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epilepsies" /></a></div><div class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK591160_"><span itemprop="name">Evidence review: Psychological treatments for people with epilepsies</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Epilepsies in children, young people and adults: diagnosis and management</div><p><b>Evidence review 16</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 217</i></p><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">National Guideline Centre (UK)</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2022 Apr</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-4513-9</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2022.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng217er16.s1"><h2 id="_niceng217er16_s1_">1. Psychological treatments for people with epilepsy</h2><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1"><h3>1.1. What is the effectiveness of psychological treatments on HRQoL for people with epilepsy?</h3><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.1"><h4>1.1.1. Introduction</h4><p>People with epilepsy, especially those with drug-resistant epilepsy, often have lower health-related quality of life (HRQOL) compared to those people with other long-term conditions. Factors that can contribute to lower HRQOL include medical aspects such as seizure frequency and severity and side effects from anti-seizure medications (ASMs).) Psychological factors such as depression and anxiety, fear of losing control, concerns about seizure occurrence can also adversely affect the quality of life of a person living with epilepsy.</p></div><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.2"><h4>1.1.2. Cochrane collaboration</h4><p>An overlap was identified between the Cochrane review ‘Psychological treatments for people with epilepsy’ and the question within the NICE Epilepsies guideline scope on psychological treatments for people with Epilepsies. NICE and the NGC developers agreed to collaborate with the Cochrane epilepsy group for them to update their review and to incorporate this within the update of the guideline. The NGC technical team and the Epilepsies guideline committee worked with the Cochrane group to finalise the review protocol. The evidence review was conducted in its entirety by the Cochrane team; the full Cochrane review can be found <a href="https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012081.pub3/full" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">here</a>. A summary of the included studies and evidence is given below.</p><p>This evidence review summarises the findings of the Cochrane review on the effectiveness of psychological treatments for people with epilepsy.</p></div><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.3"><h4>1.1.3. Summary of the protocol</h4><p>For full details see the review protocol in <a href="#niceng217er16.appa">Appendix A</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er16tab1"><a href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er16tab1" rid-ob="figobniceng217er16tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. PICO characteristics of review question." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er16.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er16tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">PICO characteristics of review question. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.4"><h4>1.1.4. Included studies</h4><p>Thirty-six completed RCTs matched the inclusion criteria for this review<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref1" rid="niceng217er16.ref1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>–</sup><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref7" rid="niceng217er16.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref9" rid="niceng217er16.ref9"><sup>9</sup></a><sup>–</sup><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref25" rid="niceng217er16.ref25"><sup>25</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref28" rid="niceng217er16.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a><sup>–</sup><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref39" rid="niceng217er16.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref41" rid="niceng217er16.ref41"><sup>41</sup></a>. Based on satisfactory clinical and methodological homogeneity, data was pooled from 11 studies (643 participants) that used the Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 (QOLIE-31) or other QOLIE inventories (such as QOLIE-89 or QOLIE-31-P) convertible to QOLIE-31.</p></div><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.5"><h4>1.1.5. Summary of studies included in the effectiveness evidence</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er16tab2"><a href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er16tab2" rid-ob="figobniceng217er16tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Summary of studies included in the evidence review." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er16.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er16tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of studies included in the evidence review. </p></div></div><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.5.1"><h5>Effectiveness evidence</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er16tab3"><a href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er16tab3" rid-ob="figobniceng217er16tab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Table 3. Clinical evidence summary: psychological treatments versus usual care or supportive care." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er16.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er16tab3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: psychological treatments versus usual care or supportive care. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.6"><h4>1.1.6. Economic evidence</h4><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.6.1"><h5>1.1.6.1. Included studies</h5><p>Two health economic studies with relevant comparisons were included in this review: one comparing epilepsy education program to usual care<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref33" rid="niceng217er16.ref33"><sup>33</sup></a> and one comparing a multicomponent self-management intervention to usual care.<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref40" rid="niceng217er16.ref40"><sup>40</sup></a> These are summarised in the health economic evidence profiles below (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er16tab4" rid-ob="figobniceng217er16tab4">Table 4</a> and <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er16tab5" rid-ob="figobniceng217er16tab5">Table 5</a>) and the health economic evidence tables in <a href="#niceng217er16.appd">Appendix D</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.6.2"><h5>1.1.6.2. Excluded studies</h5><p>One economic study relating to this review question was identified but was excluded due to methodological limitations<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref8" rid="niceng217er16.ref8"><sup>8</sup></a>. This is listed in <a href="#niceng217er16.appf">Appendix F</a>, with the reasons for exclusion given.</p><p>See also the health economic study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng217er16.appc">Appendix C</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.7"><h4>1.1.7. Summary of included economic evidence</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er16tab4"><a href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er16tab4" rid-ob="figobniceng217er16tab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Table 4. Health economic evidence profile: epilepsy education program versus usual care." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er16.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er16tab4">Table 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Health economic evidence profile: epilepsy education program versus usual care. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er16tab5"><a href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er16tab5" rid-ob="figobniceng217er16tab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Table 5. Health economic evidence profile: Self-management versus usual care." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er16.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er16tab5">Table 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Health economic evidence profile: Self-management versus usual care. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.8"><h4>1.1.8. Economic model</h4><p>This area was not prioritised for a new cost-effectiveness analysis.</p></div><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.9"><h4>1.1.9. Evidence statements</h4><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.9.1"><h5>Economic</h5><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One cost-utility analysis found that an epilepsy education program (group-based) plus usual care was not cost-effective compared to usual care for adults with epilepsy (ICER: £1,901 per QALY gained for usual care compared to group self-management plus usual care). This analysis was assessed as partially applicable with potentially serious limitations.