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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="FSRG Dietary Data Briefs [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Dinner consumption by U.S. children and adolescents" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2024/04" /><meta name="citation_author" content="M. Katherine Hoy" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Rhonda S. Sebastian" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Theophile Murayi" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Joseph D. Goldman" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Alanna J. Moshfegh" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="38805597" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK604046/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Dinner consumption by U.S. children and adolescents" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Katherine Hoy" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Rhonda S. Sebastian" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Theophile Murayi" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Joseph D. Goldman" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Alanna J. Moshfegh" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2024/04" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK604046/" /><meta name="description" content="Dinner is usually consumed in the evening and is the daily meal that families most often have together (1). The frequency of family meals (2, 3), foods prepared at home (4, 5) and the family food environment (6) are associated with better nutrient intake and diet quality among children and adolescents. However, busy and conflicting schedules among family members may result in reliance on take away and packaged foods (7), which are associated with less healthful dietary intake (8, 9). There is little information about dinner consumption and its contribution to dietary intake of children and adolescents. Therefore, this data brief reports food and nutrient intake of dinner consumers and non-consumers among children and adolescents using nationally representative data from What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017-March 2020." /><meta name="og:title" content="Dinner consumption by U.S. children and adolescents" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Dinner is usually consumed in the evening and is the daily meal that families most often have together (1). The frequency of family meals (2, 3), foods prepared at home (4, 5) and the family food environment (6) are associated with better nutrient intake and diet quality among children and adolescents. However, busy and conflicting schedules among family members may result in reliance on take away and packaged foods (7), which are associated with less healthful dietary intake (8, 9). There is little information about dinner consumption and its contribution to dietary intake of children and adolescents. 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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>FSRG Dietary Data Briefs [Internet]. Beltsville (MD): United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); 2010-. </p></div><div class="iconblock clearfix whole_rhythm no_top_margin bk_noprnt"><a class="img_link icnblk_img" title="Table of Contents Page" href="/books/n/usdaddb/"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-usdaddb-lrg.png" alt="Cover of FSRG Dietary Data Briefs" height="100px" width="80px" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt eight_col"><h2>FSRG Dietary Data Briefs [Internet].</h2><a data-jig="ncbitoggler" href="#__NBK604046_dtls__">Show details</a><div style="display:none" class="ui-widget" id="__NBK604046_dtls__"><div>Beltsville (MD): <a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/beltsville-md-bhnrc/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center/food-surveys-research-group/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)</a>; 2010-.</div></div><div class="half_rhythm"><ul class="inline_list"><li style="margin-right:1em"><a class="bk_cntns" href="/books/n/usdaddb/">Contents</a></li></ul></div><div class="bk_noprnt"><form method="get" action="/books/n/usdaddb/" id="bk_srch"><div class="bk_search"><label for="bk_term" class="offscreen_noflow">Search term</label><input type="text" title="Search this book" id="bk_term" name="term" value="" data-jig="ncbiclearbutton" /> <input type="submit" class="jig-ncbibutton" value="Search this book" submit="false" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;" /></div></form></div></div><div class="icnblk_cntnt two_col"><div class="pagination bk_noprnt"><a class="active page_link prev" href="/books/n/usdaddb/usdaddb55/" title="Previous page in this title">< Prev</a><a class="active page_link next" href="/books/n/usdaddb/usdaddb53/" title="Next page in this title">Next ></a></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK604046_"><span class="label">Dietary Data Brief No. 54</span><span class="title" itemprop="name">Dinner consumption by U.S. children and adolescents</span></h1><div class="subtitle whole_rhythm">What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017-March 2020</div><p class="contrib-group"><span itemprop="author">M. Katherine Hoy</span>, EdD, RDN, <span itemprop="author">Rhonda S. Sebastian</span>, MA, <span itemprop="author">Theophile Murayi</span>, PhD, <span itemprop="author">Joseph D. Goldman</span>, MA, and <span itemprop="author">Alanna J. Moshfegh</span>, MS, RD.</p><p class="small">Published online: April 2024.