, 2005
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15819865" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15819865</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er5.ref25"><p id="p-554">
|
|
<strong>Viallon 2011</strong>
|
|
</p>Viallon
|
|
A., Desseigne
|
|
N., Marjollet
|
|
O., Birynczyk
|
|
A., Belin
|
|
M., Guyomarch
|
|
S., Borg
|
|
J., Pozetto
|
|
B., Bertrand
|
|
J. C., Zeni
|
|
F., Meningitis in adult patients with a negative direct cerebrospinal fluid examination: Value of cytochemical markers for differential diagnosis, Critical Care, 15 (3) (no pagination), 2011 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3219005/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3219005</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21645387" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21645387</span></a>]</div></p></li></ul></div></ul></div></div><div id="niceng240er5.appa"><h2 id="_niceng240er5_appa_">Appendix A. Review protocols</h2><p id="niceng240er5.appa.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604179/bin/niceng240er5-appa-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Review protocol for review question: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing bacterial meningitis?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 290K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er5.appb"><h2 id="_niceng240er5_appb_">Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h2><p id="niceng240er5.appb.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604179/bin/niceng240er5-appb-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Literature search strategies for review question: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing bacterial meningitis?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 255K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er5.appc"><h2 id="_niceng240er5_appc_">Appendix C. Diagnostic evidence study selection</h2><p id="niceng240er5.appc.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604179/bin/niceng240er5-appc-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Study selection for: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing bacterial meningitis?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 173K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er5.appd"><h2 id="_niceng240er5_appd_">Appendix D. Evidence tables</h2><p id="niceng240er5.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604179/bin/niceng240er5-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Evidence tables for review question: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing bacterial meningitis?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 594K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er5.appe"><h2 id="_niceng240er5_appe_">Appendix E. Forest plots</h2><p id="niceng240er5.appe.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604179/bin/niceng240er5-appe-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Forest plots for review question: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing bacterial meningitis?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 213K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er5.appf"><h2 id="_niceng240er5_appf_">Appendix F. GRADE tables</h2><p id="niceng240er5.appf.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604179/bin/niceng240er5-appf-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">GRADE tables for review question: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing bacterial meningitis?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 402K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er5.appg"><h2 id="_niceng240er5_appg_">Appendix G. Economic evidence study selection</h2><p id="niceng240er5.appg.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604179/bin/niceng240er5-appg-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Study selection for: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing bacterial meningitis?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 98K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er5.apph"><h2 id="_niceng240er5_apph_">Appendix H. Economic evidence tables</h2><div id="niceng240er5.apph.s1"><h3>Economic evidence tables for review question: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing bacterial meningitis?</h3><p>No evidence was identified which was applicable to this review question.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er5.appi"><h2 id="_niceng240er5_appi_">Appendix I. Economic model</h2><div id="niceng240er5.appi.s1"><h3>Economic model for review question: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing bacterial meningitis?</h3><p>No economic analysis was conducted for this review question.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er5.appj"><h2 id="_niceng240er5_appj_">Appendix J. Excluded studies</h2><div id="niceng240er5.appj.s1"><h3>Excluded studies for review question: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing bacterial meningitis?</h3><p>Although there was a combined search to cover both this review (evidence review B1) and evidence review B2, the excluded studies list only reflects those excluded from the current review (B1).</p><div id="niceng240er5.appj.s1.1"><h4>Diagnostic studies</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng240er5appjtab1"><a href="/books/NBK604179/table/niceng240er5.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 21" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng240er5appjtab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng240er5.appj.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK604179/table/niceng240er5.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er5appjtab1">Table 21</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Excluded studies and reasons for their exclusion. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng240er5.appj.s1.2"><h4>Excluded economic studies</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng240er5appjtab2"><a href="/books/NBK604179/table/niceng240er5.appj.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 22" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng240er5appjtab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng240er5.appj.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK604179/table/niceng240er5.appj.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er5appjtab2">Table 22</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Excluded studies and reasons for their exclusion. </p></div></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng240er5.appk"><h2 id="_niceng240er5_appk_">Appendix K. Research recommendations - full details</h2><div id="niceng240er5.appk.s1"><h3>Research recommendations for review question: What is the accuracy and effectiveness of blood and urine investigations in diagnosing bacterial meningitis?</h3><p>No research recommendation was made for this review.</p></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Evidence review underpinning recommendations 1.4.2 to 1.4.5 in the NICE guideline</p><p>This evidence review was developed by NICE</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2024.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK604179</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38843364" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">38843364</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng240er5tab1"><div id="niceng240er5.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">Summary of the protocol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK604179/table/niceng240er5.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng240er5.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Population</b>
|
|
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All adults, young people, children and babies (excluding neonates defined as aged 28 days old and younger) with suspected bacterial meningitis</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Index tests</b>
|
|
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Use of the following investigations, individually or in combination:</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Blood</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>white cell count</p>
|
|
<p>neutrophil count</p>
|
|
<p>C-reactive protein (CRP)</p>
|
|
<p>procalcitonin</p>
|
|
<p>molecular diagnosis for bacterial pathogens</p>
|
|
<p>blood culture for bacterial pathogens</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Urine</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Antigen detection for bacterial pathogens</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Reference standard</b>
|
|
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Either of the following, alone or in combination:</p>
|
|
<p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bacterial culture</p>
|
|
<p>Molecular diagnosis in the CSF for bacterial pathogens</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Target condition</b>
|
|
</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bacterial meningitis (including meningococcal meningitis alone)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">CRP: c-reactive protein; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng240er5tab2"><div id="niceng240er5.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of included studies</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK604179/table/niceng240er5.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng240er5.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Index test(s)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Reference standard(s)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref1" rid="niceng240er5.ref1">Benjamin 1984</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>USA</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=79</p>
|
|
<p>CSF samples submitted to laboratory during study period, including all cases of bacterial and viral meningitis</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis n=21:</p>
|
|
<p>Age/sex not reported by arm</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis (n=8)/no meningitis (n=50) n=58:</p>
|
|
<p>Age/sex not reported by arm</p>
|
|
<p>Whole sample (N=79):</p>
|
|
<p>Age (range): 1 week-18 years (mean/median not reported)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as >1mg/dL (converted to mg/l for consistency with other studies)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF bacterial culture</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Causative organisms: n=14 H. influenzae type b, n=2 S. pneumoniae, n=3 N. meningitidis, n=1 M. tuberculosis, n=1 Salmonella species</p>
|
|
<p>n=40 with leukaemia excluded from the analysis</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref2" rid="niceng240er5.ref2">Bonsu 2003</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>USA</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=5353</p>
|
|
<p>Babies evaluated for serious bacterial infection in the ED (presenting with a temperature ≥38°C)</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis (n=22):</p>
|
|
<p>Age and sex not reported for BM group</p>
|
|
<p>Non-bacterial meningitis (5331):</p>
|
|
<p>No further details reported for control group</p>
|
|
<p>Whole sample (N=5353):</p>
|
|
<p>Age in days (range): 3–89 (mean/median not reported)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>WCC</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥15000 cells/mm<sup>3</sup> (converted to cells/μl for consistency with other studies)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF bacterial culture</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Causative organisms: n= 11 E. coli, n=9 group B streptococcus, n=1 S. pneumoniae, n=1 C. koseri</p>
|
|
<p>Data also reported for WCC thresholds of <5000, ≥10000, ≥20000, ≥25000, <5000 or ≥15000, and <5000 or ≥20000 cells/mm3, but data only extracted for the ≥15000 threshold as this is most consistent with other studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref3" rid="niceng240er5.ref3">Borchsenius 1991</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>Norway</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=92</p>
|
|
<p>People with suspected systemic meningococcal disease admitted to hospital (those with meningitis only are included in this review, and those with septicaemia or meningitis and septicaemia are included in the review on blood and urine investigations for meningococcal disease)</p>
|
|
<p>Meningococcal meningitis (n=56):</p>
|
|
<p>Age: Reported for whole sample only (including those with meningococcal disease); Mean/median not reported; 50% aged < 12</p>
|
|
<p>years No meningococcal or bacterial infection (n=36):</p>
|
|