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One cost-utility analysis found that a multicomponent self-management intervention was not cost-effective compared to usual care in adults with epilepsy (ICER: £24,653 per QALY gained). This analysis was assessed as partially applicable with potentially serious limitations.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.10"><h4>1.1.10. The committee’s discussion and interpretation of the evidence</h4><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.10.1"><h5>1.1.10.1. The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>Health-related quality of life was the only outcome data extracted for this review.</p></div><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.10.2"><h5>1.1.10.2. The quality of the evidence</h5><p>All the evidence for the outcomes in this review was of moderate quality. The quality was downgraded due to the risk of performance and attrition bias.</p><p>The guideline committee agreed there was significant clinical heterogeneity in the clinical evidence in terms of the range and types of psychological therapies delivered, which included both skills-based and educational interventions, who provided the treatments such as psychologist or nurse-led delivery, and the characteristics of people included in the studies. Despite this, no stratification strategies had been devised pre-hoc to allow suitable splitting of data. None of the analyses showed serious statistical heterogeneity, which suggested that clinical differences in treatment and populations did not affect the outcome significantly. However, making recommendations for specific sub-groups of people with respect to particular treatments would be difficult from the pooled evidence, as the overall pooled estimates would have their precision inflated by the pooling. The committee also agreed that the clinical evidence for children and young people was extremely limited.</p><p>Based on the clinical evidence presented and in the absence of robust health economic evidence, the committee concluded that it was difficult to make any strong recommendations and agreed to make a health economic research recommendation on the cost-effectiveness of providing tailored psychological treatments for people with epilepsy.</p></div><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.10.3"><h5>1.1.10.3. Benefits and harms</h5><p>The guideline committee agreed the evidence suggested benefit for skills-based psychological treatments (CBT, self-management programmes, motivational interviewing, counselling) in people with epilepsy. However, as most of the included trials compared psychological interventions delivered in-person to a waiting list control or usual care, participants could not be blinded to the interventions. The committee was concerned that the lack of blinding could have given rise to placebo effect in people who knew they were in the treatment arm of the trials, thereby influencing the benefit seen. They were also mindful that the treatment arm of the trials involved regular human contact between the person delivering the intervention and the person with epilepsy, which could contribute to the benefit seen in the evidence, leading to uncertainty about whether any effect is from the intervention or from the human interaction. However, the committee noted the counterargument that social contact is part of the active treatment. The committee acknowledged the difficulty in avoiding such biases in psychological trials and discussed one way of overcoming this would be to have an active control, e.g., education/support delivered in person. It was noted that although two of the eleven studies included in the evidence had an active control, they were pooled with the rest of the trials. The committee was concerned that waiting-list control trials often overestimate the effect seen, which was difficult to investigate because the comparators were all pooled together in the evidence. It was also unclear whether the treatment or comparator arms of the trials received any support outside of the trial interventions. The committee concluded that although psychological interventions showed benefit in people with epilepsy, the extent to which the benefit is a result of the psychological element itself is unclear.</p><p>The committee discussed that the interventions were more intensive than would typically be provided in usual practice, noting a median of 8 sessions on a weekly or bi-weekly basis of approximately an hour duration. Follow-up tended to be short across the studies, with the median being 6 months, and the committee agreed the lack of long-term data prevented any conclusion from being drawn on any sustained benefit derived from interventions. The majority of the studies delivered interventions in a group format, although it was noted the studies did not provide information on whether the participants were attending the groups as a means of self-help or if they had been referred by a healthcare professional. The majority of the interventions were delivered face to face, although the committee noted in current practice, telephone or online formats were becoming increasingly used as they were less resource-intensive. The committee observed that the studies reported most interventions were delivered by psychologists; however, the committee noted in current practice, epilepsy nurses often deliver the types of skills-based interventions described within the studies, and health professionals with the required qualifications and skills in CBT and counselling would be able to provide these types of therapies.</p><p>The committee agreed there was not enough evidence to assess the benefit of psychological treatments in children. The committee acknowledged the lack of psychological treatments currently made available to people with epilepsy, especially for children. They were aware that some tertiary centres liaise with paediatric hospitals and provide psychological treatments to children and young people with epilepsy; however, this is a limited resource and often, adolescents who require this service are not getting access to treatment because they are falling between children and adult services.</p><p>As well as psychological treatments, the committee discussed anti-depressant and other psychotropic medications and noted that there could be a perception that antidepressant medication may lower the seizure threshold. By consensus, the committee agreed that novel anti-depressants, for example, SSRIs, tend not to result in substantial worsening of seizures. Given how common depression is in people with epilepsy, the committee reiterated that people with epilepsy should be enabled to access l treatments for depression, including but not limited to anti-depressant medication. The committee agreed open dialogue between primary care, neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists and aligned health care professionals should be encouraged to ensure e mental health of people with epilepsy can be optimised.</p><p>The committee agreed that good epilepsy care should be much more than just control of seizures and needs to attend to the whole person, including a person’s comorbidities. Any recommendation should therefore highlight an awareness of common comorbidities, including psychological problems which are often triggered by the diagnosis of epilepsy. The committee acknowledged the negative impact that receiving a diagnosis of epilepsy could have on a person, resulting in feelings of loss of control and the potential for stigmatism. Although the population in the review was heterogeneous, with participants both with and without anxiety or depression, the committee confirmed psychological comorbidities are common in people with a chronic condition such as epilepsy. They also recognised parents or caregivers of children with epilepsy who suffer from psychological comorbidities often need support. The committee emphasised that if assessment identifies psychological disorders, access to appropriate psychological services should be arranged quickly. The guideline committee mentioned the need for both primary and secondary care centres to have access to these services.</p></div><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.10.4"><h5>1.1.10.4. Cost effectiveness and resource use</h5><p>Two health economic studies were included in this review (Risdale 2016 and <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref40" rid="niceng217er16.ref40">Wijnen 2017</a>).</p><p>Risdale 2016 is a cost-utility analysis from a UK NHS perspective comparing an epilepsy education program to usual care. Risdale 2016 found that an epilepsy education program plus usual care was not cost effective compared to usual care for adults with epilepsy. Overall usual care saved £27 and resulted in 0.0142 fewer QALYs compared to the education program resulting in an ICER of £1,901 per QALY gained for usual care.