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yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/CreativeWork"><div class="meta-content fm-sec"><div class="fm-sec"><h1 id="_NBK588654_"><span class="title" itemprop="name">Inclisiran</span></h1><p class="fm-aai"><a href="#_NBK588654_pubdet_">Publication Details</a></p></div></div><div class="body-content whole_rhythm" itemprop="text"><div id="Inclisiran.OVERVIEW"><h2 id="_Inclisiran_OVERVIEW_">OVERVIEW</h2><div id="Inclisiran.Introduction"><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Inclisiran is a synthetic small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecule directed against PCSK-9 that is used to treat hypercholesterolemia. Inclisiran has not been linked to ALT elevations during therapy or to instances of clinically apparent liver injury with symptoms or jaundice.</p></div><div id="Inclisiran.Background"><h3>Background</h3><p>Inclisiran (in clis’ er an) is a synthetic, double-stranded, small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against the mRNA of PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9), a small polypeptide produced in the liver than binds to and causes degradation of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol receptor. The binding of PCSK9 to the receptor leads to its internalization and lysosomal digestion, resulting in less uptake of LDL cholesterol from the serum and rise in cholesterol levels. Inhibition of this protein prevents the breakdown of the LDL cholesterol receptor, resulting in an increase in LDL cholesterol by the liver and a marked decrease in serum LDL cholesterol. The siRNA molecule is covalently linked to three N-acetylgalactosamine residues, which facilitate its uptake by hepatocytes. Once taken up by cells, the siRNA is cleaved into smaller fragments and separated into single strands that bind and silence the mRNA of PCSK9. In animal models, inclisiran reduced PCSK9 mRNA levels in liver and PCSK9 protein in serum, which was accompanied by an increase in hepatocyte LDL cholesterol receptors and decrease in serum LDL cholesterol. In placebo controlled trials of inclisiran in patients with hypercholesterolemia, single subcutaneous injections resulted in dose related reductions in serum cholesterol levels that persisted for several weeks. With 3 to 6 monthly injections of higher doses, serum LDL cholesterol levels fell by 50%. Inclisiran was approved for use in the United States in 2021 for patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia or patients with a history of cardiovascular disease with inadequate lowering of serum LDL cholesterol by statins due to resistance or intolerance of statin side effects. Inclisiran is available in solution in single dose prefilled syringes of 284 mg in 1.5 mL under the brand name Leqvio. The recommended dose regimen is 284 mg initially and again 3 months later, followed by every 6 months. Administration should be by a health care provider. Inclisiran is generally well tolerated, but side effects can include injection site reactions, fatigue, arthralgias, diarrhea and musculoskeletal pains. In preregistration studies, 5% to 13% of inclisiran treated patients developed anti-drug antibodies, but their presence was not associated with decreased efficacy or safety.</p></div><div id="Inclisiran.Hepatotoxicity"><h3>Hepatotoxicity</h3><p>In multiple pivotal trials, inclisiran therapy was well tolerated and serum ALT elevations arose in less than 1% of patients that were invariably transient, mild-to-moderate in severity, and without accompanying symptoms or jaundice. In controlled trials, rates of ALT and AST elevations during inclisiran therapy were similar to those with placebo or comparator agents. Since its approval and more widescale use, there have been no published reports of liver injury attributed to inclisiran therapy. Thus, inclisiran is an unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury, although it still has had limited clinical use.</p><p>Likelihood score: E (unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury).</p></div><div id="Inclisiran.Mechanism_of_Injury"><h3>Mechanism of Injury</h3><p>The possible cause of hepatic injury from inclisiran or other siRNA therapeutics is not known. One possibility is that suppression of intracellular PCSK9 levels might cause or predispose to liver injury. Inclisiran, like other siRNA therapeutic agents, is metabolized intracellularly by nucleases and is not a substrate of cytochrome P450 enzymes or hepatic transporters.</p></div><div id="Inclisiran.Outcome_and_Management"><h3>Outcome and Management</h3><p>Inclisiran has not been linked to ALT elevations or to clinically apparent liver injury and regular monitoring of routine liver tests is not recommended.</p><p>Drug Class: Genetic Disorder Agents, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Lipid-LoweringAgents/?report=reader">Antilipemic Agents</a></p><p>Other Therapeutic siRNA-based Agents: <a href="/books/n/livertox/Eteplirsen/?report=reader">Eteplirsen</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Givosiran/?report=reader">Givosiran</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Golodirsen/?report=reader">Golodirsen</a>, <a href="/books/n/livertox/Patisiran/?report=reader">Patisiran</a></p></div></div><div id="Inclisiran.PRODUCT_INFORMATION"><h2 id="_Inclisiran_PRODUCT_INFORMATION_">PRODUCT INFORMATION</h2><p>
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<b>REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES</b>
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</p><p>Inclisiran – Leqvio®</p><p>
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<b>DRUG CLASS</b>
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</p><p>Genetic Disorder Agents, Antilipemic Agents</p><p>
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<a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=6fc0afca-4513-4c35-b594-6544aee29a44" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">COMPLETE LABELING</a>
