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preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style"><div class="fm-sec bkr_bottom_sep"><div class="bkr_thumb"><a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)" class="img_link icnblk_img" ref="pagearea=logo&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-niceng221er4-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Effective and cost-effective interventions to increase frequent STI testing in very high risk groups" /></a></div><div class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK589710_"><span itemprop="name">Effective and cost-effective interventions to increase frequent STI testing in very high risk groups</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Reducing sexually transmitted infections (STIs)</div><p><b>Evidence review D</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 221</i></p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2022 Jun</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-4612-9</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2022.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng221er4.s1"><h2 id="_niceng221er4_s1_">1. Interventions to increase frequent STI testing in very high-risk groups</h2><div id="niceng221er4.s1.1"><h3>1.1. Review question</h3><p>What interventions are effective and cost effective at increasing frequent STI testing in very high-risk groups?</p><div id="niceng221er4.s1.1.1"><h4>1.1.1. Introduction</h4><p>Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) includes a range of clinical syndromes that can be acquired and transmitted through sexual activity and may be caused by various types of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. It can affect personal wellbeing, mental health and relationships and can also lead to serious health problems including pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy or infertility. Increasing the frequency of testing, especially among people at very high-risk of infection can help to reduce transmission of STIs</p></div><div id="niceng221er4.s1.1.2"><h4>1.1.2. Summary of the protocol</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng221er4tab1"><a href="/books/NBK589710/table/niceng221er4.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng221er4tab1" rid-ob="figobniceng221er4tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK589710/table/niceng221er4.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK589710/table/niceng221er4.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. Summary of protocol." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng221er4.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK589710/table/niceng221er4.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng221er4tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of protocol. </p></div></div><p>For full protocol see <a href="#niceng221er4.appa">Appendix A</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng221er4.s1.1.3"><h4>1.1.3. Methods and process</h4><p>This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>. Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in <a href="#niceng221er4.appa">appendix A</a> and the <a href="/books/NBK589710/bin/methods-pdf-11125974637.pdf">methods</a> document.</p><p>Declarations of interest were recorded according to <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/about/who-we-are/policies-and-procedures" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NICE’s conflicts of interest policy</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng221er4.s1.1.4"><h4>1.1.4. Effectiveness evidence</h4><p>3197 references were identified from this literature search (See <a href="#niceng221er4.appb">Appendix B</a> for full details of search). 25 papers were ordered in full-text. Of these, no papers met the inclusion criteria for the effectiveness review as outlined in the review protocol.</p><div id="niceng221er4.s1.1.4.1"><h5>1.1.4.1. Included studies</h5><p>No studies were included in this review.</p></div><div id="niceng221er4.s1.1.4.2"><h5>1.1.4.2. Excluded studies</h5><p>For details of excluded studies and reason for exclusion, see <a href="#niceng221er4.appi">Appendix I</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng221er4.s1.1.5"><h4>1.1.5. Summary of studies included in the effectiveness evidence</h4><p>No studies were included in this review.</p></div><div id="niceng221er4.s1.1.6"><h4>1.1.6. Summary of the effectiveness evidence</h4><p>No studies were included in this review.</p></div><div id="niceng221er4.s1.1.7"><h4>1.1.7. Economic evidence</h4><p>A search for relevant economic studies was undertaken, using the strategy in <a href="#niceng221er4.appb">appendix B</a> and applying a cost-effectiveness filter. 1,275 references were identified from this literature search; of which 1,274 were excluded during title and abstract screening. The one study included at title and abstract screening was then excluded after examination of the full text of the article.</p><div id="niceng221er4.s1.1.7.1"><h5>1.1.7.1. Included studies</h5><p>No economic evidence was included for this review question.</p></div><div id="niceng221er4.s1.1.7.2"><h5>1.1.7.2. Excluded studies</h5><p>Details of the studies excluded at full-text screening are given in <a href="#niceng221er4.appi">Appendix I</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng221er4.s1.1.8"><h4>1.1.8. Economic model</h4><p>No economic modelling was undertaken for this review question. The model structure developed for the review question on increasing update of STI testing could in principle, but in the absence of evidence of clinical effectiveness, the committee agreed there would be limited value in any such modelling undertaken.</p></div><div id="niceng221er4.s1.1.9"><h4>1.1.9. The committee's discussion and interpretation of the evidence</h4><div id="niceng221er4.s1.1.9.1"><h5>1.1.9.1. The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The committee agreed that the key outcomes in this area were rates of testing among very high risk groups, and proportion of very high risk groups who undertook testing. They agreed that the re-testing rate was also very important since people who continue to be at very high risk need to test regularly, ideally every 3 months.</p></div><div id="niceng221er4.s1.1.9.2"><h5>1.1.9.2. The quality of the evidence</h5><p>No evidence was identified for interventions specifically aimed at the groups included in the protocol:
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<dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">commercial sex workers</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">people with multiple sex partners (>10 partners within 3 months)</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">people engaging in so-called chemsex</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men previously diagnosed with a bacterial STI (in the last year)</p></dd></dl></dl></p><p>There were no RCT studies that met the protocol and no suitable uncontrolled studies were found. The committee were disappointed with the lack of evidence but noted that they were aware that research is building in this area. The option of using expert witness testimony was not explored as the committee found it acceptable to proceed using the evidence presented in review C combined with their own experiences of very high risk groups instead.