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meningitis" /></a></div><div class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK604105_"><span itemprop="name">Evidence review for fluid restriction in bacterial meningitis</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Meningitis (bacterial) and meningococcal disease: recognition, diagnosis and management</div><p><b>Evidence review G1</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 240</i></p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2024 Mar</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-5772-9</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2024.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng240er22.s1"><h2 id="_niceng240er22_s1_">Fluid restriction in bacterial meningitis</h2><div id="niceng240er22.s1.1"><h3>Review question</h3><p>What is the effectiveness of fluid restriction in bacterial meningitis?</p><div id="niceng240er22.s1.1.1"><h4>Introduction</h4><p>Bacterial meningitis is a rare but serious infection, which can occur in any age group. Careful management of fluid and electrolyte balance is important in the treatment of meningitis. Fluid restriction in the initial management of bacterial meningitis has been advocated.</p><p>The aim of this review is to establish the effectiveness of fluid restriction in the early management of bacterial meningitis.</p></div><div id="niceng240er22.s1.1.2"><h4>Summary of the protocol</h4><p>See <a href="/books/NBK604105/table/niceng240er22.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er22tab1">Table 1</a> for a summary of the Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome (PICO) characteristics of this review.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng240er22tab1"><a href="/books/NBK604105/table/niceng240er22.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng240er22tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng240er22.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK604105/table/niceng240er22.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er22tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of the protocol (PICO table). </p></div></div><p>For further details see the review protocol in <a href="#niceng240er22.appa">appendix A</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng240er22.s1.1.3"><h4>Methods and process</h4><p>This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/introduction" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>. Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in <a href="#niceng240er22.appa">appendix A</a> and the <a href="/books/NBK604105/bin/NG240-Methods-pdf.pdf">methods</a> document (supplementary document 1).</p><p>Declarations of interest were recorded according to <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/about/who-we-are/policies-and-procedures" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NICE’s conflicts of interest policy</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng240er22.s1.1.4"><h4>Effectiveness evidence</h4><div id="niceng240er22.s1.1.4.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>Two randomised controlled trials were included in this review (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er22.s1.ref1" rid="niceng240er22.s1.ref1">Duke 2002</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er22.s1.ref2" rid="niceng240er22.s1.ref2">Singhi 1995</a>).</p><p>The included studies are summarised in <a href="/books/NBK604105/table/niceng240er22.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er22tab2">Table 2</a>.</p><p>Both studies (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er22.s1.ref1" rid="niceng240er22.s1.ref1">Duke 2002</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er22.s1.ref2" rid="niceng240er22.s1.ref2">Singhi 1995</a>) compared restricted fluids to maintenance fluids in babies and children.</p><p>See the literature search strategy in <a href="#niceng240er22.appb">appendix B</a> and study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng240er22.appc">appendix C</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng240er22.s1.1.4.2"><h5>Excluded studies</h5><p>Studies not included in this review are listed, and reasons for their exclusion are provided in <a href="#niceng240er22.appj">appendix J</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er22.s1.1.5"><h4>Summary of included studies</h4><p>Summaries of the studies that were included in this review are presented in <a href="/books/NBK604105/table/niceng240er22.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er22tab2">Table 2</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng240er22tab2"><a href="/books/NBK604105/table/niceng240er22.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng240er22tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng240er22.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK604105/table/niceng240er22.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er22tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of included studies. </p></div></div><p>See the full evidence tables in <a href="#niceng240er22.appd">appendix D</a> and the forest plots in <a href="#niceng240er22.appe">appendix E</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng240er22.s1.1.6"><h4>Summary of the evidence</h4><p>This section is a narrative summary of the findings of the review, as presented in the GRADE tables in <a href="#niceng240er22.appf">appendix F</a>. For details of the committee’s confidence in the evidence and how this affected recommendations, see <a href="#niceng240er22.s1.1.9">The committee’s discussion and interpretation of the evidence</a>.</p><p>The evidence was assessed as being low to very low quality due to risk of bias (arising from subjective outcome measurement), imprecision (due to low event rates), and the inclusion of indirect outcomes. All studies were conducted in lower middle-income countries, and 27% of participants were malnourished in 1 study (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er22.s1.ref1" rid="niceng240er22.s1.ref1">Duke 2002</a>). See the GRADE tables in <a href="#niceng240er22.appf">appendix F</a> for the certainty of the evidence for each individual outcome.</p><p>The evidence showed no important difference between restricted fluids and maintenance fluids for all-cause mortality, acute hyponatraemia, acute pulmonary oedema, or hydrocephalus in babies and children. There was some evidence for a higher rate of neurological impairment and epilepsy associated with fluid restriction, and a higher rate of acute facial oedema associated with maintenance fluids, although all these effect estimates were seriously or very seriously imprecise.</p><p>No other outcomes in the protocol were reported by any studies.</p><p>See <a href="#niceng240er22.appf">appendix F</a> for full GRADE tables.</p></div><div id="niceng240er22.s1.1.7"><h4>Economic evidence</h4><div id="niceng240er22.s1.1.7.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>A single economic search was undertaken for all topics included in the scope of this guideline, but no economic studies were identified which were applicable to this review question.