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</p><p>Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH</p></div><div id="Inclisiran.CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTUR"><h2 id="_Inclisiran_CHEMICAL_FORMULA_AND_STRUCTUR_">CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE</h2><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figInclisiranTc"><a href="/books/NBK588654/table/Inclisiran.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figInclisiranTc" rid-ob="figobInclisiranTc"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK588654/table/Inclisiran.Tc/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK588654/table/Inclisiran.Tc/?report=previmg" alt="Image " /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="Inclisiran.Tc"><a href="/books/NBK588654/table/Inclisiran.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobInclisiranTc">Table</a></h4></div></div></div><div id="Inclisiran.ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY"><h2 id="_Inclisiran_ANNOTATED_BIBLIOGRAPHY_">ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2><p>References updated: 06 January 2023</p><p>Abbreviations: mRNA, messenger RNA; PCSK9, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9; siRNA, small interfering RNA.</p><ul class="first-line-outdent"><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Inclisiran.REF.inclisiran.2021">FDA. Inclisiran. Clinical Review. 2021. Available at:</div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Inclisiran.REF2">
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<a href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2022/214012Orig1s000MedR.pdf" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.accessdata<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/nda/2022/214012Orig1s000MedR.pdf</a>
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.<div>
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<i>(The FDA clinical review of inclisiran for efficacy and safety; reported ALT elevations above 5 times ULN arose in 6 of 2990 [0.2%] inclisiran treated patients, all of which were transient and asymptomatic and none were associated with jaundice).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Inclisiran.REF.setten.2019.421">Setten RL, Rossi JJ, Han SP. The current state and future directions of RNAi-based therapeutics. <span><span class="ref-journal">Nat Rev Drug Discov. </span>2019;<span class="ref-vol">18</span>:421–46.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30846871" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30846871</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Extensive review of gene silencing using RNA interference pathways and the potential of RNAi therapeutics, which have promise in many genetic and acquired diseases including transthyretin amyloidosis [transthyretin], HIV infection [CCR5], HBV [HBV mRNA], alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency [zz A1AT], hypercholesterolemia [PCSK9]).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Inclisiran.REF.fitzgerald.2014.60">Fitzgerald K, Frank-Kamenetsky M, Shulga-Morskaya S, Liebow A, Bettencourt BR, Sutherland JE, Hutabarat RM, et al. Effect of an RNA interference drug on the synthesis of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and the concentration of serum LDL cholesterol in healthy volunteers: a randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial. <span><span class="ref-journal">Lancet. </span>2014;<span class="ref-vol">383</span>(9911):60–68.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4387547/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4387547</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24094767" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24094767</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(In a phase 1, dose-finding and safety study of single injections of inclisiran or placebo in 32 patients not receiving medications for hypercholesterolemia, inclisiran led to a rapid 50% decline in PCSK9 levels and marked decline in LDL cholesterol levels at the highest doses that was sustained for several weeks, and there were no drug related serious adverse events).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Inclisiran.REF.fitzgerald.2017.41">Fitzgerald K, White S, Borodovsky A, Bettencourt BR, Strahs A, Clausen V, Wijngaard P, et al. A highly durable RNAi therapeutic inhibitor of PCSK9. <span><span class="ref-journal">N Engl J Med. </span>2017;<span class="ref-vol">376</span>:41–51.</span> [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5778873/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5778873</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27959715" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27959715</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(In a phase 1 dose findings of single or multiple doses of inclisiran, maximum reduction in LDL cholesterol was achieved with 300 mg doses, which were sustained for 6 months while adverse events were mild-to-moderate in severity and self-limited in course, one patient on inclisiran developing ALT levels above 2 times ULN improved on stopping atorvastatin and had recurrence on restarting it).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Inclisiran.REF.ray.2017.1430">Ray KK, Landmesser U, Leiter LA, Kallend D, Dufour R, Karakas M, Hall T, et al. Inclisiran in patients at high cardiovascular risk with elevated LDL cholesterol. <span><span class="ref-journal">N Engl J Med. </span>2017;<span class="ref-vol">376</span>:1430–1440.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28306389" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28306389</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(In a phase 2 trial of multiple ascending doses of one or two doses of inclisiran vs placebo, the 2 dose regimen of 300 mg of inclisiran yielded the greatest reduction in LDL cholesterol, and adverse event rates were similar between two groups with ALT levels above 3 times ULN in 2 of 370 [0.5%] on inclisiran vs none of 127 on placebo).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Inclisiran.REF.page.2018.270">Page MM, Watts GF. PCSK9 in context: A contemporary review of an important biological target for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. <span><span class="ref-journal">Diabetes Obes Metab. </span>2018;<span class="ref-vol">20</span>:270–282.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28736830" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28736830</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of the role of PCSK9 in cholesterol metabolism and the efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibody inhibitors of circulating levels [evolocumab and alirocumab ] and siRNA inhibitors of its synthesis [inclisiran].</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Inclisiran.REF.ray.2020.1507">Ray KK, Wright RS, Kallend D, Koenig W, Leiter LA, Raal FJ, Bisch JA, et al. ORION-10 and ORION-11 Investigators. Two phase 3 trials of inclisiran in patients with elevated LDL cholesterol. <span><span class="ref-journal">N Engl J Med. </span>2020;<span class="ref-vol">382</span>:1507–1519.