</p><p>Given the lack of evidence, the committee did not feel that it was possible to directly extrapolate the data from other groups to the very high-risk groups identified for this review, as people in these groups represent a very small minority with distinct challenges. In spite of that the committee agreed that recommendations made on the basis of more general interventions to increase the uptake and frequency of testing would have some impact on these groups too, despite not sufficiently addressing their circumstances. The committee noted that stigma around sexual behaviour was a common concern found in the qualitative evidence reviewed in RQ2.2, and inferred that this was likely to be a key driver in people from very high-risk groups not accessing services. The committee agreed to make a research recommendation to explore what sexual health services can do to reduce stigma (see <a href="#niceng221er4.appj">appendix J</a>). They note this complemented other research recommendations, for example about delivering sexual health services within other services. They also agreed that outreach was likely to be effective in reaching some of these groups and they noted that they had made a research recommendation about this in review B to investigate how outreach could best be tailored to specific groups.</p></div><div id="niceng221er4.s1.1.9.3"><h5>1.1.9.3. Benefits and harms</h5><p>The committee agreed that recommendations they had made previously about monitoring uptake of kits and about tailoring interventions to particular communities may help to increase access for people in the groups identified for this review. They noted that many services already have some tailored services, for example for sex-workers or for people who participate in so-called chemsex. They also noted that getting people into services for STI testing also gave an opportunity for HIV testing, partner notification, PrEP (if appropriate) and other services, so it wasn’t simply an STI test.</p></div><div id="niceng221er4.s1.1.9.4"><h5>1.1.9.4. Cost effectiveness and resource use</h5><p>The committee agreed that the economic modelling undertaken for this guideline shows that cost-effectiveness is dependent on population prevalence of STIs, this means that any intervention that is cost-effective in the general population is likely to be more cost-effective in a very high-risk population where rates of STIs are higher, assuming the costs and relative effectiveness of the interventions ins similar in the high-risk population. They noted that in the absence of evidence, and to avoid disadvantaging high-risk groups, it was appropriate to extrapolate this evidence to these populations. They also noted that for the interventions recommended in the guideline (self-sampling, tailoring interventions and increasing accessibility there was no a priori reason to assume they would be less effective in high-risk populations.</p></div></div><div id="niceng221er4.s1.1.10"><h4>1.1.10. Recommendations supported by this evidence review</h4><p>A research recommendation was made on methods to reduce the stigma associated with accessing sexual health services.</p></div><div id="niceng221er4.rl.r1"><h4>1.1.11. References – included studies</h4><ul class="simple-list"><div id="niceng221er4.rl.r2"><h5>1.1.11.1. Effectivess</h5><ul class="simple-list"><p>No included effectiveness studies.</p></ul></div><div id="niceng221er4.rl.r3"><h5>1.1.11.2. Economic</h5><ul class="simple-list"><p>No economic studies were included in this review.</p></ul></div></ul></div></div></div><div id="appendixesappgroup1"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup1_">Appendices</h2><div id="niceng221er4.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="niceng221er4.appa.et1"><a href="/books/NBK589710/bin/niceng221er4-appa-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (159K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng221er4.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><p id="niceng221er4.appb.et1"><a href="/books/NBK589710/bin/niceng221er4-appb-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (132K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng221er4.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Effectiveness evidence study selection</h3><p id="niceng221er4.appc.et1"><a href="/books/NBK589710/bin/niceng221er4-appc-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (158K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng221er4.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Effectiveness evidence</h3><p>No studies were included in this review.</p></div><div id="niceng221er4.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Forest plots</h3><p>No studies were included in this review.</p></div><div id="niceng221er4.appf"><h3>Appendix F. GRADE tables</h3><p>No studies were included in this review.</p></div><div id="niceng221er4.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Economic evidence study selection</h3><p id="niceng221er4.appg.et1"><a href="/books/NBK589710/bin/niceng221er4-appg-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (127K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng221er4.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Economic evidence tables</h3><p>No economic evidence was identified for this review question.</p></div><div id="niceng221er4.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Health economic model</h3><p>No health economic modelling was undertaken for this review question.</p></div><div id="niceng221er4.appj"><h3>Appendix J. Excluded studies</h3><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng221er4appjtab1"><a href="/books/NBK589710/table/niceng221er4.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Clinical review" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng221er4appjtab1" rid-ob="figobniceng221er4appjtab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK589710/table/niceng221er4.appj.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK589710/table/niceng221er4.appj.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Clinical review" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng221er4.appj.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK589710/table/niceng221er4.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng221er4appjtab1">Clinical review</a></h4></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng221er4appjtab2"><a href="/books/NBK589710/table/niceng221er4.appj.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Clinical review" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng221er4appjtab2" rid-ob="figobniceng221er4appjtab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK589710/table/niceng221er4.appj.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK589710/table/niceng221er4.appj.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Clinical review" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng221er4.appj.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK589710/table/niceng221er4.appj.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng221er4appjtab2">Clinical review</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="niceng221er4.appk"><h3>Appendix K. Research recommendations – full details</h3><div id="niceng221er4.appk.s1"><h4>K.1. Research recommendation</h4><p>What are the most effective methods to reduce the stigma associated with accessing sexual health services?</p><div id="niceng221er4.appk.s1.1"><h5>K.1.1. Why this is important</h5><p>The committee noted themes in the qualitative research that indicated that shame and stigma were powerful barriers to people attending sexual health services, and also to the uptake of treatments like PrEP. They were interested in how services can be less stigmatising, for example by delivering them within other services or by making service changes that helped to reduce stigma.