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<div class="pre-content"><div><div class="bk_prnt"><p class="small">NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.</p><p>StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. </p></div></div></div>
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<div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK589635_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Bacopa monnieri</span></h1><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">Eric A. Walker</span><sup>1</sup>; <span itemprop="author">Mark V. Pellegrini</span>.</p><h4>Affiliations</h4><div class="affiliation"><sup>1</sup> Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center</div><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">March 17, 2023</span>.</p></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="article-143270.s1"><h2 id="_article-143270_s1_">Continuing Education Activity</h2><p>Bacopa monnieri (often called brahmi) is a botanical frequently used in Ayurvedic medicine. The main indications for using Bacopa in Ayurvedic medicine are memory improvement, insomnia, epilepsy, and as an anxiolytic. Many clinical studies have demonstrated improvements in verbal learning, delayed word recall, memory acquisition, and anxiety reduction with using Bacopa. It has been described as a calming cognitive enhancer. The triterpenoid saponins are believed to be responsible for most of the herb's pharmacological actions. Bacopa has a high therapeutic index and is generally well-tolerated. The most common side effects are gastrointestinal, including increased stool frequency, nausea, and abdominal cramps. This activity reviews the indications, contraindications, activity, adverse events, and other key elements of the clinical use of the herb Bacopa monnieri in the care of patients with declining cognitive performance and anxiety.</p><p>
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<b>Objectives:</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Evaluate the clinical indications for the use of the botanical Bacopa monnieri.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Assess possible mechanisms of action for Bacopa monnieri.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Identify adverse effects and contraindications for the use of Bacopa monnieri.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Summarize the clinical studies on the effectiveness of Bacopa monnieri in improving cognitive performance, verbal learning, delayed word recall, memory acquisition, and decreasing anxiety.</div></li></ul>
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<a href="https://www.statpearls.com/account/trialuserreg/?articleid=143270&utm_source=pubmed&utm_campaign=reviews&utm_content=143270" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.</a>
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</p></div><div id="article-143270.s2"><h2 id="_article-143270_s2_">Indications</h2><p>
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<i>Bacopa monnieri</i> is a medicinal creeping perennial in the Scrophulariaceae family with small oblong leaves and white to purple flowers frequently used in ayurvedic medicine (see <b>Image.</b> Bacopa). Other names for this herb include brahmi, water hyssop, thyme-leaved gratiola, and the herb of grace.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r1">[1]</a> Brahmi is derived from Hindu mythology, which means "Brahma," or the "supreme creator." <a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r2">[2]</a> The term Brahmi has been used to describe <i>Bacopa monnieri,</i>
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<i>Centella asiatica</i> (Gotu kola), or a combination of the 2 botanicals.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r2">[2]</a></p><p>
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<i>Bacopa</i> is native to India, Indochina, Australia, and Sri Lanka. The leaves are used medicinally and contain triterpenoid saponins (Bacoside A, bacoside B, bacopasaponins, D-mannitol, acid A, monnieri), alkaloids (brahmine, nicotine, herpestine, hydrocotyline), flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin), glycosides (asiaticoside, thanakunicide), Phytochemicals (betulinic acid, betulic acid, wogonin, oroxindin, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol), sapogenin (jujubacogenin, pseudojujubacogenin) and other compounds (Brahmic acid, brahamoside, brahminoside, isobrahmic acid.)<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r3">[3]</a> The saponins are believed to be responsible for most of the pharmacological actions.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r4">[4]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r5">[5]</a></p><p>Its use has been documented in the Ayurvedic text "Caraka Samhita" as a treatment for various mental conditions.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r4">[4]</a> Ayurvedic medicine describes <i>Bacopa</i> as a "medhya rasayana," meaning a class of herbs believed to improve mental health, memory, and intellect and promote rejuvenation and longevity.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r3">[3]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r2">[2]</a> The main indications for using Brahmi in Ayurvedic medicine are memory improvement, insomnia, epilepsy, and as an anxiolytic.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r6">[6]</a> Many clinical studies demonstrate improvements in verbal learning, delayed word recall, memory acquisition, and anxiety reduction with <i>Bacopa</i>. It has been described as a calming cognitive enhancer.</p><p>