<p>Age: Reported for whole sample only (including control participants not included in this review; Mean/median not reported; 79% aged < 12 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥20 mg/l</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>WCC</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Threshold defined as <4,000 or ≥11,000 cells/mm<sup>3</sup> (converted to cells/μl for consistency with other studies)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF and/or blood culture, clinical picture, meningococcal antigen in CSF, or growth of N. meningitidis in pharyngeal swab specimens</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study includes patients without bacteriological proof (N=44, 38% of the full sample that includes those with meningococcal disease)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref4" rid="niceng240er5.ref4">Dagan1998</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Two-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>Israel</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=281</p>
|
|
<p>Babies and children with meningitis and other conditions recruited from the ED. Healthy controls recruited from Maternal Child Health Centres (primary care)</p>
|
|
<p>Pneumococcal meningitis n= 4:</p>
|
|
<p>Age/sex not reported by arm</p>
|
|
<p>No meningitis (n=75)/ healthy controls (n=202) n=277:</p>
|
|
<p>Age/sex not reported by arm</p>
|
|
<p>Whole sample (N=281):</p>
|
|
<p>Age (range): 10 months to 16 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Molecular diagnosis</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Specific PCR for S. pneumoniae</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF and serum culture for pneumococcal isolates</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref5" rid="niceng240er5.ref5">De Cauwer 2007</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate retrospective DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>Belgium</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=92</p>
|
|
<p>Children (0–15 years old) admitted to the paediatric ward for clinical observations of meningitis, and final diagnosis of viral or bacterial meningitis</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis (n=21):</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (mean; range in parentheses): 3.9 (0–13)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male 12 (57%); female: 9 (43%)</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis (n=71):</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (mean; range in parentheses): 6.1 (0–15)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male 46 (65%); female: 25 (35%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥2mg/L</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF culture or pleocytosis in the CSF and a positive blood culture for a bacterial disease</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Bacterial aetiology: Meningococcal meningitis (n=16; 76%); pneumococcal meningitis (n=5; 24%)</p>
|
|
<p>CSF cultures were positive in 14/21 and negative in 7/21</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref6" rid="niceng240er5.ref6">Dubos 2006</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Two-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>France</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=167</p>
|
|
<p>Children (aged 28 days to 16 years) admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of acute meningitis</p>
|
|
<p>Children with BM admitted to hospital 1995–2004 compared to children admitted to hospital with VM 2000–2004</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis n=21:</p>
|
|
<p>Age/sex not reported by arm</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis n=146:</p>
|
|
<p>Age/sex not reported by arm</p>
|
|
<p>Whole sample (N=167):</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (median; range in parentheses): 4.6 (0.2–14.9)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 117 (70%); female: 50 (30%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>PCT</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥0.5 ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥20mg/L</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>WCC</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥15000/mm<sup>3</sup> (converted to cells/μl for consistency with other studies)</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Neutrophils</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥10000/mm<sup>3</sup> (converted to cells/μl for consistency with other studies)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bacterial infection in CSF (direct examination, culture, latex agglutination, or PCR) or blood culture</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Causative organism: n=10 S. pneumonia, n=9 N. meningitidis, n=1 H. influenzae b, n=1 Streptococcus group B</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref7" rid="niceng240er5.ref7">Dubos 2008</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate retrospective DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>5 European countries (France, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, & Poland)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=198</p>
|
|
<p>People aged 29 days to 18 years who were admitted for bacterial or viral meningitis and had measurements of the main inflammatory markers (including PCT) in blood and CSF taken in the ED</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis n=96:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (mean; range in parentheses): 3.2 (0.1–14)</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis n=102:</p>
|
|
<p>Age not reported for this arm separately</p>
|
|
<p>Whole sample (N=198):</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (mean; range in parentheses): 4.8 (0.1–15.9)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>WCC</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥15000/mm<sup>3</sup> (converted to cells/μl for consistency with other studies)</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Neutrophils</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥10000/mm<sup>3</sup> (converted to cells/μl for consistency with other studies)</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥20 mg/l</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>PCT</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥0.5 ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bacterial infection in CSF (direct examination, culture, latex agglutination, or PCR) or blood culture</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Causative organisms: n=45 N. meningitidis, n=32 S. pneumoniae, n=7 H. influenzae, n=4 S. agalactiae</p>
|
|
<p>76/96 (79%) diagnosed on the basis of positive CSF culture</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref8" rid="niceng240er5.ref8">Hansson 1993</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>Sweden</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=206</p>
|
|
<p>Children and adults undergoing lumbar puncture due to suspected CNS infection</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis n=60:</p>
|
|
<p>Age/sex not available</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis n=146:</p>
|
|
<p>Age/sex not available</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥50 mg/l</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF culture or bacterial antigen in CSF</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Causative organisms: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Total of 235 patients enrolled but 2×2 table can only be calculated based on those with bacterial meningitis (n=60) and those with viral meningitis (n=146) due to insufficient presentation of results</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref9" rid="niceng240er5.ref9">Jereb 2001</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Two-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>Slovenia</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=45</p>
|
|
<p>Adults admitted to hospital with bacterial meningitis compared to adults admitted with viral meningitis (tick-borne encephalitis)</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis n=20:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (median; range in parentheses): 55 (16–77)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 9 (45%); female: 11 (55%)</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis (tick-borne encephalitis) n=25:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (median; range in parentheses): 49 (22–66)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 13 (52%); female: 12 (48%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥50mg/L</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>PCT</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥0.5 ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF and/or blood culture or CSF gram-stained smear</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Causative organisms: n=9 S. pneumonia, n=4 Staphylococcus aureus, n=2 Listeria monocytogenes, n=2 N. meningitides, n=1 H. influenzae b, n=1 Clostridium perfringens, n=1 CSF and blood cultures negative but positive Gram smear (gram positive cocci)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref10" rid="niceng240er5.ref10">Knudsen 2007</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>Denmark</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=52</p>
|
|
<p>People suspected of meningitis on admission to hospital, who received a lumbar puncture</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis n=10:</p>
|
|
<p>Age/sex not reported by arm</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis (n=12)/no meningitis (n=30) n=42:</p>
|
|
<p>Age/sex not reported by arm</p>
|
|
<p>Whole sample (N=52):</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (median; range in parentheses): 36.1 (12.8–92.3)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 25 (48%); female: 27 (52%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥40 mg/l</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>PCT</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥0.25 ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">>800 leukocytes/l of which >80% are neutrophilic granulocytes in CSF and/or CSF culture or bacterial antigens in CSF</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Causative organism: n=5 pneumococci; n=3 meningococci; n=1 E.coli; n=1 unknown</p>
|
|
<p>n=21 had antibiotic treatment before LP (median time for initiation of antibiotic treatment prior to LP: 1 day, range 0–6 day)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref11" rid="niceng240er5.ref11">Lembo 1991a</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>USA</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=232 (included in analysis)</p>
|
|
<p>Babies and children with suspected meningitis who had lumbar puncture</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis n=46:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in months (median; range in parentheses): 11 (0–157)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 28 (61%); female: 18 (39%)</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis/no meningitis n=186:</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis n=130:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in months (median; range in parentheses): 2 (0–219)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 69 (53%); female: 61 (47%)</p>
|
|
<p>No meningitis n=56:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in months (median; range in parentheses): 6.5 (0–79)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 25 (45%); female: 31 (55%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>WCC</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥ 15,000/mm<sup>3</sup> (converted to cells/μl for consistency with other studies)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF culture or bacterial antigen in CSF or urine in combination with CSF pleocytosis and a positive gram strain of CSF</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Causative organism: n=29 H. influenza type b; n=6 S. pneumoniae; n=3 N. meningitidis; n=3 streptococcus group b; n=2 streptococcus group a; n=1 listeria monocytogenes; n=1 E. coli; n=1 P. mirabilis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref12" rid="niceng240er5.ref12">Lembo 1991b</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>USA</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=160</p>
|
|
<p>Babies and children presenting with an acute febrile episode who had a lumbar puncture</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis n=10:</p>
|
|
<p>Age/sex not reported by arm</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis/no meningitis n=150:</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis n=14; other bacterial infection n=10; other illnesses n=126</p>
|
|
<p>Age/sex not reported by arm</p>
|
|
<p>Whole sample (N=160):</p>
|
|