</p></div><div class="jig-ncbiinpagenav body-content whole_rhythm" data-jigconfig="allHeadingLevels: ['h2'],smoothScroll: false" itemprop="text"><p>Dinner is usually consumed in the evening and is the daily meal that families most often have together (<a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb54.ref1">1</a>). The frequency of family meals (<a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb54.ref2"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>, </sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb54.ref3"><sup>3</sup></a>), foods prepared at home (<a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb54.ref4"><sup>4</sup></a><sup>, </sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb54.ref5"><sup>5</sup></a>) and the family food environment (<a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb54.ref6">6</a>) are associated with better nutrient intake and diet quality among children and adolescents. However, busy and conflicting schedules among family members may result in reliance on take away and packaged foods (<a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb54.ref7">7</a>), which are associated with less healthful dietary intake (<a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb54.ref8"><sup>8</sup></a><sup>, </sup><a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb54.ref9"><sup>9</sup></a>). There is little information about dinner consumption and its contribution to dietary intake of children and adolescents. Therefore, this data brief reports food and nutrient intake of dinner consumers and non-consumers among children and adolescents using nationally representative data from What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017-March 2020.</p><div id="usdaddb54.box1" class="box"><h3><span class="title">Highlights</span></h3><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>⏩</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Overall, 93% of children and adolescents have dinner on any given day.</p></dd><dt>⏩</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Dinner consumption declines as children age.</p></dd><dt>⏩</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Non-Hispanic White children and adolescents are more likely to consume dinner compared to Non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics.</p></dd><dt>⏩</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">There are no differences in the prevalence of dinner consumption by family income level.</p></dd><dt>⏩</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Dinner consumers have higher total intakes of most nutrients compared to non-reporters.</p></dd><dt>⏩</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Dinner contributes about one-quarter to one-third to intake of most nutrients by consumers.</p></dd><dt>⏩</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Mixed dishes, including sandwiches and grain-based dishes, are the most frequently consumed foods at dinner.</p></dd><dt>⏩</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Except for water, sweetened beverages are the most frequently reported beverages by children and adolescents at dinner.</p></dd></dl></div><div id="usdaddb54.s1"><h2 id="_usdaddb54_s1_">Who consumes dinner?</h2><p>Overall, 93% of children and adolescents consume dinner on any given day (<i>data not shown</i>). Male and female adolescents 12-19 years had dinner less frequently than all those 2-5 but not 6-11 years. Similar differences were observed among males, except among those 6-11 years who were similar to those 12-19 years. There were no differences among females. Prevalence of dinner consumption does not differ between males and females overall or by age (<i>data not shown</i>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figusdaddb54fig1" co-legend-rid="figlgndusdaddb54fig1"><a href="/books/NBK604046/figure/usdaddb54.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figusdaddb54fig1" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54fig1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK604046/bin/usdaddb54f1.gif" src-large="/books/NBK604046/bin/usdaddb54f1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Prevalence (%) of dinner1 consumption among children and adolescents 2-19 years by gender and age, WWEIA, NHANES 2017- March 2020." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndusdaddb54fig1"><h4 id="usdaddb54.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK604046/figure/usdaddb54.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54fig1">Figure 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Prevalence (%) of dinner<sup>1</sup> consumption among children and adolescents 2-19 years by gender and age, WWEIA, NHANES 2017- March 2020. <sup>1</sup>See definition of “dinner”, page 8. <sup>a,b</sup> For all children and adolescents and by gender, estimates with <a href="/books/NBK604046/figure/usdaddb54.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54fig1">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="usdaddb54.s2"><h2 id="_usdaddb54_s2_">Does the prevalence of dinner consumption differ by race/ethnicity or family income?</h2><p>As shown in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK604046/figure/usdaddb54.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figusdaddb54fig2" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54fig2">Figure 2</a>, among all individuals 2-19 years, Non-Hispanic White children and adolescents are more likely to consume dinner than Non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics. Prevalence of dinner consumption among Non-Hispanic Asians does not differ from any other race/ethnic group.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figusdaddb54fig2" co-legend-rid="figlgndusdaddb54fig2"><a href="/books/NBK604046/figure/usdaddb54.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figusdaddb54fig2" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54fig2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK604046/bin/usdaddb54f2.gif" src-large="/books/NBK604046/bin/usdaddb54f2.