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er22.s1.1.8"><h4>Economic model</h4><p>No economic modelling was undertaken for this review because the committee agreed that other topics were higher priorities for economic evaluation. This was because the committee did not expect their recommendations would change current NHS practice. Furthermore, there is other NICE guidance on fluid therapy in adults, young people, and children.</p></div><div id="niceng240er22.s1.1.9"><h4>The committee’s discussion and interpretation of the evidence</h4><div id="niceng240er22.s1.1.9.1"><h5>The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>Bacterial meningitis is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Fluid management may reduce mortality and morbidity in bacterial meningitis, and all-cause mortality and any long-term neurological impairment were prioritised as critical outcomes because of the severity of these outcomes. Functional impairment was also prioritised as a critical outcome in adults because of the potential long-term impact on the ability to carry out certain activities of daily life. Severe developmental delay was prioritised as a critical outcome in neonates, babies, and children as it is a more relevant and important outcome for this population.</p><p>Functional impairment (in neonates, babies, and children), epilepsy or seizures, hearing impairment and serious intervention-related adverse effects were chosen as important outcomes because these outcomes are relatively common after bacterial meningitis and may be related to fluid management. In adults, length of hospitalisation was also chosen as an important outcome because this may be considered as an indicator of treatment effectiveness and was expected to be commonly reported in trials.</p></div><div id="niceng240er22.s1.1.9.2"><h5>The quality of the evidence</h5><p>The quality of the evidence was assessed using GRADE methodology. The evidence was rated as very low to low quality due to risk of bias (arising from subjective outcome measurement), imprecision (due to low event rates), and the inclusion of indirect populations and outcomes.</p><p>No evidence was found that reported functional impairment, severe developmental delay, hearing impairment, or length of hospitalisation.</p></div><div id="niceng240er22.s1.1.9.3"><h5>Benefits and harms</h5><p>The committee considered the evidence comparing fluid restriction and maintenance fluid in the treatment of bacterial meningitis in babies and children, that showed no important difference for mortality, and a higher rate of neurological impairment and epilepsy associated with fluid restriction. The committee acknowledged the low quality and limited evidence but were concerned that fluid restriction showed harm for a critical outcome. Based on this best available evidence, and their clinical knowledge and experience, the committee agreed to recommend that fluid intake is not routinely restricted to below routine maintenance needs in people with bacterial meningitis. The committee discussed that there are some situations in which fluid restriction should be considered. For example, if a patient had a lot of fluid resuscitation during an acute unstable phase, then fluid overload could occur in recovery phase, in which case it would be clinically appropriate to restrict fluid intake. However, the committee agreed that fluid restriction should only be considered in certain cases and based on the individual clinical presentation and needs of the patient.</p><p>This review did not provide evidence on routes of fluid administration, however the committee felt that for patient safety, it was important to provide a recommendation on route of administration for maintenance fluids based on good clinical practice and their expert opinion. The committee agreed that people with bacterial meningitis do not need to have all their fluids as intravenous fluids and were aware of the risk of complications related to the intravenous route. Therefore, the committee agreed that maintenance fluid should be given orally or by enteral tube if tolerated to avoid unnecessary intravenous fluids.</p></div><div id="niceng240er22.s1.1.9.4"><h5>Cost effectiveness and resource use</h5><p>This review question was not prioritised for economic analysis and therefore the committee made a qualitative assessment of the likely cost-effectiveness of their recommendations. The committee considered that their recommendations with respect to fluid restriction were all very low cost and were therefore likely to be cost-effective as they were underpinned by the best available clinical evidence allied with their expertise and knowledge to maximise health related quality of life. The committee noted that their recommendations were in line with current NHS practice and that they would not have a significant resource impact.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er22.s1.1.10"><h4>Recommendations supported by this evidence review</h4><p>This evidence review supports recommendations 1.9.1 and 1.9.2.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er22.s1.rl.r1"><h3>References – included studies</h3><ul class="simple-list"><div id="niceng240er22.s1.rl.r1.1"><h4>Effectiveness</h4><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er22.s1.ref1"><p id="p-78">
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<strong>Duke 2002</strong>
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</p>Duke, T., Mokela, D., Frank, D., Michael, A., Paulo, T., Mgone, J., Kurubi, J., Management of meningitis in children with oral fluid restriction or intravenous fluid at maintenance volumes: a randomised trial, Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 22, 145–57, 2002
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12070950" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12070950</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er22.s1.ref2"><p id="p-79">
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<strong>Singhi 1995</strong>
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</p>Singhi, S. C., Singhi, P. D., Srinivas, B., Narakesri, H. P., Ganguli, N. K., Sialy, R., Walia, B. N., Fluid restriction does not improve the outcome of acute meningitis, Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 14, 495–503, 1995
