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id="_NBK586312_"><span itemprop="name">Evidence review: Diagnosis of epilepsies</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Epilepsies in children, young people and adults: diagnosis and management</div><p><b>Evidence review 3</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 217</i></p><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">National Guideline Centre (UK)</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2022 Apr</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-4513-9</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2022.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1"><h2 id="_niceng217er3_s1_">1. Diagnosis of epilepsy</h2><div id="niceng217er3.s1.1"><h3>1.1. Introduction</h3><p>Epilepsy is diagnosed in people who have had two unprovoked seizures or in those who have had one seizure, but there are features to suggest a high risk of recurrence. Confirming and diagnosing epilepsy can be difficult and relies heavily on the description of seizures. Many different conditions can cause epilepsy, although often, an underlying cause is not identified. Conditions associated with epilepsy include brain infections, brain injury, brain malformations, metabolic disorders, stroke, dementia and underlying genetic abnormalities. This evidence review evaluates the accuracy of a range of diagnostic strategies to optimise diagnosis and assessment in people who may have epilepsy.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.2"><h3>1.2. Review question: What is the most accurate approach for 1) diagnosis of epilepsy and 2) differentiation between types of epilepsy?</h3><div id="niceng217er3.s1.2.1"><h4>1.2.1. Summary of the protocol</h4><p>For full details see the review protocol in <a href="#niceng217er3.appa">Appendix A</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab1"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab1" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. PICO characteristics of review question." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">PICO characteristics of review question. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.2.2"><h4>1.2.2. Methods and process</h4><p>This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual.<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref138" rid="niceng217er3.ref138"><sup>138</sup></a> Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in <a href="#niceng217er3.appa">Appendix A</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.2.3"><h4>1.2.3. Effectiveness evidence</h4><div id="niceng217er3.s1.2.3.1"><h5>1.2.3.1. Included studies</h5><p>77 studies were included in this diagnostic accuracy review<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref6" rid="niceng217er3.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref7" rid="niceng217er3.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref10" rid="niceng217er3.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref11" rid="niceng217er3.ref11"><sup>11</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref16" rid="niceng217er3.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref20" rid="niceng217er3.ref20"><sup>20</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref25" rid="niceng217er3.ref25"><sup>25</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref26" rid="niceng217er3.ref26"><sup>26</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref28" rid="niceng217er3.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref43" rid="niceng217er3.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref56" rid="niceng217er3.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref58" rid="niceng217er3.ref58"><sup>58</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref60" rid="niceng217er3.ref60"><sup>60</sup></a><sup>–</sup><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref62" rid="niceng217er3.ref62"><sup>62</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref64" rid="niceng217er3.ref64"><sup>64</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref65" rid="niceng217er3.ref65"><sup>65</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref68" rid="niceng217er3.ref68"><sup>68</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref69" rid="niceng217er3.ref69"><sup>69</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref73" rid="niceng217er3.ref73"><sup>73</sup></a><sup>–</sup><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref75" rid="niceng217er3.ref75"><sup>75</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref81" rid="niceng217er3.ref81"><sup>81</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref82" rid="niceng217er3.ref82"><sup>82</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref84" rid="niceng217er3.ref84"><sup>84</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref86" rid="niceng217er3.ref86"><sup>86</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref87" rid="niceng217er3.ref87"><sup>87</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref90" rid="niceng217er3.ref90"><sup>90</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref92" rid="niceng217er3.ref92"><sup>92</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref94" rid="niceng217er3.ref94"><sup>94</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref96" rid="niceng217er3.ref96"><sup>96</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref97" rid="niceng217er3.ref97"><sup>97</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref99" rid="niceng217er3.ref99"><sup>99</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref100" rid="niceng217er3.ref100"><sup>100</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref102" rid="niceng217er3.ref102"><sup>102</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref107" rid="niceng217er3.ref107"><sup>107</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref109" rid="niceng217er3.ref109"><sup>109</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref111" rid="niceng217er3.ref111"><sup>111</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref114" rid="niceng217er3.ref114"><sup>114</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref116" rid="niceng217er3.ref116"><sup>116</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref124" rid="niceng217er3.ref124"><sup>124</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref125" rid="niceng217er3.ref125"><sup>125</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref131" rid="niceng217er3.ref131"><sup>131</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref132" rid="niceng217er3.ref132"><sup>132</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref136" rid="niceng217er3.ref136"><sup>136</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref137" rid="niceng217er3.ref137"><sup>137</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref143" rid="niceng217er3.ref143"><sup>143</sup></a><sup>–</sup><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref146" rid="niceng217er3.ref146"><sup>146</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref158" rid="niceng217er3.ref158"><sup>158</sup></a><sup>–</sup><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref161" rid="niceng217er3.ref161"><sup>161</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref163" rid="niceng217er3.ref163"><sup>163</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref166" rid="niceng217er3.ref166"><sup>166</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref171" rid="niceng217er3.ref171"><sup>171</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref176" rid="niceng217er3.ref176"><sup>176</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref177" rid="niceng217er3.ref177"><sup>177</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref179" rid="niceng217er3.ref179"><sup>179</sup></a><sup>–</sup><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref181" rid="niceng217er3.ref181"><sup>181</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref184" rid="niceng217er3.ref184"><sup>184</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref186" rid="niceng217er3.ref186"><sup>186</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref193" rid="niceng217er3.ref193"><sup>193</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref194" rid="niceng217er3.ref194"><sup>194</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref196" rid="niceng217er3.ref196"><sup>196</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref199" rid="niceng217er3.ref199"><sup>199</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref200" rid="niceng217er3.ref200"><sup>200</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref203" rid="niceng217er3.ref203"><sup>203</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref205" rid="niceng217er3.ref205"><sup>205</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref209" rid="niceng217er3.ref209"><sup>209</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref213" rid="niceng217er3.ref213"><sup>213</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref215" rid="niceng217er3.ref215"><sup>215</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a>. The characteristics of these studies are summarised in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab2" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab2">Table 2</a>, and evidence from these studies are summarised in the clinical evidence summaries (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab3" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab3">Table 3</a> to <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab16/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab16" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab16">Table 16</a>). Further details are available in the study selection flow chart in Appendix <a href="#niceng217er3.appc.s1">C.1</a>, sensitivity and specificity forest plots and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves in <a href="#niceng217er3.appe">Appendix E</a>, and study evidence tables in <a href="#niceng217er3.appd">Appendix D</a>.</p><p>Analysis was stratified by the population requiring diagnostic attention: 1) children and adults with suspected epilepsy, or 2) children and adults with definite epilepsy, where uncertainty remains as to the type of epilepsy. The aim of most studies was not to differentiate between different types of epilepsy but to differentiate epilepsy from no epilepsy, and only two studies<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref64" rid="niceng217er3.ref64"><sup>64</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref132" rid="niceng217er3.ref132"><sup>132</sup></a> fitted into the latter stratum. Some studies<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref6" rid="niceng217er3.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref7" rid="niceng217er3.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref58" rid="niceng217er3.ref58"><sup>58</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref68" rid="niceng217er3.ref68"><sup>68</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref82" rid="niceng217er3.ref82"><sup>82</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref86" rid="niceng217er3.ref86"><sup>86</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref100" rid="niceng217er3.ref100"><sup>100</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref114" rid="niceng217er3.ref114"><sup>114</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref124" rid="niceng217er3.ref124"><sup>124</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref136" rid="niceng217er3.ref136"><sup>136</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref159" rid="niceng217er3.ref159"><sup>159</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref163" rid="niceng217er3.ref163"><sup>163</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref186" rid="niceng217er3.ref186"><sup>186</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref200" rid="niceng217er3.ref200"><sup>200</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref205" rid="niceng217er3.ref205"><sup>205</sup></a> evaluated an index test in an epilepsy population that was restricted to a certain type (such as temporal lobe epilepsy). However, the findings from these were evaluated in the first stratum because the ability of the index test to differentiate between the specific type and <i>no epilepsy</i> was being assessed; that is, these studies were <u>not</u> differentiating between different types of epilepsy. The sub-types of epilepsy included status epilepticus (SE), non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE), partial epilepsy, focal epilepsy, generalised epilepsy, generalised genetic epilepsy, autoimmune epilepsy, and absence seizures. These categories overlap but reflected the classification systems of the included papers. The types of epilepsy are highlighted in the results tables where appropriate.</p><p>For each of the above strata, pre-hoc sub-grouping strategies (conditional on observed heterogeneity) were:
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<ol><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age: <2, 2-11, 11-18, 18-55, >55</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Learning disability / no learning disability</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Head injury / no head injury</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gender</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Type of epilepsy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Person carrying out the index tests</div></li></ol></p><p>Sub-grouping was only considered for the two meta-analyses concerning interictal routine EEG and postictal stertorious breathing, as these were the only analyses where heterogeneity was evident. However, none of the protocol sub-grouping strategies were able to ‘explain’ heterogeneity (by yielding homogenous results within each sub-group) in either meta-analysis. Only 5 diagnostic meta-analyses were possible because at least 3 studies are required for a valid pooling of results, and for most index tests, only one or two studies were available.</p><p>Several studies did not recruit consecutively from the population under clinical suspicion but instead employed a case-control strategy where they recruited people with gold-standard confirmed epilepsy, as well as others with specific differential diagnoses that were also confirmed by a gold-standard method. In the majority of cases, the differential diagnosis was psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES). These studies have been highlighted in the analysis because this approach has an important impact on the interpretation of specificity results. Specificity measures may have been affected because the propensity towards false positives may be associated with the characteristics of the non-epilepsy group. For example, a group of people with PNES may be more likely (or less likely) to yield false-positive results than a more random group of people who were initially suspected of epilepsy. However, the sensitivity of the index test will not be affected by this approach, as sensitivity will depend solely on the response of the group who have gold-standard confirmed epilepsy. It should also be mentioned that in some papers, the target condition for diagnosis was not epilepsy but PNES (for example, the paper expressed the accuracy for detecting PNES, rather than epilepsy). These studies were still included because it was possible to convert the results to those that would have been observed had epilepsy been the target condition. This was achieved in most cases by simply exchanging the sensitivity and specificity measures. However, this could only occur if the study was restricted to epilepsy and PNES. If the non-PNES group comprised groups additional to those with epilepsy, then it was not possible to extrapolate the sensitivity and specificity for the detection of epilepsy.</p><p>Gold standards varied between studies, but the protocol had allowed for a variety of approaches. For inclusion, a study needed to have a sufficient description of the gold standard to permit the assumption that it was the best method available to the researchers when doing the study. If a study gave no indication of the methods used to decide on the gold standard diagnosis, it was excluded.</p><p>For the purposes of decision-making, sensitivity and specificity were given equal priority. For a test to be able to be recommended as a diagnostic strategy, it would normally need to exceed 0.9 for both sensitivity and specificity, and values below 0.6 would be regarded as clinically useless. Poor sensitivity indicates that an unacceptably large number of patients with epilepsy would not be diagnosed as having epilepsy (false negatives), and might remain untreated. Poor specificity means that an unacceptable proportion of those without epilepsy would be misdiagnosed as having epilepsy (false positives), leading to unnecessary and potentially harmful treatments, as well as unwarranted anxiety.</p><p>Because of the large numbers of included studies and results, it was necessary to categorise the index tests in the results tables. This categorisation is arbitrary, is not based on a pre-defined system, and has no impact on the strength of results. The 12 categories of index test are: symptoms/signs/semiology; serum measures; ECG testing; Imaging tests; EEG tests; MEG/TMS tests; psychological measures; linguistic tests; EMG tests; accelerometer testing; clinical impression at admission based on a variety of data; and miscellaneous methods.</p><p>Finally, it is important to point out that this review question covers the 6 questions previously in the scope:
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<dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.2.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Diagnostic accuracy of signs and symptoms</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.3.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">What is the role of electrocardiograph (ECG) in distinguishing between seizures and non-seizure events after a first seizure or seizure like episode?</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.4.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">What is the diagnostic accuracy of electroencephalogram (EEG) (including specific EEG techniques) in distinguishing between seizures and non-seizure events?</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.5.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">What is the diagnostic accuracy of EEG (including specific EEG techniques) in identifying specific seizure types and epilepsy syndromes?</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.6.</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">What is the diagnostic accuracy of EEG (including specific EEG techniques) in assessing the likelihood of seizure recurrence after a first seizure</p></dd></dl></dl></p><p>These questions were combined to ensure that we could capture testing strategies that combined elements from more than one of the original questions. For example, a testing strategy utilising signs and symptoms combined with EEG might not have fitted into either question 1.2 or 1.4. A combined question with a more open scope also allowed a greater range of index-test types to be included. Previously, using the 6 separate questions, the index test categories of imaging, magnetoencephalography, psychological tests, serum tests, EMG and accelerometer testing would not have been included, whereas they are now being considered in the review.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.2.3.2"><h5>1.2.3.2. Excluded studies</h5><p>Please see the excluded studies list in <a href="#niceng217er3.appi">Appendix I</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.2.4"><h4>1.2.4. Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab2"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab2" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Summary of studies included in the evidence review for detection of epilepsy." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of studies included in the evidence review for detection of epilepsy. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.2.5"><h4>1.2.5. Quality assessment of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><p>For measurement of imprecision, clinical decision thresholds were set at 0.90 [above which may be willing to recommend] and 0.60 [below which is clinically unhelpful (for both sensitivity and specificity).</p><div id="niceng217er3.s1.2.5.1"><h5>STRATUM 1: Detection of any epilepsy (differentiation from no epilepsy)</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab3"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab3" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Table 3. Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different symptoms/signs/semiology for detection of epilepsy." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different symptoms/signs/semiology for detection of epilepsy. Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column. Each index <a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab3">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab4"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab4" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Table 4. Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different serum measurements for detection of epilepsy." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab4">Table 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different serum measurements for detection of epilepsy. Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab5"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab5" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Table 5. Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of ECG tests for detection of epilepsy." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab5">Table 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of ECG tests for detection of epilepsy. Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab6"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 6" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab6" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab6/?report=previmg" alt="Table 6. Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different imaging tests for detection of epilepsy." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab6">Table 6</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different imaging tests for detection of epilepsy. Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab7"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 7" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab7" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab7"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab7/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab7/?report=previmg" alt="Table 7. Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of EEG methods for detection of epilepsy." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab7">Table 7</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of EEG methods for detection of epilepsy. Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab8"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 8" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab8" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab8"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab8/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab8/?report=previmg" alt="Table 8. Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different Magnetoencephalography / Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation tests for detection of epilepsy." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab8">Table 8</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different Magnetoencephalography / Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation tests for detection of epilepsy. Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated <a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab8">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab9"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 9" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab9" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab9"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab9/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab9/?report=previmg" alt="Table 9. Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different psychological measurements for detection of epilepsy." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab9"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab9">Table 9</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different psychological measurements for detection of epilepsy. Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab10"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 10" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab10" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab10"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab10/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab10/?report=previmg" alt="Table 10. Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different linguistic tests for detection of epilepsy." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab10"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab10">Table 10</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different linguistic tests for detection of epilepsy. Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab11"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 11" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab11" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab11"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab11/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab11/?report=previmg" alt="Table 11. Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of EMG tests for detection of epilepsy." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab11"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab11">Table 11</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of EMG tests for detection of epilepsy. Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab12"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 12" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab12" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab12"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab12/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab12/?report=previmg" alt="Table 12. Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of accelerometer tests for detection of epilepsy." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab12"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab12">Table 12</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of accelerometer tests for detection of epilepsy. Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab13"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 13" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab13" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab13"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab13/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab13/?report=previmg" alt="Table 13. Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of initial diagnosis at admission for detection of epilepsy." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab13"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab13">Table 13</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of initial diagnosis at admission for detection of epilepsy. Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab14"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 14" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab14" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab14"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab14/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab14/?report=previmg" alt="Table 14. Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of other miscellaneous physiological scales for detection of epilepsy." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab14"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab14">Table 14</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of other miscellaneous physiological scales for detection of epilepsy. Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.2.5.2"><h5>STRATUM 2: Differentiation between specific types of epilepsy</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab15"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 15" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab15" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab15"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab15/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab15/?report=previmg" alt="Table 15. Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different serum measurements for differentiation of people with autoimmune epilepsy from people with other epilepsy sub-types." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab15"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab15">Table 15</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different serum measurements for differentiation of people with autoimmune epilepsy from people with other epilepsy sub-types. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab16"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab16/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 16" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab16" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab16"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab16/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab16/?report=previmg" alt="Table 16. Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different psychological measurements for differentiation of people with autoimmune epilepsy from people with other epilepsy sub-types." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab16"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab16/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab16">Table 16</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different psychological measurements for differentiation of people with autoimmune epilepsy from people with other epilepsy sub-types. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#niceng217er3.appd">Appendix D</a> for full evidence tables.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.2.6"><h4>1.2.6. Economic evidence</h4><div id="niceng217er3.s1.2.6.1"><h5>1.2.6.1. Included studies</h5><p>No health economic studies were included.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.2.6.2"><h5>1.2.6.2. Excluded studies</h5><p>No relevant health economic studies were excluded due to assessment of limited applicability or methodological limitations.</p><p>See also the health economic study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng217er3.appg">Appendix G</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.2.7"><h4>1.2.7. Economic model</h4><p>This area was not prioritised for new cost-effectiveness analysis.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.2.8"><h4>1.2.8. Unit costs</h4><p>Relevant unit costs are provided below to aid consideration of cost effectiveness. All unit costs sourced from NHS reference costs 2018-2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref140" rid="niceng217er3.ref140"><sup>140</sup></a><sup>REF</sup>. The unit costs included are EEG, ECG, MRI, CT, PET, SPECT and neurology appointments.</p><p>Other unit costs of relevance include blood tests (full blood count, liver function, glucose, and electrolytes) and venous blood gas (for accident and emergency admissions only). NHS reference costs list directly accessed pathology services unit costs as between £1 and £8.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab17"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab17/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 17" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab17" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab17"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab17/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab17/?report=previmg" alt="Table 17. Electroencephalogram (EEG) unit costs." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab17"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab17/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab17">Table 17</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Electroencephalogram (EEG) unit costs. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab18"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab18/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 18" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab18" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab18"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab18/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab18/?report=previmg" alt="Table 18. Electrocardiogram (ECG) unit costs." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab18"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab18/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab18">Table 18</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Electrocardiogram (ECG) unit costs. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab19"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab19/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 19" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab19" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab19"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab19/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab19/?report=previmg" alt="Table 19. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) unit costs." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab19"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab19/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab19">Table 19</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) unit costs. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab20"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab20/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 20" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab20" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab20"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab20/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab20/?report=previmg" alt="Table 20. Computerised Tomography (CT) unit costs." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab20"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab20/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab20">Table 20</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Computerised Tomography (CT) unit costs. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab21"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab21/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 21" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab21" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab21"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab21/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab21/?report=previmg" alt="Table 21. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) unit costs." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab21"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab21/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab21">Table 21</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) unit costs. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab22"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab22/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 22" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab22" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab22"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab22/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab22/?report=previmg" alt="Table 22. Neurology appointment costs." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab22"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab22/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab22">Table 22</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Neurology appointment costs. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.3"><h3>1.3. Review question: What is the most clinically and cost-effective approach for diagnosis of epilepsies?</h3><div id="niceng217er3.s1.3.1"><h4>1.3.1. Summary of the protocol</h4><p>For full details see the review protocol in <a href="#niceng217er3.appa">0</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab23"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab23/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 23" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab23" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab23"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab23/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab23/?report=previmg" alt="Table 23. PICO characteristics of review question." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab23"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab23/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab23">Table 23</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">PICO characteristics of review question. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.3.2"><h4>1.3.2. Methods and process</h4><p>This review is a review of trials that have compared health-related outcomes in people randomised to different diagnostic tests. Tests may differ in their influence on later health outcomes through stimulating a more or less appropriate treatment approach by virtue of their differing diagnostic accuracies. In addition, tests may influence outcomes such as quality of life through other effects unrelated to accuracy, such as patient comfort, duration of testing or length of time for results. Whilst accuracy is not measured directly in such randomised trials, the advantage of such studies is that they demonstrate clinical efficacy. In contrast a diagnostic accuracy study can only demonstrate the intrinsic diagnostic accuracy of the test and is unable to show how that accuracy affects health outcomes. However, such randomised trials are not commonly undertaken, and may provide equivocal results, and so a diagnostic accuracy review was also undertaken.</p><p>This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>. Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in <a href="#niceng217er3.appa">appendix A</a> and the <a href="/books/NBK586312/bin/niceng217er3_bm1.pdf">methods</a> document.</p><p>Declarations of interest were recorded according to <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/about/who-we-are/policies-and-procedures" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NICE’s conflicts of interest policy</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.3.3"><h4>1.3.3. Effectiveness evidence</h4><div id="niceng217er3.s1.3.3.1"><h5>1.3.3.1. Included studies</h5><p>Two studies were included in the review.<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref165" rid="niceng217er3.ref165"><sup>165</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref218" rid="niceng217er3.ref218"><sup>218</sup></a> These are summarised in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab2" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab2">Table 2</a> below. Evidence from these studies is summarised in the clinical evidence summary in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab3" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab3">Table 3</a>.</p><p>Both included studies comprised patients undergoing emergency care due to reduced consciousness. They may therefore lack some applicability to the target population of this review, who require a diagnostic work-up because they have a clinical history suggestive of epilepsy.</p><p>See also the study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng217er3.appc">Appendix C</a>, study evidence tables in <a href="#niceng217er3.appd">Appendix D</a>, forest plots in <a href="#niceng217er3.appe">Appendix E</a> and GRADE tables in <a href="#niceng217er3.appf">Appendix F</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.3.3.2"><h5>1.3.3.2. Excluded studies</h5><p>See the excluded studies list in <a href="#niceng217er3.appk">Appendix K</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.3.4"><h4>1.3.4. Summary of studies included in the effectiveness evidence</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab24"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab24/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 24" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab24" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab24"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab24/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab24/?report=previmg" alt="Table 24. Summary of studies included in the evidence review." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab24"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab24/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab24">Table 24</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of studies included in the evidence review. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#niceng217er3.appd">Appendix D</a> for full evidence tables.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.3.5"><h4>1.3.5. Summary of the effectiveness evidence</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab25"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab25/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 25" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab25" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab25"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab25/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab25/?report=previmg" alt="Table 25. Clinical evidence summary: continuous EEG vs Routine EEG." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab25"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab25/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab25">Table 25</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: continuous EEG vs Routine EEG. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab26"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab26/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 26" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab26" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab26"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab26/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab26/?report=previmg" alt="Table 26. Clinical evidence summary: micro EEG + routine care versus routine care." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab26"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab26/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab26">Table 26</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: micro EEG + routine care versus routine care. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#niceng217er3.appf">Appendix F</a> for full GRADE tables</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.3.6"><h4>1.3.6. Economic evidence</h4><div id="niceng217er3.s1.3.6.1"><h5>1.3.6.1. Included studies</h5><p>No health economic studies were included.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.3.6.2"><h5>1.3.6.2. Excluded studies</h5><p>No relevant health economic studies were excluded due to assessment of limited applicability or methodological limitations.</p><p>See also the health economic study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng217er3.appg">Appendix G</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.3.7"><h4>1.3.7. Economic model</h4><p>This area was not prioritised for new cost-effectiveness analysis.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.3.8"><h4>1.3.8. Unit costs</h4><p>Relevant unit costs are provided below to aid consideration of cost effectiveness. All unit costs sourced from NHS reference costs 2018-2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref140" rid="niceng217er3.ref140"><sup>140</sup></a>. The unit costs included are EEG, ECG, MRI, CT, PET, SPECT and neurology appointments.</p><p>Other unit costs of relevance include blood tests (full blood count, liver function, glucose, and electrolytes) and venous blood gas (for accident and emergency admissions only). NHS reference costs list directly accessed pathology services unit costs as between £1 and £8.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab27"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab27/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 27" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab27" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab27"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab27/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab27/?report=previmg" alt="Table 27. Electroencephalogram (EEG) unit costs." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab27"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab27/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab27">Table 27</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Electroencephalogram (EEG) unit costs. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab28"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab28/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 28" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab28" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab28"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab28/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab28/?report=previmg" alt="Table 28. Electrocardiogram (ECG) unit costs." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab28"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab28/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab28">Table 28</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Electrocardiogram (ECG) unit costs. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab29"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab29/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 29" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab29" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab29"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab29/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab29/?report=previmg" alt="Table 29. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) unit costs." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab29"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab29/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab29">Table 29</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) unit costs. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab30"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab30/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 30" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab30" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab30"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab30/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab30/?report=previmg" alt="Table 30. Computerised Tomography (CT) unit costs." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab30"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab30/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab30">Table 30</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Computerised Tomography (CT) unit costs. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab31"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab31/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 31" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab31" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab31"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab31/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab31/?report=previmg" alt="Table 31. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) unit costs." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab31"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab31/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab31">Table 31</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) unit costs. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er3tab32"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab32/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 32" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er3tab32" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab32"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab32/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab32/?report=previmg" alt="Table 32. Neurology appointment costs." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er3.tab32"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab32/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er3tab32">Table 32</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Neurology appointment costs. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.4"><h3>1.4. Evidence statements</h3><div id="niceng217er3.s1.4.1"><h4>1.4.1. Effectiveness/Qualitative</h4><p>None.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.4.2"><h4>1.4.2. Economic</h4><p>No relevant economic evaluations were identified.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5"><h3>1.5. The committee’s discussion of the evidence</h3><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.1"><h4>1.5.1. The outcomes that matter most</h4><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.1.1"><h5>1.5.1.1. Diagnostic accuracy review</h5><p>For the diagnostic accuracy review the outcomes were sensitivity and specificity. The committee considered that both outcomes are important because the harms of reduced sensitivity and the harms of reduced specificity are similar in the context of epilepsy diagnosis. Reduced sensitivity means that some people who truly have epilepsy will <u>not</u> be successfully detected by the index test. These people will therefore remain undiagnosed and untreated, which can have serious consequences. Reduced specificity means that some people who truly do <u>not</u> have epilepsy will be misdiagnosed as having epilepsy. These people may receive unnecessary treatments, where possible harms are not ameliorated by benefits.</p><p>The committee agreed that ideally the thresholds for recommendation of index tests should be a sensitivity of 0.9 and a specificity of 0.9. Use of any test achieving this threshold would mean that no more than 10% of people with epilepsy would suffer a missed diagnosis (false negatives), and that no more than 10% of people without epilepsy would be misdiagnosed with epilepsy (false positives). Because it was thought that the harms of reduced specificity may be slightly less dangerous than the harms of reduced sensitivity, it was agreed some leeway might be made in cases where a test had specificity slightly below 0.9. However, it was agreed that sensitivity had to exceed 0.9 to allow recommendation.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.1.2"><h5>1.5.1.2. RCT review</h5><p>All outcomes (mortality, seizures, seizure frequency, time to withdrawal of treatment, quality of life and any adverse events) were considered critical and of equal priority for decision-making.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.2"><h4>1.5.2. The quality of the evidence</h4><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.2.1"><h5>1.5.2.1. Diagnostic accuracy review</h5><p>Most of the evidence was graded as low or very low. The main reasons for this were a lack of blinding of index tests and gold standard tests, which may have caused detection bias. Imprecision of estimates also occurred frequently, partly due to the small sample sizes of some studies. Other studies also did not report 95% confidence intervals, or did not report raw data sufficiently clearly to allow calculation of 95% confidence intervals, which prevented assessment of precision for these studies. In addition, some studies used a ‘case-control’ approach. In such studies the overall sample were purposefully derived from one group of people who had epilepsy, and from another group who did not have epilepsy but instead had a specific differential diagnosis (such as psychogenic non epileptic seizures). This results in the non-epilepsy group in such studies being more homogeneous than would be expected in the protocol population, where participants were meant to be drawn consecutively from a more heterogeneous sample of people who were suspected of epilepsy. This reduced the representativeness of the population in such ‘case-control’ studies, and a downgrade for indirectness was therefore made.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.2.2"><h5>1.5.2.2. RCT review</h5><p>Evidence was graded as moderate to very low in both comparisons (<i>continuous EEG versus routine EEG</i>, and <i>micro-EEG plus routine care versus routine care only</i>). Risk of bias was related to a lack of reporting of allocation concealment in all outcomes across both comparisons. Imprecision varied between no serious imprecision and very serious imprecision across all outcomes in both comparisons, which fully explained the variability in overall grade observed.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.3"><h4>1.5.3. Benefits and harms</h4><p>The committee considered the evidence relating to the different types of index test used, in order to decide if any tests or strategies should be recommended. The index tests were divided into categories and discussed in turn, and the sections below relate to each discrete discussion. Discussion of the diagnostic accuracy and RCT evidence has been integrated where appropriate.</p><p>Discussion of benefits and harms in relation to the diagnostic accuracy evidence was simplified by the fact that the higher the sensitivity and specificity of an index test, the greater the benefits resulting from the index test achieving many true positive and true negative results, and the lower their harms resulting from index tests leading to fewer false positive and false negative results. As the committee were focussed on selecting tests where the sensitivity and specificity were very high, benefits were automatically optimised, and harms were automatically reduced. Discussion of benefits and harms in relation to RCT evidence is only discussed in the EEG section, as the two included RCTs were restricted to evaluating different methods of EEG.