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Prevalence (%) of dinner consumption among children and adolescents 2-19 years by race/ethnicity and age, WWEIA, NHANES 2017 – March 2020." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndusdaddb54fig2"><h4 id="usdaddb54.fig2"><a href="/books/NBK604046/figure/usdaddb54.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54fig2">Figure 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Prevalence (%) of dinner consumption among children and adolescents 2-19 years by race/ethnicity and age, WWEIA, NHANES 2017 – March 2020. <sup>a,b</sup> Within age, percentages with different superscripts differ significantly by race/ethnicity, P<0.001 <a href="/books/NBK604046/figure/usdaddb54.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54fig2">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>There are no differences in prevalence of dinner consumption by family income level among children and adolescents overall or by age (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK604046/figure/usdaddb54.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figusdaddb54fig3" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54fig3">Figure 3</a>). Prevalence of dinner consumption among males overall or by age does not differ by family income level (<i>data not shown</i>). Among all females, there are no differences in prevalence by income level. However, females 12-19 years at the lowest income level consume dinner less frequently (86%) than those at the highest level (97%) (<i>data not shown</i>).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figusdaddb54fig3" co-legend-rid="figlgndusdaddb54fig3"><a href="/books/NBK604046/figure/usdaddb54.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figusdaddb54fig3" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54fig3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK604046/bin/usdaddb54f3.gif" src-large="/books/NBK604046/bin/usdaddb54f3.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Prevalence (%) of dinner consumption among children and adolescents 2-19 years by age and family income as percent of poverty level1, WWEIA, NHANES 2017 – March 2020." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndusdaddb54fig3"><h4 id="usdaddb54.fig3"><a href="/books/NBK604046/figure/usdaddb54.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54fig3">Figure 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Prevalence (%) of dinner consumption among children and adolescents 2-19 years by age and family income as percent of poverty level<sup>1</sup>, WWEIA, NHANES 2017 – March 2020. <sup>1</sup> Ratio of family income to poverty expressed as a percentage (see definitions, <a href="/books/NBK604046/figure/usdaddb54.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54fig3">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="usdaddb54.s3"><h2 id="_usdaddb54_s3_">What percentage of total daily energy is consumed at dinner?</h2><p>As <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK604046/figure/usdaddb54.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figusdaddb54fig4" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54fig4">Figure 4</a> illustrates, missing dinner is more frequent as age increases. Dinner provides 25-50% of total daily energy intake for almost half of children and adolescents overall. However, it is more likely to provide a higher percentage of reporters’ daily energy intake among adolescents; less than 10% of those 2-5 years obtain more than half their daily energy intake at dinner whereas almost one-quarter of those 12-19 years do.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figusdaddb54fig4" co-legend-rid="figlgndusdaddb54fig4"><a href="/books/NBK604046/figure/usdaddb54.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figusdaddb54fig4" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54fig4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK604046/bin/usdaddb54f4.gif" src-large="/books/NBK604046/bin/usdaddb54f4.jpg" alt="Figure 4. Percentage1 of individuals by level of total daily energy intake from dinner, children and adolescents 2-19 years, WWEIA, NHANES 2017 – March 2020." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndusdaddb54fig4"><h4 id="usdaddb54.fig4"><a href="/books/NBK604046/figure/usdaddb54.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54fig4">Figure 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Percentage<sup>1</sup> of individuals by level of total daily energy intake from dinner, children and adolescents 2-19 years, WWEIA, NHANES 2017 – March 2020. <sup>1</sup> Estimates may not sum to 100 due to rounding. <sup>2</sup> See definition of “consumer/non-consumer” <a href="/books/NBK604046/figure/usdaddb54.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54fig4">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="usdaddb54.s4"><h2 id="_usdaddb54_s4_">Do total daily intakes of energy and nutrients differ between lunch consumers and non-consumers?</h2><p><a href="/books/NBK604046/table/usdaddb54.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54tab1">Table 1</a> shows energy and nutrient intake of dinner consumers and non-consumers by age. Energy intake is higher among consumers compared to non-consumers within each age group. For most macronutrients and micronutrients (i.e., vitamins and minerals), intakes are higher among consumers versus non-consumers in at least one of the three age groups. The only micronutrient for which there are no significant differences in any age group is Vitamin C.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figusdaddb54tab1"><a href="/books/NBK604046/table/usdaddb54.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="usdaddb54.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK604046/table/usdaddb54.