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<meta name="robots" content="INDEX,FOLLOW,NOARCHIVE" /><meta name="citation_inbook_title" content="StatPearls [Internet]" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Dalteparin" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="StatPearls Publishing" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2024/03/20" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Alison P. Thornton" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Mayur Parmar" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="38753927" /><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603711/" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="Dalteparin" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="StatPearls Publishing" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Alison P. Thornton" /><meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Mayur Parmar" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="2024/03/20" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603711/" /><meta name="description" content="Dalteparin sodium is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) medication used to manage venous thromboembolism (VTE), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and ischemic complications of unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. The medication is derived from unfractionated heparin to form LMWH and is commonly administered as a subcutaneous injection. Symptoms of overdose necessitate urgent medical attention, with protamine sulfate as an antidote. Routine complete blood counts and stool occult blood tests are recommended during treatment with dalteparin, and patients with renal insufficiency require additional monitoring. Concomitant use of medications that affect coagulation may pose similar risks as other heparins." /><meta name="og:title" content="Dalteparin" /><meta name="og:type" content="book" /><meta name="og:description" content="Dalteparin sodium is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) medication used to manage venous thromboembolism (VTE), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and ischemic complications of unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. The medication is derived from unfractionated heparin to form LMWH and is commonly administered as a subcutaneous injection. Symptoms of overdose necessitate urgent medical attention, with protamine sulfate as an antidote. Routine complete blood counts and stool occult blood tests are recommended during treatment with dalteparin, and patients with renal insufficiency require additional monitoring. Concomitant use of medications that affect coagulation may pose similar risks as other heparins." /><meta name="og:url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603711/" /><meta name="og:site_name" content="NCBI Bookshelf" /><meta name="og:image" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-statpearls-lrg.png" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncbibooks" /><meta name="bk-non-canon-loc" content="/books/n/statpearls/article-159951/" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603711/" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/figpopup.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books.min.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/css/books_print.min.css" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css">p a.figpopup{display:inline !important} .bk_tt {font-family: monospace} .first-line-outdent .bk_ref {display: inline} </style><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/common.min.js?_=3.18"> </script><script type="text/javascript">window.name="mainwindow";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/book-toc.min.js"> </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/js/bookshelf/2.26/books.min.js"> </script>
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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. </p></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK603711_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Dalteparin</span></h1><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">Alison P. Thornton</span><sup>1</sup>; <span itemprop="author">Mayur Parmar</span><sup>2</sup>.</p><h4>Affiliations</h4><div class="affiliation"><sup>1</sup> Nova Southeastern University</div><div class="affiliation"><sup>2</sup> Nova Southeastern University</div><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">March 20, 2024</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="article-159951.s1"><h2 id="_article-159951_s1_">Continuing Education Activity</h2><p>Dalteparin sodium is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) medication used to manage venous thromboembolism (VTE), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and ischemic complications of unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. The medication is derived from unfractionated heparin to form LMWH and is commonly administered as a subcutaneous injection. Symptoms of overdose necessitate urgent medical attention, with protamine sulfate as an antidote. Routine complete blood counts and stool occult blood tests are recommended during treatment with dalteparin, and patients with renal insufficiency require additional monitoring. Concomitant use of medications that affect coagulation may pose similar risks as other heparins.</p><p>This activity provides comprehensive information about the mechanism of action, adverse event profile, and other key factors. The dosing strategies, pharmacokinetics, monitoring, drug-drug interactions, and contraindications are pertinent for interprofessional team members treating conditions when the agent is indicated. In particular, clinicians from emergency medicine, critical care, or hospitalists may be better equipped to manage a prevalent set of thromboembolic conditions.</p><p>