</p><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.3.1"><h5>Stratum 1: Differentiating between epilepsy and non-epilepsy</h5><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.3.1.1"><h5>Semiology, signs and symptoms</h5><p>Few semiological findings had adequate sensitivity and specificity to be considered for recommendation, but epileptologist observation of ‘eye opening or widening at onset of seizure’ and ‘eyes open during seizure’ during an in-hospital seizure video had excellent sensitivity and good specificity for differentiation between epilepsy and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES). However, these findings were not felt to be wholly relevant to the customary diagnostic situation, where in-hospital video-recordings of seizures would not normally be available. In a situation where hospital video recordings of seizures would be available, the gold standard method of video-EEG would normally be possible anyway, making such index tests unnecessary. Therefore, a recommendation specifically relating to using these semiological findings as individual diagnostic tests was not made.</p><p>The only sign or symptom-related finding with high accuracy was epileptologist history-taking and examination. Evidence from a high-powered study suggested that clinical diagnosis by an epileptologist, without ancillary assistance from any technological adjuncts such as EEG or imaging, was able to provide very good sensitivity and specificity for differentiating between epilepsy and any type of non-epilepsy in adults. In other words, these data suggested very small risks of a missed diagnosis and low risks of a misdiagnosis. The validity of this finding was enhanced by the fact that the gold standard for this study was video-EEG, which is regarded as the most valid method. These findings underlined the committee’s existing clinical view that patients should be referred to a specialist for diagnosis as soon as possible. Although the evidence was in adults, the recommendation was extended to children and young people on the basis that the committee did not think that the diagnostic accuracy of an expert clinical diagnosis would be affected by the patient’s age. Therefore, a recommendation was made that children, young people and adults should be referred to an expert clinician for assessment and diagnosis.</p><p>The committee also agreed that eye-witness reports of the seizure should be collected as a central part of the history taking by the expert. It was agreed that without witness-reports the history will lack information on essential features of a seizure than can increase the accuracy of a diagnosis. In addition, it was agreed that if video information is available, such as from mobile phones belonging to friends or family, this should also be used. It should be noted that the direct evidence relating to eye-witness reports and mobile phone video did <i>not</i> suggest either could be usefully used alone as an accurate diagnostic test, but the committee agreed that as part of the array of information collected in the history, they would enhance the accuracy of diagnosis by the expert clinician.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.3.1.2"><h5>Serum measures</h5><p>The committee considered the evidence for the use of serum measures, such as prolactin, lactate, anion gap, glial fibrillary astrocytic protein levels and ammonia, as post-ictal methods to diagnose epilepsy (differentiating between epilepsy and PNES). One study demonstrated that a paired prolactin test taken at 15 minutes and 2 hours after a seizure had high sensitivity for detection of generalised clonic tonic seizures, but the specificity indicated that 25% of people with no epilepsy might be mis-diagnosed by this test. Furthermore, the confidence intervals were wide, suggesting that the true result in the population might be much lower than that observed in the sample. Overall, the committee did not think that the sensitivity and specificity for any serum test were adequate, with unacceptable levels of harm likely to result from missed diagnoses or misdiagnoses. Therefore, no recommendations to use such tests were made..</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.3.1.3"><h5>ECG</h5><p>In the one study examining this area, the ECG data were poorly reported, and it was unclear how the sensitivity and specificity had been evaluated. The committee were aware of existing guidance and practice relating to the use of ECG in investigation of people who have had episode of loss of consciousness. A 12-lead ECG is an accepted part of any initial evaluation of a patient with loss of consciousness to assess for underlying conduction abnormalities or abnormalities of QT interval or S and T waves. These might be important findings for diagnosis of a cardiac cause of loss of consciousness. A positive ECG increases the likelihood that there is a cardiac cause of a loss of consciousness and the NICE guideline provides guidance on red flag abnormalities that merit urgent assessment (Transient loss of consciousness (‘blackouts’) in over 16s, Clinical guideline [CG109]). An ECG will not rule in or rule out epilepsy, but the committee agreed with existing guidance and practice that ECG should be available alongside other tests and investigations to contribute to the overall information informing an accurate diagnosis made by an expert.</p><p>The committee also considered that non-epileptic seizure type events may be caused by metabolic disorders such as hypoglycaemia. Therefore, the committee also agreed, by consensus, that evaluation for metabolic disorders including hypoglycaemia should be included in the initial assessment.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.3.1.4"><h5>Imaging tests</h5><p>The diagnostic accuracy of MRI, CT, and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) were considered by the committee. 4T MRI and SPECT both demonstrated reasonable accuracy, but this did not reach the pre-hoc threshold set at 0.9 for sensitivity and close to 0.9 for specificity, and the uncertainty of estimates was high. Overall, none of the imaging devices were able to demonstrate sufficient sensitivity and specificity to assure the committee that the harms of false negatives and false positives would not be excessive. The committee therefore did not recommend any imaging modality for diagnostic purposes. However, the committee were aware of the importance of imaging in determining the presence of underlying structural causes of known epilepsy, and agreed that it was important to recommend that they continue to be used for that purpose.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.3.1.5"><h5>EEG tests</h5><p>The committee discussed the potential utility of EEG tests as an interictal test, allowing testing schedules that were not fully constrained by the timing of seizures. Routine interictal EEG, as well as ambulatory and provoked interictal EEG, demonstrated very good specificity alongside very poor sensitivity for detection of epilepsy. This indicated that routine EEG results could be useful for ‘ruling a patient in’ if epileptiform or other abnormalities were observed on the EEG trace, because the low specificity indicates that very few people <i>without</i> epilepsy will demonstrate such abnormalities. However, routine EEG cannot be used to ‘rule’ out epilepsy in a patient with a negative EEG, because a very large proportion of people with a true diagnosis of epilepsy do not show epileptiform abnormalities on a routine EEG.</p><p>Therefore, the committee agreed that routine EEG could be used to <i>support</i> a pre-existing clinical diagnosis of epilepsy, but should never be used to <i>exclude</i> a diagnosis. EEG could therefore not be usefully used as a solitary test, and the committee agreed it should never be requested unless reasonable certainty already existed that epilepsy was present.</p><p>The evidence suggested that some provoking manoeuvres such as hyperventilation might improve sensitivity. The committee therefore recommended that provoking manoeuvres could be applied during routine EEG when possible, but that the small risks of such manoeuvres (such as an induced seizure, with its associated risks) should be considered and relayed to the patients before testing. In addition, some evidence suggested that ambulatory EEG had better sensitivity than routine EEG, with specificity that was equal to routine EEG. This was supported by RCT evidence showing that ambulatory EEG picked up more seizures than routine EEG. The committee therefore recommended that ambulatory EEG could be used when possible or available. These recommendations concerning the addition of provoking manoeuvres and ambulatory methods were not made because it was thought that increased sensitivity would allow EEG to be used as an independent definitive test; in neither case did the evidence suggest that the elevated sensitivity would be high enough. However, in both cases the slight improvement in sensitivity permitted increased confidence that EEG findings could be even more appropriately used as one piece of supporting information in the overall diagnostic picture.</p><p>The timing of EEG was also discussed. No data were found relating to the association between time after seizure and diagnostic accuracy, but the consensus was that the earlier that EEG could be carried out, the higher the diagnostic accuracy. For this reason, a recommendation was made that EEG should be carried out as quickly as possible after the seizure, and the committee agreed this is ideally within 72 hours.</p><p>Evidence concerning the use of EEG synchrony measures was also discussed. It is believed that increased synchrony of cortical firing is a common feature of brain physiology in people with epilepsy. Therefore, although abnormalities of the interictal EEG trace may not be a sensitive indicator of epilepsy, measures of synchrony may be more useful. Some of the results in the literature appeared to support this idea, with two studies demonstrating excellent sensitivity and specificity for detection of partial epilepsy and temporal lobe epilepsy using this method. However, the confidence intervals around these estimates were wide, and the studies did not provide enough technical information to allow a full understanding of the exact nature of the test as it would be used clinically. The committee discussed how these testing methods are currently in the experimental stages and that they are not in general clinical use. Therefore, no recommendations in this area were made.</p><p>Finally, the committee discussed the particular limitations of EEG in detecting frontal lobe seizures due to anatomical barriers to electrode detection in the frontal lobe region. The committee also discussed how EEG may have some ability to differentiate between focal and generalised seizures. However due to the lack of direct evidence from the review and the greater importance of other topics, the committee agreed that these areas did not warrant recommendations.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.3.1.6"><h5>Magnetoencephalography / Transcranial magnetic stimulation tests</h5><p>Most of the evidence suggested that magnetoencephalography / transcranial magnetic stimulation tests had an inadequate combination of sensitivity and specificity. One study showed excellent sensitivity for paired pulse TMS with EEG immediately after hyperventilation, but specificity was low enough to yield an unacceptable number of misdiagnoses. Therefore, no recommendations were made in this area.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.3.1.7"><h5>Psychological tests</h5><p>Several psychological tests were considered, such as domains of the Personality Assessment Scale, or the Structured Interview of Malingered Symptomology. In all cases these were used to differentiate epilepsy from psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. However, the committee agreed that none of the measures had a sufficiently good combination of high sensitivity and high specificity to permit recommendations.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.3.1.8"><h5>Linguistic tests</h5><p>One study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of linguistic analysis of a patient’s later description of seizure events. The sensitivity and specificity were reasonably high when measured by one experimental rater, but the confidence intervals were very wide, making it possible that the values were significantly below this. The other rater had far inferior sensitivity, with even wider confidence intervals. In addition, the reporting in the paper was unclear and it was not obvious whether the paper was reporting detection of epilepsy or detection of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Therefore, no recommendations were made in relation to this evidence.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.3.1.9"><h5>Electromyography (EMG) and accelerometers</h5><p>The committee discussed how EMG and accelerometers may be used to differentiate between epilepsy and PNES by detecting different patterns of motor unit activity or kinesiology during a seizure. Wrist accelerometers analysed with an automated algorithm proved to have good sensitivity and excellent specificity. Unfortunately, the data were based on sparse data, which resulted in wide confidence intervals. Therefore, the committee were unable to have sufficient confidence in the estimates to make a recommendation.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.3.1.10"><h5>Initial diagnosis at admission</h5><p>Three papers that utilised a variety of tests in order to make an initial diagnosis were considered by the committee. Two of the studies involved expert neurologists, and the tests included a history and available diagnostic testing without EEG. Both of these studies demonstrated very good sensitivity and good specificity, and the committee agreed that these findings confirmed those found in the semiology section suggesting that expert clinical diagnosis is highly accurate. This reinforced the decision to recommend initial referral to an expert for assessment.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.3.1.11"><h5>Miscellaneous tests</h5><p>Although most of the miscellaneous tests failed to have sufficient accuracy, the Epifinder, an artificial intelligence application which utilises pattern recognition to assist diagnosis, had good sensitivity and specificity. Unfortunately, the confidence intervals were too wide to permit sufficient certainty of results and so no recommendations were made..</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.3.2"><h5>Stratum 2: Differentiating between epilepsy sub-types</h5><p>The committee discussed the evidence concerning differentiation between autoimmune epilepsy and other epilepsy, but none of the index tests evaluated were sufficiently accurate to warrant recommendation.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.4"><h4>1.5.4. Cost effectiveness and resource use</h4><p>No health economic studies were identified for this review question. Unit costs were presented to aid committee consideration of cost effectiveness.</p><p>The committee discussed the clinical evidence presented and noted that, adults, children and young people with new onset of seizures should be referred urgently for assessment of epilepsy. Initial assessment for epilepsy in current practice encompasses taking a detailed history of the persons seizures – including eyewitness accounts and video footage of these seizures if available – and conducting an ECG. Additional tests include neuroimaging and EEG. However, the committee noted an EEG should not be used to exclude a diagnosis of epilepsy.</p><p>The recommendations made by the committee ensure adults, children and young people with new onset of seizures are referred urgently for assessment of epilepsy by a specialist in epilepsy diagnosis and ensure the appropriate diagnostic tests to diagnose epilepsy are undertaken. A missed diagnosis of epilepsy can result in poor clinical outcomes for patients. Patients with missed diagnosis of epilepsy will unlikely be aware of the high risks associated with seizures for example, the risk of SUDEP and other related epilepsy accidents (e.g., drowning in the bath or being involved in a road traffic accident as a result of experiencing an unexpected seizure). For a non-drug refractory epilepsy population, SMRs for patients with epilepsy are highest in the first two years of an epilepsy diagnosis. Therefore, ensuring epilepsy patients are diagnosed and given appropriate advice as early as possible is imperative in reducing the risk of epilepsy mortality which is achieved by rendering patients’ seizure free on the appropriate ASMs. With a missed diagnosis of epilepsy patients who should be receiving ASMs will not be receiving these.</p><p>The committee noted that if an EEG is requested in current practice, this is not typically received by the patient within 72 hours (which is the ideal time frame recommended by the committee). In current practice an EEG would be carried out within 2-3 weeks. However, receiving an EEG within 72 hours once an EEG has been requested by a healthcare professional allows for more timely diagnosis of epilepsy.</p><p>The committee acknowledged that many epilepsy service centres are often limited by staff and equipment availability but noted the same number of people would be referred for an EEG – the EEG would just be undertaken at an earlier date. The committee however noted, that many epilepsy service centres will already be working at full capacity to maintain the current levels of service provision. The recommendation made by the committee states that, an EEG should be performed as soon as possible, stipulating that the ideal time frame is within 72 hours. Overall, the committee concluded that gradually decreasing the time frame for which people receive an EEG across epilepsy services would not result in a substantial resource impact. For epilepsy services already working at full capacity, in the short-term, additional resources may be required whilst neurophysiologists accommodate a change in practice. However, overall, once epilepsy services have adapted to offering EEGs for the diagnosis of epilepsy at a reduced time frame, epilepsy service centres will reach a new equilibrium for service provision, and no additional costs will be associated with this recommendation.</p><p>All other recommendations made are largely reflective of UK current practice. In current practice a small proportion of people will procced to sleep deprived EEG if routine EEG is normal due to a strong clinical suspicion of generalised epilepsy. Ambulatory EEG may be performed for people who present with an initial seizure but there is strong clinical suspicion that there have been previous undeclared of unrecognised events. In general, the majority of people who receive a routine EEG will not receive additional diagnostic EEG’s. However, these tests can provide useful information leading to better tailored health care.</p><p>Overall, the QALY gains associated with a correct diagnosis of epilepsy are highly likely to be cost effective. The recommendations made ensure people will receive a timely and appropriate diagnosis of epilepsy. Therefore, tailored health care plans will be implemented in the most feasible time frame possible, resulting in greater health outcomes for patients. As the committee made recommendations that were largely reflective of UK current practice, this recommendation is not expected to result in a significant resource impact.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.s1.5.5"><h4>1.5.5. Recommendations supported by this evidence review</h4><p>This evidence review supports recommendations 1.2.1 – 1.2.10.</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.rl.r1"><h2 id="_niceng217er3_rl_r1_">References</h2><dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref1">Aass
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MR, Mohammadi
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P, Siclari
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SR, Wolgamuth
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JF, Wisdom
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NM, Collins
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RL, Franks
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R, Lemaire
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A, Chen
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S, Polster
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TW, Hjalgrim
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D, Nariai
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H, Hussain
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SA, Sankar
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R, Salamon
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N, Krueger
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L, Croquelois
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A, Maeder-Ingvar
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M, Rossetti
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AO. Diagnostic yield of short-term video-EEG monitoring for epilepsy and PNESs: A European assessment. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2014; 39:55–58 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25200526" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25200526</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>30.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref30">Bianchi
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E, Erba
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G, Beghi
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E, Giussani
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G. Self-reporting versus clinical scrutiny: the value of adding questionnaires to the routine evaluation of seizure disorders. An exploratory study on the differential diagnosis between epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2019; 90:191–196 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30578096" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30578096</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>31.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref31">Biberon
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J, de Liege
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A, de Toffol
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B, Limousin
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N, El-Hage
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W, Florence
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AM
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HK, Labos
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C, Gore
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GC, Wolfson
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C, Keezer
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MR. The diagnostic accuracy of routine electroencephalography after a first unprovoked seizure. European Journal of Neurology. 2016; 23(3):455–463 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26073548" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26073548</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>33.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref33">Bozorg
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AM, Lacayo
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JC, Benbadis
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SR. The yield of routine outpatient electroencephalograms in the veteran population. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2010; 27(3):191–192 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20461015" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20461015</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>34.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref34">Bozorg
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AMB, S.R.
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JM, Kent
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P, Wojcik
|
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SM, Grant
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W. Rapid diagnosis of nonconvulsive status epilepticus using reduced-lead electroencephalography. The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2015; 16(3):442–446 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4427223/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4427223</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25987926" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25987926</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>36.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref36">Bronen
|
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RA, Fulbright
|
|
RK, Spencer
|
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DD, Spencer
|
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SS, Kim
|
|
JH, Lange
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RC
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SG, Lemyre
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T, Si
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CM, Di Rosa
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D, Sharma
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Postictal SPECT in epileptic versus nonepileptic seizures. Journal of Epilepsy. 1998; 11(2):67–73</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>76.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref76">Evans
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E, Koh
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S, Lerner
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CM, Legido
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A, Miles
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DK, Grover
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|
|
E, Olive Gadea
|
|
M, Requena Ruiz
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M, Quintana
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M, Santamarina Perez
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E, Abraira Del Fresno
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N, Friger
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M, Meledin
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I, Berger
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JR, Ramani
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V, Whalen
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S, Loewenson
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R. Ictal characteristics of pseudoseizures. Archives of Neurology. 1985; 42(12):1183–1187 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3933461" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3933461</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>81.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref81">Geut
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I, Weenink
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S, Knottnerus
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ILH, van Putten
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M. Detecting interictal discharges in first seizure patients: ambulatory EEG or EEG after sleep deprivation?