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<i>Bacopa</i> can be used on its own or in combination with other nootropic herbs, such as Gotu Kola (<i>Centella asiatica</i>). <i>Bacopa monnieri</i> and <i>Centella asiatica</i> both possess neuroprotective properties and have nootropic activity with therapeutic uses for patients experiencing memory loss.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r2">[2]</a> Gotu kola is used in Ayurvedic medicine and in combination with other herbs in traditional Chinese medicine to combat symptoms of anxiety and depression.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r7">[7]</a> In human studies, <i>Bacopa</i> has demonstrated beneficial effects on cognitive performance, verbal learning, delayed word recall, memory acquisition, and decreasing anxiety. The FDA's position is that <i>Bacopa monnieri</i> products are not approved for any medical purposes, and in 2019 issued a warning to dietary supplement manufacturers who produce products containing <i>Bacopa monnieri</i> regarding making any therapeutic claims about the herb.</p><p>
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<b>Human Studies</b>
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</p><p>
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<i>Bacopa monnieri</i> functioning as a cognitive performance enhancer was demonstrated in a small (17 patient) randomized control trial published in 2014. They noted statistically significant improvement in cognitive performance (mental arithmetic, Stroop, letter search, visual tracking), improved mood, and a decreased cortisol response from stress after 1 dose of <i>Bacopa</i> (320 mg and 640 mg). A stronger effect was observed with the 640 mg dose.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r8">[8]</a> In contrast, another small study (30 subjects) evaluated a daily dose of 450mg over a 12-week period in healthy adults, which demonstrated no significant change in cognitive testing scores (learning and memory, information processing), but a trend for decreased anxiety in the <i>Bacopa</i> group.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r9">[9]</a></p><p>A meta-analysis incorporating 9 randomized controlled trials (437 subjects) demonstrated an improved speed of attention and cognition and decreased reaction time.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r10">[10]</a> In a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, patients (54 adults) were given a 300 mg standardized extract of either Bacopa or placebo. Measurements were obtained by evaluating tasks of attention, memory, and psychological state at baseline and following a 12-week trial. The treated group demonstrated enhanced delayed word recall memory scores and increased ability to ignore irrelevant information (Stroop test) relative to placebo.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r11">[11]</a></p><p>In a study of memory acquisition, there was a randomized, double-blinded study (81 adults 55 years and older) that reported a 12-week cycle of <i>Bacopa</i> significantly improved memory acquisition and retention in healthy older Australians.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r12">[12]</a> A meta-analysis incorporating results from 6 studies with 12 weeks or greater duration found that <i>Bacopa</i> improved memory-free recall but did not improve other aspects of cognition. These studies used a 300 to 450 mg dose of <i>Bacopa</i> extract standardized to 10 to 20% bacopa glycosides <a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r13">[13]</a>. <i>Bacopa</i> has shown anxiolytic effects in people with cognitive decline. Bacopa, in combination with Gotu kola (<i>Centella asiatica</i>), has been shown in double-blind, randomized clinical trials to reduce general anxiety symptoms effectively.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r14">[14]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r15">[15]</a></p><p>
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<b>Animal Studies</b>
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</p><p>In a study on male albino mice, <i>Bacopa monniera</i> extract was administered along with phenytoin in the second week of a 2-week trial. There was a significant reversal of phenytoin-induced cognitive impairment with improved acquisition and retention of memory and no effect on the anticonvulsant activity.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r16">[16]</a> Some animal studies suggest a benefit from <i>Bacopa monnieri</i> for Alzheimer disease,<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r3">[3]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r17">[17]</a> epilepsy,<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r18">[18]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r19">[19]</a> Parkinson disease,<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r20">[20]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r21">[21]</a> and cerebral ischemia/infarct.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r22">[22]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r23">[23]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r24">[24]</a> It has been shown to cure gastric ulcers in animals and have anti-<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> activity in human colonic tissue.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r25">[25]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r26">[26]</a></p></div><div id="article-143270.s3"><h2 id="_article-143270_s3_">Mechanism of Action</h2><p>