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<b>Objectives:</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Assess the patient’s condition and history to determine the indication for dalteparin therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Differentiate dalteparin from other forms of heparin regarding dosing, administration, and pharmacokinetics.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Select the appropriate dosage and administration route for dalteparin based on clinical context.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Collaborate within the interprofessional team to educate, treat, and monitor patients in hypercoagulable states using dalteparin to improve patient outcomes.</div></li></ul>
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<a href="https://www.statpearls.com/account/trialuserreg/?articleid=159951&utm_source=pubmed&utm_campaign=reviews&utm_content=159951" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.</a>
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||
</p></div><div id="article-159951.s2"><h2 id="_article-159951_s2_">Indications</h2><p>Dalteparin sodium is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) used to prevent and treat venous thromboembolism. LMWHs are derived from unfractionated heparin (UFH) by chemical or enzymatic depolymerization and extraction of low molecular weight fragments. LMWHs have fragments of heparin that are, on average, less than 6kDa. LMWHs have more significant activity against coagulation factor Xa and inhibit thrombin to a lesser degree than UFH. LMWHs are also less lipolytic than UFH, notable for increased bioavailability and plasma elimination half-life compared to unfractionated heparin.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r1">[1]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r2">[2]</a></p><p>
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<b>FDA-Approved Indications</b>
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</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prophylaxis during ischemic complications from unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction</div></li></ul><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis after hip replacement surgery, abdominal surgery, or patients with limited mobility during illness</div></li></ul><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>During the prolonged treatment of venous thromboembolism to reduce the chance of recurrence in patients with cancer </div></li></ul><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pediatric patients aged 1 month or older.</div></li></ul><p>Of note, dalteparin should not be used for acute VTE. Dalteparin is indicated for hospitalized patients while bridging care during the perioperative period. In addition, this drug is also indicated for thromboprophylaxis in pregnancy, coronary artery disease, hemodialysis, hemofiltration, and ischemic stroke.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r3">[3]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r4">[4]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r5">[5]</a> </p><p>The results of studies have questioned the use of LMWHs for the potential treatment of autoimmune diseases. Dalteparin has stimulatory effects on T cells. However, TNF-α and cytokine release were increased with dalteparin, exhibiting potential pro-inflammatory effects. Enoxaparin, another subcutaneous LWMH, had the opposite effect, potentially making the drug suitable for treating autoimmune diseases. These effects were independent of the properties of anticoagulation.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r6">[6]</a></p><p>In thromboprophylaxis in the elderly, no significant differences in the efficacy and safety of different LMWHs, including dalteparin, were noted. The meta-analysis revealed that dalteparin was associated with a reduced risk of clinically relevant bleeding compared to cetoparin.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r7">[7]</a></p></div><div id="article-159951.s3"><h2 id="_article-159951_s3_">Mechanism of Action</h2><p>Dalteparin is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) with antithrombotic properties. This LMWH enhances the activity of antithrombin III and leads to the inhibition of several blood coagulation factors, including factor Xa and thrombin, in a dose-dependent manner. Factor Xa plays a crucial role in the blood clotting cascade, leading to thrombin formation and, ultimately, clot development. Compared to UFH, dalteparin has a more pronounced effect on factor Xa. Dalteparin has an inhibitory ratio of anti-Xa:anti-IIa is 2.7:1 compared to 1:1 for UFH.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r8">[8]</a> Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and thrombin time (TT) increase more with UFH than dalteparin. Dalteparin does not significantly impact plasma antithrombin levels, platelet counts, or the fibrinolytic system. Additionally, dalteparin is less lipolytic when compared to UFH. Anti-Xa activity levels are correlated with the dose per kg/total body weight.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r9">[9]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r10">[10]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r1">[1]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r4">[4]</a> </p><p>