<p>Age in months (median; no measure of variance reported): 60</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 84 (52.5%); female: 76 (47.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>WCC</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥15,000/mm<sup>3</sup> (converted to cells/μl for consistency with other studies)</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as >1mg/dl (converted to mg/l for consistency with other studies)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF culture or bacterial antigen in combination with a positive gram strain of CSF</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Causative organism: n=5 H. influenza type b, n=3 S. pneumoniae, n=1 group A streptococci, n=1 listeria monocytogenes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref13" rid="niceng240er5.ref13">Morales Casado 2016</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>Spain</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=71</p>
|
|
<p>People aged >15 years old with acute meningitis who underwent lumbar punctures, blood culture tests, CRP and PCT</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis n=38:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (mean; SD in parentheses): 56 (22)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 28 (74%); female: 10 (26%)</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis n=33:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (mean; SD in parentheses): 38 (16)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 20 (61%); female 13 (39%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥90 mg/l</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>PCT</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥0.74 ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF culture or bacterial antigen in CSF</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
<p>AUC</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Causative organism: n=18 S. pneumoniae; n=7 N. meningitidis; n=7 L. monocytogenes; n=4 H. influenzae; n=2 E. coli</p>
|
|
<p>Data for n=27 not included in analysis: n=15 probable VM with negative results from cultures; n=12 presumptively diagnosed partially-treated acute meningitis (history of antibiotic treatment and negative results from cultures)</p>
|
|
<p>Immunosuppression: 5/38 (13%) in BM group; 1/33 (3%) in VM group</p>
|
|
<p>Antibiotic use in previous 72 hours: 4/38 (11%) in BM group; 4/33 (12%) in VM group</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref14" rid="niceng240er5.ref14">Morrissey 2017</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate retrospective DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>Ireland</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=827 (data only included for those with CSF samples)</p>
|
|
<p>Babies (aged 7–90 days) that had a blood or CSF sample tested by GBS PCR</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis n=5:</p>
|
|
<p>Age/sex not reported by arm</p>
|
|
<p>Non-GBS group n=822:</p>
|
|
<p>No further details reported</p>
|
|
<p>Whole sample (N=827):</p>
|
|
<p>Age in days (median; IQR in parentheses): 35 (20.75–57)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 478 (58%); female: 340 (41%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Molecular diagnosis</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Specific PCR for group B streptococcus</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF culture</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Causative organism: n=5 late onset group B streptococcal (GBS) disease</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref15" rid="niceng240er5.ref15">Paradowski 1995</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Two-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>Poland</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=60</p>
|
|
<p>Adults hospitalised with acute meningitis</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis n=30:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (mean; range in parentheses): 49 (19–82)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 22 (73%); female: 8 (27%)</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis n=30:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (mean; range in parentheses): 38 (23–75)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 16 (53%); female: 14 (47%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as >40 mg/l</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF culture, bacterial antigen in CSF, or clinical picture</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Causative organism: n=10 N. meningitidis; n=7 S. pneumoniae; n=4 H. influenzae; n=3 Streptococcus group B; n=3 Streptococcus aureus; n=1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa; n=2 bacteria not identified</p>
|
|
<p>Study also included healthy controls but data is not extractable for this group</p>
|
|
<p>The majority of BM cases (93%) were confirmed through microbiological techniques</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref16" rid="niceng240er5.ref16">Park 2017</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Two-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>Korea</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=138</p>
|
|
<p>Adults admitted to hospital with a clinical suspicion of bacterial meningitis compared to those admitted with viral meningitis during a similar time period</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis n=80</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (median; IQR in parentheses): 66 (16–91)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 49 (61%); female: 31 (39%)</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis n=58</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (median; IQR in parentheses): 37 (15–81)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 30 (52%); female: 28 (48%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>PCT</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as >0.12 ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF culture, smear, or PCR for bacterial pathogens or good specific response to antibacterial therapy, clinical features, or other positive CSF findings</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Causative organism identified (n=47): n=24 streptococcus species; n=8 staphylococcus species; n=6 klebsiella species; n=5 listeria species; n=4 other species</p>
|
|
<p>47/80 (59%) had positive CSF culture, smear, or PCR for bacterial pathogens</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref17" rid="niceng240er5.ref17">Peltola 1982</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>Finland</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=31</p>
|
|
<p>Babies and children diagnosed with bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis, or meningoencephalitis</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis n=16:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (mean; standard deviation in parentheses): 1.69 (1.97)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Viral illness n=15:</p>
|
|
<p>n=14 viral meningitis or meningoencephalitis; n=1 encephalitis</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (mean; standard deviation in parentheses): 8.24 (14.01)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥10mg/l</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF culture and/or blood culture</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Causative organism: n=11 H. influenzae; n=2 meningococci; n=2 pneumococci; n=1 β-haemolytic streptococcus</p>
|
|
<p>n=2 adults in viral illness group but study categorised as babies and children as all other participants aged 0.04–9 years</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref18" rid="niceng240er5.ref18">Ray 2007</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>France</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=151</p>
|
|
<p>Adults (aged at least 16 years) presenting to the emergency department and hospitalised with acute meningitis, with initial gram staining negative for bacteria</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis n=18:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (mean; SD in parentheses): 52 (20)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 9 (50%); female: 9 (50%)</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis n=133:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (mean; SD in parentheses): 33 (13)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 66 (50%); female: 67 (50%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>PCT</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥2.13 ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥22 mg/l</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF culture, CSF antigen test or blood culture, or CSF pleocytosis</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
<p>AUC</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Causative organism: n=4 Streptococcus species other than pneumonia; n=2 S. pneumoniae; n=2 N. meningitidis; n=1 Fusobacterium; n=1 Klebsiella pneumoniae; n=1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis; n=7 unknown</p>
|
|
<p>61% of diagnoses made on a positive CSF culture, antigen test or blood culture</p>
|
|
<p>n=2 HIV positive, and n=2 daily steroid treatment</p>
|
|
<p>Previous antibiotics: 4/18 (23%) in BM group; 8/133 (6%) in VM group</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref19" rid="niceng240er5.ref19">Roine 1991</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>Chile</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=83</p>
|
|
<p>Babies and children diagnosed with bacterial or viral meningitis</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis n=67:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in months (mean; SD in parentheses): 23 (34)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis n=16:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in months (mean; SD in parentheses): 24 (32)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥20 mg/l</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF culture or blood culture</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Causative organism: n=31 H. influenzae type b; n=18 S. pneumoniae; n=10 N. meningitidis; n=4 beta haemolytic streptococcus B; n=1 enterococcus; n=1 staphylococcus aureus; n=1 klebsiella pneumonia</p>
|
|
<p>Diagnosis made on basis of CSF culture for 60/67 (90%)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref20" rid="niceng240er5.ref20">Santotoribo 2018</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>Spain</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=30</p>
|
|
<p>Children and adults diagnosed with bacterial or viral meningitis</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis</p>
|
|
<p>n=18</p>
|
|
<p>Age/sex not reported by arm</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis n=12</p>
|
|
<p>Age/sex not reported by arm</p>
|
|
<p>Whole sample (N=30):</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (median; range in parentheses): 52 (6–86)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 24 (80%); female: 6 (20%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥14mg/l</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>PCT</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥0.18 ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF culture, or signs/symptoms of acute infectious meningitis together with CSF showing intense PMN pleocytosis, elevated total protein and a marked glucose consumption</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
<p>AUC</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Causative organism (identified for 10/18): n=3 S. pneumoniae; n=2 N. meningitidis; n=2 Klebsiella pneumoniae; n=2 Staphylococcus aureus; n=1 Staphylococcus hominis</p>
|
|
<p>Diagnosis made on basis of CSF culture for 10/18 (56%)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref21" rid="niceng240er5.ref21">Schwarz 2000</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>Germany</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=30</p>
|
|
<p>Adults (aged at least 16 years) hospitalised with acute meningitis</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis n=16</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (mean; range in parentheses): 61 (16–87)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis n=14</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (mean; range in parentheses): 42 (19–48)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>PCT</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as >0.5ng/ml</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as >8mg/l</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Microscopy of CSF, CSF culture, or blood culture</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Causative organism (identified in 11/16): n=6 S. pneumoniae; n=1 H. influenzae; n=1 Staphylococcus aureus; n=1 mycobacterium tuberculosis; n=1 borrelia burgdorferi; n=1 klebsiella pneumonia</p>
|
|
<p>Diagnosis made on basis of CSF culture for 11/16 (69%)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref22" rid="niceng240er5.ref22">Sormunen 1999</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Two-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>Finland</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=237</p>
|
|