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<i>Bacopa monnieri</i> has many pharmacological actions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, cardiotonic, bronchodilator, and peptic ulcer protection.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r27">[27]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r28">[28]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r25">[25]</a> <i>Bacopa</i> leaf powder has been shown to have antioxidant effects.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r29">[29]</a> The cognitive-enhancing properties of <i>Bacopa</i> are likely from the presence of a group of saponins collectively referred to as bacosides. Purified bacosides A and B, as well as bacopa alcoholic extract, may facilitate learning ability, memory, and cognitive performance.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r30">[30]</a></p><p>Some possible mechanisms which may lead to cognitive improvement include modulation of acetylcholine release, muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding, and choline acetylase activity.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r15">[15]</a><a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r31">[31]</a> The saponins in <i>Bacopa</i> modulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis output and protect the hippocampus. <i>Bacopa</i> causes an anti-inflammatory effect on activated microglial cell cultures.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r32">[32]</a> The microglial cells respond to any injury by transforming into a neuroprotective or neurotoxic phenotype that releases pro-inflammatory cytokines.</p><p>In 1 study, tea, infusion, and alkaloid extracts of <i>Bacopa and bacoside A administration were</i> shown to significantly inhibit the release of TNF alpha and IL-6 from activated N9 microglial cells in vitro.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r32">[32]</a> Other research demonstrates several mechanisms of action, including acetylcholinesterase inhibition, beta-amyloid reduction, choline acetyltransferase activation, increased cerebral blood flow, and monoamine potentiation.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r1">[1]</a> Many neuroprotective aspects of <i>Bacopa</i> have been studied. </p><p>
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<i>Bacopa</i> has been reported to protect against oxidative damage via decreased protein carbonyl levels in both cytosol and mitochondria in all brain regions.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r33">[33]</a> There is evidence of the inhibitory activity of <i>Bacopa</i> in the prevention of lipid peroxidation in the prefrontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus of rats.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r34">[34]</a> In the presence of free radicals, the first line of defense is the antioxidant superoxide dismutase, which increases with oxidative stress. One study reported decreased superoxide dismutase activity to normal levels in treated diabetic rats. This suggested homeostasis between the oxidant and antioxidant species.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r35">[35]</a> Reduced glutathione was significantly depleted in diabetic rats compared to non-diabetic rats due to oxidative stress.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r36">[36]</a> <i>Bacopa</i> has been reported to increase the level of reduced glutathione.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r37">[37]</a></p><p>Catalase is a common antioxidant enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen. The age-associated decline in the catalase activity in the lymphocytes of middle-aged and older male rats was significantly increased over those who received <i>Bacopa</i> treatment.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r29">[29]</a> In animal tissue models, <i>Bacopa</i> increased the adaptation responses to stressors. It normalizes monoamine levels and corticosterone in experimental models of stress.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r12">[12]</a></p><p>The sedative actions of <i>Bacopa</i> lend an overall calming effect. <i>Bacopa</i> has been shown to support GABA production, which reduces neuron excitability, thereby improving rapid response decision-making.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r2">[2]</a> Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter that provides a calming effect on the brain. <i>Bacopa monnieri</i> has been shown to increase GABA by enhancing the GABA A receptor subunit and up-regulating glutamate decarboxylase.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r38">[38]</a></p></div><div id="article-143270.s4"><h2 id="_article-143270_s4_">Administration</h2><p>The typical dose range of <i>Bacopa monnieri</i> used in traditional medicine and modern clinical trials are crude herb (5 to 10 grams per day of herb, taken in 2 or 3 divided doses), 1:5 tincture (10 to 20 mL per day, taken in 2 or 3 divided doses, and extract (300 to 450 mg per day of extracts usually standardized to 24% to 55% bacosides for adults). <i>Bacopa</i> may be used for up to 6 months at a dose of 225 mg daily in children (6 to 12 years.)<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r39">[39]</a></p></div><div id="article-143270.s5"><h2 id="_article-143270_s5_">Adverse Effects</h2><p>