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Mean daily intake of energy and selected nutrients by dinner consumption status<sup></sup>, children and adolescents 2–19 years, WWEIA, NHANES 2017 – March 2020. </p></div></div></div><div id="usdaddb54.s5"><h2 id="_usdaddb54_s5_">Among dinner consumers, how much does lunch contribute to total daily intakes of energy and nutrients?</h2><p>The contribution of dinner to reporters’ daily energy and nutrient intake is shown in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK604046/figure/usdaddb54.fig5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figusdaddb54fig5" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54fig5">Figure 5</a>. Just over one-third of total energy intake is consumed at dinner. For most nutrients, dinner provides around one-quarter to one-third of total intake.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figusdaddb54fig5" co-legend-rid="figlgndusdaddb54fig5"><a href="/books/NBK604046/figure/usdaddb54.fig5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figusdaddb54fig5" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54fig5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK604046/bin/usdaddb54f5.gif" src-large="/books/NBK604046/bin/usdaddb54f5.jpg" alt="Figure 5. Contribution (%) of lunch to total daily intakes of energy and selected nutrients of dinner consumers1, children and adolescents 2-19 years, WWEIA, NHANES 2017 – March 2020." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndusdaddb54fig5"><h4 id="usdaddb54.fig5"><a href="/books/NBK604046/figure/usdaddb54.fig5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54fig5">Figure 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Contribution (%) of lunch to total daily intakes of energy and selected nutrients of dinner consumers<sup>1</sup>, children and adolescents 2-19 years, WWEIA, NHANES 2017 – March 2020. <sup>1</sup> See definition of “consumer/con-consumer’ on page 8. <a href="/books/NBK604046/figure/usdaddb54.fig5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54fig5">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="usdaddb54.s6"><h2 id="_usdaddb54_s6_">What foods are consumed at dinner?</h2><p>As shown in <a href="/books/NBK604046/table/usdaddb54.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54tab2">Table 2</a>, the most frequently consumed foods at dinner are mixed dishes, which are reported by about two-thirds of children and adolescents. Mixed dishes also contribute the most to energy intake of those consuming them. Some commonly consumed mixed dishes at dinner include sandwiches, grain-based mixed dishes such as pasta and rice dishes, and pizza. Protein foods are consumed by about one-third of children and adolescents, particularly poultry items. Almost one-third have vegetables at dinner, and about one half of vegetable reporters have white Potatoes, which includes French fries.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figusdaddb54tab2"><a href="/books/NBK604046/table/usdaddb54.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="usdaddb54.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK604046/table/usdaddb54.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Foods frequently consumed at dinner: Percentage of children and adolescents 2–19 years consuming and mean energy contribution when consumed, WWEIA, NHANES 2017 – March 2020. </p></div></div></div><div id="usdaddb54.s7"><h2 id="_usdaddb54_s7_">What beverages are consumed at dinner?</h2><p>Beverages are consumed at dinner by 76% of consumers. As shown in <a href="/books/NBK604046/table/usdaddb54.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54tab3">Table 3</a>, water is consumed by almost half of beverage consumers and is the most frequently reported, followed by sweetened beverages. Other beverages such as milk, 100% juice and flavored milk are each reported by less than 10% of dinner consumers. When consumed, the highest contributors to energy intake from beverages are dairy drinks and substitutes, and flavored milk, though these are the most infrequently reported.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figusdaddb54tab3"><a href="/books/NBK604046/table/usdaddb54.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54tab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="usdaddb54.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK604046/table/usdaddb54.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobusdaddb54tab3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Beverages frequently consumed at dinner: Percentage of children and adolescents 2–19 years consuming and mean energy contribution when consumed, WWEIA, NHANES 2017 – March 2020. </p></div></div></div><div id="usdaddb54.s8"><h2 id="_usdaddb54_s8_">Definitions</h2><dl><dt id="usdaddb54.abb_DL1_DI1">Kilocalories (kcal)</dt><dd><p>Scientific unit used in reporting the energy content of food; informally referred to as “calories”.</p></dd><dt id="usdaddb54.abb_DL1_DI2">Dinner</dt><dd><p>meal occasions designated by the respondent as "dinner", "supper", or the Spanish equivalent "cena”. The timing of an eating occasion has no implication as to the type of meal. An eating occasion reported during typical dinner hours (i.e. evening) is not considered to be dinner unless the respondent specified it as such.</p></dd><dt id="usdaddb54.abb_DL1_DI3">Consumer/non-consumer</dt><dd><p>In general, anyone who reported any dinner occasion <i>(see</i>
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<a href="#usdaddb54.s8">definition</a>