<p>Babies and children with bacterial meningitis with initial gram staining negative for bacteria, compared to children diagnosed with viral meningitis during a similar time period (hospital charts reviewed)</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis n=55 (gram stain negative):</p>
|
|
<p>Age/sex not available for those included in the analysis</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis n=182:</p>
|
|
<p>Age/sex not available</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>WCC</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as >15,0000 cells/mm<sup>3</sup> (converted to cells/μl for consistency with other studies)</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as >20 mg/l</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF culture</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Causative organism: n=26 N. meningitidis; n=23 H. influenzae type b; n=3 S. pneumoniae; n=1 Listeria monocytogenes; n=1 E. coli; n=1 S. agalactiae</p>
|
|
<p>Paper also reports WCC thresholds of >20,000 and >25,000 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>, but data only extracted for the >15,0000 threshold as this is consistent with other studies</p>
|
|
<p>Paper also reports CRP for threshold >40mg/l, but data only extracted for the >20 mg/l threshold, as this is most consistent with other studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref23" rid="niceng240er5.ref23">Tatara 2000</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Two-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>Japan</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=192</p>
|
|
<p>Babies and children (aged 1 month to 15 years) with a diagnosis of acute meningitis. Babies and children with BM compared to those with VM</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis n=66:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (mean; SD in parentheses): 1.6 (1.8)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis n=126:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (mean; SD in parentheses): 3.8 (3.4)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥2 mg/dL (converted to mg/l for consistency with other studies)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF culture</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Causative organism: n=45 H. influenzae; n=13 S. pneumoniae; n=3 group B streptococcus; n=3 E. coli; n=2 Listeria monocytogeneous; n=1 N. meningitidis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref24" rid="niceng240er5.ref24">Tzanakaki 2005</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>Greece</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=217</p>
|
|
<p>People diagnosed with bacterial or viral meningitis based on blood and/or CSF samples submitted to laboratory</p>
|
|
<p>N. meningitidis n=33:</p>
|
|
<p>No further details reported</p>
|
|
<p>S. pneumoniae n=26:</p>
|
|
<p>No further details reported</p>
|
|
<p>H. influenzae type B n=8:</p>
|
|
<p>No further details reported</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis n=150:</p>
|
|
<p>No further details reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Molecular diagnosis</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Specific PCR for N. meningitidis</p>
|
|
<p>Specific PCR for S. pneumoniae</p>
|
|
<p>Specific PCR for H. influenzae</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF culture and/or blood culture</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data not extracted for n=54 suspected bacterial meningitis (clinically suspected cases of bacterial meningitis, but with culture and other tests yielding negative results)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er5.ref25" rid="niceng240er5.ref25">Viallon 2011</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Single-gate cross-sectional DTA study</p>
|
|
<p>France</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=253</p>
|
|
<p>Adults admitted to the ED with acute meningitis and a negative direct CSF examination</p>
|
|
<p>Bacterial meningitis n=35 (negative direct CSF examination):</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (mean; SD in parentheses): 55 (20)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 17 (49%); female: 18 (51%)</p>
|
|
<p>Viral meningitis n=218:</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (mean; SD in parentheses): 35 (18)</p>
|
|
<p>Sex: male: 116 (53%); female: 102 47%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>CRP</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥37mg/l</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>PCT</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Elevated threshold defined as ≥0.28 ng/ml</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CSF culture (but only those with negative direct CSF examination included)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>Specificity</p>
|
|
<p>AUC</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Causative organism: n=14 S. pneumoniae; n=6 Listeria monocytogenes; n=5 N. meningitidis; n=4 Streptococcus species; n=2 H. influenzae; n=2 Staphylococcus aureus; n=2 other species</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">AUC: area under the curve; BM: bacterial meningitis; C. koseri: citrobacter koseri; CNS: central nervous system; CRP: c-reactive protein; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; DTA: diagnostic test accuracy; E.coli: escherichia coli; ED: emergency department; GBS: group B streptococcal; H. influenza: haemophilus influenza; IQR: interquartile range; L. monocytogenes: listeria monocytogenes; LP: lumbar puncture; M. tuberculosis: mycobacterium tuberculosis; N. meningitidis: Neisseria meningitides; P. mirabilis: proteus mirabilis; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PCT: procalcitonin; PMN: polymorphonuclear; S. agalactiae: streptococcus agalactiae; S. pneumoniae; streptococcus pneumonia; SD: standard deviation; VM: viral meningitis; WCC: white cell count</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng240er5appjtab1"><div id="niceng240er5.appj.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 21</span><span class="title">Excluded studies and reasons for their exclusion</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK604179/table/niceng240er5.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng240er5.appj.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for Exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Abdeldaim
|
|
G. M. K, Stralin
|
|
K, Korsgaard
|
|
J
|
|
et al (2010) Multiplex quantitative PCR for detection of lower respiratory tract infection and meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis. BMC Microbiology
|
|
10 (no pagination) [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3016321/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3016321</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21129171" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21129171</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>PCR on CSF</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Abelian
|
|
A and Pritchard
|
|
I. (2011) Neonatal bacterial meningitis: Has time come for polymerase chain reaction?. Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
|
|
6(3): 227–229
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Only CSF samples tested</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Aksoy
|
|
F, Yilmaz
|
|
G, Nur Aydin
|
|
N
|
|
et al (2017) Are new biomarkers useful in the diagnosis of meningitis in adults?. Open Forum Infectious Diseases
|
|
4 (Supplement 1): 303
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Conference abstract</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Albuquerque
|
|
R. C, Moreno
|
|
A. C. R, Dos Santos
|
|
S. R
|
|
et al (2019) Multiplex-PCR for diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Brazilian journal of microbiology: [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]
|
|
50(2): 435–443
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6863191/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6863191</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30796713" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30796713</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Only CSF samples tested</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Alkholi
|
|
U. M, Abd Al-Monem
|
|
N, Abd El-Azim
|
|
A. A
|
|
et al (2011) Serum procalcitonin in viral and bacterial meningitis. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases
|
|
3(1): 14–18
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3068572/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3068572</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21572603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21572603</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Alons
|
|
I. M, Verheul
|
|
R. J, Kuipers
|
|
I
|
|
et al (2016) Procalcitonin in cerebrospinal fluid in meningitis: a prospective diagnostic study. Brain and Behavior
|
|
6(11): e00545
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5102643/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5102643</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27843698" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27843698</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Insufficient presentation of results</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Cannot calculate 2×2 table for plasma PCT (data reported for CSF PCT only)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Altun
|
|
O, Athlin
|
|
S, Almuhayawi
|
|
M
|
|
et al (2016) Rapid identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae in blood
|
|
cultures by using the ImmuLex, Slidex and Wellcogen latex agglutination tests and the BinaxNOW antigen test. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|
|
35(4): 579–585 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26796552" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26796552</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae in blood culture (diagnosis not reported)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ansong
|
|
A. K, Smith
|
|
P. B, Benjamin
|
|
D. K
|
|
et al (2009) Group B streptococcal meningitis: cerebrospinal fluid parameters in the era of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. Early human development
|
|
85(10suppl): S5–7
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2783609/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2783609</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19767158" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19767158</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Neonates</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Anttila
|
|
M and Peltola
|
|
H. (1992) Serum C-reactive protein in the course of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis. Journal of infectious diseases
|
|
165(suppl1): S36–S37
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1588173" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1588173</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ao
|
|
D, Wei
|
|
L, Hui-Hui
|
|
G
|
|
et al (2014) Rapid diagnosis and discrimination of bacterial meningitis in children using gram probe real-time polymerase chain reaction. Clinical pediatrics
|
|
53(9): 839–844
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24790023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24790023</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Only CSF samples tested</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ascher
|
|
D. P; Wilson
|
|
S; Fischer
|
|
G. W. (1991) Comparison of commercially available group B streptococcal latex agglutination assays. Journal of clinical microbiology
|
|
29(12): 2895–6
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC270458/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC270458</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1757570" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1757570</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Athlin
|
|
S, Altun
|
|
O, Eriksen
|
|
H. B
|
|
et al (2015) The Uni-GoldTM Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen test: an interassay comparison with the BinaxNOW Streptococcus pneumoniae test on consecutive urine samples and evaluation on patients with bacteremia. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|
|
34(8): 1583–1588
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25926305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25926305</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae positive bacteraemia (diagnosis not reported)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Athlin
|
|
S; Iversen
|
|
A; Ozenci
|
|
V. (2017) Comparison of the ImmuView and the BinaxNOW antigen tests in detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila in urine. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases
|
|
36(10): 1933–1938
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5602076/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5602076</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28589425" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28589425</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae positive bacteraemia (diagnosis not reported)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Avni