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7667054" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7667054</span></a>]</div></p></li></ul></div><div id="niceng240er22.s1.rl.r1.2"><h4>Economic</h4><ul class="simple-list"><p>No studies were identified which were applicable to this review question.</p></ul></div></ul></div></div><div id="appendixesappgroup1"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup1_">Appendices</h2><div id="niceng240er22.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="niceng240er22.appa.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604105/bin/niceng240er22-appa-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Review protocol for review question: What is the effectiveness of fluid restriction in bacterial meningitis?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 249K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er22.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><p id="niceng240er22.appb.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604105/bin/niceng240er22-appb-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Literature search strategies for review question: What is the effectiveness of fluid restriction in bacterial meningitis?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 196K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er22.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Effectiveness evidence study selection</h3><p id="niceng240er22.appc.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604105/bin/niceng240er22-appc-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Study selection for review question: What is the effectiveness of fluid restriction in bacterial meningitis?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 103K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er22.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Evidence tables</h3><p id="niceng240er22.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604105/bin/niceng240er22-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Evidence tables for review question: What is the effectiveness of fluid restriction in bacterial meningitis?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 184K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er22.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Forest plots</h3><p id="niceng240er22.appe.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604105/bin/niceng240er22-appe-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Forest plots for review question: What is the effectiveness of fluid restriction in bacterial meningitis?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 137K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er22.appf"><h3>Appendix F. GRADE tables</h3><p id="niceng240er22.appf.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604105/bin/niceng240er22-appf-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">GRADE tables for review question: What is the effectiveness of fluid restriction in bacterial meningitis?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 157K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er22.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Economic evidence study selection</h3><p id="niceng240er22.appg.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604105/bin/niceng240er22-appg-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Study selection for: What is the effectiveness of fluid restriction in bacterial meningitis?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 105K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er22.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Economic evidence tables</h3><div id="niceng240er22.apph.s1"><h4>Economic evidence tables for review question: What is the effectiveness of fluid restriction in bacterial meningitis?</h4><p>No evidence was identified which was applicable to this review question.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er22.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Economic model</h3><div id="niceng240er22.appi.s1"><h4>Economic model for review question: What is the effectiveness of fluid restriction in bacterial meningitis?</h4><p>No economic analysis was conducted for this review question.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er22.appj"><h3>Appendix J. Excluded studies</h3><div id="niceng240er22.appj.s1"><h4>Excluded studies for review question: What is the effectiveness of fluid restriction in bacterial meningitis?</h4></div><div id="niceng240er22.appj.s2"><h4>Excluded effectiveness studies</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng240er22appjtab1"><a href="/books/NBK604105/table/niceng240er22.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 6" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng240er22appjtab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng240er22.appj.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK604105/table/niceng240er22.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er22appjtab1">Table 6</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Excluded studies and reasons for their exclusion. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng240er22.appj.s3"><h4>Excluded economic studies</h4><p>No studies were identified which were applicable to this review question.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er22.appk"><h3>Appendix K. Research recommendations – full details</h3><div id="niceng240er22.appk.s1"><h4>Research recommendations for review question: What is the effectiveness of fluid restriction in bacterial meningitis?</h4><p>No research recommendation was made for this review.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Evidence review underpinning recommendations 1.9.1 and 1.9.2 in the NICE guideline</p><p>This evidence review was developed by NICE</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2024.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK604105</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38838179" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">38838179</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng240er22tab1"><div id="niceng240er22.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">Summary of the protocol (PICO table)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK604105/table/niceng240er22.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng240er22.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng240er22.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng240er22.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All adults, young people, children and babies (including neonates defined as aged 28 days old and younger) with confirmed bacterial meningitis.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng240er22.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng240er22.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Restricted fluids (as defined in studies)</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng240er22.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng240er22.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Standard care (as defined in studies)</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng240er22.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcome</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng240er22.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<b>Critical</b>
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</p>
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<p>Population: adults, neonates, infants and children
