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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="FSRG Dietary Data Briefs [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Lunch Consumption by U.S. Adults" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2024/04" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Rhonda S. Sebastian" /><meta name="citation_author" content="M. Katherine Hoy" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Theophile Murayi" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Joseph D. Goldman" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Alanna J. 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Foods and beverages at lunch have been shown to contribute substantially to dietary intake of adults (3). Moreover, the lunch meal offers an avenue to boost nutrient intakes among older adults, a group at risk for inadequate nutrition (4). However, comprehensive, up-to-date information concerning lunch is lacking. The purpose of this report is to describe lunch consumption by the U.S. adult population. (See page 8 for a definition of “lunch”.) This analysis is based on one day of dietary intake data from What We Eat in America (WWEIA), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017- March 2020. 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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>FSRG Dietary Data Briefs [Internet]. Beltsville (MD): United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); 2010-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/usdaddb/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-usdaddb-lrg.png" alt="Cover of FSRG Dietary Data Briefs" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>FSRG Dietary Data Briefs [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK604047_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK604047_dtls__"><div>Beltsville (MD): <a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/beltsville-md-bhnrc/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center/food-surveys-research-group/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)</a>; 2010-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/usdaddb/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/usdaddb/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/usdaddb/usdaddb58/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/usdaddb/usdaddb56/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK604047_"><span class="label">Dietary Data Brief No. 57</span><span class="title" itemprop="name">Lunch Consumption by U.S. Adults</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017 - March 2020</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">Rhonda S. Sebastian</span>, MA, <span itemprop="author">M. Katherine Hoy</span>, EdD, RDN, <span itemprop="author">Theophile Murayi</span>, PhD, <span itemprop="author">Joseph D. Goldman</span>, MA, and <span itemprop="author">Alanna J. Moshfegh</span>, MS, RDN.</p><p class="small">Published online: April 2024.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><p>Lunch is a midday meal consumed in the U.S. and worldwide (<a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb57.ref1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>, </sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb57.ref2"><sup>2</sup></a>). Foods and beverages at lunch have been shown to contribute substantially to dietary intake of adults (<a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb57.ref3">3</a>). Moreover, the lunch meal offers an avenue to boost nutrient intakes among older adults, a group at risk for inadequate nutrition (<a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb57.ref4">4</a>). However, comprehensive, up-to-date information concerning lunch is lacking. The purpose of this report is to describe lunch consumption by the U.S. adult population. <i>(See page 8 for a</i>
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<a href="#usdaddb57.s8">definition</a>
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<i>of “lunch”.)</i> This analysis is based on one day of dietary intake data from What We Eat in America (WWEIA), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017- March 2020. It is one of four Dietary Data Briefs reporting information by meal type (breakfast, lunch, dinner, snack) for adults.</p><div id="usdaddb57.box1" class="box"><h3><span class="title">Highlights</span></h3><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>⏩</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Overall, 77% of adults report lunch on the intake day, with no differences by gender and age.</p></dd><dt>⏩</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">A higher percentage of non-Hispanic (NH) White and NH Asian adults consume lunch relative to NH Black and Hispanic adults.</p></dd><dt>⏩</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Prevalence of lunch is higher among adults with family incomes >350% of the poverty level relative to those with lower family incomes.</p></dd><dt>⏩</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Nine percent of adults obtain more than half of their daily intake of energy from lunch.</p></dd><dt>⏩</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Compared to non-consumers, lunch consumers have higher intakes of energy and all nutrients examined.</p></dd><dt>⏩</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Among consumers, lunch accounts an average of 29% of daily intakes of energy and 22–35% of nutrient intake.</p></dd><dt>⏩</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">The food group most commonly consumed at lunch is mixed dishes, which includes sandwiches, and the most commonly consumed beverage is water.</p></dd></dl></div><div id="usdaddb57.s1"><h2 id="_usdaddb57_s1_">Who consumes lunch?</h2><p>On any given day, 77% of all adults aged 20 years and older consume one or more foods and/or beverages at lunch.