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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Evidence review for antibiotics for bacterial meningitis before or in the absence of identifying causative infecting organism in older infants and children - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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<meta name="citation_date" content="2024/03">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Meningitis, Bacterial">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Meningitis, Meningococcal">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Anti-Bacterial Agents">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Early Medical Intervention">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Bacterial Infections">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Diagnosis, Differential">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Diagnosis">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Infant">
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<meta name="citation_keywords" content="Child, Preschool">
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src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-niceng240er13-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Evidence review for antibiotics for bacterial meningitis before or in the absence of identifying causative infecting organism in older infants and children" /></a></div><div class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK604074_"><span itemprop="name">Evidence review for antibiotics for bacterial meningitis before or in the absence of identifying causative infecting organism in older infants and children</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Meningitis (bacterial) and meningococcal disease: recognition, diagnosis and management</div><p><b>Evidence review D2</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 240</i></p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2024 Mar</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-5763-7</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2024.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng240er13.s1"><h2 id="_niceng240er13_s1_">Antibiotics for bacterial meningitis before or in the absence of identifying causative infecting organism in older infants and children</h2><div id="niceng240er13.s1.1"><h3>Review question</h3><p>What antibiotic treatment regimens are effective in treating suspected bacterial meningitis in older infants and children before identifying the causative infecting organism, or in the absence of identifying the causative infecting organism?</p><div id="niceng240er13.s1.1.1"><h4>Introduction</h4><p>Bacterial meningitis is a rare but serious infection. In older infants and children, the commonest causes of bacterial meningitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis.</p><p>The aim of this review is to establish appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment regimen(s) that are effective in treating suspected bacterial meningitis in older infants and children, before, or in the absence of identifying, the causative infecting organism.</p></div><div id="niceng240er13.s1.1.2"><h4>Summary of the protocol</h4><p>See <a href="/books/NBK604074/table/niceng240er13.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er13tab1">Table 1</a> for a summary of the Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome (PICO) characteristics of this review.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng240er13tab1"><a href="/books/NBK604074/table/niceng240er13.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng240er13tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng240er13.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK604074/table/niceng240er13.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er13tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of the protocol (PICO table). </p></div></div><p>For further details see the review protocol in <a href="#niceng240er13.appa">appendix A</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng240er13.s1.1.3"><h4>Methods and process</h4><p>This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/introduction" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>. Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in <a href="#niceng240er13.appa">appendix A</a> and the <a href="/books/NBK604074/bin/NG240-Methods-pdf.pdf">methods</a> document (supplementary document 1).</p><p>Declarations of interest were recorded according to <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/about/who-we-are/policies-and-procedures" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NICE’s conflicts of interest policy</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng240er13.s1.1.4"><h4>Effectiveness evidence</h4><div id="niceng240er13.s1.1.4.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>For stage 1 of this review, all antibiotic agents of interest (see summary of the protocol in <a href="/books/NBK604074/table/niceng240er13.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er13tab1">Table 1</a>), 1 Cochrane systematic review (SR: <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref6" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref6">Prasad 2007</a>) was included, and 3 additional randomised controlled trials (RCTs; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref2" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref2">Klugman 1995</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref4" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref4">Odio 1999</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref8" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref8">Scholz 1998</a>). The Cochrane SR included data from 19 RCTs. Three RCTs (Filali 1993; Girgis 1987; Narciso 1983) in the Cochrane SR were conducted in adults and were not included here but were included in the evidence review (D3) on antibiotics for bacterial meningitis before or in the absence of identifying causative infecting organism in adults. One RCT (Rodriguz 1985) included in the Cochrane SR was excluded from this review as it did not compare an antibiotic treatment regimen of interest. One 4-armed RCT (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref5" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref5">Peltola 1989</a>) was included in the Cochrane SR; however, data was extracted from the original paper as not all data of interest for the evidence review was included in the Cochrane SR. The additional RCTs (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref2" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref2">Klugman 1995</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref4" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref4">Odio 1999</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref8" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref8">Scholz 1998</a>) were not included in the Cochrane SR as the intervention or comparison were not relevant to that review but are within protocol here.</p><p>Two RCTs compared cefotaxime or ceftriaxone to ampicillin or benzylpenicillin sodium (2 RCTs included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref6" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref6">Prasad 2007</a>), 12 RCTs compared cefotaxime or ceftriaxone to ampicillin or benzylpenicillin sodium plus chloramphenicol (12 RCTs included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref6" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref6">Prasad 2007</a>), and 2 RCTs compared cefotaxime or ceftriaxone to chloramphenicol (2 RCTs included in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref6" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref6">Prasad 2007</a>). Two RCTs compared cefotaxime to ceftriaxone (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref5" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref5">Peltola 1989</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref8" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref8">Scholz 1998</a>), and 2 RCTs compared meropenem to cefotaxime (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref2" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref2">Klugman 1995</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref4" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref4">Odio 1999</a>).</p><p>For stage 2 of this review, dose and duration comparisons for antibiotics identified as effective in stage 1 (see summary of the protocol in <a href="/books/NBK604074/table/niceng240er13.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er13tab1">Table 1</a>), 3 RCTs (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref1" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref1">Kavaliotis 1989</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref3" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref3">Lin 1985</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref9" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref9">Singhi 2002</a>) and 1 quasi-RCT (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref7" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref7">Roine 2000</a>) were included.</p><p>Three RCTs and 1 quasi-RCT compared short course ceftriaxone therapy to long ceftriaxone course therapy (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref1" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref1">Kavaliotis 1989</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref3" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref3">Lin 1985</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref7" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref7">Roine 2000</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref9" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref9">Singhi 2002</a>). One quasi-RCT compared 4-day ceftriaxone therapy to 7-day ceftriaxone therapy (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref7" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref7">Roine 2000</a>). Two RCTs compared 7-day ceftriaxone therapy to 10-day ceftriaxone therapy (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref3" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref3">Lin 1985</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref9" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref9">Singhi 2002</a>). One RCT compared 4, 6 or 7-day ceftriaxone therapy to 8, 12, or 14-day therapy (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref1" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref1">Kavaliotis 1989</a>).</p><p>The included studies are summarised in <a href="/books/NBK604074/table/niceng240er13.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er13tab2">Table 2</a>.</p><p>See the literature search strategy in <a href="#niceng240er13.appb">appendix B</a> and study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng240er13.appc">appendix C</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng240er13.s1.1.4.2"><h5>Excluded studies</h5><p>Studies not included in this review are listed, and reasons for their exclusion are provided in <a href="#niceng240er13.appj">appendix J</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er13.s1.1.5"><h4>Summary of included studies</h4><p>Summaries of the studies that were included in this review are presented in <a href="/books/NBK604074/table/niceng240er13.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er13tab2">Table 2</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng240er13tab2"><a href="/books/NBK604074/table/niceng240er13.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng240er13tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng240er13.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK604074/table/niceng240er13.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er13tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of included studies. </p></div></div><p>See the full evidence tables in <a href="#niceng240er13.appd">appendix D</a> and the forest plots in <a href="#niceng240er13.appe">appendix E</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng240er13.s1.1.6"><h4>Summary of the evidence</h4><p>This section is a narrative summary of the findings of the review, as presented in the GRADE tables in <a href="#niceng240er13.appf">appendix F</a>. For details of the committee’s confidence in the evidence and how this affected recommendations, see <a href="#niceng240er13.s1.1.9">The committee’s discussion and interpretation of the evidence</a>.