</p><p><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref40" rid="niceng217er16.ref40">Wijnen 2017</a> is a cost-utility analysis from a Dutch healthcare perspective comparing a multicomponent self-management intervention to usual care. <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref40" rid="niceng217er16.ref40">Wijnen 2017</a> found that a multicomponent self-management intervention was not cost-effective compared to usual care in adults with epilepsy. The total cost and QALYs for a multicomponent self-management intervention were £2,658 and 0.88, respectively, and the total costs and QALYs for usual care were £1,919 AND 0.85, respectively. This resulted in an ICER of £24,653 per QALY gained, which is above NICE’s £20,000 threshold.</p><p>The committee discussed that in both Risdale 2016 and <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref40" rid="niceng217er16.ref40">Wijnen 2017</a> the EQ5D-5L was used, and this was not mapped to the EQ5D- 3L, as in line with the NICE reference case. The committee also noted that both included health economic studies did not include all relevant comparators for this review question (Risdale 2016 only assessed the cost-effectiveness of an epilepsy education program, and <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref40" rid="niceng217er16.ref40">Wijnen 2017</a> assessed the cost-effectiveness of a self-management intervention). In addition, both Risdale 2016 and <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref40" rid="niceng217er16.ref40">Wijnen 2017</a> were within-trial cost-effectiveness analyses based on a single RCT. Other RCTs on both these types of interventions were included in clinical review therefore, the health economic studies may not reflect the full body of clinical evidence. Both studies also had a short time horizon of 1 year, and the committee discussed this time horizon may not be long enough to capture the full effects of the respective interventions.</p><p>Overall, based on the clinical and health economics presented, the committee concluded they were unable to make a strong recommendation in favour of psychological treatments for people with epilepsy.</p><p>Subsequently, the committee made recommendations to make people aware of the impact epilepsy can have on a person’s mental health. The committee also stressed the importance of reviewing a person’s neurodevelopment, cognitive function, psychological health, social well-being and learning difficulties as part of their routine management for epilepsy. This recommendation is not expected to result in a substantial resource impact as it is best current practice, and any additional costs associated with extra staff time required for people’s routine management for epilepsy will likely be offset in the form of cost savings, whereby identifying psychological problems earlier makes them less costly to treat. The additional recommendations made for this review question are broadly in line with existing NICE guidance and so are not expected to result in a substantial resource impact.</p><p>Overall, the committee acknowledged that psychological treatments would likely be of great benefit for people with epilepsy due to the increased prevalence of mental health problems for this population. The committee was disappointed there was insufficient health economic evidence to enable them to make a strong recommendation and so made a research recommendation to assess the cost-effectiveness of providing tailored psychological treatments for people with epilepsy.</p></div><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.10.5"><h5>1.1.10.5. Other factors the committee took into account</h5><p>The committee was made aware of the ‘depression in adults with a chronic condition’ guideline that makes strong evidence-based recommendations about screening and treatment for people with psychological problems. It was agreed that cross-referral to this and the Depression in children and young people guideline would be a way of securing strong recommendations. These guidelines were felt to be particularly relevant in view of their breadth as they encompass assessment and treatment within GP practices or secondary care for all sub-populations of patients.</p><p>The committee also discussed other mental health disorders such as anxiety that are often seen in people with epilepsy and agreed cross-referral should be made to other NICE guidance, including: Common mental health problems, Mental health problems in people with learning disabilities, Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults, Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults and Psychosis and schizophrenia in children and young people. The committee highlighted, in particular, the guidance provided on identification, early treatment and onward referral as particularly relevant.</p></div><div id="niceng217er16.s1.1.10.6"><h5>1.1.10.6. Recommendations supported by this evidence review</h5><p>This evidence review supports recommendations 9.2.1 – 9.2.4 and the research recommendation on providing tailored psychological treatments for people with epilepsy in the NICE guideline.</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng217er16.rl.r1"><h3>References</h3><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref1">Au
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J, Giandinoto
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J-A. The impact of brief lifestyle self-management education for the control of seizures. British Journal of Nursing. 2019; 28(6):348–354 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30925235" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30925235</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref12">Fraser
|
|
RT, Johnson
|
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EK, Lashley
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S, Barber
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J, Chaytor
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Paces in epilepsy: results of a self-management randomized controlled trial. Epilepsy Currents. 2015; 15(Suppl 1):200 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26122460" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26122460</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref13">Gandy
|
|
M, Sharpe
|
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L, Nicholson Perry
|
|
K, Thayer
|
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Z, Miller
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Cognitive behaviour therapy to improve mood in people with epilepsy: a randomised controlled trial. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 2014; 43(2):153–166 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24635701" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24635701</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref14">Gilliam
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|
FG, Black
|
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KJ, Carter
|
|
J, Freedland
|
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KE, Sheline
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A trial of sertraline or cognitive behavior therapy for depression in epilepsy. Annals of Neurology. 2019; 86(4):552–560 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7012268/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7012268</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31359460" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31359460</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref15">Helde
|
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G, Bovim
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E. A structured, nurse-led intervention program improves quality of life in patients with epilepsy: a randomized, controlled trial. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2005; 7(3):451–457 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16087407" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16087407</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref16">Hosseini
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N, Mokhtari
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S, Momeni
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E, Vossoughi
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M, Barekatian
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M. Effect of motivational interviewing on quality of life in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2016; 55:70–74 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26773672" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26773672</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref17">Hum
|
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KM, Chan
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ML. Do distance-delivery group interventions improve depression in people with epilepsy?