|
|
T, Mansur
|
|
N, Leibovici
|
|
L
|
|
et al (2010) PCR using blood for diagnosis of invasive pneumococcal disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of clinical microbiology
|
|
48(2): 489–496
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2815606/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2815606</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20007385" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20007385</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Checked included studies for inclusion.</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Aygun
|
|
F, Durak
|
|
C, Varol
|
|
F
|
|
et al (2020) Evaluation of complete blood count parameters for diagnosis in children with sepsis in the pediatric intensive care unit. Cocuk Enfeksiyon Dergisi
|
|
14(2): e55–e62
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Sepsis (only 11% were CNS in origin)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Azzari
|
|
C, Moriondo
|
|
M, Indolfi
|
|
G
|
|
et al (2008) Molecular detection methods and serotyping performed directly on clinical samples improve diagnostic sensitivity and reveal increased incidence of invasive disease by Streptococcus pneumoniae in Italian children. Journal of Medical Microbiology
|
|
57(10): 1205–1212
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2884936/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2884936</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18809546" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18809546</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>PCR and culture used as reference standard</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Backman
|
|
A, Lantz
|
|
P. G, Radstrom
|
|
P
|
|
et al
|
|
Evaluation of an extended diagnostic PCR assay for detection and verification of the common causes of bacterial meningitis in CSF and other biological samples. Molecular and Cellular Probes
|
|
13(1): 49–60
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10024433" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10024433</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Baker
|
|
C. J and Rench
|
|
M. A. (1983) Commercial latex agglutination for detection of group B streptococcal antigen in body fluids. Journal of pediatrics
|
|
102(3): 393–395
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6338186" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6338186</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Latex agglutination</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ballard
|
|
T. L; Roe
|
|
M. H; Wheeler
|
|
R. C. (1987) Comparison of three latex agglutination kits and counterimmunoelectrophoresis for the detection of bacterial antigens in a pediatric population. Pediatric infectious disease journal
|
|
6(7): 630–634
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2441346" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2441346</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ben
|
|
R. J, Kung
|
|
S, Chang
|
|
F. Y
|
|
et al (2008) Rapid diagnosis of bacterial meningitis using a microarray. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association
|
|
107(6): 448–453
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18583215" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18583215</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Reference standard not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>CSF pleocytosis (> 5 leukocytes/μL of CSF)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bilavsky
|
|
E, Yarden-Bilavsky
|
|
H, Ashkenazi
|
|
S
|
|
et al (2009) C-reactive protein as a marker of serious bacterial infections in hospitalized febrile infants. Acta Paediatrica
|
|
98(11): 1776–1780
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19664100" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19664100</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>10% with bacterial meningitis</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Borrow
|
|
R, Claus
|
|
H, Chaudhry
|
|
U
|
|
et al (1998) siaD PCR ELISA for confirmation and identification of serogroup Y and W135 meningococcal infections. FEMS Microbiology Letters
|
|
159(2): 209–14
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9503614" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9503614</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Borschsenius
|
|
F, Bruun
|
|
J. N, Michaelsen
|
|
T. E
|
|
et al (1986) Serum C-reactive protein in systemic infections due to Neisseria meningitidis. NIPH annals
|
|
9(1): 15–21
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3092149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3092149</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Insufficient presentation of results</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Same data as reported in Borschsenius 1991</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Boudet
|
|
A, Pantel
|
|
A, Carles
|
|
M. J
|
|
et al (2019) A review of a 13-month period of
|
|
FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis panel implementation as a first-line diagnosis tool at a university hospital. 14(10): e0223887 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6812749/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6812749</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31647847" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31647847</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Only CSF samples tested</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Brouwer
|
|
M. C; Tunkel
|
|
A. R; Van De Beek
|
|
D. (2010) Epidemiology, diagnosis, and antimicrobial treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews
|
|
23(3): 467–492
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2901656/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2901656</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20610819" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20610819</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Discussion paper</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bryant
|
|
P. A, Li
|
|
H. Y, Zaia
|
|
A
|
|
et al (2004) Prospective study of a real-time PCR that is highly sensitive, specific, and clinically useful for diagnosis of meningococcal disease in children. Journal of clinical microbiology
|
|
42(7): 2919–2925
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC446275/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC446275</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15243039" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15243039</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test/reference standard not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Index tests: blood culture and lab-based PCR; reference standard includes clinical criteria</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Carrol
|
|
E. D, Newland
|
|
P, Thomson
|
|
A. P. J
|
|
et al (2005) Prognostic value of procalcitonin in children with meningococcal sepsis. Critical care medicine
|
|
33(1): 224–225
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15644674" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15644674</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design and outcomes not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>PCT as a prognostic marker in people with meningococcal sepsis</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Carrol
|
|
E.D, Newland
|
|
P, Riordan
|
|
F.A. I
|
|
et al (2002) Procalcitonin as a diagnostic marker of meningococcal disease in children presenting with fever and a rash. Archives of Disease in Childhood
|
|
86(4): 282–285
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1719162/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1719162</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11919107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11919107</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Meningococcal disease</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Carrol
|
|
E.D, Thomson
|
|
A.P. J, Shears
|
|
P
|
|
et al (2000) Performance characteristics of the polymerase chain reaction assay to confirm clinical meningococcal disease. Archives of Disease in Childhood
|
|
83(3): 271–273
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1718454/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1718454</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10952654" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10952654</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Lab-based PCR (meningococcal disease)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Clarke
|
|
D and Cost
|
|
K. (1983) Use of serum C-reactive protein in differentiating septic from aseptic meningitis in children. Journal of pediatrics
|
|
102(5): 718–720
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6842329" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6842329</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Insufficient presentation of results</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Insufficient information to calculate 2×2 tables</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Coant
|
|
P.N, Kornberg
|
|
A.E, Duffy
|
|
L.C
|
|
et al (1992) Blood culture results as determinants in the organism identification of bacterial meningitis. Pediatric Emergency Care
|
|
8(4): 200–205
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1381091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1381091</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Cocquerelle
|
|
V, Fossard
|
|
C, Souply
|
|
L
|
|
et al (2009) Evaluation of three diagnosis models for differentiating bacterial from viral meningitis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection
|
|
15 (S4): S224–S225
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Conference Abstract</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Drakopoulou
|
|
Z, Kesanopoulos
|
|
K, Sioumala
|
|
M
|
|
et al (2008) Simultaneous single-tube PCR-based assay for the direct identification of the five most
|
|
common meningococcal serogroups from clinical samples. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology
|
|
53(2): 178–182 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18623625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18623625</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>All patients confirmed as having meningococcal serogroups, diagnostic accuracy data on identification of individual serogroups in confirmed meningococcal isolates</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Drew
|
|
R. J, Maoldomhnaigh C
|
|
O., Gavin
|
|
P. J, O' Sullivan
|
|
N, Butler
|
|
K. M
|
|
et al (2012) The impact of meningococcal polymerase chain reaction testing on laboratory confirmation of invasive meningococcal disease. Pediatric infectious disease journal
|
|
31(3): 316–8
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22173139" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22173139</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Reference standard not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Unclear if culture of CSF done for comparator group of BSI</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Dubos
|
|
F, Korczowski
|
|
B, Aygun
|
|
D.A
|
|
et al (2010) Distinguishing between bacterial and aseptic meningitis in children: European comparison of two clinical decision rules. Archives of Disease in Childhood
|
|
95(12): 963–967
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20660523" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20660523</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Combination of index tests not of interest (includes clinical presentation and CSF parameters)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Edelstein
|
|
P. H; Jorgensen
|
|
C. S; Wolf
|
|
L. A. (2020) Performance of the ImmuView and BinaxNOW assays for the detection of urine and cerebrospinal fluid Streptococcus pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen in patients with Legionnaires' disease or pneumococcal pneumonia and meningitis. PloS one
|
|
15 (8 August) [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7458278/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7458278</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32866217" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32866217</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Legionnaires disease or pneumonia</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
El Bashir
|
|
H; Laundy
|
|
M; Booy
|
|
R. (2003) Diagnosis and treatment of bacterial meningitis. Archives of Disease in Childhood
|
|
88(7): 615–620
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1763168/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1763168</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12818910" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12818910</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Discussion paper</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