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<i>above)</i> was considered a “consumer,” whereas anyone who did not was considered a “non-consumer.” By age, the number of dinner consumers (C) and non-consumer (NC) were: 2-5y: C=915, NC=25; 6-11y: C=1311, NC=100; 12-19y: C=1541, NC=199. Classification as a consumer or non-consumer for this analysis has no implications as to habitual consumption.</p></dd><dt id="usdaddb54.abb_DL1_DI4">Family income (as percentage of the poverty level)</dt><dd><p>the ratio of family income to poverty expressed as a percentage. The Department of Health and Human Services’ poverty guidelines were used as the poverty measure to calculate the ratio (<a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb54.ref10">10</a>).</p></dd><dt id="usdaddb54.abb_DL1_DI5">WWEIA Food Categories</dt><dd><p>Available at <a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=23429" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=23429</a> is a full list of the WWEIA Food Categories (<a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb54.ref11">11</a>), a scheme for classifying each food and beverage reported in WWEIA, NHANES into one of 169 mutually exclusive categories. In contrast to the WWEIA Food Categories’ item-by-item classification, this analysis classified as a group any foods or beverages that were represented in the dietary data by two or more items linked as having been consumed together. In such cases, all linked items were classified together into the most appropriate WWEIA Food Category. For example, a lettuce salad represented in the dietary data as iceberg lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers,. carrots, and ranch dressing would be assigned to the “lettuce and lettuce salads” group, along with similar salads that were not represented by multiple items, i.e., single-code salads that are categorized in the WWEIA Food Category “lettuce and lettuce salads.”. Similarly, if milk and/or sugar were reported as being consumed with tea, it was assigned to the tea group in this analysis. Another difference from the WWEIA Categories concerned the beverage analysis on page 8. In the WWEIA Food Categories, water and milk/milk beverages are in distinct main food groups- “Water” and “Milk and dairy:, respectively. In this analysis, they are included under “Beverages”.</p></dd></dl></div><div id="usdaddb54.s9"><h2 id="_usdaddb54_s9_">Data source</h2><p>Estimates in this report are based on one day of dietary intake data collected in What We Eat in America (WWEIA), the dietary intake interview component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-March 2020 Prepandemic (<a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb54.ref12">12</a>). Using the 5-step USDA Automated Multiple-Pass Method (AMPM) for the 24-hour recall, day 1 dietary data were collected in-person. A total of 4,091 individuals 2-19 years (2,068 males and 2,023 females) who provided complete and reliable dietary intake data in 2017-March 2020 and met study criteria were included. Those whose race/ethnicity was classified as “Other” (N=385) were not included in the analysis for race/ethnicity only (p2). In the analysis by family income (p3), there were 413 participants not included in the analysis because there was no information about income. Sample weights were applied in all analyses to produce nationally representative estimates. USDA’s What We Eat in America Food Categories (<a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb54.ref11">11</a>) were used to describe food intake. Intakes of energy and nutrients were calculated using the 2017-2018 and 2019-2020 versions of USDA’s Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (<a class="bk_pop" href="#usdaddb54.ref13">13</a>). Comparisons were made using t-tests. Results were considered significantly different at P<0.001.</p></div><div id="usdaddb54.rl.r1"><h2 id="_usdaddb54_rl_r1_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="usdaddb54.ref1">FMI Foundation Power of Family Meals, The Hartman Group 2017. Desires< barriers and Directions for Shared Meals at Home. Available at: <a href="http://www.fmi.org/docs/default-source/familymeals/fim-power-of-family-meals-whitepaper-for-web.pdf?sfvrsn-13d87f6e_2" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.fmi.org/docs/default-source<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>/familymeals<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>/fim-power-of-family-meals-whitepaper-for-web<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.pdf?sfvrsn-13d87f6e_2</a>> Accessed: 05/03/2023.</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="usdaddb54.ref2">Dallacker
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7230774/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7230774</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32218122" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32218122</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.3390/nu/12040886" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="usdaddb54.ref5">Hammons
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2011; 127(6)e:1656–74. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3387875/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3387875</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21536618" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21536618</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>6.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="usdaddb54.ref6">Scaglioni
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6024598/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6024598</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29857549" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29857549</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.3390/nu/10060706" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd><dt>7.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="usdaddb54.ref7">Ballard
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||
Most parents wish they were having family dinners more often. YouGovAmerica, November