</p><p>The evidence was assessed as being moderate to very low quality due to risk of bias (for example, bias arising from the randomisation process due to lack of allocation concealment, subjective measurement of the outcome, selective reporting, missing outcome data, and non-blinding), and imprecision (due to low event rates or small sample size). See the GRADE tables in <a href="#niceng240er13.appf">appendix F</a> for the certainty of the evidence for each individual outcome.</p><p>The evidence showed no important differences between third generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone) and ampicillin or benzylpenicillin sodium, or compared to ampicillin or benzylpenicillin sodium plus chloramphenicol, on all-cause mortality, hearing impairment, or intervention-related adverse effects.</p><p>Across all the comparisons identified in this review, the majority showed no important difference between the interventions compared for the outcomes identified (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone versus ampicillin or benzylpenicillin sodium, cefotaxime or ceftriaxone versus ampicillin or benzylpenicillin sodium plus chloramphenicol, cefotaxime or ceftriaxone versus chloramphenicol, cefotaxime versus ceftriaxone). However, as the findings were seriously or very seriously imprecise, they should not be taken as definitive evidence. A significant difference was found for the meropenem versus cefotaxime comparison, with a lower rate of neurological impairment shown for people receiving cefotaxime. Functional impairment was not reported by any studies.</p><p>Four studies analysing the duration of the treatment (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref1" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref1">Kavaliotis 1989</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref3" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref3">Lin 1985</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref7" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref7">Roine 2000</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref9" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref9">Singhi 2002</a>) showed no important difference between short course therapy and long course therapy in relevant outcomes: all-cause mortality, any long-term neurological impairment, hearing impairment and occurrence of seizures. However, the findings were very seriously imprecise, so they should not be taken as definitive evidence. The studies varied in the duration of short and long course therapies. <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref7" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref7">Roine 2000</a> compared 4-day to 7-day therapy, whereas <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref3" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref3">Lin 1985</a> and <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref9" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref9">Singhi 2002</a> compared 7-day to 10-day therapy, so the 7-day course was both a short course and long course treatment depending on the comparison. Finally, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref1" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref1">Kavaliotis 1989</a> compared 3 different short course durations (4-, 6- and 7-day) to 3 different long course durations (8-, 12- and 14-day). No studies were identified that compared different doses.</p></div><div id="niceng240er13.s1.1.7"><h4>Economic evidence</h4><div id="niceng240er13.s1.1.7.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>A single economic search was undertaken for all topics included in the scope of this guideline, but no economic studies were identified which were applicable to this review question.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er13.s1.1.8"><h4>Economic model</h4><p>No economic modelling was undertaken for this review because the committee agreed that other topics were higher priorities for economic evaluation. This was because the choice of antibiotics in this population is quite limited, and the costs are generally similar and relatively inexpensive. Furthermore, local patterns of antibiotic resistance and allergies can also constrain the decision set.</p></div><div id="niceng240er13.s1.1.9"><h4>The committee’s discussion and interpretation of the evidence</h4><div id="niceng240er13.s1.1.9.1"><h5>The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>Bacterial meningitis is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity, and antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment for bacterial meningitis. Therefore, all-cause mortality and long-term neurological impairment were prioritised as critical outcomes because of the severity of these outcomes. Severe developmental delay was prioritised as a critical outcome while functional impairment was chosen as an important outcome because severe developmental delay is a more relevant and important outcome in babies and children.</p><p>In addition to functional impairment, epilepsy or seizures, hearing impairment and serious intervention-related adverse effects were chosen as important outcomes because these outcomes are relatively common after bacterial meningitis and may be related to antibiotic therapy.</p></div><div id="niceng240er13.s1.1.9.2"><h5>The quality of the evidence</h5><p>The quality of the evidence was assessed using GRADE methodology. Evidence was rated as being moderate to very low quality, and the main reasons evidence was downgraded were risk of bias (bias arising from the randomisation process due to lack of information on allocation concealment, subjective measurement of outcome, selective reporting, missing outcome data due to attrition and non-blinding) and imprecision (wide confidence intervals and small number of events). The evidence for any long-term neurological impairment and severe developmental delay was also downgraded for indirectness (composite outcome).</p><p>No evidence was found that reported functional impairment.</p></div><div id="niceng240er13.s1.1.9.3"><h5>Benefits and harms</h5><p>The committee considered the evidence for antibiotic treatment before or in the absence of identifying a causative organism for older babies and children (aged between 3 months and 18 years) and noted that except for 1 outcome there was no evidence of important differences in the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment regimens. The single important difference in the evidence reviewed showed a lower rate of neurological impairment for babies and children receiving cefotaxime relative to meropenem. However, this evidence was very low quality. Further, the committee highlighted that none of the included studies were published since the previous NICE guideline on meningitis (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref12" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref12">NICE 2010</a>). Therefore, the included studies may be outdated due to changes in epidemiology and differences between the dosage of antibiotics used in some of the included studies and those used in current practice. Given the limitations of the evidence, the committee agreed to make recommendations based on their clinical knowledge and experience.</p><p>The committee discussed common infective organisms (for example, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis) in this age group and agreed to recommend intravenous ceftriaxone for suspected bacterial meningitis in older babies and children in line with the British National Formulary for Children (BNFC) (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref13" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref13">Paediatric Formulary Committee 2022</a>). The committee were aware that insufficient dose can increase the risk of treatment failure and antibiotic resistance; therefore, they agreed to use the maximum dose recommended by the BNFC or follow local antimicrobial guidance. The committee highlighted the practical and resource-use advantages associated with ceftriaxone because it has a broad spectrum of activity, and the long half-life means that it can be given only once a day. The committee acknowledged some concerns with once daily administration in that a second dose might need to be delayed if the first dose of ceftriaxone was administered outside of routine working hours; however, they were aware that a second dose can be given earlier, to shift the administration time, if there is a minimum of 12 hours between doses (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref10" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref10">Gbesemete 2019</a>).</p><p>The committee discussed some reasons why in clinical practice (particularly in intensive care units) cefotaxime might be given instead of ceftriaxone. For instance, to minimise the time that intravenous lines are being used for administering antibiotics, which might be needed for other medications, due to ceftriaxone typically being infused over 30 minutes intravenous and cefotaxime being given as a bolus. However, the committee agreed that this practice is not necessary, as ceftriaxone can be given as bolus. Sometimes there may be a reaction (for example, vomit reflex) if ceftriaxone is administered too quickly, but in the committee’s experience this is relatively rare, which was supported by a recent study (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref14" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref14">Patel 2021</a>). The committee agreed that ceftriaxone should be given as first-line treatment for suspected bacterial meningitis when the causative organism has not been identified, unless contraindicated in which case cefotaxime can be considered.</p><p>The committee highlighted the importance of considering the possibility of a cephalosporin-resistant pneumococcus causing bacterial meningitis. The committee were aware that the previous NICE guideline on bacterial meningitis (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref12" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref12">NICE 2010</a>) recommended to treat people who have travelled outside the UK or had prolonged or multiple exposure to antibiotics within the last 3 months with vancomycin (in addition to the cephalosporin). However, they discussed that practice has changed since the previous NICE guideline and agreed that changes to this recommendation were required. Firstly, the committee were aware that current practice is to use rifampicin or linezolid in addition to a cephalosporin where the cephalosporin itself might be insufficient due to resistance. However, the committee highlighted that there is not sufficient evidence on the effectiveness and safety of rifampicin or linezolid in suspected (or confirmed) cephalosporin resistant bacterial meningitis. Therefore, the committee recommended that, clinicians should seek advice from an infection specialist (a microbiologist or infectious diseases specialist) for all cases of bacterial meningitis, but this was particularly important if cephalosporin resistance is suspected in older babies and children who have recently travelled abroad. Secondly, the committee noted that the evidence used to inform the recommendation about prolonged or multiple exposure to antibiotics in the previous guideline came from Canada (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref15" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref15">Vanderkooi 2005</a>), which has a higher prevalence of cephalosporin resistance than the UK. The committee discussed that there was insufficient evidence that prolonged or multiple exposure to antibiotics on an individual level causes people to be colonised with resistant organisms. Rather, the committee agreed that it is antibiotic use at a population level that contributes to cephalosporin resistant bacteria. Therefore, the committee agreed that the evidence did not warrant recommending different treatment for these people. Moreover, the committee noted that, in their experience, such people are not currently treated differently. The committee were aware that Enterobacterales (coliforms) tend to be resistant to cephalosporins. Therefore, the committee agreed that alternative antibiotics may be needed for older babies and children colonised with cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (coliforms) who develop bacterial meningitis. In the absence of evidence on the effectiveness of antibiotic regimens in this group, the committee recommended that infection specialist advice is sought where cephalosporin resistance is suspected.