</p></div><div id="niceng221er4.appk.s1.2"><h5>K.1.2. Rationale for research recommendation</h5><p id="niceng221er4.appk.et1"><a href="/books/NBK589710/bin/niceng221er4-appk-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (121K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng221er4.appk.s1.3"><h5>K.1.3. Modified PICO table</h5><p id="niceng221er4.appk.et2"><a href="/books/NBK589710/bin/niceng221er4-appk-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (126K)</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final version</p></div><div><p>Evidence reviews underpinning a research recommendation in the NICE guideline</p><p>National Institute for Health and Care Excellence</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2022.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK589710</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36947644" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">36947644</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng221er4tab1"><div id="niceng221er4.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">Summary of protocol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK589710/table/niceng221er4.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng221er4.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng221er4.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria</th><th id="hd_h_niceng221er4.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Content</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">People from age 16 at very high risk of STIs requiring 3 monthly testing:<dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">commercial sex workers</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">people with multiple sex partners (>10 partners within 3 months)</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">People engaging in so-called chemsex</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM) previously diagnosed with a bacterial STI (in the last year)</p></dd></dl></dl></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interventions</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Interventions or strategies that have a stated primary aim of increasing the rate of 3 monthly STI testing in very high risk groups, including but not limited to:</p>
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<p><b>Interventions delivered in healthcare settings:</b><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Emails or text messages from healthcare providers with invites for testing or testing reminders</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mobile or digital e-health reminder approaches from healthcare providers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Testing in spoke or satellite clinics</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changes in service provision and delivery that may improve access to sexual health services and testing accessibility such as reduced waiting times, extended clinic opening hours, short notice appointments, appointment booking systems. whether services meet ‘You’re Welcome’ youth friendly criteria</div></li></ul>
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<b>Interventions delivered in non-healthcare settings:</b><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Testing services delivered in non-clinical community settings such as voluntary or community organisations</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Testing services delivered in outreach settings such as bars, clubs, faith-based settings, saunas, sex on premises venues</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Online testing services</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>STI self-sampling and/or self-testing kits</div></li></ul></p>
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<p><b>Excluded</b>:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Interventions where the primary objective is not specifically to increase the frequency of STI testing in the specified groups</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Interventions designed to improve the frequency of HIV testing, Hepatitis A or Hepatitis B</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Interventions designed to improve the uptake of STI vaccinations (e.g. HPV, Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B vaccinations).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Interventions relating to partner notification strategies.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Condom distribution schemes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Clinical interventions for the diagnosis, treatment or management of STIs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Interventions delivered in schools.</div></li></ul>
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</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparator</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Another intervention</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>No intervention</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Frequency of STI testing and re-testing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>STI re-infection rates</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Proportion of people in very high risk groups receiving STI testing at least once every 3 months</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Safety or adverse effects</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unintended consequences (e.g. availability of STI testing appointments, waiting time for diagnosis and/or treatment)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Awareness of STI testing and testing services</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The number of people at risk who intend to have an STI test</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Condom use</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changing STI diagnosis rate</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study types</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>RCTs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cluster RCTs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systematic reviews of included study designs</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng221er4appjtab1"><div id="niceng221er4.appj.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Clinical review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK589710/table/niceng221er4.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng221er4.appj.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Code [Reason]</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Balan, Ivan C, Rios, Javier Lopez, Lentz, Cody
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et al (2021) Acceptability and Use of a Dual HIV/Syphilis Rapid Test and Accompanying Smartphone App to Facilitate Self- and Partner-Testing Among Cisgender Men and Transgender Women Who Have Sex with Men. AIDS and behavior [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8617080/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8617080</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34037931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34037931</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population does not meet the protocol criteria for high risk</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Bissessor, Melanie, Fairley, Christopher K, Leslie, David
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et al (2011) Use of a computer alert increases detection of early, asymptomatic syphilis among higher-risk men who have sex with men. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
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53(1): 57–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21653303" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21653303</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population does not meet the protocol criteria for high risk</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Bourne, C, Knight, V, Guy, R