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<b>Pharmacokinetics</b>
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</p><p>Dalteparin has a first-order, one-compartment pharmacokinetic profile.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r11">[11]</a></p><p>
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<b>Absorption: </b>Dalteparin is primarily absorbed subcutaneously. In healthy volunteers, the absolute bioavailability measured as anti-Factor Xa activity was 87±6%. The plasma half-life ranges from 2.4 to 4 hours after subcutaneous and 2 hours after intravenous (IV) dosing.</p><p>
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<b>Distribution: </b>The approximate volume of distribution for anti-Factor Xa activity of dalteparin was about 40 to 60 mL/kg.</p><p>
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<b>Metabolization: </b>Dalteparin undergoes hepatic metabolism, primarily through desulfation or depolymerization.</p><p>
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<b>Excretion: </b>LMWHs, including dalteparin, rely more on renal clearance than unfractionated heparin (UFH). Approximately 3% of an active dose of dalteparin is eliminated renally as active fragments. In patients with renal insufficiency, accumulation may occur.</p><p>
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<b>Special Populations</b>
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</p><p>
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<b>Pregnant patients: </b>Dalteparin does not cross the placenta and is generally considered safe in pregnancy. If needed during pregnancy, preservative-free formula should be used. Dosage requirements may change during pregnancy due to volume distribution differences, and the glomerular filtration rate increases as the pregnancy progresses.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r12">[12]</a> </p><p>
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<b>Pediatric patients: </b>With increasing age, the clearance corrected for body weight decreases while the elimination of half-life increases.</p></div><div id="article-159951.s4"><h2 id="_article-159951_s4_">Administration</h2><p>Dalteparin is available in subcutaneous single-dose syringes, vials, and ampoules for subcutaneous and IV use. Subcutaneous injections are typically given once or twice daily. Medical guidelines suggest that the appropriate dalteparin dose should be determined based on total body weight (TBW). A fixed-dose is based on total body weight (TBW) with predictable dose-response curves.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r11">[11]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r13">[13]</a></p><p>
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<b>Dosage Forms and Strengths </b>
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</p><p>The injectable solution, single-dose prefilled syringe</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>2,500 IU/0.2 mL</div></li></ul><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>5,000 IU/0.2 mL</div></li></ul><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>7,500 IU/0.3 mL</div></li></ul><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>12,500 IU/0.5 mL</div></li></ul><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>15,000 IU/0.6 mL</div></li></ul><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>18,000 IU/0.72 mL</div></li></ul><p>Injection, single-dose graduated syringe</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>10,000 IU/mL</div></li></ul><p>Injection, multiple-dose vials</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>95,000 IU/3.8 mL (25,000 IU/mL)</div></li></ul><p>A missed dose should be administered as soon as possible. However, if the next dose is due, skip the missed dose and continue with the next scheduled dose; do not double the dose.</p><p>
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<b>Specific Populations </b>
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</p><p>
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<b>Lactation considerations: </b>Limited data are available. No adverse effects have been reported on breastfed infants. Regarding the impact on milk production, no data is unavailable.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r14">[14]</a> </p><p>
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<b>Pediatric patients: </b>For pediatric patients on dalteparin, adverse reactions were usually consistent with adults. Preservative-free forms of dalteparin should be used in neonates and infants—formulations preserved with benzyl alcohol cause gasping syndrome in preterm infants with low birth weight. Additional adverse reactions related to benzyl alcohol are neurological changes, intracranial hemorrhage, hematological changes, seizures, skin deterioration, renal and hepatic failure, low blood pressure, bradycardia, and cardiovascular demise.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r15">[15]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r16">[16]</a></p><p>Preterm and low-birth-weight infants may be at an increased risk for these adverse reactions due to their limited ability to metabolize benzyl alcohol. </p><p>