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<i>Bacopa monnieri</i> has a high therapeutic index and is generally well-tolerated. The most common side effects are gastrointestinal, including increased stool frequency, nausea, and abdominal cramps. These are believed to be secondary to an upregulation of acetylcholine activity and/or a saponin-mediated gastrointestinal tract irritation.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r12">[12]</a> One study reported that <i>Bacopa</i> extract could also decrease fertility in animals. Libido is unaltered; however, there was a decrease in sperm count, motility, and viability when a dose of 250 mg/kg/day was administered for 28 and 56 days.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r40">[40]</a> <i>Bacopa</i> is mildly sedating, which may contribute to its anxiolytic activity.</p></div><div id="article-143270.s6"><h2 id="_article-143270_s6_">Contraindications</h2><p>
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<i>Bacopa monnieri</i> may inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, which may increase acetylcholine levels. As a result, <i>Bacopa</i> could counteract the effects of anticholinergic drugs and may worsen bradycardia and exacerbate conditions such as gastrointestinal obstruction, peptic ulcer disease, pulmonary conditions such as asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or urogenital tract obstruction.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r12">[12]</a> <i>Bacopa</i> has been shown to inhibit human cytochrome P450 enzymes, which could contribute to herb-drug interactions when co-administered orally with medications metabolized by CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and CYP2C19.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r41">[41]</a> Animal research suggests <i>Bacopa</i> may increase thyroxine levels (T4) in mice by about 40%. It should be used cautiously (or avoided) in those with a thyroid condition or who take thyroid hormone medications.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r42">[42]</a></p></div><div id="article-143270.s7"><h2 id="_article-143270_s7_">Monitoring</h2><p>Studies demonstrating adverse reactions to <i>Bacopa monnieri</i> are limited as of this writing. No significant documented adverse drug reactions or side effects have been demonstrated in clinical or biochemical measures in humans.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r43">[43]</a> One study documented a decrease in appetite and mild elevation in albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, nitrogen, globulin, and sodium in rats when they received a dose of 500 mg per kg, but there was no significant change in the weight of organs at the end of the 90-day study.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r44">[44]</a> Another study found <i>Bacopa monnieri</i> causes reversible suppression of spermatogenesis and fertility in Parkes (P) strain mice without affecting libido or producing toxic effects.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r40">[40]</a></p></div><div id="article-143270.s8"><h2 id="_article-143270_s8_">Toxicity</h2><p>There has been no human toxicity demonstrated with the use of <i>Bacopa monniera</i> in humans. One study evaluated the effects of large doses (30, 60, 300, and 1,500 mg/kg) administered to Sprague-Dawley rats over a period of 270 days and did not produce any significant toxicity.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r45">[45]</a></p></div><div id="article-143270.s9"><h2 id="_article-143270_s9_">Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes </h2><p>Individuals should communicate to their primary care provider when taking <i>Bacopa monniera</i>. The provider may need to discuss this with a pharmacist regarding other medications the patient is taking. <i>Bacopa</i> has cholinergic properties and may increase the chance of side effects with cholinergic drugs (acetylcholine, methacholine, bethanechol) due to an additive effect. <i>Bacopa</i> may also decrease the effectiveness of anticholinergic medications such as atropine or belladonna alkaloids.</p><p>
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<i>Bacopa</i> is known to cause non-competitive inhibition of several cytochrome P450 enzymes (1A2 (CYP1A2), 2C19 (CYP2C19), 2C9 (CYP2C9), 3A4 (CYP3A4)).<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r41">[41]</a> This may cause an increased accumulation of medications broken down by this enzyme and a decreased formation rate of active breakdown products. This may alter the effects and side effects of these medications. T4 concentration was increased with the use of <i>Bacopa</i> <i>e</i>xtract. Consuming <i>Bacopa</i> concomitantly with thyroid hormone may result in too much thyroid hormone and increase the potential for adverse effects.<a class="bk_pop" href="#article-143270.r42">[42]</a></p></div><div id="article-143270.s10"><h2 id="_article-143270_s10_">Review Questions</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>
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</div></li></ul></div><div class="floats-group" id="article-143270.s11"></div><div id="article-143270.s12"><h2 id="_article-143270_s12_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r1">Aguiar S, Borowski T. Neuropharmacological review of the nootropic herb Bacopa monnieri. <span><span class="ref-journal">Rejuvenation Res. </span>2013 Aug;<span class="ref-vol">16</span>(4):313-26.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3746283/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3746283</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23772955" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23772955</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>2.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r2">Shinomol GK, Muralidhara, Bharath MM. 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Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri extract. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Ethnopharmacol. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">151</span>(1):528-35.