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality (measured up to 1 year after discharge)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any long-term neurological impairment (defined as any motor deficits, sensory deficits [excluding hearing impairment], cognitive deficits*, or behavioural deficits*; measured from discharge up to 1 year after discharge)</div></li></ul>
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Population: adults
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Functional impairment (measured by any validated scale at any time point)</div></li></ul>
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Population: neonates, infants and children
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe developmental delay (defined as score of >2 SD below normal on validated assessment scales, or MDI or PDI <70 on Bayleys assessment scale, or inability to assign a score due to cerebral palsy or severity of cognitive delay; measured at the oldest age reported unless there is substantially more data available at a younger age)</div></li></ul>
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<b>Important</b></p>
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<p>Population: adults, neonates, infants and children
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diagnosis of epilepsy or occurrence of seizures during hospitalisation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hearing impairment (defined as any level of hearing impairment; measured from discharge up to 1 year after discharge)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Serious intervention-related adverse effects leading to death, disability or prolonged hospitalisation or that are life threatening or otherwise considered medically significant</div></li></ul>
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Population: adults
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Length of hospitalisation</div></li></ul>
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Population: neonates, infants and children
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Functional impairment (measured by any validated scale at any time point)</div></li></ul>
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*For infants and children below school-age, cognitive and behavioural deficits will be assessed at school-age.</p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">MDI: mental development index; PDI: psychomotor development index; SD: standard deviation</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng240er22tab2"><div id="niceng240er22.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of included studies</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK604105/table/niceng240er22.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng240er22.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng240er22.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er22.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er22.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er22.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er22.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er22.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er22.s1.ref1" rid="niceng240er22.s1.ref1">Duke 2002</a>
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</p>
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<p>RCT</p>
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<p>Papua New Guinea</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>N=346</p>
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<p>Children aged >1 month to <12 years with confirmed bacterial meningitis</p>
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<p>Age in months (median; IQR): Restricted fluids: 5.8 (4-9) Maintenance fluids: 7 (4-16)</p>
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<p>Malnourished population: 94 (27%)</p>
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<p>Case-fatality: 19%</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<u>Restricted fluids</u>
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</p>
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<p>60% of normal maintenance fluid of expressed breast milk or other milk feed through nasogastric tube for at least 48 hours</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<u>Maintenance fluids</u>
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</p>
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<p>100% of normal maintenance fluid as 0.45% normal saline with 5% dextrose and 10 mml/l of potassium chloride per litre for at least 48 hours</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any long-term neurological impairment (severe motor deficit and major sensory deficit, persistent convulsions or coma)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Epilepsy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Serious intervention-related adverse effects (acute hyponatraemia, acute pulmonary oedema, acute facial oedema, and hydrocephalus)</div></li></ul>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.6% and 0.3% of population had tuberculous meningitis and cryptococcal meningitis, respectively</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er22.s1.ref2" rid="niceng240er22.s1.ref2">Singhi 1995</a>
|
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</p>
|
|
<p>RCT</p>
|
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<p>India</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>N=50</p>
|
|
<p>Children aged 2 months to 7 years with confirmed bacterial meningitis</p>
|
|
<p>Age in months (mean; SD): 13 (18.1)</p>
|
|
<p>Case-fatality: 18%</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Restricted fluids</u>
|
|
</p>
|
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<p>65% of normal maintenance fluid requirement as 0.18% normal saline in 5% dextrose solution for the first 24 hours</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Maintenance fluids</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>100% of normal maintenance fluid requirement as 0.18% normal saline in 5% dextrose solution</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Trial stopped early due to an obvious trend toward poor outcome in the fluid-restricted group.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">IQR: interquartile range; RCT: randomised controlled trial; SD: standard deviation</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng240er22appjtab1"><div id="niceng240er22.appj.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">Excluded studies and reasons for their exclusion</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK604105/table/niceng240er22.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng240er22.appj.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ackerman, A. D., Singhi, S., Pediatric infectious diseases: 2009 update for the Rogers’ Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, 11, 117–23, 2010