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Seizure. 2017; 51:52–54 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28797915" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28797915</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>82.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref82">Geyer
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JD, Payne
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TA, Drury
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I. The value of pelvic thrusting in the diagnosis of seizures and pseudoseizures. Neurology. 2000; 54(1):227–229 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10636155" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10636155</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>83.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref83">Gilbert
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DL, Buncher
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CR. An EEG should not be obtained routinely after first unprovoked seizure in childhood. Neurology. 2000; 54(3):635–641 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10680796" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10680796</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>84.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref84">Giorgi
|
|
FS, Perini
|
|
D, Maestri
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|
M, Guida
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M, Pizzanelli
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C, Caserta
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A
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A, Boro
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A, Yozawitz
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E. Comparative sensitivity of quantitative EEG (QEEG) spectrograms for detecting seizure subtypes. Seizure. 2018; 55:70–75 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29414138" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29414138</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>86.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref86">Gonzalez-Cuevas
|
|
M, Coscojuela
|
|
P, Santamarina
|
|
E, Pareto
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D, Quintana
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M, Sueiras
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M
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et al. Usefulness of brain perfusion CT in focal-onset status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2019; 60(7):1317–1324 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31166616" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31166616</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>87.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref87">Goselink
|
|
RJM, van Dillen
|
|
JJ, Aerts
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M, Arends
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J, van Asch
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C, van der Linden
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I
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AM, Orejuela Zapata
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JF. Diagnosis of mesial temporal sclerosis: sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of the quantitative analysis of magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroradiology Journal. 2018; 31(1):50–59 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5789997/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5789997</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28899220" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28899220</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>89.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref89">Grau-Lopez
|
|
L, Jimenez
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M, Ciurans
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|
J, Barambio
|
|
S, Fumanal
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A, Becerra
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JL. Diagnostic yield of routine electroencephalography with concurrent video recording in detecting interictal epileptiform discharges in relation to reasons for request: A prospective study of 1,080 video-electroencephalograms. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2017; 34(5):434–437 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28520630" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28520630</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>90.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref90">Hanrahan
|
|
B, Ghearing
|
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G, Urban
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A, Plummer
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C, Pan
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J, Hendrickson
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R
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et al. Diagnostic accuracy of paroxysmal spells: Clinical history versus observation. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2018; 78:73–77 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29175694" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29175694</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>91.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref91">Hauf
|
|
M, Slotboom
|
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J, Nirkko
|
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A, von Bredow
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F, Ozdoba
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C, Wiest
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R. Cortical regional hyperperfusion in nonconvulsive status epilepticus measured by dynamic brain perfusion CT. AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2009; 30(4):693–698 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7051787/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7051787</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19213823" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19213823</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>92.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref92">Hendrickson
|
|
R, Popescu
|
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A, Dixit
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R, Ghearing
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G, Bagic
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A. Panic attack symptoms differentiate patients with epilepsy from those with psychogenic nonepileptic spells (PNES). Epilepsy & Behavior. 2014; 37:210–214 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25084477" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25084477</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>93.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref93">Hernandez-Ronquillo
|
|
L, Thorpe
|
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L, Dash
|
|
D, Hussein
|
|
T, Hunter
|
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G, Waterhouse
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K
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et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the ambulatory EEG vs. routine EEG for first single unprovoked seizures and seizure recurrence: The DX-Seizure Study. Frontiers in Neurology. 2020; 11:223 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7160330/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7160330</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32328023" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32328023</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>94.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref94">Hoefnagels
|
|
WA, Padberg
|
|
GW, Overweg
|
|
J, Roos
|
|
RA, van Dijk
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JG, Kamphuisen
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HA. Syncope or seizure? The diagnostic value of the EEG and hyperventilation test in transient loss of consciousness. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 1991; 54(11):953–956 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1014614/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1014614</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1800665" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1800665</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>95.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref95">Hong
|
|
SJ, Kim
|
|
H, Schrader
|
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D, Bernasconi
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N, Bernhardt
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BC, Bernasconi
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A. Automated detection of cortical dysplasia type II in MRI-negative epilepsy. Neurology. 2014; 83(1):48–55 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4114179/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4114179</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24898923" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24898923</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>96.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref96">Huang
|
|
LL, Wang
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YY, Liu
|
|
LY, Tang
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HP, Zhang
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MN, Ma
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SF
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et al. Home videos as a cost-effective tool for the diagnosis of paroxysmal events in infants: Prospective study. JMIR MHealth and UHealth. 2019; 7(9):e11229 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6746063/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6746063</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31516128" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31516128</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>97.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref97">Husain
|
|
AM, Towne
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AR, Chen
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DK, Whitmire
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LE, Voyles
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SR, Cardenas
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DP. Differentiation of epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures using single-channel surface electromyography. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2020; 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000703 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32501944" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32501944</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1097/WNP.0000000000000703" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>98.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref98">Izadyar
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S, Shah
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V, James
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B. Comparison of postictal semiology and behavior in psychogenic nonepileptic and epileptic seizures. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2018; 88:123–129 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30268021" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30268021</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>99.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref99">Jackson
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A, Teo
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L, Seneviratne
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U. Challenges in the first seizure clinic for adult patients with epilepsy. Epileptic Disorders. 2016; 18(3):305–314 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27506513" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27506513</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>100.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref100">Jaraba
|
|
S, Reynes-Llompart
|
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G, Sala-Padro
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J, Veciana
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M, Miro
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J, Pedro
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J
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M, Moghadam
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EM, Shervin Badv
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R, Sangsari
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R, Saeedy
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M. A comparison of conventional electroencephalography with amplitude-integrated EEG in detection of neonatal seizures. Medical Devices Evidence and Research. 2019; 12:489–496 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6911316/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6911316</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31849541" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31849541</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>102.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref102">Keezer
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MR, Simard-Tremblay
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E, Veilleux
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M. The diagnostic accuracy of prolonged ambulatory versus routine EEG. Clinical EEG & Neuroscience: Official Journal of the EEG & Clinical Neuroscience Society (ENCS). 2016; 47(2):157–161 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26376916" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26376916</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>103.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref103">Kerr
|
|
WT, Janio
|
|
EA, Braesch
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|
CT, Le
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|
JM, Hori
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JM, Patel
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AB
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et al. Diagnostic implications of review-of-systems questionnaires to differentiate epileptic seizures from psychogenic seizures. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2017; 69:69–74 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5423814/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5423814</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28236725" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28236725</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>104.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref104">Kerr
|
|
WT, Janio
|
|
EA, Braesch
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|
CT, Le
|
|
JM, Hori
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JM, Patel
|
|
AB
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|
et al. An objective score to identify psychogenic seizures based on age of onset and history. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2018; 80:75–83 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5845850/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5845850</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29414562" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29414562</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>105.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref105">Kerr
|
|
WT, Janio
|
|
EA, Braesch
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|
CT, Le
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JM, Hori
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JM, Patel
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AB
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|
et al. Identifying psychogenic seizures through comorbidities and medication history. Epilepsia. 2017; 58(11):1852–1860 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5669805/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5669805</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28895657" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28895657</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>106.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref106">Khamis
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H, Mohamed
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A, Simpson
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S, McEwan
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A. Detection of temporal lobe seizures and identification of lateralisation from audified EEG. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2012; 123(9):1714–1720 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22418593" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22418593</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>107.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref107">Khan
|
|
AY, Baade
|
|
L, Ablah
|
|
E, McNerney
|
|
V, Golewale
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MH, Liow
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K. Can hypnosis differentiate epileptic from nonepileptic events in the video/EEG monitoring unit? Data from a pilot study. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2009; 15(3):314–317 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19362599" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19362599</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>108.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref108">Khurana
|
|
DS, Valencia
|
|
I, Kruthiventi
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|
S, Gracely
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|
E, Melvin
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JJ, Legido
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|
|
VK, Tsimpiris
|
|
A, Ryvlin
|
|
P, Kalviainen
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|
R, Koutroumanidis
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M, Valentin
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A
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et al. TMS combined with EEG in genetic generalized epilepsy: A phase II diagnostic accuracy study. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2017; 128(2):367–381 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28007469" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28007469</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>110.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref110">King
|
|
MA, Newton
|
|
MR, Jackson
|
|
GD, Fitt
|
|
GJ, Mitchell
|
|
LA, Silvapulle
|
|
MJ
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MJ, Yang
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C, Montali
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AA, Ciccone
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AD, Beslow
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H, van Donselaar
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BE, Brown
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CB, White
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TU, Arozullah
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TU, Arozullah
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TU, LaFrance
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AA, Fry
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TR, Wichert-Ana
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PM, Olson
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SG, Omurtag
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A, Sinert
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|
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et al. Effect of microEEG on clinical management and outcomes of emergency department patients with altered mental status: a randomized controlled trial. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2014; 21(3):283–291 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4047649/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4047649</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24628753" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24628753</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>219.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref219">Zibrandtsen
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IC, Kidmose
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P, Christensen
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CB, Kjaer
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TW. Ear-EEG detects ictal and interictal abnormalities in focal and generalized epilepsy - A comparison with scalp EEG monitoring. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2017; 128(12):2454–2461 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29096220" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29096220</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>220.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er3.ref220">Zou
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R, Wang
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S, Zhu
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L, Wu
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L, Lin
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P, Li
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F
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et al. Calgary score and modified Calgary score in the differential diagnosis between neurally mediated syncope and epilepsy in children. Neurological Sciences. 2017; 38(1):143–149 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27747448" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27747448</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="appendixesappgroup1"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup1_">Appendices</h2><div id="niceng217er3.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><div id="niceng217er3.appa.s1"><h4>A.1. Review protocol: Diagnostic accuracy of point of care devices</h4><p id="niceng217er3.appa.et1"><a href="/books/NBK586312/bin/niceng217er3-appa-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (234K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng217er3.appa.s2"><h4>A.2. Review protocol for diagnostic strategies</h4><p id="niceng217er3.appa.et2"><a href="/books/NBK586312/bin/niceng217er3-appa-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (211K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng217er3.appa.s3"><h4>A.3. Health economic review protocol</h4><p id="niceng217er3.appa.et3"><a href="/books/NBK586312/bin/niceng217er3-appa-et3.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (168K)</span></p></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><p>This literature search strategy was used for the following reviews:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What is the most accurate approach for 1) diagnosis of epilepsy, and 2) differentiation between types of epilepsy?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What is the most clinically and cost-effective approach for diagnosis of epilepsies?</div></li></ul></p><p>The literature searches for this review are detailed below and complied with the methodology outlined in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual.<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref138" rid="niceng217er3.ref138"><sup>138</sup></a></p><p>For more information, please see the <a href="/books/NBK586312/bin/niceng217er3_bm1.pdf">Methodology</a> review published as part of the accompanying documents for this guideline.</p><div id="niceng217er3.appb.s1"><h4>B.1. Clinical search literature search strategy</h4><p id="niceng217er3.appb.et1"><a href="/books/NBK586312/bin/niceng217er3-appb-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (313K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng217er3.appb.s2"><h4>B.2. Health Economics literature search strategy</h4><p id="niceng217er3.appb.et2"><a href="/books/NBK586312/bin/niceng217er3-appb-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (230K)</span></p></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Clinical evidence selection</h3><div id="niceng217er3.appc.s1"><h4>C.1. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of diagnostic accuracy</h4><p id="niceng217er3.appc.et1"><a href="/books/NBK586312/bin/niceng217er3-appc-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (139K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng217er3.appc.s2"><h4>C.2. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of clinical efficacy of diagnostic strategies</h4><p id="niceng217er3.appc.et2"><a href="/books/NBK586312/bin/niceng217er3-appc-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (110K)</span></p></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables</h3><div id="niceng217er3.appd.s1"><h4>D.1. Clinical evidence Diagnostic accuracy</h4><p id="niceng217er3.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK586312/bin/niceng217er3-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (1.3M)</span></p></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Coupled sensitivity and specificity forest plots and sROC curves</h3><div id="niceng217er3.appe.s1"><h4>E.1. Diagnostic accuracy</h4><p id="niceng217er3.appe.et1"><a href="/books/NBK586312/bin/niceng217er3-appe-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (775K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng217er3.appe.s2"><h4>E.2. Diagnostic strategies</h4><p id="niceng217er3.appe.et2"><a href="/books/NBK586312/bin/niceng217er3-appe-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (135K)</span></p></div></div><div id="niceng217er3.appf"><h3>Appendix F. GRADE tables</h3><p id="niceng217er3.appf.et1"><a href="/books/NBK586312/bin/niceng217er3-appf-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 112. Clinical evidence profile: continuous EEG vs Routine EEG</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 139K)</span></p><p id="niceng217er3.appf.et2"><a href="/books/NBK586312/bin/niceng217er3-appf-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 113. Clinical evidence profile: micro EEG + routine care vs Routine care</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 121K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng217er3.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Health economic evidence selection</h3><p id="niceng217er3.appg.et1"><a href="/books/NBK586312/bin/niceng217er3-appg-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (132K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng217er3.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Health economic evidence tables</h3><p>None.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Health economic model</h3><p>No original economic modelling was undertaken for this review question.</p></div><div id="niceng217er3.appj"><h3>Appendix J. QUADAS2 risk of bias assessment</h3><p id="niceng217er3.appj.et1"><a href="/books/NBK586312/bin/niceng217er3-appj-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (257K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng217er3.appk"><h3>Appendix K. Excluded studies</h3><div id="niceng217er3.appk.s1"><h4>K.1. Excluded clinical studies</h4><p id="niceng217er3.appk.et1"><a href="/books/NBK586312/bin/niceng217er3-appk-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (174K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng217er3.appk.s2"><h4>K.2. Excluded health economic studies</h4><p id="niceng217er3.appk.et2"><a href="/books/NBK586312/bin/niceng217er3-appk-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (125K)</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>FINAL</p></div><div><p>Evidence review underpinning recommendations 1.2.1 – 1.2.10 in the NICE guideline</p><p>Developed by the National Guideline Centre</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2022.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK586312</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36395299" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">36395299</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab1"><div id="niceng217er3.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">PICO characteristics of review question</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Inclusion:</p>
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<p>Strata:
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<dl class="temp-labeled-list"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Children and adults with suspected epilepsy.</p></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>-</dt><dd><p class="no_top_margin">Children and adults with epilepsy, where uncertainty remains as to the type of epilepsy</p></dd></dl></dl>
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Exclusion: New-born babies with acute symptomatic seizures</p>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Target condition</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epilepsies, or type of epilepsy</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index test(s)</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Any diagnostic strategies used in papers to detect 1) epilepsy, 2) type of epilepsy. These may include (for example) symptoms/signs, imaging, EEG, ECG, serum measures, either singly or in combination.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference standard(s)</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Any gold standard used in the studies.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnostic accuracy – sensitivity and specificity</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab2"><div id="niceng217er3.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of studies included in the evidence review for detection of epilepsy</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index test(s)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reference standard</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Albadareen, 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref6" rid="niceng217er3.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>N=78; USA; Mean age 34.8 GCS (generalised convulsive seizure), 35.2 PNES-C (psychogenic nonepileptic seizures with convulsion, 40.1 FS (focal seizures); 57% female.</p>
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<p>Inclusion: Adult patients (≥18 years of age) admitted to the epilepsy monitoring unit for event characterization, seizure focus localization, or treatment optimization</p>
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<p>Exclusion: Factors known to be associated with hyperammonaemia: pre-existing liver disease/cirrhosis, current use of valproic acid or 5- fluorouracil, history of gastrointestinal bleeding, hematologic malignancies, and end-stage renal disease; no event during study.</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">baseline serum ammonia at cut-off >=80 micromol/L</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Alving, 1998<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref7" rid="niceng217er3.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>N=58; Denmark; median age 28; 46/58 female</p>
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<p>Inclusion: People with diagnosed epilepsy or pseudo-epileptic seizures</p>
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<p>Exclusion: Uncertain diagnoses; insufficient seizure description; uncertainty about time elapsed from previous seizure to index seizure; neuroleptic drugs; pregnancy</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postictal paired serum prolactin measurements at 3 different thresholds</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical and video EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Arnold, 1996<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref10" rid="niceng217er3.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>N= 41; USA; mean age 34 years; 53.6% female</p>
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<p>Inclusion: Patients admitted to the inpatient 24-hour video/EEG monitoring unit for people with intractable seizures; aged >18</p>
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<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Interviews to ascertain the following test data:</p>
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<p>Lifetime Axis I</p>