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<b>Older patients: </b>No difference is apparent in efficacy in older compared to younger patients during trials of dalteparin. The risk of bleeding can increase with age. A study evaluating the safety profile of LMWHs in the geriatric population found that the safety profile was equivalent to non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs), but the efficacy was lower. LMWHs only accumulated significantly in patients with reduced renal function. The results of a study with COVID-19 patients with a mean age of 67 showed lower in-hospital mortality with moderate doses of LMWHs that was evident compared to prophylactic doses.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r7">[7]</a> </p></div><div id="article-159951.s5"><h2 id="_article-159951_s5_">Adverse Effects</h2><p>
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<b>Adverse Effects</b>
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</p><p>Overall, dalteparin is well tolerated. The risk of hemorrhage is similar to that of UFH. LMWHs are not recommended in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia due to the cross-reaction in plasma from UFH-associated antiplatelet antibodies. The FDA's most common adverse effects (>1%) are as follows: bleeding, type 1 thrombocytopenia, hematoma at the injection site, pain at the injection site, and transient elevation of transaminases.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r17">[17]</a></p><p>
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<b>Drug-Drug Interactions</b>
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</p><p>Defibrotide is contraindicated due to the pharmacodynamic activity of dalteparin and the risk of hemorrhage. Mifepristone use is also contraindicated due to an increased risk of serious bleeding when used for the termination of pregnancy. Dalteparin should be used with caution in patients taking oral anticoagulants and/or platelet inhibitors due to the increased risk of bleeding. Patients taking aspirin, dipyridamole, vitamin K antagonists, and NSAIDs may need to take precautions, as dalteparin can increase the anticoagulant effects of these medications. Antihistamines, cardiac glycosides, tetracyclines, or ascorbic acid may reduce the effectiveness of dalteparin.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r4">[4]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r18">[18]</a></p></div><div id="article-159951.s6"><h2 id="_article-159951_s6_">Contraindications</h2><p>
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<b>Contraindications</b>
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</p><p>FDA contraindications are as follows:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Active major bleeding</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>History of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/with thrombosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hypersensitivity to dalteparin</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Do not administer in patients undergoing epidural/neuraxial anesthesia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hypersensitivity to heparin or pork products. </div></li></ul><p>Dalteparin should be used with extreme caution in patients with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Thrombocytopenia should be closely monitored. LMWH has a lower risk than UFH but can also trigger platelet activation by HIT antibodies.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r19">[19]</a>   </p><p>
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<b>Box Warning</b>
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</p><p>Epidural or spinal hematomas can occur in patients receiving LMWH or heparinoids and who are concurrently receiving neuraxial anesthesia or undergoing spinal puncture. These hematomas can lead to permanent or long-term paralysis. Clinicians should carefully consider these risks when administering spinal procedures to these patients. Several factors contribute to the increased risk of epidural or spinal hematomas in these patients. These include indwelling epidural catheter use, concurrent use of other drugs that affect coagulation, history of spinal deformity or spinal surgery, and repeated epidural or spinal punctures. The preferred timing of dalteparin administration after neuraxial procedures is unknown. Patients should be frequently monitored for neurological impairment; urgent treatment may be necessary. Risks and benefits must be weighed before using dalteparin after neuraxial procedures for VTE prophylaxis.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-159951.r20">[20]</a>   </p><p>
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<b>Precautions</b>
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</p><p>Dalteparin may increase the risk of bruising and bleeding; periodic complete blood counts, platelet counts, and stool occult blood tests may be recommended. If patients taking dalteparin notice bruising, bleeding, black, tarry stools, blood in urine or stool, or pinpoint red spots on the skin, they should alert the prescribing clinicians. Patients on dalteparin should also avoid picking their noses and be careful when brushing their teeth, flossing, and using toothpicks. The patients should also avoid contact sports and the use of sharp tools.</p><p>
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<b>Warnings</b>