</p><p>The prevalence of lunch consumption does not vary among males and females (77% for each; <i>data not shown</i>). In addition, no differences by age are seen among all adults or by gender (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK604047/figure/usdaddb57.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figusdaddb57fig1" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57fig1">Figure 1</a>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figusdaddb57fig1" co-legend-rid="figlgndusdaddb57fig1"><a href="/books/NBK604047/figure/usdaddb57.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figusdaddb57fig1" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57fig1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK604047/bin/usdaddb57f1.gif" src-large="/books/NBK604047/bin/usdaddb57f1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Prevalence (%) of lunch1 consumption among adults age 20+ years, by sex and age, WWEIA, NHANES 2017 - March 2020." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndusdaddb57fig1"><h4 id="usdaddb57.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK604047/figure/usdaddb57.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57fig1">Figure 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Prevalence (%) of lunch<sup>1</sup> consumption among adults age 20+ years, by sex and age, WWEIA, NHANES 2017 - March 2020. </p></div></div></div><div id="usdaddb57.s2"><h2 id="_usdaddb57_s2_">Does the prevalence of lunch consumption differ by race/ethnicity or family income?</h2><p>Overall, non-Hispanic (NH) White and NH Asian adults are more likely to consume lunch than NH Black and Hispanic adults (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK604047/figure/usdaddb57.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figusdaddb57fig2" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57fig2">Figure 2</a>). This same pattern is observed among females. The prevalence of lunch consumption is higher among NH Asian males relative to NH Black and Hispanic males, but that of NH White males is not statistically different from any of the other race/ethnic groups.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figusdaddb57fig2" co-legend-rid="figlgndusdaddb57fig2"><a href="/books/NBK604047/figure/usdaddb57.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figusdaddb57fig2" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57fig2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK604047/bin/usdaddb57f2.gif" src-large="/books/NBK604047/bin/usdaddb57f2.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Prevalence (%) of lunch consumption among adults age 20+ years, by gender and race/ethnicity, WWEIA, NHANES 2017- March 2020." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndusdaddb57fig2"><h4 id="usdaddb57.fig2"><a href="/books/NBK604047/figure/usdaddb57.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57fig2">Figure 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Prevalence (%) of lunch consumption among adults age 20+ years, by gender and race/ethnicity, WWEIA, NHANES 2017- March 2020. <sup>a,b</sup>For all adults and by gender, percentage estimates with different superscripts differ by race/ethnicity (p<0.001) <a href="/books/NBK604047/figure/usdaddb57.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57fig2">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Adults in the highest category of family income are more likely to consume lunch than adults in either the lowest or middle category (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK604047/figure/usdaddb57.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figusdaddb57fig3" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57fig3">Figure 3</a>). Results by gender reflect those among all adults, except that the greater prevalence of lunch consumption of those in the highest as compared to the middle income category is seen among females only.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figusdaddb57fig3" co-legend-rid="figlgndusdaddb57fig3"><a href="/books/NBK604047/figure/usdaddb57.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figusdaddb57fig3" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57fig3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK604047/bin/usdaddb57f3.gif" src-large="/books/NBK604047/bin/usdaddb57f3.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Prevalence (%) of lunch consumption among adults age 20+ years, by gender and family income as % of poverty level1, WWEIA, NHANES 2017- March 2020." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndusdaddb57fig3"><h4 id="usdaddb57.fig3"><a href="/books/NBK604047/figure/usdaddb57.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57fig3">Figure 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Prevalence (%) of lunch consumption among adults age 20+ years, by gender and family income as % of poverty level<sup>1</sup>, WWEIA, NHANES 2017- March 2020. <sup>a,b</sup>For all adults and by gender, estimates with different superscripts differ significantly by family income <a href="/books/NBK604047/figure/usdaddb57.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57fig3">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="usdaddb57.s3"><h2 id="_usdaddb57_s3_">What percentage of total daily energy is consumed at lunch?</h2><p>Lunch foods and beverages account for 23% of total daily energy intake by U.S. adults overall <i>(data not shown)</i>.</p><p>Energy intake from lunch as a percentage of total daily intake categorized into levels is shown in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK604047/figure/usdaddb57.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figusdaddb57fig4" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57fig4">Figure 4</a>. Approximately one-third of adults are lunch consumers obtain less than 25% or their total daily intake from this meal, and about one-third obtain between 25 and 50%. Nearly one in ten adults obtain more than half of their daily energy from lunch. Findings by gender reflect those for all adults.