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et al (2011) Short message service reminder intervention doubles sexually transmitted infection/HIV re-testing rates among men who have sex with men. Sexually transmitted infections
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87(3): 229–31 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21296796" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21296796</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Cheeks, Miyesha A, Fransua, Mesfin, Stringer, Harold G
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Jr
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et al (2016) A Quality Improvement Project to Increase Early Detection of Syphilis Infection or Re-infection in HIV-infected Men Who Have Sex With Men. The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care : JANAC
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27(2): 143–52 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26646978" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26646978</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population does not meet the protocol criteria for high risk</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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Gray, Richard T, Hoare, Alexander, Prestage, Garrett P
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et al (2010) Frequent testing of highly sexually active gay men is required to control syphilis. Sexually transmitted diseases
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37(5): 298–305 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20393383" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20393383</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Not a relevant study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Harte, Derval, Mercey, Danielle, Jarman, Jay
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et al (2011) Is the recall of men who have sex with men (MSM) diagnosed as having bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) for re-screening a feasible and effective strategy?. Sexually transmitted infections
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87(7): 577–82 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21965470" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21965470</span></a>]
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Not a relevant study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Nyatsanza, Farai, McSorley, John, Murphy, Siobhan
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et al (2016) ‘It’s all in the message’: the utility of personalised short message service (SMS) texts to remind patients at higher risk of STIs and HIV to reattend for testing-a repeat before and after study. Sexually transmitted infections
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|
92(5): 393–5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26670912" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26670912</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Data not reported in an extractable format</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Patel, Pragna, Bush, Tim, Mayer, Kenneth
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|
et al (2012) Routine brief risk-reduction counseling with biannual STD testing reduces STD incidence among HIV-infected men who have sex with men in care. Sexually transmitted diseases
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|
39(6): 470–4 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6195212/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6195212</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22592834" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22592834</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population does not meet the protocol criteria for high risk</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Pitpitan, EV, Semple, SJ, Aarons, GA
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|
et al (2018) Factors associated with program effectiveness in the implementation of a sexual risk reduction intervention for female sex workers across Mexico: results from a randomized trial. PloS one
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13(9): e0201954 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6133277/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6133277</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30204761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30204761</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Reitsema, Maarten, Heijne, Janneke, Visser, Maartje
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et al (2020) Impact of frequent testing on the transmission of HIV and N. gonorrhoeae among men who have sex with men: a mathematical modelling study. Sexually transmitted infections
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96(5): 361–367 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31801895" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31801895</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Not a relevant study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Ronen, Keshet, Golden, Matthew R, Dombrowski, Julia C
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et al (2019) Uptake and Impact of Short Message Service Reminders via Sexually Transmitted Infection Partner Services on Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing Frequency Among Men Who Have Sex With Men. Sexually transmitted diseases
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46(10): 641–647 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6919648/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6919648</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31517803" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31517803</span></a>]
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Data not reported in an extractable format</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Roth, Alexis M, Rosenberger, Joshua G, Reece, Michael
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et al (2012) A methodological approach to improve the sexual health of vulnerable female populations: incentivized peer-recruitment and field-based STD testing. Journal of health care for the poor and underserved
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23(1): 367–75 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22643484" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22643484</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Not a relevant study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Samaranayake, A, Chen, M, Hocking, J
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et al (2009) Legislation requiring monthly testing of sex workers with low rates of sexually transmitted infections restricts access to services for higher-risk individuals. Sexually transmitted infections
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85(7): 540–2 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19703842" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19703842</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Published before 2010</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Smith, Kirsty S, Hocking, Jane S, Chen, Marcus Y
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et al (2015) Dual Intervention to Increase Chlamydia Retesting: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Three Populations. American journal of preventive medicine
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49(1): 1–11 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26094224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26094224</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Study does not contain a relevant intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Snow, A.F., Vodstrcil, L.A., Fairley, C.K.