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<p>Current Axis I</p>
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<p>Current Axis II</p>
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<p>Trauma history</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asadi-Pooya, 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref11" rid="niceng217er3.ref11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>N=60; mean age 28.6 years; 70% female</p>
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<p>Inclusion: Patients admitted to the Epilepsy Centre with a video-EEG confirmed diagnosis of epilepsy or PNES</p>
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<p>Exclusion: Patients with concomitant PNES and epilepsy</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review of systems (ROS) questionnaire, which was in the medical records. This covered the following 10 systems, where each was graded as normal or abnormal: skin; head & ear, nose and throat (HENT); musculoskeletal; pulmonary; cardiovascular; gastrointestinal; genitourinary; hematologic; psychiatry; cognition and memory. The questionnaire was completed by the HCP according to the patient’s history. Scores were generated by any abnormality yielding a score of 1.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Azar, 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref16" rid="niceng217er3.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>N=40; USA; mean age 34.4 years; 47.5% female</p>
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<p>Inclusion: Adult patients with epilepsy and generalised tonic-clonic seizures; patients with non-epileptic psychogenic seizures; people with hyper motor seizures from frontal lobe epilepsy</p>
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<p>Exclusion: Not reported</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ictal and post ictal physical characteristics, recorded by video</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bayly, 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref20" rid="niceng217er3.ref20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>N=35; Australia; mean age epilepsy/PNES: 33/38; 23/34 female</p>
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<p>Inclusion: Patients being offered video EEG for the diagnosis of seizure-like events; patients having a convulsive seizure (>10s, with rhythmic movements affecting at least 1 limb) detected by accelerometery during video EEG</p>
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<p>Exclusion: None reported</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrist accelerometer data</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Consensus agreement based on clinical and EEG data</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Benbadis, 1995<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref25" rid="niceng217er3.ref25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>N=108; USA; mean age 43 years; 56% female</p>
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<p>Inclusion: All patients admitted to a Epilepsy Monitoring Unit for the diagnosis of spells or presurgical evaluation of epilepsy over a 6-month period. Patients selected whose episodes are characterised by bilateral motor phenomena, LOC, or both.</p>
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<p>Exclusion: Typical complex partial seizures, with altered awareness but no LOC</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy population: syncope</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Existence of tongue biting</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Benge, 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref26" rid="niceng217er3.ref26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>N=120; USA; Age and gender not reported</p>
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<p>Inclusion: Case files from patients at a large Veteran’s Affairs hospital’s continuous video-EEG long term monitoring (LTM) programme</p>
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<p>Exclusion: No SIMS data; missing LTM data; unclear LTM results</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SIMS questionnaire</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bernardo, 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref28" rid="niceng217er3.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=11; USA; mean age 21.3 months; 36% female.</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Infants with active medically refractive epilepsy related to tuberous sclerosis; all video EEGs recorded on Nihon Kohden systems; vEEG sampled at 3000Hz; vEEG recorded at 2 h or more from the most recent seizure; human visual identification of interictal scalp FR; at least 1 brain MRI previously obtained. Controls were children with no brain-related diagnoses including epilepsy, autism and developmental delay; underwent a normal overnight scalp vEEG for clinical reasons with normal results</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: none reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: healthy controls</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Existence of interictal fast-ripple events</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Chen, 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=43; USA; mean age 33.6; 29/43 female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients had seizures with behavioural semiology suggestive of partial seizures, with or without secondary generalisation; EEGs from patients with epilepsy all showed recognisable changes though this was not known to blinded readers.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Patients with known mixed epilepsy and PNES</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Ictal video evidence alone</p>
|
|
<p>Ictal EEG evidence alone</p>
|
|
<p>Selected ictal semiological features</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnosis of epilepsy or PNES was considered established by response to surgery, confirmation by invasive recording, response to psychiatric therapy, or surface video-EEG confirmation followed by serial observations for at least a year</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Choi, 2020<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref43" rid="niceng217er3.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=160; South Korea; mean age 14.6 years; 59.4% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Under 18 years of age who had been admitted to the Department of Paediatrics or had visited the outpatient clinic or emergency department at Kyung Hee University Hospital (Seoul, South Korea) for TLOC between June 2013 and May 2018. Patients were initially identified who were assigned International Classification of Disease, 10th Revision (ICD-10) billing codes for “syncope and collapse” at the time of the first visit. The medical charts of patients with TLOC as the chief complaint were retrospectively analysed.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Patients who had visited the hospital previously due to TLOC and were diagnosed with any disease; patients who had previously undergone any diagnostic tests; patients who had been diagnosed with acute systemic illness on visiting the hospital due to TLOC; patients who were taking medications that can lead to arrhythmia or orthostasis.</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>ECG</p>
|
|
<p>Brain CT</p>
|
|
<p>Brain MRI</p>
|
|
<p>EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Echocardiogram</p>
|
|
<p>Head up tilt test</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical impression based on all data over prolonged follow up period.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Deli, 2021<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref56" rid="niceng217er3.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=69; mean age 36.2 years (PNES only); 59% female (PNES only)</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: People with epilepsy or PNES admitted for V-EEG.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: None reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Reports of physical symptoms:</p>
|
|
<p>Light headedness/dizziness</p>
|
|
<p>Sensory disturbances/dysesthesias</p>
|
|
<p>Hot flushes</p>
|
|
<p>Palpitations</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Derry, 2006<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref58" rid="niceng217er3.ref58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=62; Australia; mean age 27.9 years; 27.4% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients who had been referred to a sleep physician or neurologist with a history of nocturnal events of uncertain cause. Individuals with NFLE were eligible for the study if they had a history consistent with NFLE and at least 1 of the following: video-EEG monitoring with clinical or electrographic evidence of nocturnal frontal lobe seizures or a genetic mutation consistent with ADNFLE. Patients with parasomnias were recruited in 2 sub-groups. The first group consisted of subjects who were referred to a sleep clinic for diagnosis of their nocturnal events but in whom a definite diagnosis of “typical” parasomnia was made by the specialist without recourse to video-EEG monitoring. In this group, the diagnosis was made on the basis of the history independently by 3 clinicians (a consultant adult epileptologist, a consultant paediatric epileptologist, and a consultant sleep paediatrician), none of whom were involved in the validation of the FLEP scale. The second group comprised cases in which there was diagnostic uncertainty on the basis of the history alone and in which the diagnosis was established by video-EEG or PSG monitoring. These cases were designated “atypical” parasomnias.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: arousal parasomnia and sleep disorder</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">FLEP scale</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Expert interview and, when necessary, recording of events using video-EEG monitoring</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dixit, 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref60" rid="niceng217er3.ref60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 280; USA; mean age not reported; 62.5% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: People evaluated in EMU with video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Unclear diagnosis on vEEG; dual diagnosis of epilepsy/PNES; learning disability; first language not English</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Existence of >1 co-morbidities from medical records</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dogan, 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref61" rid="niceng217er3.ref61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=270; Turkey; age range 19-92; 42% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: >=18 years; normal serum pH levels; final definitive diagnosis of generalised tonic-clonic seizures, psychogenic nonepileptic seizures or syncope. Needed to have CT/MRI, EEG and ECG data with observable clinical signs and symptoms.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: None reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and syncope</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serum lactate</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Final definitive diagnosis of generalised tonic-clonic seizures, psychogenic nonepileptic seizures or syncope. Needed to have CT/MRI, EEG and ECG data with observable clinical signs and symptoms</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Douw, 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref62" rid="niceng217er3.ref62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=161; Holland; mean age 52 years; 51% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: 18 years old; evaluated with a standard EEG because of suspected epilepsy after a first possible seizure.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: healthy controls</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Degree of synchronisation of EEG in time domain, quantified by theta SL</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medical chart review was conducted for all patients to determine whether a clinical diagnosis of epilepsy was reached within a follow-up of one year.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dubey, 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref64" rid="niceng217er3.ref64"><sup>64</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 387; USA; mean age 53/44 years; 47.7%/57.4% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients in whom autoimmune encephalopathy, autoimmune epilepsy or autoimmune dementia evaluations of serum, CSF, or both were requested; patients with ICD classification of epilepsy or recurrent seizures</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Antibody prevalence in epilepsy score (APE)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CNS-specific antibodies (neural antibody positive) in presence of confirmed diagnosis based on 2 unprovoked seizures at least 24hrs apart or one unprovoked seizure with additional clinical features suggesting a high probability of recurrence</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duez, 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref65" rid="niceng217er3.ref65"><sup>65</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 52; Denmark; median age 29 years; 69.2% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Paroxysmal clinical episodes, suggesting epileptic seizures; at least 3 normal EEG recordings, 2 of which included provocation methods of hyperventilation and photo stimulation and 1 of which was sleep-EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy but with no interictal findings on provoked EEG</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Magnetoencephalography</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnostic reference standard was inferred from the diagnosis obtained from the medical chart, after at least one year follow-up after MEG. This was based on all available clinical and para-clinical data for each patient, including description of witnessed seizures, home video recordings of seizures, neuroimaging, laboratory and neurophysiological data.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Egawa, 2020 #1740<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref68" rid="niceng217er3.ref68"><sup>68</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 50; Japan median age 72 years; 34% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Altered Mental Status (AMS) with unknown aetiology</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Patients with consciousness recovered completely between HS-cv EEG and C-cEEG monitoring; if C-cEEG monitoring was not performed due to unavailability, or if the HS-cv EEG data were not clear enough due to artefact interruption. Those with do not attempt resuscitation (DNAR) declarations were also excluded, considering that earlier initiation of HS-cv EEG was not performed.</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Headset-type continuous video EEG monitoring (HS-cv EEG monitoring).</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Researchers performed definitive diagnosis of abnormal EEG patterns and NCSE by employing conventional continuous EEG [C-cEEG] monitoring with 21 collodion-type electrodes from the international 10–20 with video camera monitoring. All cEEG records were reviewed by at least two trained neurophysiologists or epileptologists. If any of the EEG findings were equivocal, consensus was used.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ehsan, 1996<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref69" rid="niceng217er3.ref69"><sup>69</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 50; USA; mean age 33 years; 60% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients admitted to epilepsy monitoring unit for video-EEG monitoring for a history of refractory seizures or non-epileptic events; first clinical event only analysed</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Paired capillary prolactin measures</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG or audio EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Erba, 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref73" rid="niceng217er3.ref73"><sup>73</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 21; Italy/USA; mean age >18 years; gender not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Aged >18 years; admitted to epilepsy centre</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Lacked intellectual capacity to answer questionnaires</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Video without EEG or other data</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The GS diagnosis was that established by the clinical team after a comprehensive evaluation of the patient’s risk factors, comorbidities, psychosocial status, results of neurologic examination and neuroimaging, video semiology, EEG findings including purely electrical seizures, and the results of monitoring other physiologic parameters (ECG [electrocardiography], blood pressure, orthostatic testing, blood sugar, and so on) as appropriate.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ettinger, 1998<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref75" rid="niceng217er3.ref75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=22; USA; age range 10-46; 77.2% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients undergoing continuous video EEG monitoring on EMU; diagnostic testing carried out; episodes associated with impaired consciousness</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: No altered awareness; pregnancy; use of neuroleptic agents; unobtainable PRL results; SPECT scans compromised by movement artefact; unacquired SPECT because of failure to inject radioisotope at correct time</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postictal and interictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ettinger, 1999<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref74" rid="niceng217er3.ref74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=39; USA; mean age 41.4 years; 76.9% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Adult patients evaluated at the Epilepsy Management site between 1996-98; epilepsy patients were 1) focal with secondary generalisation, or 2) generalised tonic clonic; documented epilepsy on video-EEG for epilepsy group, and patients with episodes characterised by bilateral motor activity and altered responsiveness, but without video-EEG evidence of seizures or without significant post-ictal prolactin elevation</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Learning disability; mixed epileptic/NES; patients with interictal headaches</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Symptom questionnaire. The responses to the question, ‘what symptoms do you have after a seizure?’ were reviewed</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Geut, 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref81" rid="niceng217er3.ref81"><sup>81</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 104; Holland; mean age 47 years; 35.6% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients with unprovoked focal or generalized seizures who were admitted to the Clinical Neurophysiology department. Unprovoked seizures were defined as convulsive episodes occurring in the absence of precipitating factors. This included seizures of unknown aetiology as well as seizures in relation to a demonstrated pre-existing brain lesion (remote symptomatic seizure). Patients were subsequently selected in whom the routine EEG (including hyperventilation and photic simulation) was normal or did not show convincing IEDs, and either a sdEEG or an aEEG was requested. Finally, both groups were matched for age and gender.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Patients younger than 6 years, patients with known epilepsy and patients with provoked seizures.</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Ambulatory EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Sleep deprived EEG</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The patients’ clinical record was evaluated for age, sex, first seizure, start of anti-epileptic drugs, MRI or CT results and whether or not diagnosis of epilepsy was made with a follow up of one year. The diagnosis of epilepsy was based on the new ILAE criteria published in 2014</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Geyer, 2000<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref82" rid="niceng217er3.ref82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 261; USA; mean age 33.75 years; 39.8% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients with TLE, FLE, generalised epilepsy or PNES undergoing video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Existence of ictal pelvic thrusts</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Giorgi, 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref84" rid="niceng217er3.ref84"><sup>84</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=210; Italy; mean age 41 years; 45% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Sleep deprived EEG (SD EEG) requested as a prospective evaluation for suspected epileptic seizures; previous standard waking EEG not showing any interictal abnormalities (IIAs); not under antiepileptic drugs until at least date of SD EEG; previous 1.5T MRI; minimum 1 year follow up; final diagnosis performed in the centre and defined as ‘non-epilepsy’, ‘focal epilepsy’ or ‘generalised epilepsy’.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: juvenile myoclonic epilepsy</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sleep deprived EEG</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Final diagnosis obtained after collegial discussion by epileptologists in the centre with at least 5 years’ experience in clinical epilepsy. Diagnosis confirmed based on recurrence of clear epileptic unprovoked seizures. Single seizures not included. Most patients also given video EEG or 24 hour dynamic EEGs. Clinical records also evaluated</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gonzalez-Cuevas, 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref86" rid="niceng217er3.ref86"><sup>86</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 29; Spain; mean age 64.75years; 48.3% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: >=18 years old; PCT acquired immediately following diagnosis; clinical or EEG diagnosis of status epilepticus (SE) established in ER or hospitalisation</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Patients with delayed PCT acquisition; allergy to iodinated contrast material; other contraindications for PCT</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Perfusion computed tomography</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnosis by ictal EEG and clinical semiology</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Goselink, 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref87" rid="niceng217er3.ref87"><sup>87</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 187; Holland; age and gender not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: All consecutive EEG recordings from both adult and pediatric patients with a clinical suspicion of non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE); all consecutive EEG recordings without a clinical suspicion but with an abnormal EEG were included in the clinically ‘not suspected for NCSE’ group.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Patients with technically insufficient EEG recordings and EEG recordings lasting <30 minutes</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">EEG review using SalzburgSalzburg criteria</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Expert opinion of another four neurophysiologists who had access to all clinical information, including laboratory tests, imaging studies, response to treatment, follow-up and outcome, as well as all EEG recordings. The consensus view held as the final diagnosis.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hanrahan, 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref90" rid="niceng217er3.ref90"><sup>90</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=12; mean age 40.6 years; 33% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients admitted to the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit for ‘spell classification’ who had videos taken of their events during the evaluation</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Clinical history.</p>
|
|
<p>Videos of the seizure event captured during EMU evaluation.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The paper describes EMU diagnosis as entailing video-EEG, clinical history and witnessed semiology. The reported EMU-confirmed diagnosis was considered final. The diagnosis was also described as ‘established’.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hendrickson, 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref92" rid="niceng217er3.ref92"><sup>92</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 354; USA; mean age not reported; 64.4% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients undergoing vEEG monitoring; participated in either neuropsychological or psychological testing; interviewed for panic attack criteria</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Unclear diagnosis; episodes secondary to another primary disorder; diagnosis of both PNES and epilepsy</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of panic attack symptoms</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hoefnagels, 1991<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref94" rid="niceng217er3.ref94"><sup>94</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 119; USA; mean age not reported; 47% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: All consecutive patients (> 15 years of age) referred to the neurological department because of one or more episodes of transient loss of consciousness. Transient loss of consciousness was defined as an episode of less than one hour with inability to maintain posture and to recall events during the episode.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Patients with loss of consciousness due to trauma or subarachnoid haemorrhage and patients with pre-diagnosis of epilepsy.</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Routine interictal EEG.</p>
|
|
<p>If patient <65years, had an additional hyperventilation test (40 breaths per minute for 3 minutes. End tidal CO2 level had to be <2.5% after hyperventilation. Blood gases measured. Hyperventilation test considered negative if end tidal CO2 did not restore to >90% baseline value after 3 minutes recovery.</p>
|
|
<p>Standard ECG given and assessed as normal or abnormal according to the QT-interval.</p>
|
|
<p>Laboratory examination of serum sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, glucose, urea, ESR, liver function and FBC.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A definitive diagnosis of seizure was given by: movements during loss of consciousness and identified clonic movements from a range of movements imitated by the interviewer; if an eyewitness observed automatisms, such as chewing or lip smacking, during loss of consciousness; if the patient reported an unequivocal aura, such as a strange smell, preceding the event; if the patient felt confused immediately after the event (inability to recognise familiar persons or environment);if the patient had tongue biting. Unclear if needed just one of these or all of these to trigger a diagnosis.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Huang, 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref96" rid="niceng217er3.ref96"><sup>96</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=12; China; mean age 16 months; gender unclear</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Infants with paroxysmal events that had been videoed; resolution was high enough to ensure facial features were visible; all possible body movements were recorded; sound in videos is clear, and excessive ventilation sounds can be distinguished.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: No consent from caregivers; video >1 minute long (may impair public playback)</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Medical record only</p>
|
|
<p>Medical record plus 1 minute video of event</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All corresponding descriptions, home videos, and VEEG reports were presented to two senior epileptologists blind to the study purpose, and they made diagnoses accordingly</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Husain, 2020<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref97" rid="niceng217er3.ref97"><sup>97</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=17; USA; mean age 49.1 years; 21.1% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients with a history of ES or PNES admitted to one of 3 EMUs for routine seizure characterisation</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Any patients on whom intracranial EEG monitoring was used</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>sEMG classification of seizure events by expert review. Single channel surface EMG (sEMG) attached unilaterally on the belly of the biceps. Graphical user interface allowed expert review</p>
|
|
<p>Automated sEMG classification. As above, but using an automated decision tool. This generated a ‘seizure score from 0-25 with a threshold of 8 or above (= epilepsy)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jackson, 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref99" rid="niceng217er3.ref99"><sup>99</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=219; Australia; median age 45 years; 40% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients referred by the ED to the adult first seizure clinic at Monash medical centre</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ED initial assessment by ED doctors</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Final diagnosis: Index test data, PLUS MRI brain scans and EEG data that had been collected after ED discharge, with decision made by study authors (epilepsy specialists).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jaraba, 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref100" rid="niceng217er3.ref100"><sup>100</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=55; Spain; mean age 62.1 years; 38.1% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: All patients undergoing 99mTc-hexamethyl propyleneamine oxime [HMPAO] single photo emission computed tomography [SPECT] [HMPAO-SPECT] as part of their diagnostic workup in the centre; clinical suspicion of NCSE</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Patients with sub-optimal EEG recordings; patients with NCSE because of hypoxic-anoxic aetiology; no consensus on diagnosis; where EEG and HMPAO-SPECT were not done simultaneously</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Ictal HMPAO SPECT scans (visual)</p>
|
|
<p>Ictal HMPAO SPECT scans (quantitative)</p>
|
|
<p>Ictal EEG using Salzburg criteria</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Patients were classified as NCSE or non-NCSE following a consensus decision based on all clinical and paraclinical data, including EEG readings, laboratory data, therapeutic response, follow up and final outcome. Two clinicians evaluated these data independently blinded to HMPAPO-SPECT results. A third clinician was used to resolve conflicts.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Keezer, 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref102" rid="niceng217er3.ref102"><sup>102</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=72; Canada; mean age 35 years; 61% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: All patients undergoing a prolonged ambulatory EEG (paEEG); medical record at the MNI to allow expert to ascertain clinical diagnosis of epilepsy or not</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Routine EEG.</p>
|
|