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2019. Available at: <a href="https://today.yougov.com/topics/society/articles-reports/2019/11/12/family-dinner-poll-survey" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://today<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.yougov<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.com/topics/society/articles-reports<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>/2019<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>/11/12/family-dinner-poll-survey</a>. Accessed 05/03/2023.</div></dd><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="usdaddb54.ref8">Demissie,, Eaton
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DK, Lowry
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R, Kim
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SA, Park
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S, Grimm
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KA, Merlo, Harris
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DM. The association of meal practices and other dietary correlates with dietary intake among high school students in the United States, 2010. Am J Health Promot
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2015; 29(60;e203–13.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC10962471/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC10962471</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25372239" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25372239</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="usdaddb54.ref9">Golper
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S, Nagao-Sato
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S. Overcash
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F, Reicks
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M. Frequency of meals prepared away from home and nutrient intakes among US adolescents (NHANES 2011–2018). Nutrients
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2021; 13(11):4019. doi: 10.3390/nu13114019.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8625290/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8625290</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34836274" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34836274</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.3390/nu13114019" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="usdaddb54.ref10">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. Poverty guidelines. <a href="https://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty-guidelines" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://aspe<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.hhs.gov/poverty-guidelines</a>. Accessed March 6, 2023.</div></dd><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="usdaddb54.ref11">U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2018. What We Eat in America Food Categories 2015–2016. Available: <a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/nea/bhnrc/fsrg" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.ars.usda.gov/nea/bhnrc/fsrg</a>.</div></dd><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="usdaddb54.ref12">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. NHANES Questionnaires, Datasets, and Related Documentation. <a href="https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://wwwn<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/</a>. Accessed March 6, 2023.</div></dd><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="usdaddb54.ref13">USDA Food Surveys Research Group. FNDDS Documentation and Databases. <a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/fsrg/fndds/download" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.ars.usda.gov/fsrg/fndds/download</a>. Accessed March 6, 2023.</div></dd></dl></div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin"><div>
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<span class="mixed-citation" id="usdaddb54.suggestedcitation">Hoy MK, Sebastian RS, Goldman JD, Murayi T, Moshfegh AJ. <em>Dinner consumption by children and adolescents: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017- March 2020</em>. Food Surveys Research Group Dietary Data Brief No. 54. April 2024.</span>
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<div xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Views</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PDF_download" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="/books/NBK604046/?report=reader">PubReader</a></li><li><a href="/books/NBK604046/?report=printable">Print View</a></li><li><a data-jig="ncbidialog" href="#_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK604046" data-jigconfig="width:400,modal:true">Cite this Page</a><div id="_ncbi_dlg_citbx_NBK604046" style="display:none" title="Cite this Page"><div class="bk_tt">Hoy MK, Sebastian RS, Murayi T, et al. Dinner consumption by U.S. children and adolescents: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017-March 2020. 2024 Apr. In: FSRG Dietary Data Briefs [Internet]. Beltsville (MD): United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); 2010-. Dietary Data Brief No. 54.<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></div></div></li><li><a href="/books/NBK604046/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK604046.pdf">PDF version of this page</a> (465K)</li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>In this Page</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="page-toc" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="simple-list"><li><a href="#usdaddb54.s1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Who consumes dinner?</a></li><li><a href="#usdaddb54.s2" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Does the prevalence of dinner consumption differ by race/ethnicity or family income?