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24252493" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24252493</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r11">Calabrese C, Gregory WL, Leo M, Kraemer D, Bone K, Oken B. 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Standardized Extract of Bacopa monniera Attenuates Okadaic Acid Induced Memory Dysfunction in Rats: Effect on Nrf2 Pathway. <span><span class="ref-journal">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. </span>2013;<span class="ref-vol">2013</span>:294501.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3776558/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3776558</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24078822" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24078822</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r19">Krishnakumar A, Abraham PM, Paul J, Paulose CS. Down-regulation of cerebellar 5-HT(2C) receptors in pilocarpine-induced epilepsy in rats: therapeutic role of Bacopa monnieri extract. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Neurol Sci. </span>2009 Sep 15;<span class="ref-vol">284</span>(1-2):124-8.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19439326" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19439326</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r20">Singh B, Pandey S, Rumman M, Mahdi AA. Neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri in Parkinson's disease model. <span><span class="ref-journal">Metab Brain Dis. </span>2020 Mar;<span class="ref-vol">35</span>(3):517-525.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31834548" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31834548</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>21.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r21">Jadiya P, Khan A, Sammi SR, Kaur S, Mir SS, Nazir A. 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(brahmi) extract on avoidance responses in rat. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Ethnopharmacol. </span>1982 Mar;<span class="ref-vol">5</span>(2):205-14.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7057659" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7057659</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>31.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r31">Kishore K, Singh M. Effect of bacosides, alcoholic extract of Bacopa monniera Linn. (brahmi), on experimental amnesia in mice. <span><span class="ref-journal">Indian J Exp Biol. </span>2005 Jul;<span class="ref-vol">43</span>(7):640-5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16053272" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16053272</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>32.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r32">Nemetchek MD, Stierle AA, Stierle DB, Lurie DI. The Ayurvedic plant Bacopa monnieri inhibits inflammatory pathways in the brain. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Ethnopharmacol. </span>2017 Feb 02;<span class="ref-vol">197</span>:92-100.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5269610/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5269610</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27473605" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27473605</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>33.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r33">Shinomol GK, Bharath MM, Muralidhara Neuromodulatory propensity of Bacopa monnieri leaf extract against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced oxidative stress: in vitro and in vivo evidences. <span><span class="ref-journal">Neurotox Res. </span>2012 Aug;<span class="ref-vol">22</span>(2):102-14.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22203611" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22203611</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>34.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r34">Simpson T, Pase M, Stough C. Bacopa monnieri as an Antioxidant Therapy to Reduce Oxidative Stress in the Aging Brain. <span><span class="ref-journal">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. </span>2015;<span class="ref-vol">2015</span>:615384.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4564646/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4564646</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26413126" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26413126</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>35.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r35">Deepak M, Amit A. 'Bacoside B'--the need remains for establishing identity. <span><span class="ref-journal">Fitoterapia. </span>2013 Jun;<span class="ref-vol">87</span>:7-10.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23506783" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23506783</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>36.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r36">Kirana H, Srinivasan B. Aqueous extract of garcinia indica choisy restores glutathione in type 2 diabetic rats. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Young Pharm. </span>2010 Jul;<span class="ref-vol">2</span>(3):265-8.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2964765/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2964765</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21042483" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21042483</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>37.