</p><p>There was no evidence found on antibiotic use for suspected bacterial meningitis in older babies and children with an antibiotic allergy, but the committee agreed it was important to make a recommendation for this population. Based on their knowledge and experience, the committee agreed that cephalosporin-induced anaphylaxis is rare, and the risk-benefit balance of cephalosporin relative to chloramphenicol is favourable in the majority of people with non-severe allergy. Therefore, the committee agreed that clinicians should seek information about the nature of the allergy and advice from an infection specialist before making a treatment decision. The committee acknowledged that it is important that treatment is not delayed; however, they agreed that information about the nature of allergy is often readily available from the patient’s parents or guardians. The committee agreed that ceftriaxone should still be considered if the nature of the allergic reaction they get is not severe, in accordance with the first line treatment recommended above. However, if the allergic reaction is severe, alternatives to ceftriaxone will be needed. The committee discussed that chloramphenicol is commonly used in the case of severe beta-lactam allergy, but they were aware that its spectrum of activity does not cover Enterobacterales (coliforms). However, the committee acknowledged that meningitis caused by Enterobacterales (coliforms) is rare and typically happens only in the first weeks of life where you would not see an anaphylactic reaction, so in practice this situation would rarely occur. For older babies and children with severe allergic reactions, the committee recommended chloramphenicol.</p><p>The committee noted that listeria is not susceptible to ceftriaxone or cefotaxime based on their clinical knowledge and experience, and whilst listeria is most common in older adults, risk factors for listeria should also be considered in older babies and children. The committee were aware that amoxicillin is recommended by the BNFC (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref13" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref13">Paediatric Formulary Committee 2022</a>) for meningitis caused by listeria monocytogenes (in combination with another antibiotic). Therefore, the committee recommended that intravenous amoxicillin should be part of the first line treatment described above for older babies and children with risk factors for listeria.</p><p>The committee agreed it was important to make a recommendation about appropriate antibiotic treatment for older babies and children with risk factors for Listeria monocytogenes and a history of antibiotic allergy. The committee were aware that current practice would be to consider the use of co-trimoxazole for both severe and non-severe allergic reactions, rather than amoxicillin, in addition to the first line treatment recommended above for people with a history of antibiotic allergy and, in line with current practice, recommended co-trimoxazole (in addition to cephalosporin for non-severe allergy or in addition to chloramphenicol for severe allergy) for older babies and children with an antibiotic allergy who have risk factors for Listeria monocytogenes.</p><p>The committee were aware that the previous NICE guideline on bacterial meningitis made recommendations about the use of antibiotics for herpes simplex encephalitis. The committee acknowledged that this condition was not included in the scope for the current guideline. The committee were aware that prescribing aciclovir has become routine practice in cases of suspected bacterial meningitis (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref11" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref11">Hagen 2020</a>) and were concerned about the overuse of aciclovir. Therefore, the committee made a recommendation to clarify that aciclovir should only be given when herpes simplex encephalitis is strongly suspected.</p><p>The committee agreed that there should be a recommendation about duration of antibiotic treatment. The committee were aware that the results of confirmatory tests could be available within 48 to 72 hours and recommended that empirical antibiotic treatment should be continued until results suggest an alternative treatment is needed, or there is an alternative diagnosis, which is in line with current practice. The committee agreed that it was necessary to specify a duration of antibiotic treatment for cases where the CSF parameters are consistent with bacterial meningitis, but the blood culture and whole-blood diagnostic PCR are negative. The committee acknowledged that different durations of antibiotic therapy are needed for different causative organisms. Given that Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis are the most common causes of bacterial meningitis in this age group, the committee agreed that the duration of antibiotic treatment should be consistent with the treatment recommended for these causative organisms and as 10 days is the longer duration of treatment prior to review (recommended for Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis) this was considered the most appropriate default duration to recommend in culture negative cases. The committee also agreed that advice from an infection specialist should be sought if older babies or children have not recovered after 10 days.</p></div><div id="niceng240er13.s1.1.9.4"><h5>Cost effectiveness and resource use</h5><p>This review question was not prioritised for economic analysis and therefore the committee made a qualitative assessment of the likely cost-effectiveness of their recommendations. The clinical evidence reviewed did not show important differences in older babies and children for any of the antibiotics compared for most outcomes and therefore the committee reasoned that it would be cost-effective to recommend ceftriaxone, as it is potentially less resource intensive because it can be given once a day compared to cefotaxime which is given 3 times daily. As these recommendations were in line with current NHS practice and updates made to the BNFC since the previous guideline, no significant resource impact is anticipated.</p><p>The committee also made recommendations outlining when infection specialist advice should be sought reflecting their view that the cost-effective choice of antibiotic would depend on the specific individualised characteristics of the presenting older baby or child, such as a penicillin allergy or travel outside of the UK.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er13.s1.1.10"><h4>Recommendations supported by this evidence review</h4><p>This evidence review supports recommendations 1.6.4 to 1.6.9 and 1.6.16. Other evidence supporting these recommendations can be found in evidence reviews on antibiotic regimens for bacterial meningitis before or in the absence of identifying causative infecting organism in younger infants and adults (see evidence reviews D1 and D3) and for specific causative organisms (see evidence reviews E1 to E6).</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er13.s1.rl.r1"><h3>References – included studies</h3><ul class="simple-list"><div id="niceng240er13.s1.rl.r1.1"><h4>Effectiveness</h4><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er13.s1.ref1"><p id="p-203">
|
|
<strong>Kavaliotis 1989</strong>
|
|
</p>Kavaliotis, J., Manios, S. G., Kansouzidou, A.
|
|
et al. (1989). Treatment of childhood bacterial meningitis with ceftriaxone once daily: open, prospective, randomized, comparative study of short-course versus standard-length therapy. Chemotherapy
|
|
35(4): 296–303
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2766869" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2766869</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er13.s1.ref2"><p id="p-204">
|
|
<strong>Klugman 1995</strong>
|
|
</p>Klugman, K. P. and Dagan, R. (1995). Randomized comparison of meropenem with cefotaxime for treatment of bacterial meningitis. Meropenem Meningitis Study Group. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
|
|
39(5): 1140–1146
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|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC162697/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC162697</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7625802" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7625802</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er13.s1.ref3"><p id="p-205">
|
|
<strong>Lin 1985</strong>
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|
</p>Lin, T. Y., Chrane, D. F., Nelson, J. D.
|
|
et al. (1985). Seven days of ceftriaxone therapy is as effective as ten days’ treatment for bacterial meningitis. Journal of the American Medical Association
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253(24): 3559–3563
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3889396" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3889396</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er13.s1.ref4"><p id="p-206">
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|
<strong>Odio 1999</strong>
|
|
</p>Odio, C. M., Puig, J. R., Feris, J. M.
|
|
et al. (1999). Prospective, randomized, investigator-blinded study of the efficacy and safety of meropenem vs. cefotaxime therapy in bacterial meningitis in children. Meropenem Meningitis Study Group. Pediatric infectious disease journal
|
|
18(7): 581–590
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10440432" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10440432</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er13.s1.ref5"><p id="p-207">
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|
<strong>Peltola 1989</strong>
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|
</p>Peltola, H.; Anttila, M.; Renkonen, O. V. (1989). Randomised comparison of chloramphenicol, ampicillin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone for childhood bacterial meningitis. Finnish Study Group. Lancet (London, England) 1(8650): 1281–1287
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2566824" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2566824</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er13.s1.ref6"><p id="p-208">
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|
<strong>Prasad 2007</strong>
|
|
</p>Prasad, K., Kumar, A., Singhal, T.
|
|
et al. (2007). Third generation cephalosporins versus conventional antibiotics for treating acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8078560/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8078560</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17943757" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17943757</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er13.s1.ref7"><p id="p-209">
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<strong>Roine 2000</strong>
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</p>Roine, I., Ledermann, W., Foncea, L. M.
|
|
et al. (2000). Randomized trial of four vs. seven days of ceftriaxone treatment for bacterial meningitis in children with rapid initial recovery. Pediatric infectious disease journal
|
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19(3): 219–222
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10749463" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10749463</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er13.s1.ref8"><p id="p-210">
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|
<strong>Scholz 1989</strong>
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|
</p>Scholz, H., Hofmann, T., Noack, R.
|
|
et al. (1998). Prospective comparison of ceftriaxone and cefotaxime for the short-term treatment of bacterial meningitis in children. Chemotherapy
|
|
44(2): 142–147
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9551246" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9551246</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er13.s1.ref9"><p id="p-211">
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<strong>Singhi 2002</strong>
|
|
</p>Singhi, P., Kaushal, M., Singhi, S.