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figusdaddb57fig4" co-legend-rid="figlgndusdaddb57fig4"><a href="/books/NBK604047/figure/usdaddb57.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figusdaddb57fig4" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57fig4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK604047/bin/usdaddb57f4.gif" src-large="/books/NBK604047/bin/usdaddb57f4.jpg" alt="Figure 4. Percentage1 of individuals by level of total daily energy intake from lunch, adults age 20+ years, by gender, 2017 – March 2020." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndusdaddb57fig4"><h4 id="usdaddb57.fig4"><a href="/books/NBK604047/figure/usdaddb57.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57fig4">Figure 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Percentage<sup>1</sup> of individuals by level of total daily energy intake from lunch, adults age 20+ years, by gender, 2017 – March 2020. <sup>1</sup>Estimates may not sum to 100 due to rounding. <sup>2</sup>See definition of “consumer/non-consumer” on page <a href="/books/NBK604047/figure/usdaddb57.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57fig4">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="usdaddb57.s4"><h2 id="_usdaddb57_s4_">Do total daily intakes of energy and nutrients differ between lunch consumers and non-consumers?</h2><p>Adults who consume lunch have higher intakes of energy and all macronutrients/food components analyzed except added sugars (<a href="/books/NBK604047/table/usdaddb57.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57tab1">Table 1</a>). On average, approximately 300 more kilocalories are ingested by lunch consumers as compared to non-consumers. Higher intake of foods and beverages likely also plays a role in consumers’ higher daily intakes of all vitamins, and minerals shown. In general, findings by gender mirror those for all adults together.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figusdaddb57tab1"><a href="/books/NBK604047/table/usdaddb57.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="usdaddb57.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK604047/table/usdaddb57.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Mean daily intake of energy and selected nutrients by lunch consumption<sup></sup> status among adults age 20+ years, by gender, 2017 – March 2020. </p></div></div></div><div id="usdaddb57.s5"><h2 id="_usdaddb57_s5_">Among lunch consumers, how much does lunch contribute to total daily intakes of energy and nutrients?</h2><p>The contribution of lunch to consumers’ intake of most nutrients is broadly in line with the meal’s energy contribution (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK604047/figure/usdaddb57.fig5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figusdaddb57fig5" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57fig5">Figure 5</a>). This finding is also true among male and female lunch consumers analyzed separately <i>(data not shown)</i>. However, the percentage of daily intake of a few nutrients/food components are somewhat disparate from lunch’s mean energy contribution. The percentage of daily intake of added sugars and Vitamin D from lunch are on average 6+ percentage points lower than the meal’s mean energy contribution, whereas the percentage of protein and sodium are 4+ percentage points higher.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figusdaddb57fig5" co-legend-rid="figlgndusdaddb57fig5"><a href="/books/NBK604047/figure/usdaddb57.fig5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figusdaddb57fig5" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57fig5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK604047/bin/usdaddb57f5.gif" src-large="/books/NBK604047/bin/usdaddb57f5.jpg" alt="Figure 5. Contributions of lunch to total daily intakes of energy and selected nutrients/food components, adults age 20+ years, consumers1 only, 2017 – March 2020." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndusdaddb57fig5"><h4 id="usdaddb57.fig5"><a href="/books/NBK604047/figure/usdaddb57.fig5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57fig5">Figure 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Contributions of lunch to total daily intakes of energy and selected nutrients/food components, adults age 20+ years, consumers<sup>1</sup> only, 2017 – March 2020. <sup>1</sup>See definition of “consumer/non-consumer” on page 8. </p></div></div></div><div id="usdaddb57.s6"><h2 id="_usdaddb57_s6_">What foods are consumed at lunch?</h2><p><a href="/books/NBK604047/table/usdaddb57.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57tab2">Table 2</a> displays foods frequently consumed at lunch. By far, mixed dishes are the most highly consumed. Two-thirds of adult lunch consumers have one or more mixed dishes at this meal on the intake day, and half of those individuals consume a sandwich. Mixed dishes also contributed the largest average energy contribution among those who consumed them.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figusdaddb57tab2"><a href="/books/NBK604047/table/usdaddb57.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="usdaddb57.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK604047/table/usdaddb57.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Foods frequently consumed at lunch: Percentage of adults consuming and mean energy contribution when consumed, adults age 20+ years, 2017 – March 2020. </p></div></div></div><div id="usdaddb57.s7"><h2 id="_usdaddb57_s7_">What beverages are consumed at lunch?</h2><p>Sixty-eight percent of adults who consume lunch include a non-alcoholic beverage with their meal (<a href="/books/NBK604047/table/usdaddb57.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57tab3">Table 3</a>). Water is consumed at lunch by about one-third of adult reporters.