<p>Prolonged ambulatory EEG (paEEG).</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">One neurologist, a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Canada, reviewed medical records to identify those individuals with epilepsy. To minimize verification bias (i.e., constructing the reference standard with prior knowledge of the index test results), the assessor relied on the documented medical history and event semiology. Additional data collected were subject age, sex, epilepsy aetiology, the use of antiepileptic drug(s), and reason for referral by the treating physician</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Khan, 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref107" rid="niceng217er3.ref107"><sup>107</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=50; USA; mean age not reported; 57% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients being evaluated for a medically refractory seizure disorder; aged 18 or older; able to undergo hypnosis (able to hear and see)</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Pregnancy; learning disability; psychosis; under the influence of illicit substances</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Patients underwent the Hypnotic Induction Profile</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kimiskidis, 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref109" rid="niceng217er3.ref109"><sup>109</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 31; Greece; mean age 28 years; 54.8% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patient group: Patients with GGE; passed TASS questionnaire except epilepsy-related questions; both clinical and EEG features consistent with GGE; at least 2 seizures and on AEDs</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Other CNS disorders; comorbid conditions; EEG evidence of focal abnormalities; slow spike and wave discharges or triphasic patterns; centrally acting drugs other than AEDs; past or present substance/ETOH abuse</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: healthy controls</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Paired pulsed transcranial magnetic stimulation</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diagnosis by 2 experienced epileptologists who reached consensus based on clinical and laboratory data.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Knox, 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref111" rid="niceng217er3.ref111"><sup>111</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=340; USA; mean age 3.9 years; gender not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: First time vEEG without capturing a habitual event; at least 1 year of FU; on hospital database</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Neonates; diagnosis of epilepsy that predated the initial vEEG study by >1 month; no history of paroxysmal events</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No event video EEG</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Final definitive diagnosis based on full medical records and a minimum of 1 clinic visit in 1 year of follow up. Often unblinded to EEG results</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Koren, 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref114" rid="niceng217er3.ref114"><sup>114</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=85; Austria; mean age 58.9 years; 51.8% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Neurological critical care patients with clinically suspected NCSE [unexplained deterioration or fluctuation of consciousness, subtle motor activity (persistent or fluctuating muscle twitching of the face or extremities, manual and oral automatisms) as well as pupillary and ocular movement abnormalities (nystagmus, hippus, mydriasis, or sustained eye deviation).</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Several early findings (first 30 minutes of EEG recordings) were tested:</p>
|
|
<p>Early sporadic epileptiform discharges (SED)</p>
|
|
<p>Early rhythmic and periodic EEG patterns of ‘ictal-interictal uncertainty’ (RPPIIIU)</p>
|
|
<p>Early SED or RPPIIU</p>
|
|
<p>Clinical signs of non-convulsive seizures (NCS)</p>
|
|
<p>Early SED or RPPIIU and clinical signs of NCS</p>
|
|
<p>Early SED, RPPIIU, or clinical signs of NCS</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Critical care continuous EEG (for detection of NCSE). Used 21 electrodes according to the 10-20 system. Recordings performed as soon as possible following clinical suspicion of NCSE (all within 12 hours). EEG data classified according to the ACNS SCCET. Mean recording time was 72 (67) hours [range 5-388 hours]</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kusmakar, 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref116" rid="niceng217er3.ref116"><sup>116</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=79; Australia; mean age 31.6 years; 60% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients undergoing VIDEO EEG; history of events that mimicked generalised seizures or events characterised by the presence of bilateral convulsions</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Patients having intracranial monitoring or with a psychiatric disorder</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrist accelerometer</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Decided by consensus between 2-6 epileptologists, where a decision was made based on clinical history, neuropsychiatric evaluation, neuroimaging, Video EEG for 3 days and observed seizure semiology</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Leitinger, 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref124" rid="niceng217er3.ref124"><sup>124</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 120; Denmark/Austria; median age 65 years; 47% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Aged 4 months or older (if from tertiary centre); 18 years or older (if from the 2 secondary care centres); clinical suspicion of non-convulsive status epilepticus, having a history of decreased cognition/consciousness for at least 10 minutes.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Participants with technically insufficient EEG recordings; EEG recordings lasting <20 minutes.</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Routine EEG using Salzburg criteria</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The reference standard was inferred from all clinical and para-clinical data, including EEG readings (but not the results of Salzburg criteria), laboratory data, neuroimaging data, therapeutic response, follow-up, and final outcome. For all patients and recordings, two authors evaluated these data independently, while blinded to the Salzburg criteria scorings</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Li, 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref125" rid="niceng217er3.ref125"><sup>125</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=54; USA; age and gender not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: ED discharge diagnosis of ‘generalised seizures’ or ‘generalised shaking episodes’; aged >=18 years; well documented spell onset within 24 hours of a basic metabolic panel drawn in the ED</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Other documented active medical problems that could cause acidosis and confound the analysis, such as sepsis, alcohol or medicine toxicity</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anion gap</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abnormal interictal EEG showing epileptiform discharges, plus with a documented semiology of their event consistent with a generalised convulsive seizure. Subjects diagnosed as PNES if video EEG confirmed this.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Manni, 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref131" rid="niceng217er3.ref131"><sup>131</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 71; Italy; mean age 54years; 15.5% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients with undefined (epileptic or parasomnia) nocturnal paroxysmal motor-behavioural episodes attending the Sleep Medicine and Epilepsy Unit (an outpatient facility) at the IRCCS “C. Mondino Institute of Neurology” Foundation in Pavia, Italy; final diagnosis of arousal parasomnias, NFLE or idiopathic RBD.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: parasomnias or idiopathic RBD</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">FLEP scale</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">McGinty, 2021<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref132" rid="niceng217er3.ref132"><sup>132</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 219; UK; mean age 49 years; 49.8% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Consecutive adult patients with a diagnosis of new-onset focal epilepsy and their first seizure within the previous 12 months</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of new onset focal epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>ACE attention domain</p>
|
|
<p>APE2 score</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Detection of Neuronal surface-directed antibodies (NSAb)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mueller, 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref136" rid="niceng217er3.ref136"><sup>136</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=80; USA; mean age 35.9 years; 65% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Not reported, though all patients were reported to be seizure free for at least 24 hours before the MRI study.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: healthy controls</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4T MRI</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Seizure semiology and prolonged ictal and interictal Video/EEG/Telemetry (VET)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Naganur, 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref137" rid="niceng217er3.ref137"><sup>137</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=11; Australia; mean age (seizures/PNES) 20/24years; 58.3% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients admitted for VEM for the investigation of possible epilepsy were eligible for inclusion. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they experienced one of their typical clinical events of at least 20 seconds (s) in duration in which there was sustained, rhythmic or arrhythmic movements affecting at least one limb. This included patients with purely tonic or hyper motor movements.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Patients experiencing solely non-convulsive seizures were excluded.</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wrist accelerometer data</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Noe, 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref143" rid="niceng217er3.ref143"><sup>143</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=439; USA; mean age 47.9 years; 64% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients admitted to EMU for spell classification</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Subjects with a known diagnosis of epilepsy admitted to EMU for pre-surgical evaluation, medication adjustment, status epilepticus, or seizure quantification.</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Impression of the admitting epidemiologist, based on review of history, physical and available diagnostic testing as documented in the medical record prior to vEEG.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Okazaki, 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref144" rid="niceng217er3.ref144"><sup>144</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 57; USA; mean age 42 years; 52.6% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: People aged >18 admitted to having scalp continuous vEEG monitoring for episode classification</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: People whose monitoring session was inconclusive because of the lack of recorded events</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epifinder application – a clinical decision support tool.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Oliva, 2008<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref145" rid="niceng217er3.ref145"><sup>145</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=84; Australia; mean age 38.0 years; 50% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients admitted to Royal Melbourne Hospital for inpatient video monitoring, in whom at least 1 convulsive event was captured</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Existence of oral lacerations and incontinence. Information collected by medical scientists via direct questioning and examination of the patient after a convulsive event.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ottman, 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref146" rid="niceng217er3.ref146"><sup>146</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=342; USA; mean age 54 years; 61% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: All residents of the city of Rochester, MN, U.S.A., who were born in 1920 or later and had incidence of either epilepsy (two or more unprovoked seizures) or an isolated unprovoked seizure between 1935 and 1994.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: healthy controls</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">General screening interview for epilepsy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A comprehensive review of the medical records of each case or control was carried out. Abstraction involved initial review by trained nurse abstractors followed by expert review by the study epileptologists and provided detailed information for the duration of each subject’s residence in the Rochester area, including all outpatient examinations, home and emergency room visits, hospitalization records, laboratory tests, and neurologic and other special examinations.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rawlings, 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref158" rid="niceng217er3.ref158"><sup>158</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 293; UK; mean age 43.8 years; 73.0% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients with epilepsy or PNES supported by video EEG recordings of typical seizures involving TLOC identified from patient databases; patients with a diagnosis of recurrent syncope supported by pathophysiological evidence</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Patients unable to complete the questionnaire without help (learning disability)</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES or syncope</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Panic measures. This was captured by the Paroxysmal Event Profile – this consists of 86 Likert style questions about symptoms, 7 of which were focussed on panic symptoms.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Renzel, 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref159" rid="niceng217er3.ref159"><sup>159</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 237; Switzerland; mean age 38 years; 39.2% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Age >16; at least one routine EEG because of suspected epilepsy and been subsequently examined with an EEG SD (24 hours); full documentation of history, EEG and diagnosis available; no diagnosis made before SD EEG; no specific epileptiform changes in the EEG before SD-EEG; documented cerebral imaging via MRI within 2 years of EEG recordings</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Patients declined use of their data; no final diagnosis available; no adequate documentation of the medication taken; use of highly potent neuroleptic drugs</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sleep deprived EEG</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Established after collegial discussion for each case by the study investigators according to the ILAE guidelines</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reuber, 2009<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref161" rid="niceng217er3.ref161"><sup>161</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=20; UK; mean age 36.9 years; 65% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Refractory seizure disorders; referred for Video EEG; uncertainty between epilepsy and PNES; seizure captured by video; ictal EEG allowed unequivocal diagnosis of epilepsy or PNES</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Combined epilepsy and PNES; admitted for epilepsy surgery evaluation; non-fluent English; unable to complete self-report measures</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Linguistic aqnalysis</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reuber, 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref160" rid="niceng217er3.ref160"><sup>160</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=300; UK; mean age 43.5years; 73% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients with epilepsy or PNES supported by video EEG recordings of typical seizures involving TLOC identified from patient databases; patients with a diagnosis of recurrent syncope supported by pathophysiological evidence</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES or syncope</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Paroxysmal Event Profile Questionnaire – 86 items focussing on TLOC manifestations, plus 7 further questions related to demographic and clinical features.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rosenow, 1998<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref163" rid="niceng217er3.ref163"><sup>163</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=40; Germany; mean age 103.4 months; gender not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Children presenting with a chief complaint of staring spells</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Symptom questionnaire.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rowberry, 2020<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref166" rid="niceng217er3.ref166"><sup>166</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=101; UK; median age 4 years; 47.5% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients under 18 years identified by PICU clinicians to be at risk of epileptic seizures and commenced on Quantitative EEG (qEEG)</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Patients with decompressive craniectomy and allergy to collodion glue</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Quantitative EEG interpreted in real time by PICU clinicians</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A clinical neurophysiologist retrospectively reviewed each qEEG recording to identify epilepsy seizures. The neurophysiologist had access to the same electrophysiology information available to the PICU clinicians. This included the raw EEG.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Schmidt, 2016<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref171" rid="niceng217er3.ref171"><sup>171</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=68; UK; age 16-59 years; gender not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: IGE individuals were drug naïve</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Computational biomarker based on extent of synchrony between EEG channels and the normalised power spectrum from a short resting state interictal EEG</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This was a ‘case-control’ design where 38 healthy controls and 30 people with a diagnosis of Idiopathic Generalised Epilepsy (IGE) were recruited. A diagnosis of epilepsy was confirmed in each IGE case by an experienced epilepsy specialist through observation of typical generalized spike-wave (GSW) activity on EEG either spontaneously or following hyperventilation or photic stimulation. For 10 of these people, the diagnosis was confirmed following an initial routine EEG. For the remaining 20, diagnosis was confirmed following sleep-deprived or longer-term EEG monitoring (including sleep). Similar healthy control EEG was collected at King’s College Hospital EEG department.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sen, 2007<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref176" rid="niceng217er3.ref176"><sup>176</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N = 36; UK; age and gender unclear</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Epilepsy or PNES</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Existence of postictal stertorous breathing</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Full use of all clinical data collected over 18 months</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Seneviratne, 2017<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref177" rid="niceng217er3.ref177"><sup>177</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 138; Australia; mean age 43 years; 52.2% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: All patients undergoing monitoring at the EMU of Monash Medical Centre; adults aged >=18; diagnosed with PNES or ES</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Events with subjective symptoms or without obvious semiological features; electrographic epileptic seizures without clinical semiology</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ictal duration</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sierra-Marcos, 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref179" rid="niceng217er3.ref179"><sup>179</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 131; Spain; mean age 52.4years; 45% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Adult patients who consulted consecutively for a new onset seizure to the ER; stereotyped paroxysmal spell highly suggested an epileptic seizure</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Patients with previous seizures</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Early EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Follow up routine EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Sleep deprived EEG</p>
|
|
<p>CT</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Full clinical, EEG, CT, video EEG AND 12 months follow up</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Simani, 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref180" rid="niceng217er3.ref180"><sup>180</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=82; Iran; mean age 30.9 years; 53.6% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients with a history of recurrent seizures, admitted to EMU for further evaluation; control group comprised healthy volunteers with no history of seizure.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Patients with other medical, neurologic or psychiatric diseases, or history of recent head trauma; medications other than AEDs or psychoactive drugs</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Post-seizure serum glial fibrillary astrocytic protein (GFAP) serum levels</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Slater, 1995<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref181" rid="niceng217er3.ref181"><sup>181</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=49; USA; age and gender not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Age >=18; patients admitted to EEG video telemetry unit.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wilkus classification guideline: A patients has pseudo seizures if any of the following are true: a) hysteria or hypochondriasis score >=70 and one of the two highest points in the profile (disregarding the masculinity-femininity and social introversion scales, b) hysteria or hypochondriasis score >=80 and not necessarily among the two highest points, c) hysteria and hypochondriasis both >59 and both 10 points higher than the depression scale.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stroink, 2003<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref184" rid="niceng217er3.ref184"><sup>184</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 760; Holland; ages 1 month to 16 years; gender not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: All children aged 1 month to 16 years referred by GP or paediatrician at participating hospital for a single seizure or suspected epilepsy</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Children with only neonatal, febrile or other acute symptomatic seizures; children referred from other hospitals for a second opinion</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Clinical diagnosis: Attending paediatric neurologist completed an extensive questionnaire on description of events, including postictal signs, possible provoking factors, medical and family history.</p>
|
|
<p>Standard EEG performed in each child. If no epileptiform discharges a recording after partial sleep deprivation was made, or in small children during a daytime nap.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Use of original data plus information gained over 5 years of follow up (if epilepsy originally diagnosed), 2 years of follow up (if single seizure) or 1 year of follow up (if no epilepsy diagnosis or single event at baseline).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Swartz, 2002<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref186" rid="niceng217er3.ref186"><sup>186</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=462; USA; age and gender not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients referred to PET facility</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: No seizures within 72 hours</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Positron Emission</p>
|
|
<p>Tomography with 2-deoxy-2[18F] fluro-D-glucose (FDG-PET)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Syed, 2011<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=35; USA; mean age 37.0 years; 60% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Seizure patients scheduled for vEEG; VEEG recorded epilepsy or PNES during stay</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Epileptologist blinded and independent review of seizure videos in terms of the following semiological signs: 1) eye-opening or widening at onset of seizure, 2) abrupt onset, 3) post-ictal confusion/sleep</p>
|
|
<p>Eye-witness accounts of seizure in terms of the following semiological signs: 1) eye-opening or widening at onset of seizure, 2) abrupt onset, 3) post-ictal confusion/sleep</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tatum, 2020<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref193" rid="niceng217er3.ref193"><sup>193</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=44; USA; mean age 45.1 years; 70% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: 18 years or older; voluntary consent; had completed a history assessment and physical examination; outpatients referred with events that could be epilepsy; submitted an outpatient smartphone video of their primary ictal event; underwent gold standard test of video-EEG; >95% of each survey completed by reviewers; had a final diagnosis</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: <18 years; pregnant; incomplete or absent history/physical examination; no smartphone video; did not undergo gold standard; confirmed history of mixed epileptic and non-epileptic events; declined study participation; no informed consent</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Patients provided a witness-generated outpatient smartphone video.</p>
|
|
<p>History and physical examination done by 3 experts, lasting an average of 60 minutes</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tews, 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref194" rid="niceng217er3.ref194"><sup>194</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 248; Germany; mean age 6.2 years; 45.2% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: first afebrile seizure; aged 1 mo. to 18 yrs. not suffering from pre-existing neurological disorders</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: situation-related or acute symptomatic seizures resulting from toxic, metabolic, infectious or traumatic reasons were excluded.</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>EEG</p>
|
|
<p>MRI</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Seizure recurrence at 48 months, with use of the International League Against Epilepsy definitions to clinically classify patients as having epilepsy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thompson, 2010<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref196" rid="niceng217er3.ref196"><sup>196</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 184; USA; mean age 37 years; 67.4% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients completing the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) and video EEG at the regional epilepsy centre.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Not diagnosed by video EEG as either epilepsy or PNES</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Psychological indices</p>
|
|
<p>PNES (Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures); threshold for PNES >=1</p>
|
|
<p>SOM-C (conversion); threshold for PNES >=70</p>
|
|
<p>SOM (somatic complaints); threshold for PNES >=70</p>
|
|
<p>SOM-S (somatisation); threshold for PNES >=70</p>
|
|
<p>DEP (Depression); threshold for PNES >=60</p>
|
|
<p>DEP-P (Depression-physiological); threshold for PNES >=70</p>
|
|
<p>ANX-P (Anxiety-Physiological); threshold for PNES >=60</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tyson, 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref199" rid="niceng217er3.ref199"><sup>199</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=105; USA; mean age 36.9 years; 54.3% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients with neuropsychological assessments, and data on psychometric testing</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multivariate model of psychometric testing, using 4 measures of cognitive ability – vocabulary, information, Boston naming test and letter fluency)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">EEG evidence of ES, with neurological exam, seizure semiology and neuroradiological findings. Video EEG used to exclude PNES so likely that video EEG was used for all, although not directly stated.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">van Diessen, 2013<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref200" rid="niceng217er3.ref200"><sup>200</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=70; Holland; mean age 10 years; 31.4% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: One or more suspected epileptic event(s) were eligible for our study. Children included who were eventually diagnosed with new onset partial epilepsy.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Children with neurological or psychiatric comorbidities, including developmental delay</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: control group not suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Routine interictal EEG recording, using international 10-20 system.</p>
|
|