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32187462" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32187462</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 3178 patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [or at high risk for it] and high LDL cholesterol levels despite statin therapy in 2 placebo controlled trials of inclisiran [300 mg at 0, 90, 270and 450 days], LDL cholesterol levels decreased by 50-52% with inclisiran and adverse event rates were similar to placebo except for injection site reactions [4.7% vs 0.5%]; ALT levels rising above 3 times ULN in 0.4% of both groups).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Inclisiran.REF.raal.2020.1520">Raal FJ, Kallend D, Ray KK, Turner T, Koenig W, Wright RS, Wijngaard PLJ, et al. ORION-9 Investigators. Inclisiran for the treatment of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. <span><span class="ref-journal">N Engl J Med. </span>2020;<span class="ref-vol">382</span>:1520–1530.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32197277" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32197277</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Among 482 adults with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia treated with inclisiran [300 mg] or placebo on days 0, 90, 270 and 450, LDL cholesterol levels decreased by 40% on inclisiran but increased by 8% on placebo, while adverse event rates were similar in the two groups except for injection site reactions [17% vs 1.7%], ALT levels above 3 times ULN occurring in 1.2% [3 of 241 inclisiran-] vs 0.4% [1 of 240 placebo recipients]).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Inclisiran.REF10">Inclisiran (Leqvio) for LDL-cholesterol lowering. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med Lett Drugs Ther. </span>2022;<span class="ref-vol">64</span>(1646):43–45.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35294427" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35294427</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Concise review of the mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, safety and costs of inclisiran shortly after its approval for use in the United States, mentions side effects of injection site reactions [8%], arthralgia, urinary tract infections, diarrhea, bronchitis, extremity pain and dyspnea; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity.</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Inclisiran.REF11">Lipid-lowering drugs. <span><span class="ref-journal">Med Lett Drugs Ther. </span>2022;<span class="ref-vol">64</span>(1659):145–152.</span> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36094548" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36094548</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Concise summary of efficacy, safety and costs of lipid-lowering drugs approved for use in the US mentions that inclisiran lowers LDL cholesterol levels by about 50% when added to maximally tolerated statin therapy, but includes no mention of serious adverse events, ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).</i>
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</div></div></li><li><div class="bk_ref" id="Inclisiran.REF.ranasinghe.2022">Ranasinghe P, Addison ML, Dear JW, Webb DJ. Small interfering RNA: Discovery, pharmacology and clinical development–An introductory review. <span><span class="ref-journal">Br J Pharmacol. </span>2022 Oct 17;</span> Epub ahead of print. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36250252" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36250252</span></a>]<div>
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<i>(Review of the history of development, mechanism of action, methods of delivery, clinical efficacy and safety of RNA silencing drugs including lumasiran, givosiran, inclisiran, patisiran and vutrisiran, discusses adverse events from inclisiran of injection site reactions, but does not mention hepatotoxicity or ALT elevations).</i>
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</div></div></li></ul></div><div id="bk_toc_contnr"></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><h2 id="_NBK588654_pubdet_">Publication Details</h2><h3>Publication History</h3><p class="small">Last Update: <span itemprop="dateModified">January 6, 2023</span>.</p><h3>Copyright</h3><div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright Notice</a></div></div><h3>Publisher</h3><p><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/" ref="pagearea=page-banner&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher">National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</a>, Bethesda (MD)</p><h3>NLM Citation</h3><p>LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Inclisiran. [Updated 2023 Jan 6].<span class="bk_cite_avail"></span></p></div><div class="small-screen-prev"><a href="/books/n/livertox/Imipramine/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M75,30 c-80,60 -80,0 0,60 c-30,-60 -30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Prev</text></svg></a></div><div class="small-screen-next"><a href="/books/n/livertox/IncretinBasedDrugs/?report=reader"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" preserveAspectRatio="none"><path d="M25,30c80,60 80,0 0,60 c30,-60 30,0 0,-60"></path><text x="20" y="28" textLength="60" style="font-size:25px">Next</text></svg></a></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobInclisiranTc"><div id="Inclisiran.Tc" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK588654/table/Inclisiran.Tc/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__Inclisiran.Tc_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_Inclisiran.Tc_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">DRUG</th><th id="hd_h_Inclisiran.Tc_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CAS REGISTRY NO</th><th id="hd_h_Inclisiran.Tc_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOLECULAR FORMULA</th><th id="hd_h_Inclisiran.Tc_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">STRUCTURE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_Inclisiran.Tc_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inclisiran</td><td headers="hd_h_Inclisiran.Tc_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/381127835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">1639324-58-5</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_Inclisiran.Tc_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">C529-H707-F12-N176-O316-P43-S6</td><td headers="hd_h_Inclisiran.Tc_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not Available</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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