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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>Nishihara S, Angata K, Aoki-Kinoshita KF, et al., editors. Glycoscience Protocols (GlycoPODv2) [Internet]. Saitama (JP): Japan Consortium for Glycobiology and Glycotechnology; 2021-. </p></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK593962_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Enzyme assay of glycolipid glycosyltransferases: Gb3/CD77 synthase (A4GALT)</span></h1><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Koichi Furukawa</span>, M.D., Ph.D.<div class="affiliation small">Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="pj.ca.ubuhc.csi@ihciok" class="oemail">pj.ca.ubuhc.csi@ihciok</a></div></div><div class="small">Corresponding author.</div></div><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Keiko Furukawa</span>, Ph.D.<div class="affiliation small">Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="pj.ca.ubuhc.csi@ufokiek" class="oemail">pj.ca.ubuhc.csi@ufokiek</a></div></div></div><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Robiul Bhuiyan</span>, Ph.D.<div class="affiliation small">Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="moc.liamg@97ibortsimehcoiBb" class="oemail">moc.liamg@97ibortsimehcoiBb</a></div></div></div><div class="contrib half_rhythm"><span itemprop="author">Yuji Kondo</span>, Ph.D.<div class="affiliation small">Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine<div><span class="email-label">Email: </span><a href="mailto:dev@null" data-email="pj.ca.u-ayogan.dem@yodnok" class="oemail">pj.ca.u-ayogan.dem@yodnok</a></div></div></div><p class="small">Created: <span itemprop="datePublished">January 8, 2022</span>; Last Revision: <span itemprop="dateModified">March 22, 2022</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="g51-assaya4galt.Introduction"><h2 id="_g51-assaya4galt_Introduction_">Introduction</h2><p>Since globoside was discovered in erythrocytes by T. Yamakawa, numerous studies have been conducted. In 2000, molecular cloning of glycosyltransferase enzymes was successfully achieved (<a class="bk_pop" href="#g51-assaya4galt.REF.1">1</a>), and it has become possible to directly observe the reaction, substrate specificity, and enzyme kinetics of globo-series glycolipid synthases (<a class="bk_pop" href="#g51-assaya4galt.REF.2">2</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#g51-assaya4galt.REF.3">3</a>). In this chapter, methods for measuring a glycosyltransferase activity, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) synthase, was described. This enzyme is located at the starting point of the synthetic pathway of all globo-series glycolipids (<a class="bk_pop" href="#g51-assaya4galt.REF.1">1</a>). (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK593962/figure/g51-assaya4galt.F1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figg51assaya4galtF1" rid-ob="figobg51assaya4galtF1">Figure 1</a>)</p></div><div id="g51-assaya4galt.Protocol"><h2 id="_g51-assaya4galt_Protocol_">Protocol</h2><p>In this chapter, the <i>in vitro</i> enzyme assay protocol for Gb3/CD77 synthase using membrane preparation of cultured cells (<a class="bk_pop" href="#g51-assaya4galt.REF.2">2</a>,<a class="bk_pop" href="#g51-assaya4galt.REF.3">3</a>), gene-modified cells (<a class="bk_pop" href="#g51-assaya4galt.REF.4">4</a>), and animal tissues (<a class="bk_pop" href="#g51-assaya4galt.REF.5">5</a>) will be described (<b>Note 1</b>).</p><div id="g51-assaya4galt.Materials"><h3>Materials</h3><p>1. Sodium cacodylate (Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd., Osaka, Japan)</p><p>2. UDP-Gal (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO)</p><p>3. Lactosylceramide as an acceptor (Sigma-Aldrich)</p><p>4. [<sup>14</sup>C]-UDP-Gal (NEN/Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA)</p><p>5. Extracts as an enzyme source</p><p>6. Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich)</p><p>7. Galactonolactone</p><p>8. Phosphatidylglycerol (Sigma-Aldrich)</p></div><div id="g51-assaya4galt.Instruments"><h3>Instruments</h3><p>1. N<sub>2</sub> cavitation apparatus</p><p>2. Water bath</p><p>3. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate</p><p>4. Imaging analyzer</p><p>5. Ultracentrifuge and swing-type bucket</p><p>6. SepPak C18 cartridge (Waters Corp., Milford, MA)</p></div><div id="g51-assaya4galt.Methods"><h3>Methods</h3><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Preparation of membrane fraction (<b>Note 2</b>)</p><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>a.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">N<sub>2</sub> cavitation of cell pellets at 400 psi on ice for 30 min.</p></dd><dt>b.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Centrifuge at 1,000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C.</p></dd><dt>c.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Ultracentrifuge the supernatant at 34 K (Beckman, SW 55Ti) for 1 h at 4°C.</p></dd><dt>d.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Resuspend the pellets in 0.05 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2.</p></dd></dl></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Enzyme assay</p><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>a.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Evaporate the following items in a glass tube.</p><p>UDP-Gal (200 μM)</p><p>LacCer (0.4 mM)</p><p>[<sup>14</sup>C]-UDP-Gal (2.5 × 10<sup>5</sup> dpm)</p><p>Galactonolactone (5 mM)</p><p>Phosphatidylglycerol (2.9 mM)</p></dd><dt>b.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Dissolve in 0.05 M cacodylate buffer (adjust to make final volume 50 μL).</p></dd><dt>c.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Add 10 mM of MnCl<sub>2</sub> and 0.3% Triton X-100 in cacodylate buffer.</p></dd><dt>d.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Sonicate for 10 s.</p></dd><dt>e.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Add membrane proteins (50 μg).