|
|
et al. (2002). Seven days vs. 10 days ceftriaxone therapy in bacterial meningitis. Journal of tropical pediatrics
|
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48(5): 273–279
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12405169" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12405169</span></a>]</div></p></li></ul></div><div id="niceng240er13.s1.rl.r1.2"><h4>Economic</h4><ul class="simple-list"><p>No studies were identified which were applicable to this review question.</p></ul></div><div id="niceng240er13.s1.rl.r1.3"><h4>Other</h4><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er13.s1.ref10"><p id="p-213">
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<strong>Gbesemete 2019</strong>
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</p>Gbesemete, D., Faust, S. (2019). Prescribing in infection: antibacterials. In. Barker, C., Turner, M., Sharland, M. (Eds.) Prescribing Medicines for Children: From drug development to practical administration, Pharmaceutical Press, London: UK</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er13.s1.ref11"><p id="p-214">
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<strong>Hagen 2020</strong>
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</p>Hagen, A., Eichinger, A., Meyer-Buehn, M.
|
|
et al. (2020). Comparison of antibiotic and acyclovir usage before and after the implementation of an on-site FilmArray meningitis/encephalitis panel in an academic tertiary pediatric hospital: a retrospective observational study, BMC Pediatrics
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20(1), 56
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7001287/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7001287</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32020860" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32020860</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er13.s1.ref12"><p id="p-215">
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<strong>NICE 2010</strong>
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</p>National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2010). Meningitis (bacterial) and meningococcal septicaemia in under 16s: recognition, diagnosis and management [NICE Clinical guideline No. CG102]. Available at: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg102" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg102</a> [Accessed on 2022 Apr 19] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31846263" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31846263</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er13.s1.ref13"><p id="p-216">
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<strong>Paediatric Formulary Committee 2022</strong>
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</p>Paediatric Formulary Committee. BNF for Children (online) London: BMJ Group, Pharmaceutical Press, and RCPCH Publications <<a href="http://www.medicinescomplete.com" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.medicinescomplete.com</a>> [Accessed on 2022 Apr 19]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er13.s1.ref14"><p id="p-217">
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<strong>Patel 2021</strong>
|
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</p>Patel, S., Green. H., Gray, J., Rutter, M., Bevan, A., Hand, K., Jones, C. E., Faust, S. N. (2021). Evaluating Ceftriaxone 80 mg/kg Administration by Rapid Intravenous Infusion—A Clinical Service Evaluation. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 40(2), 128–129
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33165272" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33165272</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng240er13.s1.ref15"><p id="p-218">
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<strong>Vanderkooi 2005</strong>
|
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</p>Vanderkooi, O. G., Low, E. D., Green, K.
|
|
et al. (2005). Predicting antimicrobial resistance in invasive pneumococcal infections, Clinical Infectious Diseases
|
|
40(9), 1288–1297
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15825031" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15825031</span></a>]</div></p></li></ul></div></ul></div></div><div id="appendixesappgroup1"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup1_">Appendices</h2><div id="niceng240er13.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="niceng240er13.appa.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604074/bin/niceng240er13-appa-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Review protocol for review question: What antibiotic treatment regimens are effective in treating suspected bacterial meningitis in older infants and children before identifying the causative infecting organism, or in the absence of identifying the causative infecting organism?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 264K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er13.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><p id="niceng240er13.appb.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604074/bin/niceng240er13-appb-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Literature search strategies for review question: What antibiotic treatment regimens are effective in treating suspected bacterial meningitis in older infants and children before identifying the causative infecting organism, or in the absence of identifying the causative infecting organism?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 223K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er13.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Effectiveness evidence study selection</h3><p id="niceng240er13.appc.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604074/bin/niceng240er13-appc-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Study selection for: What antibiotic treatment regimens are effective in treating suspected bacterial meningitis in older infants and children before identifying the causative infecting organism, or in the absence of identifying the causative infecting organism?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 227K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er13.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Evidence tables</h3><p id="niceng240er13.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604074/bin/niceng240er13-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Evidence tables for review question: What antibiotic treatment regimens are effective in treating suspected bacterial meningitis in older infants and children before identifying the causative infecting organism, or in the absence of identifying the causative infecting organism?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 373K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er13.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Forest plots</h3><p id="niceng240er13.appe.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604074/bin/niceng240er13-appe-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Forest plots for review question: What antibiotic treatment regimens are effective in treating suspected bacterial meningitis in older infants and children before identifying the causative infecting organism, or in the absence of identifying the causative infecting organism?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 233K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er13.appf"><h3>Appendix F. GRADE tables</h3><p id="niceng240er13.appf.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604074/bin/niceng240er13-appf-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">GRADE tables for review question: What antibiotic treatment regimens are effective in treating suspected bacterial meningitis in older infants and children before identifying the causative infecting organism, or in the absence of identifying the causative infecting organism?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 238K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er13.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Economic evidence study selection</h3><p id="niceng240er13.appg.et1"><a href="/books/NBK604074/bin/niceng240er13-appg-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Study selection for: What antibiotic treatment regimens are effective in treating suspected bacterial meningitis in older infants and children before identifying the causative infecting organism, or in the absence of identifying the causative infecting organism?</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 108K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng240er13.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Economic evidence tables</h3><div id="niceng240er13.apph.s1"><h4>Economic evidence tables for review question: What antibiotic treatment regimens are effective in treating suspected bacterial meningitis in older infants and children before identifying the causative infecting organism, or in the absence of identifying the causative infecting organism?</h4><p>No evidence was identified which was applicable to this review question.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er13.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Economic model</h3><div id="niceng240er13.appi.s1"><h4>Economic model for review question: What antibiotic treatment regimens are effective in treating suspected bacterial meningitis in older infants and children before identifying the causative infecting organism, or in the absence of identifying the causative infecting organism?</h4><p>No economic analysis was conducted for this review question.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er13.appj"><h3>Appendix J. Excluded studies</h3><div id="niceng240er13.appj.s1"><h4>Excluded studies for review question: What antibiotic treatment regimens are effective in treating suspected bacterial meningitis in older infants and children before identifying the causative infecting organism, or in the absence of identifying the causative infecting organism?</h4></div><div id="niceng240er13.appj.s2"><h4>Excluded effectiveness studies</h4><p>The excluded studies table only lists the studies that were considered and then excluded at the full-text stage for this review (N=85) and not studies (N=98) that were considered and then excluded from the search at the full-text stage as per the PRISMA diagram in <a href="#niceng240er13.appc">Appendix C</a> for the other review questions in the same search.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng240er13appjtab1"><a href="/books/NBK604074/table/niceng240er13.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 13" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng240er13appjtab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng240er13.appj.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK604074/table/niceng240er13.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng240er13appjtab1">Table 13</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Excluded studies and reasons for their exclusion. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng240er13.appj.s3"><h4>Excluded economic studies</h4><p>No studies were identified which were applicable to this review question.</p></div></div><div id="niceng240er13.appk"><h3>Appendix K. Research recommendations – full details</h3><div id="niceng240er13.appk.s1"><h4>Research recommendations for review question: What antibiotic treatment regimens are effective in treating suspected bacterial meningitis in older infants and children before identifying the causative infecting organism, or in the absence of identifying the causative infecting organism?</h4><p>No research recommendation was made for this review.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Evidence review underpinning recommendations 1.6.4 to 1.6.9 and 1.6.16 in the NICE guideline</p><p>This evidence review was developed by NICE</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2024.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK604074</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38829979" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">38829979</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng240er13tab1"><div id="niceng240er13.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">Summary of the protocol (PICO table)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK604074/table/niceng240er13.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng240er13.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng240er13.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng240er13.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Older infants and children (>3 months to <18 years* of age) with suspected bacterial meningitis</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng240er13.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng240er13.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Antibiotic agent of interest:</p>
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<p>Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Benzylpenicillin sodium, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Chloramphenicol, Gentamicin, Meropenem</p>
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<p>In cases of severe beta-lactam allergy: Fluoroquinolones (all licensed in the UK)</p>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng240er13.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng240er13.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
|
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<b>Stage 1 (all antibiotic agents of interest):</b>
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</p>
|
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<p>Comparison:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cefotaxime or ceftriaxone vs amoxicillin, ampicillin or benzylpenicillin sodium alone</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cefotaxime or ceftriaxone vs amoxicillin, ampicillin or benzylpenicillin sodium plus chloramphenicol [with or without gentamicin]</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cefotaxime or ceftriaxone vs chloramphenicol alone</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cefotaxime vs ceftriaxone</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Meropenem vs cefotaxime or ceftriaxone</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fluoroquinolones vs cefotaxime or ceftriaxone</div></li></ul>