<p>Functional network approach: Periods of resting-state EEG, free of abnormal slowing or epileptiform activity, were selected to construct functional networks of correlated activity.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The clinical diagnosis of epilepsy was defined by at least two unprovoked seizures within one year, judged by two neurologists to be of epileptic origin.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Varma, 1996<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref203" rid="niceng217er3.ref203"><sup>203</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 20; UK; mean age 35.3years; 50% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients referred to neurosurgery unit and diagnoses with NES or epilepsy; diagnosis based on video EEG findings</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: People with dual epilepsy/PNES; brain lesions on CT/MRI</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hexamethyl propylene amine oxime single photon emission tomography (HMPAO SPECT) brain imaging</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Verhoeven, 2018<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref205" rid="niceng217er3.ref205"><sup>205</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=75; Switzerland, Belgium and Austria; mean age 31.7 years; 52.5% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: drug resistant TLE, or ‘healthy’</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Resting-state high-density EEG recording data was used. Epochs without interictal spikes were selected. The cortical source activity was obtained for 82 regions of interest and whole brain directed functional connectivity was estimated in the theta, alpha and beta frequency bands. These connectivity values were then used to build a classification system based on two two-class Random Forests classifiers: TLE vs healthy controls and left vs right TLE.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Drug resistant TLE was definitively diagnosed as follows: unilateral anteromedial localization of the epileptogenic zone confirmed by good surgical outcome (Engel’s class I or II, after at least 12 months post-operative follow-up), intracranial EEG or concordant presurgical evaluation methods and the existence of at least a 10–15 min resting state eyes-closed high-density EEG recording (96–256 channels).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vukmir, 2004<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref209" rid="niceng217er3.ref209"><sup>209</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=200; USA; age and gender not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients who presented to the emergency department with a clinical symptom complex consistent with seizure, manifested as near or total loss of consciousness, accompanied by abnormal motor activity and/or a post-ictal phase.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: <18 years</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serum prolactin level</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A hospital discharge diagnosis of seizure either initially or at the end of the stay. The diagnosis was recorded from ED records if discharged or inpatient discharge record if admitted. The presence of an abnormal electroencephalogram indicated by abrupt onset and termination of repetitive rhythmic activity usually consisting of a sharp or spike wave pattern, during the hospital stay if performed was included as well.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Watson, 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref213" rid="niceng217er3.ref213"><sup>213</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 630; UK; mean age 49.5 years; gender not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: People with EEGs done in the department between July 2006 to December 2009</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: any suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Routine EEG</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Final diagnosis of epilepsy/ no epilepsy, based on all information, including laboratory results, MRI/CT/X ray imaging.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wilkus, 1984<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref215" rid="niceng217er3.ref215"><sup>215</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=20; USA mean age 28.2 years; gender unknown</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Patients referred for inpatient EEG/CCTV monitoring</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: not reported</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">See Wilkus classification guideline (Slater, 1995)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Willert, 2004<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=52; Germany; mean age 34.7years; 41.6% female</p>
|
|
<p>Inclusion: Single seizures with an interval of at least 24 hours before and after the seizure; normal levels of NSE, PRL and CK at baseline</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion: Acute disorders of the CNS or endocrinological diseases; pregnancy; medication other than anticonvulsants</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy population: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE)</p>
|
|
<p>Serum prolactin (PRL)</p>
|
|
<p>Serum creatine kinase (CK)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VIDEO EEG</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab3"><div id="niceng217er3.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different <u>symptoms/signs/semiology</u> for detection of epilepsy</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column. Each index test is positive if the described symptom is present.</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index Test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">n</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interpreter of index test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gold standard used in study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sensitivity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Specificity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GRADE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>Tongue biting / oral lacerations during seizure</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref25" rid="niceng217er3.ref25"><sup>25</sup></a>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref145" rid="niceng217er3.ref145"><sup>145</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">194</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR/ medical scientist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Video EEG</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy group: syncope / population suspected of epilepsy</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>0.22 [0.10, 0.39]</p>
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<p>0.26 [0.16, 0.38]</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>0.99 [0.93, 1.00]</p>
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<p>1.00 [0.81, 1.00]</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Specificity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>Incontinence during seizure</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref145" rid="niceng217er3.ref145"><sup>145</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">84</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medical scientist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Video EEG</p>
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<p>Population suspected of epilepsy but no definite differential diagnoses</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.23 [0.13, 0.35]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.94 [0.73, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Specificity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<i>Urine loss during seizure</i>
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</p>
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<p>
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<i>DETECTING ABSENCE SEIZURES IN INFANTS</i>
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</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref163" rid="niceng217er3.ref163"><sup>163</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Physician</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Video EEG</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy group: population suspected of epilepsy</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.12 [0.01, 0.36]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.85, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Specificity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>Oral lacerations AND incontinence during seizure</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref145" rid="niceng217er3.ref145"><sup>145</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">84</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medical scientist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Video EEG</p>
|
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<p>Population suspected of epilepsy but no definite differential diagnoses</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.08(0.03-0.18)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.0(0.78-1.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure - eye opening or widening at onset</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Video EEG</p>
|
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<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.79, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.85 [0.62, 0.97]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure - abrupt onset</i>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.94 [0.70, 1.00]</p>
|
|
<p>1.00 [0.87, 1.00]</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.55 [0.32, 0.77]</p>
|
|
<p>0.13 [0.02, 0.38]</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – postictal confusion/sleep</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.81 [0.54, 0.96]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.70 [0.46, 0.88]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – eyes fixed</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.57 [0.34, 0.77]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.92 [0.62, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – unilateral head turning</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.30 [0.13, 0.53]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – non-sensical speech</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.00 [0.00, 0.15]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.92 [0.62, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – clenched mouth</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.09 [0.01, 0.28]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.25 [0.05, 0.57]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – hand automatisms</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG / surgical or long term follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.26 [0.10, 0.48]</p>
|
|
<p>0.52 [0.32, 0.71]</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</p>
|
|
<p>0.94 [0.70, 1.00]</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – ictal scream</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.22 [0.07, 0.44]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure - grasping</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.09 [0.01, 0.28]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – post-ictal nosewiping</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.09 [0.01, 0.28]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure - epostical aphasia</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.09 [0.01, 0.28]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – postictal snoring</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref16" rid="niceng217er3.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">104</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.35 [0.16, 0.57]</p>
|
|
<p>0.34 [0.20, 0.50]</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</p>
|
|
<p>1.0 [00.86, 1.00]</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – abrupt offset</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.75<sup>e</sup></p>
|
|
<p>0.74 [0.54, 0.89]</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.7<sup>e</sup></p>
|
|
<p>0.31 [0.11, 0.59]</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – continuous movements</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.57 [0.34, 0.77]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.67 [0.35, 0.90]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – eyes rolled back into head</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.52 [0.31, 0.73]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.67 [0.35, 0.90]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Upward eye movements</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING ABSENCE SEIZURES IN INFANTS</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref163" rid="niceng217er3.ref163"><sup>163</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Physician</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: population suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.35 [0.14, 0.62]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.91 [0.72, 0.99]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – postictal exhaustion</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.52 [0.31, 0.73]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.42 [0.15, 0.72]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – postictal stertorous/loud/deep breathing</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref16" rid="niceng217er3.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref176" rid="niceng217er3.ref176"><sup>176</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">183</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG, or overall clinical findings over prolonged follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.43 [0.23, 0.66]</p>
|
|
<p>0.22 [0.09, 0.42]</p>
|
|
<p>0.52 [0.37, 0.68]</p>
|
|
<p>0.96[0.80, 1.0]</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Pooled (95% CrIs): 0.57(0.14 – 0.93)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.50 [0.21, 0.79]</p>
|
|
<p>1.00 [0.79, 1.00]</p>
|
|
<p>0.79[0.58, 0.93]</p>
|
|
<p>1.0 [0.90,1.0]</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Pooled (95% CrIs): 0.89 (0.46 – 0.99)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – looking around</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.48 [0.27, 0.69]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.25 [0.05, 0.57]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – epileptic aura</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.5<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.17<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure - gradual behavioural build-up to peak intensity, but within 70 seconds</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Surgical or long term follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.81 [0.62, 0.94]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.94 [0.70, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – eyes closed at peak</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Surgical or long term follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.00 [0.00, 0.14]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.20 [0.04, 0.48]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – waxing / waning event tempo</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Surgical or long term follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.04 [0.00, 0.19]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.31 [0.11, 0.59]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – non-synchronous movements</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Surgical or long term follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.07 [0.01, 0.24]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.56 [0.30, 0.80]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – side to side head movements</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Surgical or long term follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.00 [0.00, 0.13]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.75 [0.48, 0.93]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – pelvic thrusting</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref16" rid="niceng217er3.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref82" rid="niceng217er3.ref82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">594</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epileptologist/neurologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Surgical or long term follow up / Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES and other Epi types</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.04 [0.00, 0.19]</p>
|
|
<p>0.11 [0.07, 0.17]</p>
|
|
<p>0.02 [0.00, 0.12]</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Pooled (95%CrIs): 0.055(0.0066-0.227)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.69 [0.41, 0.89]</p>
|
|
<p>0.83 [0.74, 0.90]</p>
|
|
<p>0.92 [0.73, 0.99]</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Pooled (95%CrIs): 0.834(0.52-00.961)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Pelvic thrusting during seizure</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING RIGHT TLE</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>(not included in above meta-analysis because the data already included in the overall epilepsy data)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref82" rid="niceng217er3.ref82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">261</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">neurologists</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Critical care continuous EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES / other epilepsy types</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.08 [0.02, 0.19]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.85 [0.80, 0.90]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Pelvic thrusting during seizure</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING LEFTTLE</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>(not included in above meta-analysis because the data already included in the overall epilepsy data)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref82" rid="niceng217er3.ref82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">261</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">neurologists</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Critical care continuous EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES / other epilepsy types</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.04 [0.00, 0.14]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.84 [0.79, 0.89]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Pelvic thrusting</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING FLE</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>(not included in above meta-analysis because the data already included in the overall epilepsy data)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref82" rid="niceng217er3.ref82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">261</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">neurologists</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Critical care continuous EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES / other epilepsy types</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.24 [0.13, 0.38]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.89 [0.84, 0.93]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – expression of pain</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Surgical or long term follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.00 [0.00, 0.13]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.75 [0.48, 0.93]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – motor behavioural onset</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Surgical or long term follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.22 [0.09, 0.42]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.81 [0.54, 0.96]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – head version</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Surgical or long term follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.22 [0.09, 0.42]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.94 [0.70, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – eye deviation</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Surgical or long term follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.20 [0.07, 0.41]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.78, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – repetitive eye blinks</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Surgical or long term follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.04 [0.00, 0.20]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.80 [0.52, 0.96]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – facial grimacing</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Surgical or long term follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.11 [0.02, 0.29]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.88 [0.62, 0.98]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – abnormal posturing</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Surgical or long term follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.37 [0.19, 0.58]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.63 [0.35, 0.85]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – clonic activities</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Surgical or long term follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.30 [0.14, 0.50]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.81 [0.54, 0.96]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – vocalisation/speech</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Surgical or long term follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.37 [0.19, 0.58]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.69 [0.41, 0.89]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sign observed by epileptologist on video during seizure – thrashing/writhing</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Surgical or long term follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.15 [0.04, 0.34]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.69 [0.41, 0.89]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Neurologist observation of video: eyes open during seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref16" rid="niceng217er3.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">neurologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.92, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.88 [0.68, 0.97]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Neurologist observation of video: Ictal vocalisation</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref16" rid="niceng217er3.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">neurologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.64 [0.48, 0.78]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.88 [0.68, 0.97]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Neurologist observation of video: Ictal side to side head and body turning</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref16" rid="niceng217er3.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">neurologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.39 [0.24, 0.55]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.38 [0.19, 0.59]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Neurologist observation of video: Ictal asynchronous extremity motion</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref16" rid="niceng217er3.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">neurologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.48 [0.32, 0.63]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.04 [0.00, 0.21]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Neurologist observation of video: Post ictal breathing regularity</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref16" rid="niceng217er3.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">neurologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.50 [0.35, 0.65]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.79 [0.58, 0.93]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Neurologist observation of video: Post ictal agitation</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref16" rid="niceng217er3.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">neurologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.34 [0.20, 0.50]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.88 [0.68, 0.97]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Neurologist observation of video: Post ictal confusion</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref16" rid="niceng217er3.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">neurologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.76 [0.56, 0.90]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.88 [0.68, 0.97]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Twitching arms or legs during seizure</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING ABSENCE SEIZURES IN INFANTS</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref163" rid="niceng217er3.ref163"><sup>163</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Physician</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: population suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.24 [0.07, 0.50]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.85, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Occurrence of seizure when tired</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING ABSENCE SEIZURES IN INFANTS</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref163" rid="niceng217er3.ref163"><sup>163</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Physician</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: population suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.59 [0.33, 0.82]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.74 [0.52, 0.90]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Twitching arms or legs OR urine loss during seizure</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING ABSENCE SEIZURES IN INFANTS</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref163" rid="niceng217er3.ref163"><sup>163</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Physician</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: population suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.35 [0.14, 0.62]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.85, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Upward eye movement during seizures and occurrence of seizures when tired</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING ABSENCE SEIZURES IN INFANTS</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref163" rid="niceng217er3.ref163"><sup>163</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Physician</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: population suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.29 [0.10, 0.56]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.96 [0.78, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Eye witness (family/relative) account of eye opening or widening at onset during seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.83 [0.61, 0.95]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.25 [0.05, 0.57]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Eye witness (family/relative) account of abrupt onset during seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.48 [0.27, 0.69]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.25 [0.05, 0.57]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Eye witness (family/relative) account of post-ictal confusion/sleep</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref191" rid="niceng217er3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.78 [0.56, 0.93]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.00 [0.00, 0.26]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Symptom questionnaire for patients – existence of headache after seizure?</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref74" rid="niceng217er3.ref74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.38 [0.15, 0.65]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.96 [0.78, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Symptom questionnaire for patients – existence of fatigue or lethargy?</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref74" rid="niceng217er3.ref74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.56 [0.30, 0.80]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.87 [0.66, 0.97]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Symptom questionnaire for patients – existence of confusion alone?</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref74" rid="niceng217er3.ref74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.13 [0.02, 0.38]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.88 [0.69, 0.97]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Symptom questionnaire for patients – existence of no symptoms?</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref74" rid="niceng217er3.ref74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.00 [0.00, 0.21]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.52 [0.31, 0.72]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Reports of physical symptoms: light-headedness</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref56" rid="niceng217er3.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.10 [0.02, 0.27]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.21 [0.09, 0.36]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Reports of physical symptoms: sensory disturbances/dysaesthesias</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref56" rid="niceng217er3.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.17 [0.06, 0.35]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.38 [0.23, 0.55]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Reports of physical symptoms: hot flushes</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref56" rid="niceng217er3.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.00 [0.00, 0.12]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.74 [0.58, 0.87]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Reports of physical symptoms: palpitations</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref56" rid="niceng217er3.