</p><p>Sweetened beverages contain added sugars, accounting for nearly all their energy content. However, plain tea and coffee contain no calories. Milk and sugar added to coffee and tea result in these beverages contributing meaningful amounts of energy to intakes of adults who consume them at lunch.</p><p>Among all adults who consume lunch, non-alcoholic beverages contribute 58 calories, or 9% of lunch energy <i>(data not shown)</i>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figusdaddb57tab3"><a href="/books/NBK604047/table/usdaddb57.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57tab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="usdaddb57.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK604047/table/usdaddb57.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb57tab3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Beverages frequently consumed at lunch: Percentage of adults consuming and mean energy contribution when consumed, adults 20+ years, 2017 – March 2020. </p></div></div></div><div id="usdaddb57.s8"><h2 id="_usdaddb57_s8_">Definitions</h2><dl><dt id="usdaddb57.abb_DL1_DI1">Kilocalories</dt><dd><p>Scientific unit used in reporting the energy content of food; shortened to “calories” in casual usage in the U.S.</p></dd><dt id="usdaddb57.abb_DL1_DI2">Lunch</dt><dd><p>meal occasions designated by the respondent as “brunch”, “lunch” or the Spanish equivalent “comida”. The time an eating occasion occurs has no implication as to the type of meal. An eating occasion reported during typical lunch hours (i.e., midday) is not considered to be lunch unless the respondent specified it as such.</p></dd><dt id="usdaddb57.abb_DL1_DI3">Consumer/non-consumer</dt><dd><p>In general, anyone who reported lunch <i>(see</i>
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<a href="#usdaddb57.s8">definition</a>
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<i>above)</i> was considered a “consumer,” whereas anyone who did not was considered a “non-consumer.” In all, 5,625 adults were classified as lunch consumers (2,701 males and 2,924 females), and 2,082 were classified as non-consumers (1,044 males and 1,038 females). Classification as a consumer or non-consumer for this analysis has no implications as to habitual consumption.</p></dd><dt id="usdaddb57.abb_DL1_DI4">Family income (as percentage of poverty level)</dt><dd><p>the ratio of family income to poverty expressed as a percentage. The Department of Health and Human Services’ poverty guidelines were used as the poverty measure to calculate the ratio (<a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb57.ref5">5</a>).</p></dd><dt id="usdaddb57.abb_DL1_DI5">WWEIA Food Categories</dt><dd><p>Available at <a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=23429" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=23429</a> is a full list of the WWEIA Food Categories, a scheme for classifying each food and beverage reported in WWEIA, NHANES into one of 169 mutually exclusive categories. In contrast to the WWEIA Food Categories’ item-by-item classification, this analysis classified as a group any foods or beverages that were represented in the dietary data by two or more items linked as having been consumed together. In such cases, all of the linked items were classified together into the most appropriate WWEIA Food Category. For example, a ham and cheese sandwich represented in the dietary data as white bread, deli ham, American cheese, and mayonnaise would be assigned to the “deli and cured meat sandwiches” group, along with similar sandwiches that were not represented by multiple items, i.e., the “single-code sandwiches” that make up the WWEIA Food Category “mixed dishes - sandwiches (single code) – deli and cured meat sandwiches.” Similarly, if creamer was consumed with coffee, it was assigned to the coffee group in this analysis. Another difference from the WWEIA Categories concerned the beverage analysis on page 7. In the WWEIA Food Categories, water and milk/milk beverages are included under “Water” and “Milk and dairy”, respectively. In this analysis, they are included under “Beverages, nonalcoholic”. The non-beverage dairy categories, namely, cheese and yogurt, are represented on page 6 as “Dairy, excluding milk beverages”.</p></dd></dl></div><div id="usdaddb57.s9"><h2 id="_usdaddb57_s9_">Data source</h2><p>Estimates in this data brief are based on one day of dietary intake data from WWEIA, NHANES 2017-March 2020 (<a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb57.ref6">6</a>). Day 1 dietary data were collected in person using the 5-step USDA Automated Multiple-Pass Method for the 24-hour recall. A total of 7,707 individuals 20 years of age and older (3,745 males and 3,962 females) provided complete and reliable dietary intake data. In the race-specific analyses (see page 2), individuals who were multi-racial or of a racial group other than those listed (368 adults, of whom 264 were lunch consumers) were excluded. Likewise, in the income-specific analyses (also on page 2), individuals with missing family income information (971 adults, of whom 688 were lunch consumers) were excluded. Sample weights were applied in all analyses to produce nationally representative estimates. Intakes of energy and nutrients were calculated using the 2017–2018 and 2019–2020 versions of USDA’s Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (<a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb57.ref7">7</a>). Intake of added sugars was calculated using the Food Patterns Equivalents Database for Use with WWEIA, NHANES 2017-March 2020 Prepandemic (<a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb57.ref8">8</a>).</p></div><div id="usdaddb57.rl.r1"><h2 id="_usdaddb57_rl_r1_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="usdaddb57.ref1">U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Lunch: Percentages of selected nutrients contributed by foods and beverages consumed at lunch, by gender and age, What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017-March 2020 Prepandemic. <a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/beltsville-md-bhnrc/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center/food-surveys-research-group/docs/wweia-data-tables/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.ars.usda<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.gov/northeast-area/beltsville-md-bhnrc<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>/food-surveys-research-group<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>/docs/wweia-data-tables/</a>. Accessed July 27, 2023.</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="usdaddb57.ref2">Huseinovic