|
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In cases of severe beta-lactam allergy:
|
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chloramphenicol vs fluoroquinolones</div></li></ul>
|
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<b>Stage 2 (antibiotic agents identified during stage 1 as most effective/for use where there are contraindications)</b></p>
|
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<p>Comparisons:
|
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Antibiotic agent A – Dose A vs Antibiotic agent A – Dose B</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Antibiotic agent A – Duration of administration A vs Antibiotic agent A – Duration of administration B</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Antibiotic agent A – Short infusion vs Antibiotic agent A – Extended infusion</div></li></ul></p>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng240er13.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcome</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng240er13.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>Critical</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality (measured up to 1 year after discharge)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any long-term neurological impairment (defined as any motor deficits, sensory deficits [excluding hearing impairment], cognitive deficits*, or behavioural deficits*; measured from discharge up to 1 year after discharge)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe developmental delay (defined as score of >2 SD below normal on validated assessment scales, or MDI or PDI <70 on Bayleys assessment scale, or inability to assign a score due to cerebral palsy or severity of cognitive delay; measured at the oldest age reported unless there is substantially more data available at a younger age)</div></li></ul>
|
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<b>Important</b>
|
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diagnosis of epilepsy or occurrence of seizures during hospitalisation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hearing impairment (defined as any level of hearing impairment; measured from discharge up to 1 year after discharge)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Functional impairment (measured by any validated scale at any time point)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Serious intervention-related adverse effects leading to death, disability or prolonged hospitalisation or that are life threatening or otherwise considered medically significant</div></li></ul>
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*For infants and children below school-age, cognitive and behavioural deficits will be assessed at school-age.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">MDI: mental development index; PDI: psychomotor development index; SD: standard deviation</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng240er13tab2"><div id="niceng240er13.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of included studies</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK604074/table/niceng240er13.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng240er13.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref1" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref1">Kavaliotis 1989</a>
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</p>
|
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<p>RCT</p>
|
|
<p>Greece</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>N=52</p>
|
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<p>All cases of bacterial meningitis beyond the neonatal period</p>
|
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<p>Age in months (mean; SD): 30 (27)</p>
|
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<p>Case-fatality: 0%</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
|
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<u>Short course vs standard length ceftriaxone (IV)</u>
|
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</p>
|
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<p>Short course therapy treatment durations of 4, 6 and 7 days for Neisseria meningitidis, Hemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis, respectively.</p>
|
|
<p>Standard length therapy treatment durations of 8, 12 and 14 days (twice as long for each microorganism).</p>
|
|
<p>All patients received ceftriaxone intravenously in an initial loading dose of 100 mg/kg (maximum 4.0 g). The prerequisites for continuation of treatment were a negative CSF culture after 24 h and a high susceptibility of the isolated pathogen to ceftriaxone. In this case the patients received ceftriaxone 60 mg/kg/24 h. If the short-course therapy was unsuccessful, the antibiotic was continued for the same length of time again. If the infection persisted after therapy of standard duration, the antibiotic was changed.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any long-term neurological impairment</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hearing impairment</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref2" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref2">Klugman 1995</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>RCT</p>
|
|
<p>Argentina, France, Israel and South Africa</p>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>N=190</p>
|
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<p>Children aged 3 months to 14 years with signs and symptoms of bacterial meningitis</p>
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<p>Age in years (median): Meropenem: 1; Cefotaxime: 1.04</p>
|
|
<p>Population treated with steroid therapy: 97%</p>
|
|
<p>Case-fatality: 1.6%</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Meropenem versus cefotaxime</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Meropenem: 40 mg/kg IV every 8 h for 7-14 days</p>
|
|
<p>Cefotaxime: 75-100 mg/kg IV every 8 h for 7-14 days</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any long-term neurological impairment</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Occurrence of seizures</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hearing impairment</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref3" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref3">Lin 1985</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>RCT</p>
|
|
<p>USA</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>N=70</p>
|
|
<p>Babies aged ≥1 month with meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, H influenzae, or Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus) were assigned to receive either 7 or 10 days of therapy (n=70).</p>
|
|
<p>Age in months (median; range): 7-day group: 11 (1.5-28) 10-day group: 9 (3-56)</p>
|
|
<p>Case-fatality: not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Ceftriaxone (IV):</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>7 days vs 10 days</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>After an initial dose of 75 mg/kg of ceftriaxone, 50 mg/kg doses were administered every 12 hours.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any long-term neurological impairment</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hearing impairment</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Occurrence of seizures</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duration of therapy was assigned after the etiologic agent was identified by the microbiology laboratory. All patients with meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis were treated for only seven days because this has been our practice for many years. Those with meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, H influenzae, or Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus) were assigned to receive either seven or ten days of therapy, using a computer-generated randomized number list.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref4" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref4">Odio 1999</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>RCT</p>
|
|
<p>Costa Rica, Dominican Republic and USA</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=154</p>
|
|
<p>Children aged 2 months to 2 years with suspected or documented bacterial meningitis</p>
|
|
<p>Age in months (mean): 25</p>
|
|
<p>Population treated with steroid therapy: 100%</p>
|
|
<p>Case-fatality: 4.5%</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Meropenem versus cefotaxime</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Meropenem: 40 mg/kg IV every 8 h for 7-14 days</p>
|
|
<p>Cefotaxime: 45 mg/kg IV every 6 h for 7-14 days</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any long-term neurological impairment</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe developmental delay</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hearing impairment</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref5" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref5">Peltola 1989</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>RCT</p>
|
|
<p>Finland</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=200</p>
|
|
<p>Children aged 3 months to 15 years with bacterial meningitis</p>
|
|
<p>Age in months (mean; SD): 32 (35)</p>
|
|
<p>Steroid therapy: Not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Case-fatality: 4.5%</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Cefotaxime or ceftriaxone versus ampicillin</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Cefotaxime or ceftriaxone (n=101) versus chloramphenicol (n=53)</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Cefotaxime versus ceftriaxone</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Cefotaxime: 150 mg/kg/day in 4 divided doses (IV) for 7 days</p>
|
|
<p>Ceftriaxone: 100 mg/kg once daily (IV) for 7 days</p>
|
|
<p>Ampicillin: 250 mg/kg/day in 4 divided doses (IV) for 7 days</p>
|
|
<p>Chloramphenicol: 100 mg/kg/day in 4 divided doses (IV) for 7 days</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hearing impairment</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref6" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref6">Prasad 2007</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Systematic review</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Number of neonates, babies and children</p>
|
|
<p>N=1120</p>
|
|
<p>Number of RCTs in neonates, babies and children n=14 (n=13 0-17 years old; n=1 5 months to 28 years old)</p>
|
|
<p>Countries included in SR n=7 high income n=7 non-high income</p>
|
|
<p>Case-fatality range: 0%-19.4%</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Ceftriaxone (IV) versus benzylpenicillin sodium (IV)</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>1 RCT (Tuncer 1988)</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Cefotaxime (IM or IV) or ceftriaxone (IM or IV) versus ampicillin (IM or IV) or benzylpenicillin sodium (IM or IV) plus chloramphenicol (IM or IV or oral)</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>12 RCTs (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.appj.ref12" rid="niceng240er13.appj.ref12">Aronoff 1984</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.appj.ref14" rid="niceng240er13.appj.ref14">Barson 1985</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.appj.ref19" rid="niceng240er13.appj.ref19">Bryan 1985</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.appj.ref24" rid="niceng240er13.appj.ref24">Congeni 1984</a>*; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.appj.ref26" rid="niceng240er13.appj.ref26">Del Rio 1983</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.appj.ref32" rid="niceng240er13.appj.ref32">Girgis 1988</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.appj.ref36" rid="niceng240er13.appj.ref36">Haffejee 1988</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.appj.ref39" rid="niceng240er13.appj.ref39">Jacobs 1985</a>*; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.appj.ref57" rid="niceng240er13.appj.ref57">Odio 1986</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.appj.ref71" rid="niceng240er13.appj.ref71">Sharma 1996</a>; Steele 1983; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.appj.ref84" rid="niceng240er13.appj.ref84">Wells 1984</a>*)</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Ceftriaxone (IM) versus chloramphenicol (IM)</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>1 RCT (Nathan 2005)</p>
|
|
<p>*Neonates received gentamicin instead of chloramphenicol</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hearing impairment</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Serious intervention-related adverse effects - Neutropenia</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>n=3 RCTs conducted in adults included in the evidence review on antibiotics for bacterial meningitis before or in the absence of identifying causative infecting organism in adults.</p>
|
|
<p>For <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref5" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref5">Peltola 1989</a>, data was extracted from original paper.</p>
|
|
<p>Rodriguz 1985 excluded as did not compare antibiotic treatment regimen of interest for review.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref7" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref7">Roine, 2000</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Quasi-RCT</p>
|
|
<p>Chile</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=100</p>
|
|
<p>Children aged ≥3 months with bacterial meningitis</p>
|
|
<p>Age in months (mean; SD): 39 (49)</p>
|
|
<p>Case-fatality: not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg (IV):</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>4 days vs 7 days</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any long-term neurological impairment</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hearing impairment</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Occurrence of seizures</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref8" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref8">Scholz 1998</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>RCT</p>