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|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20009784" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20009784</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: narrative review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bradshaw, J., The infant with meningitis, Nursing - OxfordNursing (Lond), 2, 473–5, 1983 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6554521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6554521</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Brouwer, M. C., van de Beek, D., Heckenberg, S. G., Spanjaard, L., de Gans, J., Hyponatraemia in adults with community-acquired bacterial meningitis, Qjm, 100, 37–40, 2007
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17178734" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17178734</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison does not meet inclusion criteria: hyponatraemia present vs. hyponatraemia absent</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Brown, L. W., Feigin, R. D., Bacterial meningitis: fluid balance and therapy, Pediatric Annals, 23, 93–8, 1994
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8196986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8196986</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: narrative review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Charlier, C., Kermorvant-Duchemin, E., Perrodeau, E., Moura, A., Maury, M. M., Bracq-Dieye, H., Thouvenot, P., Vales, G., Leclercq, A., Ravaud, P., Lecuit, M., neonatal, Monalisa study group, Neonatal listeriosis presentation and outcome: a prospective study of 189 cases, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 20, 20, 2021 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33876229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33876229</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study intervention/exposure does not meet inclusion criteria: no fluid restriction</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Craft, J. C., Feldman, W. E., Nelson, J. D., Clinicopharmacological evaluation of amoxicillin and probenecid against bacterial meningitis, Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy, 16, 346–52, 1979
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC352859/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC352859</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/507789" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 507789</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention does not meet inclusion criteria: drug intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Di Mauro, A., Cortese, F., Laforgia, N., Pantaleo, B., Giuliani, R., Bonifazi, D., Ciccone, M. M., Giordano, P., Neonatal bacterial meningitis: a systematic review of European available data, Minerva Pediatrica, 71, 201–208, 2019
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29160642" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29160642</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: systematic review does not report the evidence from RCTs investigating the effectiveness of fluid restriction in bacterial meningitis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
El Bashir, H., Laundy, M., Booy, R., Diagnosis and treatment of bacterial meningitis, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 88, 615–620, 2003
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1763168/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1763168</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12818910" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12818910</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: narrative review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
English, M., Berkley, J., Mwangi, I., Mohammed, S., Ahmed, M., Osier, F., Muturi, N., Ogutu, B., Marsh, K., Newton, C. R. J. C., Hypothetical performance of syndrome-based management of acute paediatric admissions of children aged more than 60 days in a Kenyan district hospital, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81, 166–173, 2003
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2572426/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2572426</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12764512" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12764512</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study intervention/exposure does not meet inclusion criteria: no fluid restriction</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Esteban, E., Ferrer, R., Segura, S., Felipe, A., Perez-Baena, L., Bustinza, A., Gomezo, F., Concha, A., Septic children in pediatric intensive care: Descriptive analysis of the preintervention period of the abiss-edusepsis pediatric study, Intensive Care Medicine, 2), S231–S232, 2013
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference paper</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Feigin, R. D., Kaplan, S., Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in children with bacterial meningitis, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 30, 1482–4, 1977
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/900060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 900060</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: non-comparative</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Galiza,E.P., Heath,P.T., Improving the outcome of neonatal meningitis, Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 22, 229–234, 2009
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19333122" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19333122</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: narrative review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Glimaker, M., Johansson, B., Halldorsdottir, H., Wanecek, M., Elmi-Terander, A., Ghatan, P. H., Lindquist, L., Bellander, B. M., Neuro-intensive treatment targeting intracranial hypertension improves outcome in severe bacterial meningitis: an intervention-control study, Plos one, 9, 2014 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3965390/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3965390</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24667767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24667767</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design and intervention do not meet inclusion criteria: no randomisation and no fluid restriction</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Grimwood, K., Dawson, K. P., Management of acute bacterial meningitis in childhood, New Zealand Medical Journal, 95, 545–548, 1982
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6752782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6752782</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: narrative review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Gwer, S., Gatakaa, H., Mwai, L., Idro, R., Newton, C. R., The role for osmotic agents in children with acute encephalopathies: a systematic review, BMC Pediatrics, 10, 23, 2010