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E, Winkvist
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A, Slimani
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N, et al
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Meal patterns across ten European countries – results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study. Public Health Nutr. 2016
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Oct;19(15):2769–2780. doi: 10.1017/S1368980016001142
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10271196/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC10271196</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27194183" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27194183</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1017/S1368980016001142" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="usdaddb57.ref3">Krok-Schoen
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JL, Jonnalagadda
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SS, Luo
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M, Kelly
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OJ, Taylor
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CA. Nutrient intakes from meals and snacks differ with age in middle-aged and older Americans. Nutrients. 2019;11(6):1301. Published 2019 Jun 8. doi:10.3390/nu11061301
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6627320/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6627320</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31181765" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31181765</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.3390/nu11061301" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="usdaddb57.ref4">Verreijen
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AM, van den Helder
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J, Streppel
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MT, et al
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A higher protein intake at breakfast and lunch is associated with a higher total daily protein intake in older adults: a post-hoc cross-sectional analysis of four randomized controlled trials. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2021;34(2):384–394. doi:10.1111/jhn.12838.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8048646/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8048646</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33190355" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33190355</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1111/jhn.12838" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="usdaddb57.ref5">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. Poverty guidelines. <a href="https://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty-guidelines" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://aspe<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.hhs.gov/poverty-guidelines</a>. Accessed May 10, 2023.</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="usdaddb57.ref6">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. NHANES Questionnaires, Datasets, and Related Documentation. <a href="https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://wwwn<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/</a>. Accessed August 15, 2023.</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="usdaddb57.ref7">USDA Food Surveys Research Group. FNDDS Documentation and Databases. <a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/fsrg/fndds/download" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.ars.usda.gov/fsrg/fndds/download</a>. Accessed September 27, 2023.</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="usdaddb57.ref8">USDA Food Surveys Research Group. Food Patterns Equivalents Databases and SAS Datasets. <a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/fsrg/fped/download" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.ars.usda.gov/fsrg/fped/download</a>. Accessed September 29, 2023.</div></dd></dl></div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin"><div>
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<span class="mixed-citation" id="usdaddb57.suggestedcitation">Sebastian RS, Hoy MK, Murayi T, Goldman JD, Moshfegh AJ. <em>Lunch Consumption by U.S. Adults: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017-March 2020</em>. Food Surveys Research Group Dietary Data Brief No. 57. April 2024.</span>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK604047/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK604047/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK604047" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK604047" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Sebastian RS, Hoy MK, Murayi T, et al. Lunch Consumption by U.S. Adults: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017 - March 2020. 2024 Apr. In: FSRG Dietary Data Briefs [Internet]. Beltsville (MD): United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); 2010-. Dietary Data Brief No. 57.<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK604047/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK604047.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (464K)</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#usdaddb57.s1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Who consumes lunch?