</p></dd><dt>f.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Incubate at 37°C for 2–3 h with shaking.</p></dd><dt>g.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Add 1 mL of distilled water to stop the reaction.</p></dd><dt>h.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Separate the products using a SepPak C18 column.</p></dd><dt>i.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Dry with N<sub>2</sub> stream.</p></dd><dt>j.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Count radioactivity of one-fifths of the products using a scintillation counter.</p></dd><dt>k.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Analyze four-fifths of the products in TLC and autoradiography (<b>Note 3</b>).</p></dd></dl></dd></dl></div><div id="g51-assaya4galt.Notes"><h3>Notes</h3><p>1. This protocol was reported in a previous article (<a class="bk_pop" href="#g51-assaya4galt.REF.2">2</a>, <a class="bk_pop" href="#g51-assaya4galt.REF.3">3</a>).</p><p>2. Gb3/CD77 synthase is expressed in relatively restricted cells and tissues and has a unique function in our body as reported (<a class="bk_pop" href="#g51-assaya4galt.REF.4">4</a>).</p><p>3. The enzyme activity of Gb3 synthase measured using these methods corresponds well to the surface expression of Gb3 and/or globo-series glycolipids, while we defined a novel molecule involved in the synthesis of Gb3 (<a class="bk_pop" href="#g51-assaya4galt.REF.5">5</a>). Low levels of enzyme activity should be confirmed using TLC/autofluorography of the reaction products.</p></div></div><div id="g51-assaya4galt.References"><h2 id="_g51-assaya4galt_References_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="g51-assaya4galt.REF.1">Kojima Y, Fukumoto S, Furukawa K, Okajima T, Wiels J, Yokoyama K, Suzuki Y, Urano T, Ohta M, Furukawa K. Molecular cloning of globotriaosyl -ceramide/CD77 synthase, a glycosyltransferase that initiates the synthesis of globo series glycosphingolipids. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Biol Chem. </span>2000 May 19;<span class="ref-vol">275</span>(20):15152–6.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10748143" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10748143</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1074/jbc.M909620199" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="g51-assaya4galt.REF.2">Furukawa K, Tsuchida A, Okajima T, Furukawa K. Glycoconjugate glycosyl-transferases. <span><span class="ref-journal">Glycoconj J. </span>2009 Nov;<span class="ref-vol">26</span>(8):987–98.</span> doiPMID: . [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18683045" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18683045</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1007/s10719-008-9156" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd><dt>3.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="g51-assaya4galt.REF.3">Furukawa K, Furukawa K. Enzyme assay of glycolipid glycosyltransferases ~Gb3/CD77 synthase. GlycoPOD, 2013. <a href="https://jcggdb.jp/GlycoPOD/protocolShow.action?nodeId=t56" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://jcggdb<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.jp/GlycoPOD/protocolShow<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>.action?nodeId=t56</a>.</div></dd><dt>4.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="g51-assaya4galt.REF.4">Tian S, Muneeruddin K, Choi MY, Tao L, Bhuiyan RH, Ohmi Y, Furukawa K, Furukawa K, Boland S, Shaffer SA, Adams RM, Dong M. Genome-wide CRISPR screens for Shiga toxins and Ricin reveal Golgi proteins critical for glycosylation. <span><span class="ref-journal">PLoS Biol. </span>2018 Nov 27;<span class="ref-vol">16</span>(11):e2006951. </span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6258472/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6258472</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30481169" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30481169</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2006951" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd><dt>5.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="g51-assaya4galt.REF.5">Kondo Y, Tokuda N, Nishitani C, Ohto U, Akashi-Takamura S, Ito Y, Uchikawa M, Kuroki Y, Miyake K, Zhang Q, Furukawa K, Furukawa K. TLR4-MD-2 complex is negatively regulated by an endogenous ligand, globotetraosylceramide in vascular endothelial cells. <span><span class="ref-journal">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. </span>2013 Mar 19;<span class="ref-vol">110</span>(12):4714–9.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3607010/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3607010</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23471986" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23471986</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1073/pnas.1218508110" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl></div><h2 id="NBK593962_footnotes">Footnotes</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div id="g51-assaya4galt.FN1"><p class="no_top_margin">The authors declare no competing or financial interests.</p></div></dd></dl><div class="bk_prnt_sctn"><h2>Figures</h2><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj bk_first_prnt_obj"><div id="g51-assaya4galt.F1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201%3A%20.%20A%20synthetic%20pathway%20of%20globo-series%20glycosphingolipids.&p=BOOKS&id=593962_g51-assaya4galt-Image001.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK593962/bin/g51-assaya4galt-Image001.jpg" alt="Figure 1: . A synthetic pathway of globo-series glycosphingolipids." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1: </span></h3><div class="caption"><p>A synthetic pathway of globo-series glycosphingolipids. A4GALT is a key enzyme for the synthesis of all these structures.</p></div></div></div></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div>
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