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Epilepsy & Behavior. 2019; 98:153–160 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31374471" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31374471</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref18">Jantzen
|
|
S, Müller-Godeffroy
|
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E, Hallfahrt-Krisl
|
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T, Aksu
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F, Püst
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LA M, Wijnen
|
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BF M, Kessels
|
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AG H, Chan
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H, de Kinderen
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Effectiveness of a multicomponent self-management intervention for adults with epilepsy (ZMILE study): A randomized controlled trial. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2018; 80:259–265 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29449140" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29449140</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref20">Lua
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PL, Neni
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WS. A randomised controlled trial of an SMS-based mobile epilepsy education system. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2013; 19(1):23–28 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23390210" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23390210</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>21.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref21">Lundgren
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T, Dahl
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B. Evaluation of acceptance and commitment therapy for drug refractory epilepsy: a randomized controlled trial in South Africa—a pilot study. Epilepsia. 2006; 47(12):2173–2179 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17201719" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17201719</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>22.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref22">Lundgren
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T, Dahl
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J, Yardi
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N, Melin
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L. Acceptance and commitment therapy and yoga for drug-refractory epilepsy: a randomized controlled trial. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2008; 13(1):102–108 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18343200" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18343200</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>23.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref23">Martinović
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Ž, Simonović
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P, Djokić
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R. Preventing depression in adolescents with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2006; 9(4):619–624 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17049927" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17049927</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>24.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref24">May
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TW, Pfäfflin
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M. The efficacy of an educational treatment program for patients with epilepsy (MOSES): results of a controlled, randomized study. Epilepsia. 2002; 43(5):539–549 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12027917" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12027917</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>25.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref25">Meyer
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|
B, Weiss
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M, Holtkamp
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M, Arnold
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S, Brückner
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Effects of an epilepsy‐specific Internet intervention (Emyna) on depression: Results of the ENCODE randomized controlled trial. Epilepsia. 2019; 60(4):656–668 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30802941" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30802941</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>26.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref26">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Developing NICE guidelines: the manual [updated October 2020]. London. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2014. Available from: <a href="http://www.nice.org.uk/article/PMG20/chapter/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org.uk<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/article/PMG20/chapter<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview</a></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>27.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref27">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Purchasing power parities (PPP). Available from: <a href="http://www.oecd.org/std/ppp" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.oecd.org/std/ppp</a> Last accessed: 13/05/2021.</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>28.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref28">Orjuela-Rojas
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JM, Martínez-Juárez
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IE, Ruiz-Chow
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A, Crail-Melendez
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D. Treatment of depression in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: A pilot study of cognitive behavioral therapy vs. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2015; 51:176–181 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26284748" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26284748</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>29.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref29">Pakpour
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AH, Gholami
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M, Esmaeili
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R, Naghibi
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SA, Updegraff
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JA, Molloy
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A randomized controlled multimodal behavioral intervention trial for improving antiepileptic drug adherence. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2015; 52(Pt A):133–142 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26414343" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26414343</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>30.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref30">Pfäfflin
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M, Schmitz
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TW. Efficacy of the epilepsy nurse: results of a randomized controlled study. Epilepsia. 2016; 57(7):1190–1198 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27265887" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27265887</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>31.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref31">Pramuka
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M, Hendrickson
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AC. A psychosocial self-management program for epilepsy: a randomized pilot study in adults. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2007; 11(4):533–545 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17904909" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17904909</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>32.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref32">Rau
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J, May
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T, Pfäfflin
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M, Heubrock
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F. Education of children with epilepsy and their parents by the modular education program epilepsy for families (FAMOSES)--results of an evaluation study. Die Rehabilitation. 2006; 45(1):27–39 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16468111" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16468111</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>33.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref33">Ridsdale
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L, McKinlay
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A, Wojewodka
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G, Robinson
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EJ, Mosweu
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I, Feehan
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Self-Management education for adults with poorly controlled epILEpsy [SMILE (UK)]: a randomised controlled trial. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England). 2018; 22(21):1–142 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5949577/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5949577</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29717699" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29717699</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>34.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref34">Ring
|
|
H, Howlett
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J, Pennington
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M, Smith
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C, Redley
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M, Murphy
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Training nurses in a competency framework to support adults with epilepsy and intellectual disability: the EpAID cluster RCT. Health Technology Assessment. 2018; 22(10):1–104 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6485678/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6485678</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29457585" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29457585</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>35.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref35">Sajatovic
|
|
M, Colon-Zimmermann
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|
K, Kahriman
|
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M, Fuentes-Casiano
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E, Liu
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H, Tatsuoka
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A 6-month prospective randomized controlled trial of remotely delivered group format epilepsy self-management versus waitlist control for high-risk people with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2018; 59(9):1684–1695 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6128290/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6128290</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30098003" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30098003</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>36.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref36">Schröder
|
|
J, Brückner
|
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K, Fischer
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A, Lindenau
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M, Köther
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U, Vettorazzi
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Efficacy of a psychological online intervention for depression in people with epilepsy: a randomized controlled trial. Epilepsia. 2014; 55(12):2069–2076 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25410633" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25410633</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>37.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref37">Tang
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V, Poon
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WS, Kwan
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P. Mindfulness-based therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy: an assessor-blinded randomized trial. Neurology. 2015; 85(13):1100–1107 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26333801" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26333801</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>38.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref38">Thompson