</a></li><li><a href="#usdaddb57.s2" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Does the prevalence of lunch consumption differ by race/ethnicity or family income?</a></li><li><a href="#usdaddb57.s3" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">What percentage of total daily energy is consumed at lunch?</a></li><li><a href="#usdaddb57.s4" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Do total daily intakes of energy and nutrients differ between lunch consumers and non-consumers?</a></li><li><a href="#usdaddb57.s5" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Among lunch consumers, how much does lunch contribute to total daily intakes of energy and nutrients?</a></li><li><a href="#usdaddb57.s6" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">What foods are consumed at lunch?</a></li><li><a href="#usdaddb57.s7" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">What beverages are consumed at lunch?</a></li><li><a href="#usdaddb57.s8" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Definitions</a></li><li><a href="#usdaddb57.s9" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Data source</a></li><li><a href="#usdaddb57.rl.r1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related information</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="discovery_db_links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pmc&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pmc_refs&IdsFromResult=5628028" ref="log$=recordlinks">PMC</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">PubMed Central citations</div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pubmed_refs&IdsFromResult=5628028" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Links to PubMed</div></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/38857356" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Breakfast Consumption by U.S. Adults: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017 - March 2020.</a><span class="source">[FSRG Dietary Data Briefs. 2010]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Breakfast Consumption by U.S. Adults: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017 - March 2020.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Sebastian RS, Hoy MK, Murayi T, Goldman JD, Moshfegh AJ. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">FSRG Dietary Data Briefs. 2010</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/38805599" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Dinner Consumption by U.S. Adults: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017 - March 2020.</a><span class="source">[FSRG Dietary Data Briefs. 2010]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Dinner Consumption by U.S. Adults: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017 - March 2020.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Sebastian RS, Hoy MK, Murayi T, Goldman JD, Moshfegh AJ. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">FSRG Dietary Data Briefs. 2010</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/38768292" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Snack Consumption by U.S. Adults: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017 - March 2020.</a><span class="source">[FSRG Dietary Data Briefs. 2010]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Snack Consumption by U.S. Adults: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017 - March 2020.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Sebastian RS, Hoy MK, Goldman JD, Moshfegh AJ. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">FSRG Dietary Data Briefs. 2010</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/38805596" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Lunch consumption by U.S. children and adolescents: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017-March 2020.</a><span class="source">[FSRG Dietary Data Briefs. 2010]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Lunch consumption by U.S. children and adolescents: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017-March 2020.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Hoy MK, Sebastian RS, Murayi T, Goldman JD, Moshfegh AJ. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">FSRG Dietary Data Briefs. 2010</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/36862820" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Sandwich Consumption by Adults in the U.S. What We Eat In America, NHANES 2009-2012.</a><span class="source">[FSRG Dietary Data Briefs. 2010]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Sandwich Consumption by Adults in the U.S. What We Eat In America, NHANES 2009-2012.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Sebastian RS, Enns CW, Goldman JD, Hoy MK, Moshfegh AJ. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">FSRG Dietary Data Briefs. 2010</em></div></div></li></ul><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed_reviews&uid=38805598" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedreviews_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See reviews...</a><a class="seemore" href="/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=link&linkname=pubmed_pubmed&uid=38805598" ref="ordinalpos=1&log$=relatedarticles_seeall&logdbfrom=pubmed">See all...</a></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Recent Activity</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="recent_activity" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="HTDisplay" class=""><div class="action"><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('ClearHT')">Clear</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOff')" class="HTOn">Turn Off</a><a href="javascript:historyDisplayState('HTOn')" class="HTOff">Turn On</a></div><ul id="activity"><li class="ra_rcd ralinkpopper two_line"><a class="htb ralinkpopperctrl" ref="log$=activity&linkpos=1" href="/portal/utils/pageresolver.fcgi?recordid=67c80d536d1ec11b6f95b7a7">Lunch Consumption by U.S. Adults - 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