|
|
<p>Germany</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=82</p>
|
|
<p>Children aged 6 weeks to 16 years with signs and symptoms of bacterial meningitis</p>
|
|
<p>Age in years (mean): 4</p>
|
|
<p>Population treated with steroid therapy: 67%</p>
|
|
<p>Case-fatality: Not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Cefotaxime versus ceftriaxone</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Cefotaxime: 200 mg/kg/day in 4 divided doses for 4–7 days</p>
|
|
<p>Ceftriaxone: 100 mg/kg once daily, up to a maximum dose of 4 g/day, on day 1 and 75 mg/kg/day, up to a maximum dose of 3 g/day, from day 2 for 4-7 days</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any long-term neurological impairment</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Route of administration of drug was not described.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref9" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref9">Singhi, 2002</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>RCT</p>
|
|
<p>India</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=69</p>
|
|
<p>Children aged 3 months to 12 years with bacterial meningitis</p>
|
|
<p>Age in months (mean): 45</p>
|
|
<p>Case-fatality: 1.4%</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>Ceftriaxone (IV):</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<u>7 days vs 10 days</u>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>All children were started on ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/day in two divided doses and were monitored and evaluated every day for improvement as well as for any complications. Randomisation of children to group I (7 days of therapy) or group II (10 days of therapy) was done on the 7th day.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any long-term neurological impairment</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hearing impairment</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Occurrence of seizures</div></li></ul></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">IM: intramuscular; IV: intravenous; RCT: randomised controlled trial; SD: standard deviation; SR: systematic review</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng240er13appjtab1"><div id="niceng240er13.appj.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 13</span><span class="title">Excluded studies and reasons for their exclusion</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK604074/table/niceng240er13.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng240er13.appj.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Code [Reason]</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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(1993) Long-acting chloramphenicol for bacterial meningitis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization
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71(1): 117–8, 123
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|
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2393436/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2393436</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8440031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8440031</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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Adderson, E. E.; Flynn, P. M.; Hoffman, J. M. (2010) Efficacy and safety of cefepime in pediatric patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatrics
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157(3): 490
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20434167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20434167</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- No intervention of interest for review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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Anonymous (1998) Antimicrobial therapy in the management of bacterial meningitis. WHO Drug Information
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12(2): 70–72
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Anonymous (1990) Ceftriaxone in the treatment of meningitis, gonococcal infections and other serious bacterial infections. Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne
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142(5): 450–2 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1451660/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1451660</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2302641" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2302641</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Anonymous (1986) Initial antibiotic treatment of bacterial meningitis in children. Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne
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135(10): 1085–6 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1491791/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1491791</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3768819" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3768819</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Anonymous (1997) Therapy for children with invasive pneumococcal infections. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases. Pediatrics
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99(2): 289–99
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9024464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9024464</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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Anonymous (1995) Meropenem: A new carbapenem with potential for treating bacterial meningitis. Drugs and Therapy Perspectives
|
|
6(10): 1–5
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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Anonymous (1988) American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases: Treatment of bacterial meningitis. Pediatrics
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|
81(6): 904–907
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3368290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3368290</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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Anonymous (2010) Initiate appropriate antibacterial and adjunctive therapies when treating bacterial meningitis. Drugs and Therapy Perspectives
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26(8): 19–22
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Anttila, M., Anttolainen, I., Ellmén, J.
|
|
et al. (1991) (Antibiotics for bacterial meningitis in children - results of a Finnish multicentre trial). Duodecim; laaketieteellinen aikakauskirja
|
|
107: 149–157
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1364751" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1364751</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Non-English language article</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Anttila, M., Anttolainen, I., Ellmén, J.
|
|
et al. (1991) Antibiotic treatment of bacterial meningitis in children--results from a Finnish multicenter study. Duodecim; laaketieteellinen aikakauskirja
|
|
107(3): 149–157
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1364751" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1364751</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Non-English language article</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a id="niceng240er13.appj.ref12"></a>Aronoff, S. C., Reed, M. D., O’Brien, C. A.
|
|
et al. (1984) Comparison of the efficacy and safety of ceftriaxone to ampicillin/chloramphenicol in the treatment of childhood meningitis. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
|
|
13(2): 143–151
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6323376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6323376</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study included in systematic review – <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref6" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref6">Prasad 2007</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Arrieta, A. (1997) Use of meropenem in the treatment of serious infections in children: review of the current literature. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
|
|
24suppl2: S207–12
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9126695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9126695</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a id="niceng240er13.appj.ref14"></a>Barson, W. J., Miller, M. A., Brady, M. T.
|
|
et al. (1985) Prospective comparative trial of ceftriaxone vs. conventional therapy for treatment of bacterial meningitis in children. Pediatric infectious disease
|
|
4(4): 362–368
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3895175" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3895175</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study included in systematic review – <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref6" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref6">Prasad 2007</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bass, J. W.; Person, D. A.; Fonseca, R. J. (1990) Cefuroxime versus ceftriaxone for bacterial meningitis (I). Journal of pediatrics
|
|
116(3): 488 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2308044" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2308044</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Begue, P., Astruc, J., Francois, P.
|
|
et al. (1998) Comparison of ceftriaxone and cefotaxime in severe pediatric bacterial infection: a multicentric study. Medecine ET maladies infectieuses
|
|
28(4): 300–306
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Non-English language article</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bijlsma, Merijn W., Brouwer, Matthijs C., Kasanmoentalib, E. Soemirien
|
|
et al. (2016) Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults in the Netherlands, 2006-14: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet. Infectious diseases
|
|
16(3): 339–47
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26652862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26652862</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bingen, Edouard, Levy, Corinne, de la Rocque, France
|
|
et al. (2005) Bacterial meningitis in children: a French prospective study. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
|
|
41(7): 1059–63
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16142676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16142676</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a id="niceng240er13.appj.ref19"></a>Bryan, J. P., Rocha, H., da Silva, H. R.
|
|
et al. (1985) Comparison of ceftriaxone and ampicillin plus chloramphenicol for the therapy of acute bacterial meningitis. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
|
|
28(3): 361–368
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC180254/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC180254</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4073858" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 4073858</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study included in systematic review – <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref6" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref6">Prasad 2007</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Bulloch, B.; Craig, W. R.; Klassen, T. P. (1997) The use of antibiotics to prevent serious sequelae in children at risk for occult bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Academic Emergency Medicine
|
|
4(7): 679–683
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9223690" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9223690</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Cantey, Joseph B., Lopez-Medina, Eduardo, Nguyen, Sean
|
|
et al. (2015) Empiric Antibiotics for Serious Bacterial Infection in Young Infants: Opportunities for Stewardship. Pediatric emergency care
|
|
31(8): 568–71
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25822235" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25822235</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Chadwick, E. G., Connor, E. M., Shulman, S. T.
|
|
et al. (1983) Efficacy of ceftriaxone in treatment of serious childhood infections. Journal of Pediatrics
|
|
103(1): 141–145
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6306193" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6306193</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Chaudhary, M.; Shrivastava, S. M.; Sehgal, R. (2008) Efficacy and safety study of fixed-dose combination of ceftriaxone-vancomycin injection in patients with various infections. Current drug safety
|
|
3(1): 82–85
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18690985" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18690985</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a id="niceng240er13.appj.ref24"></a>Congeni, B. L. (1984) Comparison of ceftriaxone and traditional therapy of bacterial meningitis. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
|
|
25(1): 40–44
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC185431/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC185431</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6322681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6322681</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study included in systematic review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
De Gaudio, M., Chiappini, E., Galli, L.
|
|
et al. (2010) Therapeutic management of bacterial meningitis in children: a systematic review and comparison of published guidelines from a European perspective. Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy) 22(4): 226–37
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20685625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20685625</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a id="niceng240er13.appj.ref26"></a>del Rio, M. A., Chrane, D., Shelton, S.