|
|
NJ, Walker
|
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ER, Obolensky
|
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N, Winning
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A, Barmon
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C, DiIorio
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Distance delivery of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: project UPLIFT. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2010; 19(3):247–254 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20851055" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20851055</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>39.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref39">Turan Gurhopur
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FD, Isler Dalgic
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A. The effect of a modular education program for children with epilepsy and their parents on disease management. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2018; 78:210–218 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29203274" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29203274</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>40.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref40">Wijnen
|
|
BF M, Leenen
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LA M, de Kinderen
|
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RJ A, van Heugten
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CM, Majoie
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M, Evers
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S. An economic evaluation of a multicomponent self-management intervention for adults with epilepsy (ZMILE study). Epilepsia. 2017; 58(8):1398–1408 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28589669" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28589669</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>41.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er16.ref41">Yadegary
|
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MA, Maemodan
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FG, Nayeri
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ND, Ghanjekhanlo
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A. The effect of self-management training on health-related quality of life in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2015; 50:108–112 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26232570" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26232570</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div></div><div id="appendixesappgroup1"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup1_">Appendices</h2><div id="niceng217er16.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="niceng217er16.appa.et1"><a href="/books/NBK591160/bin/niceng217er16-appa-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">A.1. Review protocol for psychological treatments in people with Epilepsies</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 161K)</span></p><p id="niceng217er16.appa.et2"><a href="/books/NBK591160/bin/niceng217er16-appa-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">A.2. Health economic review protocol</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 130K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng217er16.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategy</h3><p>None</p><p>Not relevant to <a href="https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012081.pub3/full" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Cochrane review</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng217er16.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Economic evidence study selection</h3><p id="niceng217er16.appc.et1"><a href="/books/NBK591160/bin/niceng217er16-appc-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (123K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng217er16.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Economic evidence tables</h3><p id="niceng217er16.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK591160/bin/niceng217er16-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (195K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng217er16.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Health economic model</h3><p>No original health economic analysis was conducted for this question.</p></div><div id="niceng217er16.appf"><h3>Appendix F. Excluded studies</h3><div id="niceng217er16.appf.s1"><h4>F.1. Health Economic studies</h4><p>Published health economic studies that met the inclusion criteria (relevant population, comparators, economic study design, published 2004 or later and not from non-OECD country or USA) but that were excluded following appraisal of applicability and methodological quality are listed below. See the health economic protocol for more details.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er16appftab1"><a href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 6" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er16appftab1" rid-ob="figobniceng217er16appftab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.appf.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.appf.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 6. Studies excluded from the health economic review." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er16.appf.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er16appftab1">Table 6</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Studies excluded from the health economic review. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng217er16.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Research recommendation</h3><div id="niceng217er16.appg.s1"><h4>Research question</h4><p>What is the cost-effectiveness of providing tailored psychological treatments for people with epilepsy?</p></div><div id="niceng217er16.appg.s2"><h4>Why this is important</h4><p>Psychological problems are recognised as an essential comorbidity in epilepsy and can reflect organic factors associated with the disease in addition to difficulties adjusting to and living with the diagnosis. Whilst we have evidence to support the clinical benefit of psychological interventions in this population, evidence for the cost-effectiveness of such treatments is severely lacking. This currently prevents us from making a recommendation with a substantial resource impact.</p></div><div id="niceng217er16.appg.s3"><h4>Rationale for research recommendation</h4><p id="niceng217er16.appg.et1"><a href="/books/NBK591160/bin/niceng217er16-appg-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (104K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng217er16.appg.s4"><h4>Modified PICO table</h4><p id="niceng217er16.appg.et2"><a href="/books/NBK591160/bin/niceng217er16-appg-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (94K)</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final version</p></div><div><p>Evidence reviews underpinning recommendations 9.2.1 – 9.2.4 and a research recommendation.</p><p>Developed by the National Guideline Centre</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2022.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK591160</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37099658" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">37099658</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er16tab1"><div id="niceng217er16.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">PICO characteristics of review question</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er16.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er16.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er16.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Children, young people and adults with confirmed epilepsy</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er16.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interventions</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er16.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Skills based interventions that accommodate the opportunity for participants to practice skills</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Based on at least one theory of psychotherapy, examples include cognitive behavioural or behaviourally based interventions, and mindfulness-based interventions (such as acceptance and commitment therapy), family systems therapy, motivational interviewing, adherence interventions, and other psychotherapeutic methods</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Education only interventions</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Defined as interventions that aim to increase knowledge of epilepsy, its comorbidities, and its treatments or the working of the brain (including psychoeducation)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>They may accommodate the opportunity for participants to learn about certain skills (such as coping skills), but they do not accommodate guide participants through the practice of these skills.</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er16.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparisons</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er16.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treatment as usual</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wait-list control</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Active control (for example, counselling as usual, yoga)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>(Comparators will be combined vs the intervention)</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er16.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er16.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Validated HRQoL outcomes</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er16.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er16.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCTs</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er16tab2"><div id="niceng217er16.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of studies included in the evidence review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er16.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study (intervention acronym)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Main treatment method</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Primary treatment goal</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Main treatment strategy</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Provider</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Setting</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Delivery</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Timing</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Participants</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Skills based psychological interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref1" rid="niceng217er16.ref1">Au 2003</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="10" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cognitive behavioural therapy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Seizure frequency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stress management, cognitive restructuring, communication skills</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical psychologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 weekly 2-hour sessions</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 17 adults with at least 2 seizures per month, with subjectively reported psychological distress</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref7" rid="niceng217er16.ref7">Ciechanowski 2010</a> (PEARLS)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="9" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Depressive symptoms</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cognitive restructuring to address negative depressive thinking + behavioural activation</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Trained social worker</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Home-based + telephone calls</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Individual</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 50-min in-home sessions in 5 months + 7 monthly 5- to 10-min telephone calls</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 80 adults with epilepsy with significant depression</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref13" rid="niceng217er16.ref13">Gandy 2014</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intern psychologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Individual</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 × 1- to 2-hour assessment session + 8 weekly 1-hour sessions</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 59 adults with epilepsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref14" rid="niceng217er16.ref14">Gilliam 2019</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CBT based on standardized and manual-based Beck guidelines</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nurse educator and trained lay person with epilepsy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Therapist office</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Individual</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1-hour session per week for 16 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 98 adults (age 21 – 75) with epilepsy and current major depressive episode</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref17" rid="niceng217er16.ref17">Hum 2019</a> (UPLIFT)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">see <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref38" rid="niceng217er16.ref38">Thompson 2010</a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Licensed mental health professional and trained layperson with epilepsy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Telephone calls</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 weekly 1-hour sessions</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 55 adults with epilepsy and depressive symptoms</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref23" rid="niceng217er16.ref23">Martinović 2006</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cognitive restructuring to address negative depressive thinking + behavioural activation</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 weekly sessions + 4 monthly sessions</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 32 adolescents with epilepsy and subthreshold depression</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref25" rid="niceng217er16.ref25">Meyer 2019</a> (Emyna)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cognitive restructuring to address negative depressive thinking + behavioural activation</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Internet-based</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Individual</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5 modules with no fixed sequence, each lasting for 60 – 180 min</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N 154 adult (> 18) with active epilepsy and a current diagnosis of moderate depression</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref28" rid="niceng217er16.ref28">Orjuela-Rojas 2015</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Licensed CBT therapist and psychiatrist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 weekly 90min sessions</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 15 adults with epilepsy and major depression</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref36" rid="niceng217er16.ref36">Schröder 2014</a> (Deprexis)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Internet-based</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Individual</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9 weekly modules (10 – 60 min)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 78 adults with self-reported depressive symptoms</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref38" rid="niceng217er16.ref38">Thompson 2010</a> (UPLIFT)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Master of Public Health student and trained lay person with epilepsy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Internet-based + telephone calls</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 weekly 1-hour sessions</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 53 adults with epilepsy and depression (but not severe depression)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref10" rid="niceng217er16.ref10">Dorris 2017</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="6" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Self-management program</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medical self-management and sleep hygiene, coping strategies and problem-solving techniques based on CBT and mindfulness</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epilepsy nurse and clinical psychologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 weekly 120-min sessions</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 69 children and adolescents aged 12 – 17 with epilepsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref12" rid="niceng217er16.ref12">Fraser 2015</a> (PACES)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Self-management</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medical and psychosocial self-management + epilepsy-related communication</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychologist and trained lay person with epilepsy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 weekly 75-min sessions</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 83 adults with epilepsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref19" rid="niceng217er16.ref19">Leenen 2018</a> (ZMILE)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Self-management and quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Self-monitoring, risk-evaluation and management; shared decision-making, goal-setting skills</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nurse practitioner</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5 weekly 2-hour sessions followed by a 2-hour booster session after 3 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 87 adults with epilepsy and on AEDs</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sajatovic 2016 (TIME)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Depressive symptoms</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Personal goal-setting exercises (with focus on coping with mental illness and epilepsy), stress management, and training to communicate with care providers</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nurse educator and trained lay person with epilepsy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 weekly 60- to 90-min sessions</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 35 adults with epilepsy and comorbid mental illness</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref35" rid="niceng217er16.ref35">Sajatovic 2018</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Negative health events</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SMART “self-management for people with epilepsy and a history of negative health events”</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nurse educator and trained lay person with epilepsy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic + telephone intervention calls + telephone maintenance</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group + individual</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 face-to-face 60- to 90-min group; 7 Internet-based group; 6 10- to 15-min telephone maintenance</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 111 adults with at least 1 negative health event within the past 6 months</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref41" rid="niceng217er16.ref41">Yadegary 2015</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medical and psychosocial self-management + seizure communication</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 weekly 120-min sessions</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 60 adults with epilepsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref9" rid="niceng217er16.ref9">DiIorio 2011</a> (WebEase)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Motivational interviewing (MI)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medication adherence + perceived stress</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medication adherence + stress and sleep management</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Internet-based</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Individual</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 bi-weekly modules</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 194 adults with epilepsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref16" rid="niceng217er16.ref16">Hosseini 2016</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Enhancement of internal motivation for change, by overcoming dualism</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychologist and trained layperson with epilepsy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5 sessions in 20 days</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 56 adults with epilepsy.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref29" rid="niceng217er16.ref29">Pakpour 2015</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medication adherence</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MI techniques</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Health psychologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Individual</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 weekly 40- to 60-min sessions</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 275 adults with epilepsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref21" rid="niceng217er16.ref21">Lundgren 2006</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref22" rid="niceng217er16.ref22">Lundgren 2008</a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mindfulness therapy (MT)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ACT + seizure management</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical psychologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group + individual</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5 individual 90-min sessions + 2 × group 3-hour sessions + 2 × 1-hour boosters at 6 and 12 months</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>N = 27 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref21" rid="niceng217er16.ref21">Lundgren 2006</a>)</p>
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<p>N = 18 adults with epilepsy (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref22" rid="niceng217er16.ref22">Lundgren 2008</a>)</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref37" rid="niceng217er16.ref37">Tang 2015</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epilepsy management + mindfulness techniques + seizure-related acceptance</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical psychologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4 × bi-weekly 2 ×.5-hour sessions</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 61 adults with drug-resistant epilepsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref3" rid="niceng217er16.ref3">Brown 2019</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Behaviour-change counselling</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Physical activity and quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Self-regulatory skills to support behaviour change</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Trained research assistant</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Individual</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15-min sessions: weekly/bi-weekly/monthly weeks 1 – 4/ 6 – 12/16 – 24</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = Children aged 8 – 14 years with epilepsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref4" rid="niceng217er16.ref4">Caller 2016</a> (HOBSCOTCH)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cognitive, memory + self-management training</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Problem-solving therapy and behaviour modification strategies + seizure management + social skills</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Specialized nurse</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Home-based + telephone calls</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group + individual</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 weekly 40- to 60-min sessions</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 66 adolescents and adults with epilepsy and self-reported memory complaints</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref15" rid="niceng217er16.ref15">Helde 2005</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epilepsy education + nurse-led counselling</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Personalized counselling + disease knowledge + drug adherence</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Specialized nurse</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic + phone calls</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group + individual</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1-day group + phone calls every 3 months for 2 yrs.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 114 adults with epilepsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref31" rid="niceng217er16.ref31">Pramuka 2007</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epilepsy education program</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Disease knowledge, advocacy topics, self-management, psychosocial aspects</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Psychologist and epilepsy nurse</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 weekly 2-hour sessions</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 55 adults with epilepsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref34" rid="niceng217er16.ref34">Ring 2018</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Learning</p>