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2859077/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2859077</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20398408" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20398408</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study population and intervention do not meet inclusion criteria: children with acute encephalopathies and osmotic agents</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hadgu, P., Tafari, N., Results of current therapy for pyogenic meningitis in childhood, Ethiopian Medical Journal, 11, 67–73, 1973
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4782011" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 4782011</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: retrospective study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Heyman, S. N., Ginosar, Y., Shapiro, M., Kluger, Y., Marx, N., Maayan, S., Diarrheal epidemics among Rwandan refugees in 1994: Management and outcome in a field hospital, Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 25, 595–601, 1997
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9451670" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9451670</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design and intervention/exposure do not meet inclusion criteria: retrospective study, and no fluid restriction</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Holliday, M. A., Friedman, A. L., Segar, W. E., Chesney, R., Finberg, L., Acute hospital-induced hyponatremia in children: A physiologic approach, Journal of Pediatrics, 145, 584–587, 2004
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15520753" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15520753</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: narrative review and case report</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hoorn, E. J., Spasovski, G., Recent developments in the management of acute and chronic hyponatremia, Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension, 28, 424–432, 2019
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31232710" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31232710</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: narrative review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Jacobs, L. G., Infectious disease emergencies in the geriatric population, Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 9, 559–575, 1993
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8374857" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8374857</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: narrative review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Jenson, A., Rao, A., Mda, P., Cawe, B., Iruedo, J., Dubula, T., Stead, D., Rothman, R., Hansoti, B., One in four die from acute infectious illness in an emergency department in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, South African Medical Journal, 111, 129–136, 2021
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33944723" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33944723</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population does not meet inclusion criteria: 90% with lung infection, abdominal infection, UTI, TB and PUO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Johnsen,S.D., Some important pitfalls in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial meningitis in children, Clinical Pediatrics, 14, 191–200, 1975
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1078649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1078649</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: narrative review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Juntunen, A., Ritvanen, O., Herrgard, E., Korppi, M., Fluid balance in bacterial meningitis in children, Current Paediatric Research, 2, 11–16, 1998
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison does not meet inclusion criteria: comparison between different fluid disorders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kanakriyeh, M., Carvajal, H. F., Vallone, A. M., Initial fluid therapy for children with meningitis with consideration of the syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone, Clinical Pediatrics, 26, 126–30, 1987
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3816009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3816009</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: retrospective study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kaplan, S. L., Feigin, R. D., Treatment of meningitis in children, Pediatric Clinics of North America, 30, 259–269, 1983
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6856369" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6856369</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: narrative review/symposium paper</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kaplan, S. L., O’Brian Smith, E., Wills, C., Feigin, R. D., Associated between preadmission oral antibiotic therapy and cerebrospinal fluid findings and sequlae caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis, Pediatric Infectious Disease, 5, 626–632, 1986
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3491977" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3491977</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study intervention/exposure does not meet inclusion criteria: oral antibiotic therapy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kauhtio, J., Rantasalo, J., Acute bacterial meningitis in children. III. Treatment of the 257 cases admitted to Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki, in 1946-55, Annales Paediatriae Fenniae, 4, 174–180, 1958
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13595389" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 13595389</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design and intervention/exposure do not meet inclusion criteria: case series, and no fluid restriction</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kumar, M., Mitra, K., Jain, R., Isotonic versus hypotonic saline as maintenance intravenous fluid therapy in children under 5 years of age admitted to general paediatric wards: a randomised controlled trial, Paediatrics & international Child Health, 40, 44–49, 2020
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31138063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31138063</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study population and comparison do not meet inclusion criteria: children with an anticipated requirement for IVF (for example, respiratory disease, GI disease, CNS disease and metabolic disease), and Isotonic fluid vs. Hypo tonic fluid</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kumar, V., Singhi, P., Singhi, S., Changes in body water compartments in children with acute meningitis, Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 13, 299–305, 1994
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8036047" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8036047</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">≥50% of population not of interest for review: comparison group without meningitis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Laine, J., Holmberg, C., Anttila, M., Peltola, H., Perheentupa, J., Types of fluid disorder in children with bacterial meningitis, Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 80, 1031–6, 1991