|
|
et al. (1983) Ceftriaxone versus ampicillin and chloramphenicol for treatment of bacterial meningitis in children. Lancet (london, england) 1(8336): 1241–1244
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6134039" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6134039</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study included in systematic review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Donma, M. M. and Donma, O. (1992) Cephalosporins in childhood bacterial meningitis. Journal of the Singapore Paediatric Society
|
|
34(34): 141–147
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1305653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1305653</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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Eliakim-Raz, N., Lador, A., Leibovici-Weissman, Y.
|
|
et al. (2014) Efficacy and safety of chloramphenicol: Joining the revival of old antibiotics? Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
|
|
70(4): 979–996 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25583746" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25583746</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study included in systematic review – <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref6" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref6">Prasad 2007</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Elyasi, S., Khalili, H., Dashti-Khavidaki, S.
|
|
et al. (2015) Conventional- versus high-dose vancomycin regimen in patients with acute bacterial meningitis: a randomized clinical trial. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
|
|
16(3): 297–304
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25547064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25547064</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- No outcomes of interest for review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Feldman, E. A., McCulloh, R. J., Myers, A. L.
|
|
et al. (2017) Empiric antibiotic use and susceptibility in infants with bacterial infections: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. Hospital Pediatrics
|
|
7(8): 427–435
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5525435/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5525435</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28729240" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28729240</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- No outcomes of interest for review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Feldstein, T. J.; Uden, D.; Larson, T. A. (1987) Cefotaxime for treatment of Gram-negative bacterial meningitis in infants and children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
|
|
6(5): 471–475
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3601495" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3601495</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a id="niceng240er13.appj.ref32"></a>Girgis, N. I., Abu el Ella, A. H., Farid, Z.
|
|
et al. (1988) Intramuscular ceftriaxone versus ampicillin-chloramphenicol in childhood bacterial meningitis. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases
|
|
20(6): 613–617
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3065929" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3065929</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study included in systematic review – <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref6" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref6">Prasad 2007</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Girgis, N. I., Abu el-Ella, A. H., Farid, Z.
|
|
et al. (1988) Ceftriaxone alone compared to ampicillin and chloramphenicol in the treatment of bacterial meningitis. Chemotherapy
|
|
34suppl1: 16–20
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3246167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3246167</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study included in systematic review – <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref6" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref6">Prasad 2007</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Gregoire, M., Dailly, E., Le Turnier, P.
|
|
et al. (2019) High-dose ceftriaxone for bacterial meningitis and optimization of administration scheme based on nomogram. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
|
|
63(9): e00634–19
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6709482/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6709482</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31235630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31235630</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- No comparison of interest for review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Haffejee, I. E. (1984) A therapeutic trial of cefotaxime versus penicillin-gentamicin for severe infections in children. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
|
|
14supplb: 147–152
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6094434" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6094434</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a id="niceng240er13.appj.ref36"></a>Haffejee, I. E. (1988) Cefotaxime versus penicillin-chloramphenicol in purulent meningitis: a controlled single-blind clinical trial. Annals of tropical paediatrics
|
|
8(4): 225–9
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2467608" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2467608</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study included in systematic review – <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref6" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref6">Prasad 2007</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Helwig, H., Tosberg, P., Peller, P.
|
|
et al. (1990) Ceftriaxone versus conventional therapy in bacterial meningitis of childhood. Zac zeitschrift fur antimikrobielle antineoplastische chemotherapie
|
|
8(34): 43–49
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Non-English language article</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hsieh, Dong-Yi, Lai, Yun-Ru, Lien, Chia-Yi
|
|
et al. (2021) Nationwide Population-Based Epidemiological Study for Outcomes of Adjunctive Steroid Therapy in Pediatric Patients with Bacterial Meningitis in Taiwan. International journal of environmental research and public health
|
|
18(12) [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8296207/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8296207</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34204785" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34204785</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- No intervention of interest</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a id="niceng240er13.appj.ref39"></a>Jacobs, R. F., Wells, T. G., Steele, R. W.
|
|
et al. (1985) A prospective randomized comparison of cefotaxime vs ampicillin and chloramphenicol for bacterial meningitis in children. Journal of pediatrics
|
|
107(1): 129–133
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3847486" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3847486</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study included in systematic review – <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref6" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref6">Prasad 2007</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Johansson, O.; Cronberg, S.; Hoffstedt, B. (1982) Cefuroxime versus ampicillin and chloramphenicol for the treatment of bacterial meningitis. Report from a Swedish study group. Lancet
|
|
1(8267): 295–299
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6120310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6120310</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- No comparison of interest for review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Karageorgopoulos, D. E., Valkimadi, P. E., Kapaskelis, A.
|
|
et al. (2009) Short versus long duration of antibiotic therapy for bacterial meningitis: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials in children. Archives of Disease in Childhood
|
|
94(8): 607–614
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19628879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19628879</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Insufficient presentation of results</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kasiakou, S. K., Sermaides, G. J., Michalopoulos, A.
|
|
et al. (2005) Continuous versus intermittent intravenous administration of antibiotics: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Infectious Diseases
|
|
5(9): 581–589
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16122681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16122681</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kecmanovic, M.; Pavlovic, M.; Kostic, A. (1982) Cefotaxime in the treatment of suppurative meningitis. Chemioterapia
|
|
1(4suppl): 85
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kobayashi, Y., Morikawa, Y., Haruta, T.
|
|
et al. (1981) Clinical evaluation of cefotaxime in the treatment of purulent meningitis in children. The Japanese journal of antibiotics
|
|
34(6): 946–54
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6270420" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6270420</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- No comparison of interest for review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Korbila, I. P., Tansarli, G. S., Karageorgopoulos, D. E.
|
|
et al. (2013) Extended or continuous versus short-term intravenous infusion of cephalosporins: A meta-analysis. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
|
|
11(6): 585–595
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23750730" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23750730</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kovacs, J. E. and Ryan, M. E. (1987) Initial treatment of purulent meningitis in infants 1 to 3 months of age. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
|
|
87(8): 566–8
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3312128" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3312128</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kumar, P. and Verma, I. C. (1993) Antibiotic therapy for bacterial meningitis in children in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization
|
|
71(2): 183–188
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2393459/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2393459</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8490981" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8490981</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- No comparison of interest for review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Levine, D. P.; McNeil, P.; Lerner, S. A. (1989) Randomized, double-blind comparative study of intravenous ciprofloxacin versus ceftazidime in the treatment of serious infections. American journal of medicine
|
|
87(5a): 160S–163S
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2686416" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2686416</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Madson, L. and Grose, C. (1990) Ceftriaxone vs cefotaxime for treatment of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis (I). Pediatrics
|
|
85(4): 622–623
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2314980" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2314980</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Mallet, E.; Leroy, A.; Lemeland, J. P. (1987) Pharmacokinetics and clinical evaluation of ceftriaxone (CRO) in children with purulent meningitis. Chemioterapia : international journal of the Mediterranean Society of Chemotherapy
|
|
6(2suppl): 427
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3334589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3334589</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Marks, W. A., Stutman, H. R., Marks, M. I.
|
|
et al. (1986) Cefuroxime versus ampicillin plus chloramphenicol in childhood bacterial meningitis: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Journal of pediatrics
|
|
109(1): 123–130
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3522832" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3522832</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- No comparison of interest for review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Martin, E., Hohl, P., Guggi, T.
|
|
et al. (1990) Short course single daily ceftriaxone monotherapy for acute bacterial meningitis in children: results of a Swiss multicenter study. Part I: clinical results. Infection
|
|
18(2): 70–77
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2185156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2185156</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- No intervention of interest for review</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Change in route and dose without sub-group analysis to account for conflicting factors</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
McGill, F., Heyderman, R. S., Michael, B. D.
|
|
et al. (2016) The UK joint specialist societies guideline on the diagnosis and management of acute meningitis and meningococcal sepsis in immunocompetent adults. The Journal of infection
|
|
72(4): 405–38
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26845731" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26845731</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Ngu, J. and Youmbissi, T. (1987) A comparative study with ceftriaxone (Rocephin) versus ampicillin and chloramphenicol in children with bacterial meningitis. Chemioterapia
|
|
6(2suppl): 417–418 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3334588" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3334588</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Cohort study from low income country</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Noack, R. and Hobusch, D. (1994) Cerebrospinal fluid findings in antibiotic short term therapy for bacterial meningitis in childhood. Pediatrics and related topics
|
|
32(46): 341–346
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Non-English language article</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
O’Neill, P. (1993) How long to treat bacterial meningitis. Lancet (London, England) 341(8844): 530
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8094780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8094780</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a id="niceng240er13.appj.ref57"></a>Odio, C., Faingezicht, I., Salas, J.