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<p>Disability</p>
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<p>Epilepsy</p>
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<p>Specialist</p>
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<p>Nurse</p>
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<p>Competency</p>
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<p>Framework</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Seizure frequency and quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Provide care according to guidelines developed by the UK ESNA and UK Royal College of Nursing</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Licensed mental health professional and trained lay person with epilepsy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Home visits, telephone, clinics and visits to the local primary care or ID team base</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Individual</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">On an as-needed basis for 24 weeks</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 312 adults with epilepsy and intellectual disability</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Education only interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref2" rid="niceng217er16.ref2">Beretta 2014</a> (EDU-COM)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Patient-tailored medication education</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Drug-related problems</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Personalized education on drug interaction and tolerability</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Treating physician</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Individual</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1-hour session + booster session after 1 month</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 174 adults with epilepsy and chronic comorbidity</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref11" rid="niceng217er16.ref11">Edward 2019</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epilepsy education program</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Seizure frequency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Education program developed based on the self-determination theory (managing epilepsy and medical care, socializing on a budget, healthy lifestyle, emotional management)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Specialized nurse</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not specified in the publication</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not specified in the publication</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 × 120-min session</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 35 adults with epilepsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref18" rid="niceng217er16.ref18">Jantzen 2009</a> (FLIP&FLAP)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epilepsy education program</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Disease knowledge, advocacy topics, self-management, psychosocial aspects</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Trained nurses, social workers, medical doctors or psychologists</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2-day course (14 hours)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 192 children and adolescents with epilepsy, including parents</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref20" rid="niceng217er16.ref20">Lua 2013</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epilepsy education program</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Disease knowledge, advocacy topics, self-management, psychosocial aspects</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SMS-based</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Individual</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11 weekly modules</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 144 adults with epilepsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref24" rid="niceng217er16.ref24">May 2002</a> (MOSES)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epilepsy education program</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Disease knowledge, advocacy topics, self-management, psychosocial aspects</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Trained nurses, social workers, medical doctors or psychologists</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2-day course (14 hours)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 383 adolescents and adults with epilepsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref30" rid="niceng217er16.ref30">Pfäfflin 2016</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Counselling</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Satisfaction with information and support</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Disease knowledge, advocacy topics, self-management, psychosocial aspects</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Specialized nurse</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Individual</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Delivery during routine visits</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 187 adults with epilepsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref32" rid="niceng217er16.ref32">Rau 2006</a> (FAMOSES)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epilepsy education program</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Knowledge + coping</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Disease knowledge, advocacy topics, self-management, psychosocial aspects</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2-day course (14 h)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 70 children with epilepsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref33" rid="niceng217er16.ref33">Ridsdale 2018</a> [SMILE (UK)]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epilepsy education program (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref24" rid="niceng217er16.ref24">May 2002</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">see <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref24" rid="niceng217er16.ref24">May 2002</a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nurse educator and trained lay person with epilepsy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Group</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2-day course (16 h)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 314 adolescents (≥ 16 years) and adults with poorly controlled epilepsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref39" rid="niceng217er16.ref39">Turan Gurhopur 2018</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epilepsy education program</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epilepsy-specific knowledge, self-efficacy, quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Modular education program including epilepsy knowledge, seizure management, and social aspects of epilepsy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Individual</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 - 3 days with a total of 16 hours</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab2_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N = 92 including children with epilepsy aged 7 – 18; and parents of children with epilepsy</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er16tab3"><div id="niceng217er16.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: psychological treatments versus usual care or supportive care</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er16.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Comparative effect sizes<sup>*</sup> (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Number of participants (studies)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Certainty of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Comments</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Wait-list control, usual care, supportive care or antidepressant drug treatment</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Psychological treatments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QOLIE-31 total score<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The range of mean change in the control groups was −1.9 to 15.96 points.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The range of mean change in the intervention groups was 3.27 to 17.2 points. The pooled mean change from baseline in the intervention groups measured at postintervention<sup>b</sup> was on average 5.23 higher (95% CI 3.02 to 7.44 higher) than the control groups</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">643 (11 RCTs)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">⊕⊕⊕⊖ MODERATE<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 out of 3 studies that could not be included in meta-analysis due to use of QOLIE-89 or QOLIE-31-P reported significantly higher postintervention QOLIE total scores in the treatment over the control groups (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref16" rid="niceng217er16.ref16">Hosseini 2016</a>; <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref41" rid="niceng217er16.ref41">Yadegary 2015</a>).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QOLIE-31 emotional well-being subscale<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The range of mean change in the control groups was −6.23 to 24.95 points.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The range of mean change in the intervention groups was 0.91 to 20.57 points. The pooled mean change from baseline in the intervention groups measured at postintervention<sup>b</sup> was on average 4.96 higher (95% CI 0.70 to 9.21 higher) than the control groups</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">643 (10 RCTs)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">⊕⊕⊕⊖ MODERATE<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QOLIE-31 energy or fatigue subscale<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The range of mean change in the control groups was −5.3 to 17.69 points.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The range of mean change in the intervention groups was 0.44 to 18.75 points. The pooled mean change from baseline in the intervention groups measured at postintervention<sup>b</sup> was on average 5.25 higher (95% CI 1.56 to 8.93 higher) than the control groups</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">642 (10 RCTs)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">⊕⊕⊕⊖ MODERATE<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QOLIE-31 overall QoL subscale<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The range of mean change in the control groups was −2.63 to 15 points.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The range of mean change in the intervention groups was 0.13 to 19.64 points. The pooled mean change from baseline in the intervention groups measured at postintervention<sup>b</sup> was on average 5.95 higher (95% CI 3.05 to 8.85 higher) than the control groups</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">639 (10 RCTs)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">⊕⊕⊕⊖ MODERATE<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QOLIE-31 seizure worry subscale<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The range of mean change in the control groups was −5.18 to 17.26 points.