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et al (2013) Introduction of a sexual health practice nurse is associated with increased STI testing of men who have sex with men in primary care. BMC Infectious Diseases
|
|
13(1): 298 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3702429/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3702429</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23815371" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23815371</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Data not reported in an extractable format</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Tuite, Ashleigh R; Burchell, Ann N; Fisman, David N (2014) Cost-effectiveness of enhanced syphilis screening among HIV-positive men who have sex with men: a microsimulation model. PloS one
|
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9(7): e101240 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4077736/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4077736</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24983455" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24983455</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population does not meet the protocol criteria for high risk</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Tuite, Ashleigh R; Fisman, David N; Mishra, Sharmistha (2013) Screen more or screen more often? Using mathematical models to inform syphilis control strategies. BMC public health
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13: 606 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3699384/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3699384</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23800206" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23800206</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Not a relevant study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Tuite, Ashleigh R, Shaw, Souradet, Reimer, Joss N
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|
et al (2018) Can enhanced screening of men with a history of prior syphilis infection stem the epidemic in men who have sex with men? A mathematical modelling study. Sexually transmitted infections
|
|
94(2): 105–110 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28705938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28705938</span></a>]
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Not a relevant study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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van Liere, Genevieve A F S, Dukers-Muijrers, Nicole H T M, Kuizenga-Wessel, Sophie
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et al (2020) What Is the Optimal Testing Strategy for Oropharyngeal Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Men Who Have Sex With Men? Comparing Selective Testing Versus Routine Universal Testing From Dutch Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinic Data (2008–2017). Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
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71(4): 944–951 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31556949" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31556949</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Population does not meet the protocol criteria for high risk</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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Weiss, K.M., Jones, J.S., Anderson, E.J.
|
|
et al (2019) Optimizing Coverage vs Frequency for Sexually Transmitted Infection Screening of Men Who Have Sex with Men. Open Forum Infectious Diseases
|
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6(10) [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6814280/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6814280</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31667198" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31667198</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Not a relevant study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Wilkinson, Anna L, Pedrana, Alisa E, El-Hayek, Carol
|
|
et al (2016) The Impact of a Social Marketing Campaign on HIV and Sexually Transmissible Infection Testing Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Australia. Sexually transmitted diseases
|
|
43(1): 49–56 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26650997" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26650997</span></a>]
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Data not reported in an extractable format</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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Wilson, David P, Heymer, Kelly-Jean, Anderson, Jonathan
|
|
et al (2010) Sex workers can be screened too often: a cost-effectiveness analysis in Victoria, Australia. Sexually transmitted infections
|
|
86(2): 117–25 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19843534" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19843534</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Not a relevant study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Wingood, GM, Seth, P, DiClemente, RJ
|
|
et al (2009) Association of sexual abuse with incident high-risk human papillomavirus infection among young African-American women. Sexually transmitted diseases
|
|
36(12): 784–786 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2787680/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2787680</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19704392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19704392</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Not a relevant study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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Zou, Huachun, Fairley, Christopher K, Guy, Rebecca
|
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et al (2013) Automated, computer generated reminders and increased detection of gonorrhoea, chlamydia and syphilis in men who have sex with men. PloS one
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8(4): e61972 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3629129/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3629129</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23613989" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23613989</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Data not reported in an extractable format</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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Zou, Huachun, Fairley, Christopher K, Guy, Rebecca
|
|
et al (2012) The efficacy of clinic-based interventions aimed at increasing screening for bacterial sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men: a systematic review. Sexually transmitted diseases
|
|
39(5): 382–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22504605" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22504605</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Not a relevant study design</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng221er4appjtab2"><div id="niceng221er4.appj.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Clinical review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK589710/table/niceng221er4.appj.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng221er4.appj.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Wilson, David P, Heymer, Kelly-Jean, Anderson, Jonathan
|
|
et al (2010) Sex workers can be screened too often: a cost-effectiveness analysis in Victoria, Australia. Sexually transmitted infections
|
|
86(2): 117–25 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19843534" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19843534</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng221er4.appj.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study is conducted in a population of licensed commercial sex workers in Victoria, Australia. This was not considered to be a sufficiently relevant population to the current UK context to justify including the article.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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