El shorbagy
|
|
H. H, Barseem
|
|
N. F, Abdelghani
|
|
W. E
|
|
et al (2018) The value of serum procalcitonin in acute meningitis in children. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
|
|
56: 28–33
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30143413" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30143413</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Emiroglu
|
|
M; Kesli
|
|
R; Kilicaslan
|
|
M. (2020) Diagnostic Value of Clinical and Laboratory Findings in Childhood Meningitis. Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
|
|
15(2): 79–85
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Meningitis (predominantly viral meningitis)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Failace
|
|
L, Wagner
|
|
M, Chesky
|
|
M
|
|
et al (2005) Simultaneous detection of Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus sp. by polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria
|
|
63(4): 920–924
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16400405" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16400405</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Fan
|
|
S. J, Tan
|
|
H. K, Xu
|
|
Y. C
|
|
et al (2020) A pooled analysis of the LAMP assay for the detection of Neisseria meningitidis. BMC Infectious Diseases
|
|
20 (1) [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7372874/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7372874</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32689953" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32689953</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>All studies in the meta-analysis don’t meet the inclusion criteria for the review. Studies that meet the inclusion criteria (McKenna 2011; Bourke 2015; Higgins 2018) extracted from primary paper</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Farahani
|
|
H, Ghaznavi-Rad
|
|
E, Mondanizadeh
|
|
M
|
|
et al (2016) Specific detection of common pathogens of acute bacterial meningitis using an internally controlled tetraplex-PCR assay. Molecular & Cellular ProbesMol Cell Probes
|
|
30(4): 261–265 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27401970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27401970</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Favaro
|
|
M, Savini
|
|
V, Favalli
|
|
C
|
|
et al (2013) A multi-target real-time PCR assay for rapid identification of meningitis-associated microorganisms.
|
|
Molecular BiotechnologyMol Biotechnol
|
|
53(1): 74–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22450734" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22450734</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Only CSF samples tested</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Feigin
|
|
R. D, Wong
|
|
M, Shackelford
|
|
P. G
|
|
et al (1976) Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis of urine as well as of CSF and blood for diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Journal of pediatrics
|
|
89(5): 773–775
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/978326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 978326</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Fraisier
|
|
C, Stor
|
|
R, Tenebray
|
|
B
|
|
et al (2009) Use of a new single multiplex PCR-based assay for direct simultaneous characterization of six Neisseria meningitidis serogroups. Journal of Clinical MicrobiologyJ Clin Microbiol
|
|
47(8): 2662–6 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2725692/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2725692</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19553584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19553584</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Gendrel
|
|
D, Raymond
|
|
J, Coste
|
|
J
|
|
et al (1999) Comparison of procalcitonin with C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 and interferon-alpha for differentiation of bacterial vs. viral infections. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
|
|
18(10): 875–881
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10530583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10530583</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Insufficient presentation of results</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Gerdes
|
|
L. U, Jorgensen
|
|
P. E, Nexo
|
|
E
|
|
et al (1998) C-reactive protein and bacterial meningitis: a meta-analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory InvestigationScand J Clin Lab Invest
|
|
58(5): 383–93 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9819187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9819187</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Insufficient presentation of results</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Insufficient info to construct 2 × 2 tables. Reference list checked for studies</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Guiducci
|
|
S, Moriondo
|
|
M, Nieddu
|
|
F
|
|
et al (2019) Culture and Real-time Polymerase Chain reaction sensitivity in the diagnosis of invasive meningococcal disease: Does culture miss less severe cases?. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource]
|
|
14(3): e0212922
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6415896/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6415896</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30865671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30865671</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hackett
|
|
S. J, Carrol
|
|
E. D, Guiver
|
|
M
|
|
et al (2002) Improved case confirmation in meningococcal disease with whole blood Taqman PCR. Archives of disease in childhood
|
|
86(6): 449–452
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1762989/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1762989</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12023187</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Lab-based PCR (meningococcal disease)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Henry
|
|
B. M, Roy
|
|
J, Ramakrishnan
|
|
P. K
|
|
et al (2016) Procalcitonin as a Serum Biomarker for Differentiation of Bacterial Meningitis from Viral Meningitis in Children:Evidence from a Meta-Analysis. Clinical pediatrics
|
|
55(8): 749–764
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26378091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26378091</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>All studies in the meta-analysis don’t meet the inclusion criteria for the review (includes studies that are not from a high-income OECD country). Studies that meet the inclusion criteria extracted from primary papers</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Higa
|
|
F. T, Fukasawa
|
|
L. O, Goncalves
|
|
M. G
|
|
et al (2013) Use of sodC versus ctrA for real-time polymerase chain reaction-based detection of Neisseria meningitidis in sterile body fluids. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
|
|
108(2): 246–247
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3970655/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3970655</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23579808" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23579808</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Higgins
|
|
O, Clancy
|
|
E, Cormican
|
|
M
|
|
et al (2018) Evaluation of an Internally Controlled Multiplex Tth Endonuclease Cleavage Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (TEC-LAMP) Assay for the Detection of Bacterial Meningitis Pathogens. International Journal of Molecular SciencesInt
|
|
19(2): 9 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5855746/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5855746</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29425124" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29425124</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>PCR in various clinical samples (blood, CSF, pleural fluid, knee fluid)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Higgins
|
|
O, Clancy
|
|
E, Forrest
|
|
M. S
|
|
et al (2018) Duplex recombinase polymerase amplification assays incorporating competitive internal controls for bacterial meningitis detection. Analytical Biochemistry
|
|
546: Oct-16 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29378166" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29378166</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>PCR in various clinical samples (blood, CSF, pleural fluid, knee fluid)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hu
|
|
R; Gong
|
|
Y; Wang
|
|
Y. (2015) Relationship of serum procalcitonin levels to severity and prognosis in pediatric bacterial meningitis. Clinical pediatrics
|
|
54(12): 1141–1144
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25652198" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25652198</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Huy
|
|
N. T, Hang le
|
|
T. T, Boamah
|
|
D
|
|
et al
|
|
Development of a single-tube loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of four pathogens of bacterial meningitis. FEMS Microbiology Letters
|
|
337(1): 25–30
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22946506" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22946506</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Jenkins
|
|
P; Barnes
|
|
R. A; Coakley
|
|
W. T. (1997) Detection of meningitis antigens in buffer and body fluids by ultrasound-enhanced particle agglutination. Journal of Immunological Methods
|
|
205(2): 191–200
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9294601" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9294601</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not enough data to construct 2 × 2 tables for review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Jing-Zi
|
|
P, Zheng-Xin
|
|
H, Wei-Jun
|
|
C
|
|
et al (2018) Detection of bacterial meningitis pathogens by PCR-mass spectrometry in cerebrospinal fluid. Clinical Laboratory
|
|
64(6): 1013–1019
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29945321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29945321</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Julian-Jimenez
|
|
A and Morales-Casado
|
|
M. I. (2019) Usefulness of blood and cerebrospinal fluid laboratory testing to predict bacterial meningitis in the emergency department. NeurologiaNeurologia
|
|
34(2): 105–113 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27469578" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27469578</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Non-English language article</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Article in Spanish</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kaldor
|
|
J; Asznowicz
|
|
R; Buist
|
|
D. G. P. (1977) Latex agglutination in diagnosis of bacterial infections, with special reference to patients with meningitis and septicemia. American Journal of Clinical Pathology
|
|
68(2): 284–289
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/879103" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 879103</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Purulent meningitis or septicaemia (no proportions reported)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kesanopoulos
|
|
K, Tzanakaki
|
|
G, Levidiotou
|
|
S
|
|
et al (2005) Evaluation of touch-down real-time PCR based on SYBR Green I fluorescent dye for the detection of Neisseria meningitidis in clinical samples. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology
|
|
43(3): 419–424
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15708317" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15708317</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Lab-based PCR</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Korczowski
|
|
B; Bijoś
|
|
A; Rybak
|
|
A. (2000) Procalcitonin in diagnosis of purulent and aseptic meningitis in children. Polski merkuriusz lekarski
|
|
9(53): 755–757
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11204322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11204322</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Non-English language article</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Article in Polish</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
La Scolea
|
|
L. J
|
|
Jr and Dryja
|
|
D. (1984) Quantitation of bacteria in cerebrospinal fluid and blood of children with meningitis and its diagnostic significance. Journal of clinical microbiology
|
|
19(2): 187–190
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC271014/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC271014</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6365957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6365957</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Only CSF samples tested</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lansac
|
|
N, Picard
|
|
F. J, Menard
|
|
C
|
|
et al (2000) Novel genus-specific PCR-based assays for rapid identification of Neisseria species and Neisseria meningitidis. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases
|
|
19(6): 443–51
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10947220" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10947220</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design/index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Development of PCR assays for neisseria species</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lee
|
|
C. T, Hsiao
|
|
K. M, Chen
|
|
J. C
|
|
et al (2015) Multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay developed to diagnose adult bacterial meningitis in Taiwan. Apmis
|
|
123(11): 945–50
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26332098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26332098</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Leitner
|
|
E, Hoenigl
|
|
M, Wagner
|
|
B
|
|
et al (2016) Performance of the FilmArray Blood culture identification panel in positive blood culture bottles and cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis of sepsis and meningitis. GMS Infectious DiseasesGMS Infect Dis
|
|
4: doc06 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6301725/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6301725</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30671320" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30671320</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>PCR applied to positive cultures only</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Mace
|
|
S. E. (2008) Acute Bacterial Meningitis. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
|
|
26(2): 281–317
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18406976" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18406976</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Discussion paper</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Makoo
|
|
Z. B, Soltani
|
|
H. R, Hasani
|
|
A
|
|
et al (2010) Diagnostic value of serum and Cerebrospinal fluid procalcitonin in differentiation bacterial from Aseptic meningitis. American Journal of Infectious Diseases
|
|
6(4): 93–97
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Manzano
|
|
S, Bailey
|
|
B, Gervaix
|
|
A
|
|
et al. (2011) Markers for bacterial infection in children with fever without source. Archives of Disease in Childhood
|
|
96(5): 440–446
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21278424" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21278424</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Insufficient presentation of results</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Outcome is detection of serious bacterial infection and results not presented separately for meningitis or meningococcal disease</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Maor
|
|
Y, Avnon
|
|
T, Schindler
|
|
Y
|
|
et al (2012) The significance of PCR in the diagnosis of post surgical meningitis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection
|
|
3: 356
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Conference Abstract</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Metrou
|
|
M and Crain
|
|
E. F. (1991) The complete blood count differential ratio in the assessment of febrile infants with meningitis. Pediatric infectious disease journal
|
|
10(4): 334–335
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2062632" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2062632</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not diagnostic accuracy study</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Michael
|
|
B. D, Sidhu
|
|
M, Stoeter
|
|
D
|
|
et al (2010) Acute central nervous system infections in adults-a retrospective cohort study in the NHS North West region. Qjm
|
|
103(10): 749–758
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20657024" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20657024</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Only CSF samples tested</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Moayedi
|
|
A. R, Nejatizadeh
|
|
A, Mohammadian
|
|
M
|
|
et al (2015) Accuracy of universal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of bacterial meningitis among suspected patients. Electronic Physician [Electronic Resource]Electron Physician
|
|
7(8): 1609–12
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4725414/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4725414</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26816587" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26816587</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Mohamed
|
|
H. B, Alif
|
|
H. A, Awadalla
|
|
A. A
|
|
et al (2012) Detection and significance of blood neutrophil CD64 expression as a diagnostic marker in bacterial meningitis in children. The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists
|
|
19(2): 35–40 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23885405" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23885405</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Mohammadi
|
|
S. F, Patil
|
|
A. B, Nadagir
|
|
S. D
|
|
et al (2013) Diagnostic value of latex agglutination test in diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology
|
|
16(4): 645–649
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3841619/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3841619</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24339598" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24339598</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Nacro
|
|
B, Konate
|
|
S, Gaudreault
|
|
S
|
|
et al (2008) Use of polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis in children. Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
|
|
3(2): 119–124
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Nolte
|
|
F. S, Rogers
|
|
B. B, Tang
|
|
Y. W
|
|
et al (2011) Evaluation of a rapid and completely automated real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis. Journal of Clinical MicrobiologyJ Clin Microbiol
|
|
49(2): 528–33 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3043510/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3043510</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21159942" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21159942</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Only CSF samples tested</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Onal
|
|
H, Onal
|
|
Z, Ozdil
|
|
M
|
|
et al (2008) A new parameter in the differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral meningitis. Neurosciences
|
|
13(1): 91–92
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21063298" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21063298</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Orvelid
|
|
P; Backman
|
|
A; Olcen
|
|
P. (1999) PCR identification of the group A Neisseria meningitidis gene in cerebrospinal fluid. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases
|
|
31(5): 481–483
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10576127" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10576127</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Only CSF samples tested</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Papavasileiou
|
|
K, Papavasileiou
|
|
E, Tzanakaki
|
|
G
|
|
et al (2011) Acute bacterial meningitis cases diagnosed by culture and PCR in a children's hospital throughout a 9-year period (2000–2008) in Athens, Greece. Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy
|
|
15(2): 109–113
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21452905" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21452905</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Descriptive study (no DTA data)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Poplin
|
|
V; Boulware
|
|
D. R; Bahr
|
|
N. C. (2020) Methods for rapid diagnosis of meningitis etiology in adults. Biomarkers in MedicineBiomark
|
|
14(6): 459–479 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7248681/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7248681</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32270693" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32270693</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Discussion paper</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Poppert
|
|
S, Essig
|
|
A, Stoehr
|
|
B
|
|
et al (2005) Rapid diagnosis of bacterial meningitis by real-time PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Journal of clinical microbiology
|
|
43(7): 3390–7
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1169125/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1169125</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16000464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16000464</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Only CSF samples tested</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Porritt
|
|
R. J; Mercer
|
|
J. L; Munro
|
|
R. (2000) Detection and serogroup determination of Neisseria meningitidis in CSF by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Pathology
|
|
32(1): 42–45
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10740805" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10740805</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Only CSF samples tested</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Porritt
|
|
R. J; Mercer
|
|
J. L; Munro
|
|
R. (2003) Ultrasound-enhanced latex immunoagglutination test (USELAT) for detection of capsular polysaccharide antigen of Neisseria meningitidis from CSF and plasma. Pathology
|
|
35(1): 61–4
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12701687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12701687</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Latex agglutination</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Prasad
|
|
P. L; Nair
|
|
M. N. G; Kalghatgi
|
|
A. T. (2005) Childhood bacterial meningitis and usefulness of C-reactive protein. Medical Journal Armed Forces India
|
|
61(1): 13–15
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4923348/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4923348</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27407696" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27407696</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Prat
|
|
C, Dominguez
|
|
J, Rodrigo
|
|
C
|
|
et al (2004) Use of quantitative and semiquantitative procalcitonin measurements to identify children with sepsis and meningitis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|
|
23(2): 136–138
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14689316" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14689316</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Population not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Groups those with sepsis and/or meningitis</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Requejo
|
|
H. I; Nascimento
|
|
C. M; Fahrat
|
|
C. K. (1992) Comparison of counterimmunoelectrophoresis, latex agglutination and bacterial culture for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis using urine, serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira de Biofisica .. etal25(4): 357–367 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1342212" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1342212</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Sakushima
|
|
K, Hayashino
|
|
Y, Kawaguchi
|
|
T
|
|
et al (2011) Diagnostic accuracy of O cerebrospinal fluid lactate for differentiating bacterial meningitis from aseptic meningitis: a meta-analysis. Journal of InfectionJ Infect
|
|
62(4): 255–62
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21382412" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21382412</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Only CSF samples tested</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Saravolatz
|
|
L. D, Manzor
|
|
O, VanderVelde
|
|
N
|
|
et al (2003) Broad-range bacterial O polymerase chain reaction for early detection of bacterial meningitis. Clinical infectious diseases
|
|
36(1): 40–5
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12491200" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12491200</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Only CSF samples tested</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Schaad
|
|
U.B. (1997) Diagnosis and treatment of bacterial meningitis. Annales D Nestle
|
|
55(3): 103–110
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Discussion paper</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Seward
|
|
R. J and Towner
|
|
K. J. (2000) Evaluation of a PCR-immunoassay N technique for detection of Neisseria meningitidis in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood. Journal of Medical Microbiology
|
|
49(5): 451–456
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798558" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10798558</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>No index test of interest</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Sippel
|
|
J. E, Girgis
|
|
N. I, Kilpatrick
|
|
M.