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The range of mean change in the intervention groups was 2.74 to 28.56 points. The pooled mean change from baseline in the intervention groups measured at postintervention<sup>b</sup> was on average 4.35 higher (95% CI 1.35 to 7.35 higher) than the control groups</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">632 (10 RCTs)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">⊕⊕⊕⊖ MODERATE<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QOLIE-31 cognitive functioning subscale<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The range of mean change in the control groups was −2.71 to 13.17 points.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The range of mean change in the intervention groups was 2.28 to 16.16 points. The pooled mean change from baseline in the intervention groups measured at postintervention<sup>b</sup> was on average 4.18 higher (95% CI 1.82 to 6.54 higher) than the control groups</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">641 (10 RCTs)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">⊕⊕⊕⊖ MODERATE<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QOLIE-31 medication effects subscale<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The range of mean change in the control groups was −8.11 to 12.04 points.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The range of mean change in the intervention groups was 0.93 to 6.64 points. The pooled mean change from baseline in the intervention groups measured at postintervention<sup>b</sup> was on average 3.16 higher (95% CI 0.01 to 6.32 higher) than the control groups</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">643 (10 RCTs)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">⊕⊕⊕⊖ MODERATE<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">QOLIE-31 social function subscale<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The range of mean change in the control groups was −4.28 to 13.98 points.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The range of mean change in the intervention groups was 2.3 to 10.49 points. The pooled mean change from baseline in the intervention groups measured at postintervention<sup>b</sup> was on average 3.09 higher (95% CI −0.17 lower to 6.35 higher) than the control groups</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">630 (10 RCTs)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">⊕⊕⊕⊖ MODERATE<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>*</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er16.tab3_1"><p class="no_top_margin">Comparative effect sizes were calculated from the mean changes between baseline and postintervention in the intervention and control groups.</p><p>CI: Confidence interval; QOLIE: Quality of life in epilepsy; RCT: randomized controlled trial</p><p>GRADE Working Group grades of evidence</p><p>High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect.</p><p>Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different.</p><p>Low certainty: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect.</p><p>Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er16.tab3_2"><p class="no_top_margin">Range 0 – 100 points, higher score means higher quality of life.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>b</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er16.tab3_3"><p class="no_top_margin">The median postintervention measurement point was 3 months (8 weeks to 2 years).</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>c</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er16.tab3_4"><p class="no_top_margin">Serious risk of bias, i.e., included studies share serious risk of performance bias and five included studies share serious risk of attrition bias</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er16tab4"><div id="niceng217er16.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">Health economic evidence profile: epilepsy education program versus usual care</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er16.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Limitations</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Other comments</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incremental cost (2vs. 1)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incremental effects (2 vs. 1)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Cost effectiveness (1 vs. 2)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Uncertainty</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risdale 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref33" rid="niceng217er16.ref33"><sup>33</sup></a> (UK)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partially applicable <sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potentially serious limitations<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Within-trial analysis (SMILE UK/Risdale 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref33" rid="niceng217er16.ref33"><sup>33</sup></a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Cost-utility analysis (QALYs)</div><div class="half_rhythm">Population: Adults (≥ 16 years) with epilepsy who were prescribed AEDs, with 2 or more seizures in the previous 12 months and able to provide informed consent, participate in the course and complete questionnaires in English.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Comparators:<ol><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Usual care</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Group-based education programme + usual care (SMILE)</div></li></ol></div></li></ul>
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<p>Follow up: 1 year</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Saves £27<sup>(c)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.0142 fewer QALYs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,901 per QALY gained</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Probability SMILE cost effective (£20K threshold): ∼40%</p>
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<p>Results presented as completed cases and ITT The ITT results presented as the base case. The complete case analysis ICER for usual care versus SMILE was £5,548 per QALY.</p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Abbreviations: ICER= incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; ITT= intention to treat; QALY= quality-adjusted life years; RCT= randomised controlled trial</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er16.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">EQ5D-5L not mapped to 3L as per NICE position statement. Does not include all relevant comparators for this review question.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er16.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Within trial analysis based on single RCT, other RCTs on this type of intervention are presented in clinical review and so may not reflect full body of clinical evidence. Short time horizon. Limited sensitivity analyses.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er16.tab4_3"><p class="no_margin">2014/2015 UK pounds. Cost components incorporated: Epilepsy-specific hospital services and community-based health and social care services, medication and intervention cost.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er16tab5"><div id="niceng217er16.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">Health economic evidence profile: Self-management versus usual care</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er16.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Applicability</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Limitations</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Other comments</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incremental cost</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Incremental effects</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab5_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Cost effectiveness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab5_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Uncertainty</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wijnen 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref40" rid="niceng217er16.ref40"><sup>40</sup></a> (Netherlands)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Partially applicable <sup>(a)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Potentially serious limitations<sup>(b)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Within-RCT analysis (ZMILE/Leenen 2018 <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref40" rid="niceng217er16.ref40"><sup>40</sup></a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cost-utility analysis (QALYs)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Population: Adults (≥18 years) with epilepsy, who lived at home, used AEDs, understood the Dutch language, and were willing and able (based on neurologists’ opinion) to use e-Health devices belonging to the MCI.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Comparators:<ol><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Usual care</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Multicomponent self-management intervention (MCI)</div></li></ol></div></li></ul>
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<p>Follow-up: 1 year</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£740<sup>(c)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.03 QALYs</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab5_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£24,653 per QALY gained</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.tab5_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Probability MCI cost effective (£20/£30K threshold): n/a</p>
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<p>Sensitivity analyses included:<dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Using EQ-5D with Dutch tariff</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">6-month follow-up</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Societal perspective</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Using disease-specific QALYs based on the QOLIE-31-P.</p></dd></dl></dl></p>
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<p>Note: ITT analysis was used and missing data at follow-up measurements were dealt with using multiple imputation (5 times).</p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Abbreviations: ICER= incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; ITT= intention to treat; QALY= quality-adjusted life years; RCT= randomised controlled trial</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er16.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">Dutch healthcare perspective. EQ5D-5L not mapped to 3L as per NICE position statement. Does not include all relevant comparators for this review question.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er16.tab5_2"><p class="no_margin">Within-trial analysis based on single RCT, other RCTs on this type of intervention are included in the clinical review and so may not reflect full body of clinical evidence. Short time horizon. Bootstrapping presented from societal perspective only, not available from healthcare perspective.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er16.tab5_3"><p class="no_margin">2015 Euros converted to UK pounds.<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref27" rid="niceng217er16.ref27"><sup>27</sup></a>. Cost components incorporated: intervention and healthcare costs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er16appftab1"><div id="niceng217er16.appf.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the health economic review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK591160/table/niceng217er16.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er16.appf.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er16.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dewhurst 2015 <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er16.ref8" rid="niceng217er16.ref8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er16.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Excluded as rated as very serious limitations due to low methodological quality. The study was a within trial cost effectiveness analysis which had a small sample size of sixty participants. QALYs were assumed to be the same as utilities, the methodology for determining the cost of treatment was not sufficiently justified, and no sensitivity analysis was conducted. Also rated as partially applicable because QALYs were not derived using NICE’s preferred methods – QALYs were derived from SF-12 data which was mapped to SF-6D data to obtain QALY values.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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