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1750336" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1750336</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison does not meet inclusion criteria: comparison between different fluid disorders</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lunoe, M., Overgaard-Steensen, C., Prevention of hospital-acquired hyponatraemia: individualised fluid therapy, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 59, 975–85, 2015
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25960126" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25960126</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: narrative review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Maconochie, I. K., Bhaumik, S., Fluid therapy for acute bacterial meningitis, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6464853/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6464853</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27813057" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27813057</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Discrepancy between the data presented in the review and the primary paper for mortality, therefore data extracted from primary papers (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er22.s1.ref1" rid="niceng240er22.s1.ref1">Duke 2002</a> and <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er22.s1.ref2" rid="niceng240er22.s1.ref2">Singhi 1995</a>)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Martos-Benitez, F. D., Guzman-Breff, B. I., Volume expansion and variation in haemodynamic parameters, Emergencias, 31, 177–181, 2019 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29687672" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29687672</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population and outcomes do not meet inclusion criteria: individuals without bacterial meningitis, and haemodynamic parameters</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Nahata, M.C., Arnoto, R.T., Powell, D.A., Management of pediatric patients with bacterial meningitis in the emergency department, Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy, 20, 796–798, 1986
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3769773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3769773</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: non RCT</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Nathavitharana, K. A., Tarlow, M. J., Current trends in the management of bacterial meningitis, British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 50, 403–7, 1993
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8261286" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8261286</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: narrative review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Nishizawa, Y., Spinal fluid therapy in purulent meningitis, Archives of Pediatrics, 70, 351–63, 1953
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13105458" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 13105458</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design and intervention/exposure do not meet inclusion criteria: case report and no fluid restriction</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Opiyo, N., Molyneux, E., Sinclair, D., Garner, P., English, M., Immediate fluid management of children with severe febrile illness and signs of impaired circulation in low-income settings: A contextualised systematic review, BMJ Open, 4 (4) (no pagination), 2014 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4010848/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4010848</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24785400" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24785400</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study population and intervention do not meet inclusion criteria: individuals with other severe febrile illness (but not bacterial meningitis), and fluid bolus vs. maintenance fluid</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Pecco, P., Pavesio, D., Peisino,M.G., Rational basis of modern therapy of bacterial meningitis. Review of the literature and our clinical experience of 122 pediatric cases, Panminerva Medica, 33, 185–190, 1991
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1806876" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1806876</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: non RCT and no systematic review of RCT</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Powell, K. R., Sugarman, L. I., Eskenazi, A. E., Woodin, K. A., Kays, M. A., McCormick, K. L., Miller, M. E., Sladek, C. D., Normalization of plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations when children with meningitis are given maintenance plus replacement fluid therapy, Journal of Pediatrics, 117, 515–22, 1990
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2213375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2213375</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study outcomes do not meet inclusion criteria: serum arginine vasopressin, osmolality and sodium levels</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Prasad, K., Karlupia, N., Kumar, A., Treatment of bacterial meningitis: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews, Respiratory Medicine, 103, 945–50, 2009
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19375903" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19375903</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: review of Cochrane systematic reviews</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Prince, A. S., Neu, H. C., Fluid management in Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, Infection, 8, 5–7, 1980
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7372357" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7372357</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design and outcomes do not meet inclusion criteria: retrospective study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Rantasalo, I., Kauhtio, J., Acute bacterial meningitis in children. II. Some aspects of 257 cases admitted to Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki, in 1946-55. III. Treatment of the 257 cases admitted to Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki, in 1946-55, Annales Paediatriae Fenniae, 4, 80–180, 1958
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13595379" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 13595379</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: case series</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Shann, F., Germer, S., Hyponatraemia associated with pneumonia or bacterial meningitis, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 60, 963–6, 1985