|
|
et al (1991) Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial D meningitis. Transactions of the royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene
|
|
85(suppl1): 06-Aug [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1803698" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1803698</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Discussion paper</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Soetiono
|
|
S; Sunartini, Machfudz
|
|
S; Setyawati
|
|
P. S. (1989) Cerebrospinal fluid N C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of meningitis in children. Paediatrica Indonesiana
|
|
29(01feb): 20–27
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2797840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2797840</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Srifuengfung
|
|
S and Chokephaibulkit
|
|
K. (2010) Detection of bacterial antigen in D cerebrospinal fluid in patients with bacterial meningitis: a literature review. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet
|
|
93suppl5: S71–75 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21298833" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21298833</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Discussion paper</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Srinivasan
|
|
L, Pisapia
|
|
J. M, Shah
|
|
S. S
|
|
et al (2012) Can broad-range 16S ribosomal P ribonucleic acid gene polymerase chain reactions improve the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Emergency MedicineAnn Emerg Med
|
|
60(5): 609620.e2 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22883680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22883680</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>PCR tested in CSF</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Taveras
|
|
J and Villalobos-Fry
|
|
T. (2018) The use of multiplex PCR panel in the diagnosis of meningitis in children. Open Forum Infectious Diseases
|
|
5 (Supplement 1): 135
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Conference Abstract</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ure
|
|
R, Lindsay
|
|
D, Edwards
|
|
G
|
|
et al (2012) Evaluation of the FTD bacterial meninigitis kit in comparison to in-house assays for the direct detection of N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae in clinical specimens. Clinical Microbiology and Infection
|
|
3: 403
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Conference Abstract</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Van Gastel
|
|
E, Bruynseels
|
|
P, Verstrepen
|
|
W
|
|
et al (2007) Evaluation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of pneumococcal and meningococcal meningitis in a tertiary care hospital. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|
|
26(9): 651–653
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17610095" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17610095</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Insufficient presentation of results</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Data cannot be extracted as control group includes those with other types of bacterial meningitis</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Velissaris
|
|
D, Pintea
|
|
M, Pantzaris
|
|
N
|
|
et al (2018) The Role of Procalcitonin in the Diagnosis of Meningitis: A Literature Review. Journal of Clinical MedicineJ
|
|
7(6): 11 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6025317/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6025317</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29891780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29891780</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Non-systematic review</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Viallon
|
|
A, Zeni
|
|
F, Lambert
|
|
C
|
|
et al (1999) High sensitivity and specificity of serum procalcitonin levels in adults with bacterial meningitis. Clinical infectious diseases
|
|
28(6): 1313–1316
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10451174" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10451174</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Insufficient presentation of results</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Insufficient information to calculate 2×2 table or precision around the estimates</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Vikse
|
|
J, Henry
|
|
B. M, Roy
|
|
J
|
|
et al (2015) The role of serum procalcitonin in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Infectious DiseasesInt J Infect Dis
|
|
38: 68–76 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26188130" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26188130</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>- Reference standard not of interest for review</p>
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|
<p>
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<i>No comparator of interest</i>
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|
</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Vuong
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|
J, Collard
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J. M, Whaley
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M. J
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et al (2016) Development of real-time PCR methods for the detection of bacterial meningitis pathogens without DNA extraction. PloS one
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11 (2) [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4735509/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4735509</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26829233" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26829233</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>- Index test not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>PCR on CSF</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Wang
|
|
X, Theodore
|
|
M. J, Mair
|
|
R
|
|
et al (2012) Clinical validation of multiplex realtime PCR assays for detection of bacterial meningitis pathogens. Journal of Clinical MicrobiologyJ Clin Microbiol
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|
50(3): 702–8 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3295090/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3295090</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22170919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22170919</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
<p>- Index test/country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>PCR on nasal washes and/or throat swabs for Lakeland (USA) cohort and other cohorts not from a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Wei
|
|
T. T, Hu
|
|
Z. D, Qin
|
|
B. D
|
|
et al (2016) Diagnostic Accuracy of Procalcitonin in Bacterial Meningitis Versus Nonbacterial
|
|
Meningitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. MedicineMedicine (Baltimore)
|
|
95(11): e3079 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4839921/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4839921</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26986140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26986140</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Study design not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Studies that meet inclusion criteria for review extracted from primary papers</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Zhang
|
|
L, Ma
|
|
L, Zhou
|
|
X
|
|
et al (2019) Diagnostic Value of Procalcitonin for Bacterial Meningitis in Children: A Comparison Analysis Between Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid Procalcitonin Levels. Clinical pediatrics
|
|
58(2): 159–165
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30371098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30371098</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- Country not of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not a high-income OECD country</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; LAMP: Loop-mediated isothermal amplification; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PCT: procalcitonin; OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; RCT: randomised controlled trial</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng240er5appjtab2"><div id="niceng240er5.appj.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 22</span><span class="title">Excluded studies and reasons for their exclusion</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK604179/table/niceng240er5.appj.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng240er5.appj.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for Exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Duff, S., Hasbun, R., Balada-Llasat, J. M., Zimmer, L., Bozzette, S. A., Ginocchio, C. C., Economic analysis of rapid multiplex polymerase chain reaction testing for meningitis/encephalitis in adult patients, Infection, 20, 20, 2019 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31111325</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Excluded as rated not applicable. US resource use and costs and judged unlikely to be applicable to current UK NHS context.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
Duff, S., Hasbun, R., Ginocchio, C. C., Balada-Llasat, J. M., Zimmer, L., Bozzette, S. A., Economic analysis of rapid multiplex polymerase chain reaction testing for meningitis/encephalitis in pediatric patients, Future Microbiology, 13, 617–629, 2018 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29316801" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29316801</span></a>]
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er5.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Excluded as rated not applicable. US resource use and costs and judged unlikely to be applicable to current UK NHS context.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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