</a></li><li><a href="#usdaddb54.s3" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">What percentage of total daily energy is consumed at dinner?</a></li><li><a href="#usdaddb54.s4" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Do total daily intakes of energy and nutrients differ between lunch consumers and non-consumers?</a></li><li><a href="#usdaddb54.s5" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Among dinner consumers, how much does lunch contribute to total daily intakes of energy and nutrients?</a></li><li><a href="#usdaddb54.s6" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">What foods are consumed at dinner?</a></li><li><a href="#usdaddb54.s7" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">What beverages are consumed at dinner?</a></li><li><a href="#usdaddb54.s8" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Definitions</a></li><li><a href="#usdaddb54.s9" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">Data source</a></li><li><a href="#usdaddb54.rl.r1" ref="log$=inpage&link_id=inpage">References</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Related information</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="discovery_db_links" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pmc&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pmc_refs&IdsFromResult=5628054" ref="log$=recordlinks">PMC</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">PubMed Central citations</div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/books/?Db=pubmed&DbFrom=books&Cmd=Link&LinkName=books_pubmed_refs&IdsFromResult=5628054" ref="log$=recordlinks">PubMed</a><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Links to PubMed</div></li></ul></div></div><div class="portlet"><div class="portlet_head"><div class="portlet_title"><h3><span>Similar articles in PubMed</span></h3></div><a name="Shutter" sid="1" href="#" class="portlet_shutter" title="Show/hide content" remembercollapsed="true" pgsec_name="PBooksDiscovery_RA" id="Shutter"></a></div><div class="portlet_content"><ul><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/38805596" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Lunch consumption by U.S. children and adolescents: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017-March 2020.</a><span class="source">[FSRG Dietary Data Briefs. 2010]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Lunch consumption by U.S. children and adolescents: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017-March 2020.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Hoy MK, Sebastian RS, Murayi T, Goldman JD, Moshfegh AJ. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">FSRG Dietary Data Briefs. 2010</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/38805599" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Dinner Consumption by U.S. Adults: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017 - March 2020.</a><span class="source">[FSRG Dietary Data Briefs. 2010]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Dinner Consumption by U.S. Adults: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017 - March 2020.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Sebastian RS, Hoy MK, Murayi T, Goldman JD, Moshfegh AJ. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">FSRG Dietary Data Briefs. 2010</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/38768291" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pubmed"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Snack Consumption by U.S. Children and Adolescents: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017-March 2020.</a><span class="source">[FSRG Dietary Data Briefs. 2010]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow"><span xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="invert">Review</span> Snack Consumption by U.S. Children and Adolescents: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017-March 2020.<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Hoy MK, Sebastian RS, Goldman JD, Moshfegh AJ. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">FSRG Dietary Data Briefs. 2010</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/34836274" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">Frequency of Meals Prepared Away from Home and Nutrient Intakes among US Adolescents (NHANES 2011-2018).</a><span class="source">[Nutrients. 2021]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Frequency of Meals Prepared Away from Home and Nutrient Intakes among US Adolescents (NHANES 2011-2018).<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Golper S, Nagao-Sato S, Overcash F, Reicks M. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Nutrients. 2021 Nov 11; 13(11). Epub 2021 Nov 11.</em></div></div></li><li class="brieflinkpopper two_line"><a class="brieflinkpopperctrl" href="/pubmed/25889159" ref="ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed">Frequency and socio-demographic correlates of eating meals out and take-away meals at home: cross-sectional analysis of the UK national diet and nutrition survey, waves 1-4 (2008-12).</a><span class="source">[Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015]</span><div class="brieflinkpop offscreen_noflow">Frequency and socio-demographic correlates of eating meals out and take-away meals at home: cross-sectional analysis of the UK national diet and nutrition survey, waves 1-4 (2008-12).<div class="brieflinkpopdesc"><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="author">Adams J, Goffe L, Brown T, Lake AA, Summerbell C, White M, Wrieden W, Adamson AJ. </em><em xmlns:np="http://ncbi.gov/portal/XSLT/namespace" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="cit">Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015 Apr 16; 12:51. 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