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</p><p>Dalteparin injection is not intended for intramuscular administration. Dalteparin is not interchangeable, unit for unit, with unfractionated heparin or other LMWHs.</p></div><div id="article-159951.s7"><h2 id="_article-159951_s7_">Monitoring</h2><p>During treatment with dalteparin, periodic complete blood counts, including platelet count and stool occult blood tests, are indicated. No special monitoring of blood clotting times, such as activated partial thromboplastin Time (aPTT), is necessary. When given at recommended prophylaxis doses, routine coagulation tests such as prothrombin time (PT) and aPTT are not sensitive enough to measure dalteparin activity accurately and, therefore, are unsuitable for monitoring. However, patients with renal insufficiency are susceptible to potential over- or undertreatment as dalteparin is renally excreted. Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring, specifically by measuring anti-Xa activity, may be necessary. Additionally, monitoring of transaminase levels is advisable.</p></div><div id="article-159951.s8"><h2 id="_article-159951_s8_">Toxicity</h2><p>Dalteparin causes less hepatic and renal deposition than UFH. Overdosage and toxicity symptoms of dalteparin include unusual bleeding, blood in urine, black, tarry stools, easy bruising, red blood in stools, and vomit that is bloody or looks like coffee grounds.  The FDA states that overdosage may lead to hemorrhagic complications. This can be managed by slow IV injection of protamine sulfate with 1 mg of protamine sulfate for every 100 anti-Xa IU dalteparin. </p><p>
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<b>Carcinogenic Effects</b>
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</p><p>According to the results of long-term animal studies, dalteparin sodium has unknown potential to cause cancer. However, the medication is non-mutagenic in multiple tests, including the in vitro Ames Test, mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation test, human lymphocyte chromosomal aberration test, and the in vivo mouse micronucleus test. Furthermore, subcutaneous doses of dalteparin sodium up to 1200 IU/kg did not affect male and female fertility or reproductive performance.</p><p>
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<b>Teratogenic Effects</b>
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</p><p>No evidence of impaired fertility or harm to fetuses was found in reproduction studies with dalteparin sodium in pregnant rats and rabbits at IV doses up to 2400 and 4800 IU/kg, respectively. However, no adequate studies have been conducted on pregnant women. Use during pregnancy should be limited to cases where the medication is necessary.</p></div><div id="article-159951.s9"><h2 id="_article-159951_s9_">Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes </h2><p>Dalteparin is an anticoagulant administered subcutaneously to prevent and treat VTE. Patients undergoing treatment should maintain regular appointments with their clinicians to monitor blood counts, transaminases, and therapeutic drug levels, ensuring the desired anticoagulant effects. Symptoms of overdose, such as unusual bleeding, blood in urine, black or tarry stools, easy bruising, red blood in stools, or bloody vomit resembling coffee grounds, warrant immediate medical attention. In cases of overdosage, an IV injection of protamine sulfate can be administered. Admitted patients should have a care team, including clinicians, pharmacists, and lab technicians, collaborating to prevent subtherapeutic effects or overdosage.</p></div><div id="article-159951.s10"><h2 id="_article-159951_s10_">Review Questions</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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</div></li></ul></div><div id="article-159951.s11"><h2 id="_article-159951_s11_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-159951.r1">Nutescu EA, Burnett A, Fanikos J, Spinler S, Wittkowsky A. Pharmacology of anticoagulants used in the treatment of venous thromboembolism. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Thromb Thrombolysis. </span>2016 Jan;<span class="ref-vol">41</span>(1):15-31.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4715843/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4715843</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26780737" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26780737</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-159951.r2">Hao C, Sun M, Wang H, Zhang L, Wang W. 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A review of its pharmacology and clinical use in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. <span><span class="ref-journal">Drugs. </span>1996 Aug;<span class="ref-vol">52</span>(2):276-305.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8841743" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8841743</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-159951.r12">Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, Veenstra DL, Prabulos AM, Vandvik PO. 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Epidural haematoma after a combined spinal-epidural anaesthetic in a patient treated with clopidogrel and dalteparin. <span><span class="ref-journal">Br J Anaesth. </span>2006 Feb;<span class="ref-vol">96</span>(2):262-5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16361301" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16361301</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
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<b>Disclosure: </b>Alison Thornton declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
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<b>Disclosure: </b>Mayur Parmar declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div>
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