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1777480/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1777480</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4062347" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 4062347</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study outcome and exposure do not meet inclusion criteria: hyponatraemia and no fluid restriction</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Shann, F., Germer, S., Treatment of bacterial meningitis in children without intravenous fluids, Medical Journal of Australia, 1, 577–8, 1981
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7254034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7254034</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design and intervention do not meet inclusion criteria: non RCT and drug intervention (IM vs. IV)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Shetty, R., Singhi, S., Singhi, P., Jayashree, M., Cerebral perfusion pressure--targeted approach in children with central nervous system infections and raised intracranial pressure: is it feasible?, Journal of Child Neurology, 23, 192–8, 2008
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18263756" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18263756</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population and exposure do not meet inclusion criteria: 70% of participants with encephalitis and no fluid restriction</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Singhi, S., Effective adjuvant therapies for meningitis, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1), e331–e332, 2010
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Singhi, S., Jayashree, M., Free water excess is not the main cause for hyponatremia in critically ill children receiving conventional maintenance fluids, Indian Pediatrics, 46, 577–583, 2009
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19430087" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19430087</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study population, exposure and outcome do not meet inclusion criteria: 84% with pneumonia, myocarditis, CHD, pericardial effusion and others</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Singhi, S., Singhi, P., Baranwal, A.K., Bacterial meningitis in children: Critical care needs, Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 68, 737–747, 2001
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11563252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11563252</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: narrative review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Smith, A., Fluid management during bacterial meningitis, Report on Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 3, 10–11, 1993
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Srivastava, G., Pyogenic meningitis, Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 36, 307–313, 1969
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5407597" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 5407597</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design and exposure do not meet inclusion criteria: case series and no fluid restriction</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Therapeutic management of purulent meningitis in children. Report of 101 cases, Archives francaises de pediatrie, 47, 491–495, 1990
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2256787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2256787</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study intervention does not meet inclusion criteria: drug intervention. Not in English</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Tsolia, M.N., Theodoridou, M., Tzanakaki, G., Vlachou, V., Mostrou, G., Stripeli, F., Kalabalikis, P., Pangalis, A., Kafetzis, D., Kremastinou, J., Konstantopoulos, A., Invasive meningococcal disease in children in Greece: Comparison of serogroup A disease with disease caused by other serogroups, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 25, 449–456, 2006
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16773393" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16773393</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design and exposure do not meet inclusion criteria: case series and no fluid restriction</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Tuomanen, E., Mediators of inflammation and the treatment of bacterial meningitis, Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 8, 218–223, 1995
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: narrative review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
van Paridon, B. M., Sheppard, C., G, G. G., Joffe, A. R., Alberta Sepsis, Network, Timing of antibiotics, volume, and vasoactive infusions in children with sepsis admitted to intensive care, Critical Care (London, England), 19, 293, 2015
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4539944/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4539944</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26283545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26283545</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design and population do not meet inclusion criteria: non RCT and children with sepsis (meningitis is one of the causes)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
VanDemark, M., Acute bacterial meningitis: Current review and treatment update, Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 25, 351–361, 2013
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23981452" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23981452</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: narrative review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Wall, E. C. B., Ajdukiewicz, K. M. B., Bergman, H., Heyderman, R. S., Garner, P., Osmotic therapies added to antibiotics for acute bacterial meningitis, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5815491/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5815491</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29405037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29405037</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study intervention does not meet inclusion criteria: osmotic therapies</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Williams, C. P., Swanson, A. G., Chapman, J. T., Brain Swelling with Acute Purulent Meningitis. Report of Treatment with Hypertonic Intravenous Urea, Pediatrics, 34, 220–7, 1964
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14211082" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14211082</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er22.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria: case report</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">CHD: congenital heart disease; CNS: central nervous system; GI: gastrointestinal; IM: intramuscular; IV: intravenous; IVF: intravenous fluid; PUO: pyrexia of unknown origin; RCT: randomised controlled trial; TB: tuberculosis; UTI: urinary tract infection</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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