|
|
et al. (1986) Cefotaxime versus conventional therapy for the treatment of bacterial meningitis of infants and children. Pediatric infectious disease
|
|
5: 402–407
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3725653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3725653</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study included in systematic review – <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref6" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref6">Prasad 2007</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
Okike, I. O., Awofisayo, A., Adak, B.
|
|
et al. (2015) Empirical antibiotic cover for Listeria monocytogenes infection beyond the neonatal period: A time for change?. Archives of Disease in Childhood
|
|
100(5): 423–425
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25628458" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25628458</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Olarte, Liset (2019) Vancomycin Should Be Part of Empiric Therapy for Suspected Bacterial Meningitis. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society
|
|
8(2): 187–188
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30496558" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30496558</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Onakpoya, Igho J., Walker, A. Sarah, Tan, Pui S.
|
|
et al. (2018) Overview of systematic reviews assessing the evidence for shorter versus longer duration antibiotic treatment for bacterial infections in secondary care. PloS one
|
|
13(3): e0194858
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5874047/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5874047</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29590188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29590188</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Insufficient presentation of results</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Peltola, H.; Vuori-Holopainen, E.; Kallio, M. J. (2001) Successful shortening from seven to four days of parenteral beta-lactam treatment for common childhood infections: a prospective and randomized study. International journal of infectious diseases
|
|
5(1): 3–8
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11285152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11285152</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Pintado, Vicente, Cabellos, Carmen, Moreno, Santiago
|
|
et al. (2003) Enterococcal meningitis: a clinical study of 39 cases and review of the literature. Medicine
|
|
82(5): 346–64
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14530784" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14530784</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Posadas, Emerson and Fisher, Jay (2018) Pediatric bacterial meningitis: an update on early identification and management. Pediatric emergency medicine practice
|
|
15(11): 1–20 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30358380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30358380</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Pécoul, B., Varaine, F., Keita, M.
|
|
et al. (1991) Long-acting chloramphenicol versus intravenous ampicillin for treatment of bacterial meningitis. Lancet (london, england) 338(8771): 862–866
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1681224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1681224</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study included in systematic review – <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref6" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref6">Prasad 2007</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Rafailidis, P. I.; Pitsounis, A. I.; Falagas, M. E. (2009) Meta-analyses on the Optimization of the Duration of Antimicrobial Treatment for Various Infections. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
|
|
23(2): 269–276
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19393908" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19393908</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Renevey, F., Martin, E., Froscher, F.
|
|
et al. (1989) Treatment of pediatric bacterial meningitis with a 7-day regimen of once-daily ceftriaxone injections. Multicentre study carried out in non-university pediatric departments in the French and Italian-speaking regions of Switzerland. Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy) 1(4suppl): 678–9
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16312589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16312589</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- No comparison of interest for review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Savonius, Okko, Rugemalira, Emilie, Roine, Irmeli
|
|
et al. (2020) Extended Continuous beta-Lactam Infusion with Oral Acetaminophen in Childhood Bacterial Meningitis: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32246138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32246138</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- No comparison of interest for review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Schaad, U. B., Suter, S., Gianella-Borradori, A.
|
|
et al. (1990) A comparison of ceftriaxone and cefuroxime for the treatment of bacterial meningitis in children. New England journal of medicine
|
|
322(3): 141–147
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2403654" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2403654</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- No comparison of interest for review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Schroeder, Alan R. and Ralston, Shawn L. (2014) Intravenous antibiotic durations for common bacterial infections in children: when is enough enough?. Journal of hospital medicine
|
|
9(9): 604–9
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25044445" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25044445</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Shann, F.; Barker, J.; Poore, P. (1985) Chloramphenicol alone versus chloramphenicol plus penicillin for bacterial meningitis in children. Lancet (london, england) 2(8457): 681–684
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2863674" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2863674</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- No comparison of interest for review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a id="niceng240er13.appj.ref71"></a>Sharma, P. R., Adhikari, R. K., Joshi, M. P.
|
|
et al. (1996) Intravenous chloramphenicol plus penicillin versus intramuscular ceftriaxone for the treatment of pyogenic meningitis in Nepalese children [1]. Tropical Doctor
|
|
26(2): 84–85
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8685976" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8685976</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study included in systematic review – <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref6" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref6">Prasad 2007</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Steele, R. W. (1984) Ceftriaxone therapy of meningitis and serious infections. American Journal of Medicine
|
|
77(4c): 50–53
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6093519" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6093519</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study included in systematic review – <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref6" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref6">Prasad 2007</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Steele, R. W.; Steele, A. J.; Gelzine, A. L. (1992) Ceftriaxone and bacterial meningitis. A ten-year follow-up. Antibiotics and chemotherapy
|
|
45: 161–168
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1610128" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1610128</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Sáez-Llorens, X., McCoig, C., Feris, J. M.
|
|
et al. (2002) Quinolone treatment for pediatric bacterial meningitis: a comparative study of trovafloxacin and ceftriaxone with or without vancomycin. Pediatric infectious disease journal
|
|
21(1): 14–22
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11791092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11791092</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- No comparison of interest for review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Tetanye, E., Yondo, D., Bernard-Bonnin, A. C.
|
|
et al. (1990) Initial treatment of bacterial meningitis in Yaounde, Cameroon: theoretical benefits of the ampicillin-chloramphenicol combination versus chloramphenicol alone. Annals of tropical paediatrics
|
|
10(3): 285–291
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1703746" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1703746</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- No comparison of interest for review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Tunkel, Allan R. (2006) Use of ceftriaxone during epidemics in patients with suspected meningococcal meningitis. Current infectious disease reports
|
|
8(4): 291–2
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16822372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16822372</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- No outcomes of interest for review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Uppal, L., Singhi, S., Singhi, P.
|
|
et al. (2017) Role of Rifampin in Reducing Inflammation and Neuronal Damage in Childhood Bacterial Meningitis: a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatric infectious disease journal
|
|
36(6): 556–559
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28027282" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28027282</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- No comparison of interest for review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
van de Beek, D., Cabellos, C., Dzupova, O.
|
|
et al. (2016) ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|
|
22suppl3: S37–62
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27062097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27062097</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Vaswani, N D, Gupta, Nishu, Yadav, Ravi
|
|
et al. (2021) Seven versus Ten Days Antibiotics Course for Acute Pyogenic Meningitis in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Indian journal of pediatrics
|
|
88(3): 246–251
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32857331" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32857331</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- No intervention of interest</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Vaswani, N. D., Gupta, N., Yadav, R.
|
|
et al. (2020) Seven versus Ten Days Antibiotics Course for Acute Pyogenic Meningitis in Children: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Indian journal of pediatrics [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32857331" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32857331</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Duplicate article</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Walker, M. C.; Lam, W. M.; Manasco, K. B. (2012) Continuous and extended infusions of beta-Lactam antibiotics in the pediatric population. Annals of Pharmacotherapy
|
|
46(11): 1537–1546
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23115223" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23115223</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Watanakunakorn, C., Greifenstein, A., Stroh, K.
|
|
et al. (1993) Pneumococcal bacteremia in three community teaching hospitals from 1980 to 1989. Chest
|
|
103(4): 1152–6
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8131456" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8131456</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Weiss, D. and Glaser, J. H. (1990) Ceftriaxone versus cefuroxime for treatment of bacterial meningitis. Journal of pediatrics
|
|
116(3): 492 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2308045" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2308045</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a id="niceng240er13.appj.ref84"></a>Wells, T. G., Trang, J. M., Brown, A. L.
|
|
et al. (1984) Cefotaxime therapy of bacterial meningitis in children. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
|
|
14(supplb): 181–189
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6094438" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 6094438</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study included in systematic review – <a class="bibr" href="#niceng240er13.s1.ref6" rid="niceng240er13.s1.ref6">Prasad 2007</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Wintenberger, C., Guery, B., Bonnet, E.
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et al. (2017) Proposal for shorter antibiotic therapies. Medecine et maladies infectieuses
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47(2): 92–141
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28279491" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28279491</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng240er13.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study design does not meet inclusion criteria</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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