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r37">Kapoor R, Srivastava S, Kakkar P. Bacopa monnieri modulates antioxidant responses in brain and kidney of diabetic rats. <span><span class="ref-journal">Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. </span>2009 Jan;<span class="ref-vol">27</span>(1):62-9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21783922" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21783922</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>38.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r38">Mathew J, Gangadharan G, Kuruvilla KP, Paulose CS. Behavioral deficit and decreased GABA receptor functional regulation in the hippocampus of epileptic rats: effect of Bacopa monnieri. <span><span class="ref-journal">Neurochem Res. </span>2011 Jan;<span class="ref-vol">36</span>(1):7-16.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20821261" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20821261</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>39.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r39">Dave UP, Dingankar SR, Saxena VS, Joseph JA, Bethapudi B, Agarwal A, Kudiganti V. An open-label study to elucidate the effects of standardized Bacopa monnieri extract in the management of symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. <span><span class="ref-journal">Adv Mind Body Med. </span>2014 Spring;<span class="ref-vol">28</span>(2):10-5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24682000" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24682000</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>40.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r40">Singh A, Singh SK. Evaluation of antifertility potential of Brahmi in male mouse. <span><span class="ref-journal">Contraception. </span>2009 Jan;<span class="ref-vol">79</span>(1):71-9.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19041444" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19041444</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>41.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r41">Ramasamy S, Kiew LV, Chung LY. Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes by Bacopa monnieri standardized extract and constituents. <span><span class="ref-journal">Molecules. </span>2014 Feb 24;<span class="ref-vol">19</span>(2):2588-601.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6271976/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6271976</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24566323" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24566323</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>42.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r42">Kar A, Panda S, Bharti S. Relative efficacy of three medicinal plant extracts in the alteration of thyroid hormone concentrations in male mice. <span><span class="ref-journal">J Ethnopharmacol. </span>2002 Jul;<span class="ref-vol">81</span>(2):281-5.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12065164" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12065164</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>43.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r43">Shalini VT, Neelakanta SJ, Sriranjini JS. Neuroprotection with Bacopa monnieri-A review of experimental evidence. <span><span class="ref-journal">Mol Biol Rep. </span>2021 Mar;<span class="ref-vol">48</span>(3):2653-2668.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33675463" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 33675463</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>44.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r44">Saraf MK, Prabhakar S, Pandhi P, Anand A. Bacopa monniera ameliorates amnesic effects of diazepam qualifying behavioral-molecular partitioning. <span><span class="ref-journal">Neuroscience. </span>2008 Aug 13;<span class="ref-vol">155</span>(2):476-84.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18585439" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18585439</span></a>]</div></dd><dt>45.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="article-143270.r45">Sireeratawong S, Jaijoy K, Khonsung P, Lertprasertsuk N, Ingkaninan K. Acute and chronic toxicities of Bacopa monnieri extract in Sprague-Dawley rats. <span><span class="ref-journal">BMC Complement Altern Med. </span>2016 Jul 27;<span class="ref-vol">16</span>:249.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4962406/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4962406</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27460904" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27460904</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></div><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
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<b>Disclosure: </b>Eric Walker declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_top_margin">
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<b>Disclosure: </b>Mark Pellegrini declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.</p></div></dd></dl></div><div class="bk_prnt_sctn"><h2>Figures</h2><div class="whole_rhythm bk_prnt_obj bk_first_prnt_obj"><div id="article-143270.image.f1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Bacopa&p=BOOKS&id=589635_Bacopa__image__copy.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img src="/books/NBK589635/bin/Bacopa__image__copy.jpg" alt="Bacopa" class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><div class="caption"><p>Bacopa. Bacopa is a medicinal creeping perennial in the Scrophulariaceae family. It has small oblong leaves and white to purple flowers, which are frequently used in Ayurvedic medicine. Contributed by E Walker, MD</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
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