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.03 [0.00, 0.17]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.79 [0.64, 0.91]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Clinical signs of non-convulsive seizures (unexplained deterioration of consciousness, subtle motor activity, pupillary and ocular movement abnormalities)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING NCSE</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref114" rid="niceng217er3.ref114"><sup>114</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NC</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">neurologists</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Critical care continuous EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: population suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.929<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.631<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Clinical signs of non-convulsive seizures (unexplained deterioration of consciousness, subtle motor activity, pupillary and ocular movement abnormalities) AND early sporadic epileptiform discharges OR Early rhythmic and periodic EEG patterns of ‘ictal-interictal uncertainty’</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING NCSE</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref114" rid="niceng217er3.ref114"><sup>114</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NC</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">neurologists</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Critical care continuous EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: population suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.786<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.892<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Clinical signs of non-convulsive seizures (unexplained deterioration of consciousness, subtle motor activity, pupillary and ocular movement abnormalities) OR early sporadic epileptiform discharges OR Early rhythmic and periodic EEG patterns of ‘ictal-interictal uncertainty’</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING NCSE</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref114" rid="niceng217er3.ref114"><sup>114</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NC</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">neurologists</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Critical care continuous EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: population suspected of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.0<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.492<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Ictal duration >60s (measured by epileptologist using video)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref177" rid="niceng217er3.ref177"><sup>177</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">782</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epiletologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.35 [0.30, 0.40]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.29 [0.24, 0.34]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Ictal duration >120s (measured by epileptologist using video)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref177" rid="niceng217er3.ref177"><sup>177</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">782</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epiletologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.07 [0.05, 0.10]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.48 [0.43, 0.54]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Ictal duration >180s (measured by epileptologist using video)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref177" rid="niceng217er3.ref177"><sup>177</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">782</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epiletologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.02 [0.01, 0.04]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.63 [0.58, 0.68]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Ictal duration >240s (measured by epileptologist using video)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref177" rid="niceng217er3.ref177"><sup>177</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">782</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epiletologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.01 [0.01, 0.03]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.71 [0.66, 0.75]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Ictal duration >300s (measured by epileptologist using video)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref177" rid="niceng217er3.ref177"><sup>177</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">782</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epiletologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.01 [0.00, 0.03]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.79 [0.74, 0.83]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Paroxysmal Event Profile Questionnaire – ‘factor scores’ (PNES as non-epilepsy group). No details of scoring or thresholds used</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref160" rid="niceng217er3.ref160"><sup>160</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">200</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.72 [0.62, 0.81]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.78 [0.69, 0.86]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Paroxysmal Event Profile questionnaire – ‘patient information’ (PNES as non-epilepsy group). No details of scoring or thresholds used</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref160" rid="niceng217er3.ref160"><sup>160</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">200</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.46 [0.36, 0.56]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.74 [0.64, 0.82]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Paroxysmal Event Profile questionnaire – ‘combined’(PNES as non-epilepsy group). No details of scoring or thresholds used</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref160" rid="niceng217er3.ref160"><sup>160</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">200</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.74 [0.64, 0.82]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.80 [0.71, 0.87]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Paroxysmal Event Profile questionnaire – ‘factor scores’ (syncope as non-epilepsy group). No details of scoring or thresholds used</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref160" rid="niceng217er3.ref160"><sup>160</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">200</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: syncope</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.83 [0.74, 0.90]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.87 [0.79, 0.93]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Paroxysmal Event Profile questionnaire- ‘patient info’ (syncope as non-epilepsy group). No details of scoring or thresholds used</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref160" rid="niceng217er3.ref160"><sup>160</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">200</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: syncope</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.68 [0.58, 0.77]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.88 [0.80, 0.94]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Paroxysmal Event Profile – ‘combined’ (syncope as non-epilepsy group). No details of scoring or thresholds used</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref160" rid="niceng217er3.ref160"><sup>160</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">200</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: syncope</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.91 [0.84, 0.96]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.92 [0.85, 0.96]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>>1 comorbidity on medical records</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref60" rid="niceng217er3.ref60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">280</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.27 [0.19, 0.36]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.34 [0.27, 0.42]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Use of video information alone during seizure (from Video EEG) without other data to form ‘diagnosis’</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref73" rid="niceng217er3.ref73"><sup>73</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref90" rid="niceng217er3.ref90"><sup>90</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">170</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epileptologist/neurologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Surgery or long term observation / Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES / suspected of epilepsy but no differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.93 [0.76, 0.99]</p>
|
|
<p>0.75 [0.59, 0.87]</p>
|
|
<p>1.00 [0.48, 1.00]</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Pooled (95% CrIs): 0.892(0.534-0.996)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.94 [0.70, 1.00]</p>
|
|
<p>0.95 [0.87, 0.99]</p>
|
|
<p>0.71 [0.29, 0.96]</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Pooled (95% CrIs): 0.917(0.603-0.987)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Use of Clinical history / interview to form ‘diagnosis’</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref146" rid="niceng217er3.ref146"><sup>146</sup></a>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref90" rid="niceng217er3.ref90"><sup>90</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">354</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR/neurologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Medical record review / Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: healthy controls / suspected of epilepsy but no differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.96 [0.92, 0.98]</p>
|
|
<p>0.80 [0.28, 0.99]</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.93 [0.88, 0.96]</p>
|
|
<p>0.86 [0.42, 1.00]</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Use of history and physical examination only to form ‘diagnosis’</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref193" rid="niceng217er3.ref193"><sup>193</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">530</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">expert</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Medical record review / Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: suspected of epilepsy but no differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.97, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.89 [0.85, 0.92]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Use of medical record only to form diagnosis</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>INFANTS</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref96" rid="niceng217er3.ref96"><sup>96</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NC</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">expert</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Medical record review / Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: suspected of epilepsy but no differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.849<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.399<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Use of medical record and 1 minute video of event to form ‘diagnosis’</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>INFANTS</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref96" rid="niceng217er3.ref96"><sup>96</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NC</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">expert</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Medical record review / Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: suspected of epilepsy but no differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.888<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.514<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Use of smartphone video taken by witness to form ‘diagnosis’ (by experts and residents)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref193" rid="niceng217er3.ref193"><sup>193</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">530</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Experts and residents (ALL)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Medical record review / Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: suspected of epilepsy but no differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.60 [0.51, 0.68]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.91 [0.88, 0.94]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Use of smartphone video taken by witness to form ‘diagnosis’ (by experts only)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref193" rid="niceng217er3.ref193"><sup>193</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">530</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Experts only</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Medical record review / Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: suspected of epilepsy but no differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.77 [0.69, 0.83]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.93 [0.90, 0.96]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Use of smartphone video taken by witness to form ‘diagnosis’ (by residents only)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref193" rid="niceng217er3.ref193"><sup>193</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NC</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Residents only</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Medical record review / Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: suspected of epilepsy but no differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.42 [0.33, 0.50]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.88 [0.85, 0.91]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab3_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were rated at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies were rated at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">Indirectness was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist items referring to applicability. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were seriously indirect, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies are very seriously indirect</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab3_3"><p class="no_margin">Imprecision was assessed based on inspection of the confidence region in the diagnostic meta-analysis or, where diagnostic meta-analysis has not been conducted, assessed according to the range of confidence intervals in the individual studies. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed one of the clinical thresholds (0.90 or 0.60), and downgraded by 2 increments when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed both of the clinical thresholds. The upper clinical threshold marked the point above which recommendations would be possible, and the lower clinical threshold marked the point below which the tool would be regarded as of little clinical use.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab3_4"><p class="no_margin">Inconsistency was assessed by visual inspection of the sensitivity/specificity plots, or data (if 2 studies). The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if there was no overlap of 95% confidence intervals. For single studies no evaluation was made and ‘not applicable’ was recorded.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(e)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab3_5"><p class="no_margin">No confidence intervals were presented because there was insufficient information available or there was a mismatch between the raw data and the accuracy results.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab4"><div id="niceng217er3.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different <u>serum measurements</u> for detection of epilepsy</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column.</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index Test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">n</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interpreter of index test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gold standard used in study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sensitivity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Specificity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GRADE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>serum prolactin level at threshold >29.9 mg/dl (indicating epilepsy). This was measured in the ED for patients presenting with recent seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref209" rid="niceng217er3.ref209"><sup>209</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">200</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Discharge diagnosis.</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: range of people without epilepsy initially suspected of epilepsy (not restricted to one differential diagnosis)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.42 [0.33, 0.52]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.82 [0.73, 0.90]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Paired serum prolactin >1025 microU/ml (indicating epilepsy) in immediate post-seizure period</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref7" rid="niceng217er3.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.34 [0.20, 0.51]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.83, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Paired serum prolactin RI > 5.5 in post seizure period (5.5 × increase in serum prolactin between 15 mins post-seizure and 2 hours after baseline sample)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref7" rid="niceng217er3.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.21 [0.10, 0.37]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.83, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Paired serum prolactin RI > 2 in post seizure period (2 × increase in serum prolactin between 15 mins post-seizure and 2 hours after baseline sample)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref7" rid="niceng217er3.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.68 [0.51, 0.82]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.75 [0.51, 0.91]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Paired serum prolactin >1025 microU/ml (indicating epilepsy) in immediate post-seizure period</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING COMPLEX PARTIAL SEIZURES</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref7" rid="niceng217er3.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-PC epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.35 [0.15, 0.59]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.83, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Paired serum prolactin RI > 5.5 in post seizure period (5.5 × increase in serum prolactin between 15 mins post-seizure and 2 hours after baseline sample)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING COMPLEX PARTIAL SEIZURES</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref7" rid="niceng217er3.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-PC epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.28<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Paired serum prolactin RI > 2 in post seizure period (2 × increase in serum prolactin between 15 mins post-seizure and 2 hours after baseline sample)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING PARTIAL COMPLEX SEIZURES</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref7" rid="niceng217er3.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-PC epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.61<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.74<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Paired serum prolactin >1025 microU/ml (indicating epilepsy) in immediate post-seizure period</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING GENERALISED CLOINIC TONIC SEIZURES</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref7" rid="niceng217er3.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-GCS epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.38 [0.15, 0.65]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.83, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Paired serum prolactin RI > 5.5 in post seizure period (5.5 × increase in serum prolactin between 15 mins post-seizure and 2 hours after baseline sample)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING GENERALISED CLOINIC TONIC SEIZURES</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref7" rid="niceng217er3.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-GCS epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Paired serum prolactin RI > 2 in post seizure period (2 × increase in serum prolactin between 15 mins post-seizure and 2 hours after baseline sample)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING GENERALISED CLONIC TONIC SEIZURES</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref7" rid="niceng217er3.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-GCS epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.94 [0.70, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.75 [0.51, 0.91]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Capillary prolactin level above 6.7 ng/ml at 15 minutes post-seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref69" rid="niceng217er3.ref69"><sup>69</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nursing staff</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.69 [0.52, 0.84]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.93 [0.66, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>2 fold decrease in capillary prolactin level, between 15 min sample and sample obtained 1 hr later</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref69" rid="niceng217er3.ref69"><sup>69</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nursing staff</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.69 [0.52, 0.84]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.86 [0.57, 0.98]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>15 min cap prolactin level above 6.7 ng/ml AND a 2 fold decrease between 15 mins and 1 hour post-seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref69" rid="niceng217er3.ref69"><sup>69</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nursing staff</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.56 [0.38, 0.72]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.77, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum prolactin >23 microg [women]/>16.5 [men] at 10mins post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.88 [0.71, 0.96]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.58 [0.28, 0.85]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>serum prolactin >23 microg [women]/>16.5 [men] at 20mins post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.88 [0.71, 0.96]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.67 [0.35, 0.90]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum prolactin >23 microg [women]/>16.5 [men] at 30mins post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.84 [0.67, 0.95]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.75 [0.43, 0.95]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum prolactin >23 microg [women]/>16.5 [men] at 60mins post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.63 [0.44, 0.79]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.92 [0.62, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum prolactin >23 microg [women]/>16.5 [men] at 6 hours post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.22 [0.09, 0.40]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.83 [0.52, 0.98]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum prolactin >23 microg [women]/>16.5 [men] at 12 hours post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.19 [0.07, 0.36]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.83 [0.52, 0.98]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum prolactin >23 microg [women]/>16.5 [men] at 24 hours post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.13 [0.04, 0.29]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.92 [0.62, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum neuron-specific enolase >12 microg/L at 10 minutes post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.06 [0.01, 0.21]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum neuron-specific enolase >12 microg/L at 20 minutes post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.06 [0.01, 0.21]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum neuron-specific enolase >12 microg/L at 30 minutes post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.06 [0.01, 0.21]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum neuron-specific enolase >12 microg/L at 60 minutes post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.03 [0.00, 0.16]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum neuron-specific enolase >12 microg/L at 6 hours post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.13 [0.04, 0.29]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum neuron-specific enolase >12 microg/L at 12 hours post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.09 [0.02, 0.25]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum neuron-specific enolase >12 microg/L at 24 hours post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.00 [0.00, 0.11]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum creatine kinase >2.8 [women]/>3.25 [men] at 10 minutes post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.00 [0.00, 0.11]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum creatine kinase >2.8 [women]/>3.25 [men] at 20 minutes post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.00 [0.00, 0.11]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum creatine kinase >2.8 [women]/>3.25 [men] at 30 minutes post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.00 [0.00, 0.11]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum creatine kinase >2.8 [women]/>3.25 [men] at 60 minutes post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.00 [0.00, 0.11]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum creatine kinase >2.8 [women]/>3.25 [men] at 6 hours post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.09 [0.02, 0.25]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum creatine kinase >2.8 [women]/>3.25 [men] at 12 hours post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.16 [0.05, 0.33]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Serum creatine kinase >2.8 [women]/>3.25 [men] at 24 hours post seizure</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref216" rid="niceng217er3.ref216"><sup>216</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.19 [0.07, 0.36]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Anion gap in first 2 hrs after seizure event (threshold at >10 mEq/L)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref125" rid="niceng217er3.ref125"><sup>125</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.81 [0.62, 0.94]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.87, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<i>serum lactate 2 hrs post ictal (threshold >=2.2 mmol/L)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref61" rid="niceng217er3.ref61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">270</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Final definitive diagnosis with CT/MRI, EEG and ECG data with observable clinical signs and symptoms</p>
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|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES and syncope</p>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.85 [0.78, 0.90]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.82 [0.74, 0.89]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
<i>Post-seizure (within 6 hours) serum glial fibrillary astrocytic protein levels at threshold of >=2.71 ng/ml</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref180" rid="niceng217er3.ref180"><sup>180</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Video EEG</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.72 [0.56, 0.85]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.60 [0.36, 0.81]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
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|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>baseline serum ammonia at cut-off of >=80 micromol/L</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING GENERALISED CLONIC TONIC SEIZURES</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref6" rid="niceng217er3.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-GCS epilepsy group: people initially suspected of epilepsy but with no definite differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.53 [0.28, 0.77]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.66, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab4_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were rated at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies were rated at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Indirectness was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist items referring to applicability. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were seriously indirect, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies are very seriously indirect</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab4_3"><p class="no_margin">Imprecision was assessed based on inspection of the confidence region in the diagnostic meta-analysis or, where diagnostic meta-analysis has not been conducted, assessed according to the range of confidence intervals in the individual studies. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed one of the clinical thresholds (0.90 or 0.60), and downgraded by 2 increments when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed both of the clinical thresholds. The upper clinical threshold marked the point above which recommendations would be possible, and the lower clinical threshold marked the point below which the tool would be regarded as of little clinical use.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab4_4"><p class="no_margin">Inconsistency was assessed by visual inspection of the sensitivity/specificity plots, or data (if 2 studies). The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if there was no overlap of 95% confidence intervals. For single studies no evaluation was made and ‘not applicable’ was recorded.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(e)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab4_5"><p class="no_margin">No confidence intervals were presented because there was insufficient information available or there was a mismatch between the raw data and the accuracy results.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab5"><div id="niceng217er3.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of <u>ECG tests</u> for detection of epilepsy</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column.</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index Test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">n</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interpreter of index test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gold standard used in study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sensitivity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Specificity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GRADE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>ECG. Interictal. No details of measures or thresholds used</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref43" rid="niceng217er3.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">142</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>EEG plus clinical findings, over prolonged follow up.</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: range of people without epilepsy initially suspected of epilepsy (not restricted to one differential diagnosis)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.14 [0.02, 0.43]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.73 [0.65, 0.81]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab5_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were rated at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies were rated at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab5_2"><p class="no_margin">Indirectness was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist items referring to applicability. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were seriously indirect, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies are very seriously indirect</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab5_3"><p class="no_margin">Imprecision was assessed based on inspection of the confidence region in the diagnostic meta-analysis or, where diagnostic meta-analysis has not been conducted, assessed according to the range of confidence intervals in the individual studies. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed one of the clinical thresholds (0.90 or 0.60), and downgraded by 2 increments when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed both of the clinical thresholds. The upper clinical threshold marked the point above which recommendations would be possible, and the lower clinical threshold marked the point below which the tool would be regarded as of little clinical use.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab5_4"><p class="no_margin">Inconsistency was assessed by visual inspection of the sensitivity/specificity plots, or data (if 2 studies). The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if there was no overlap of 95% confidence intervals. For single studies no evaluation was made and ‘not applicable’ was recorded.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(e)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab5_5"><p class="no_margin">No confidence intervals were presented because there was insufficient information available or there was a mismatch between the raw data and the accuracy results.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab6"><div id="niceng217er3.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different <u>imaging tests</u> for detection of epilepsy</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column.</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index Test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">n</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interpreter of index test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gold standard used in study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sensitivity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Specificity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GRADE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Echocardiogram</i>. <i>Interictal. No details of measures or threshold available</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref43" rid="niceng217er3.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>EEG plus clinical findings, over prolonged follow up</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy group: those initially suspected of epilepsy but with no differential diagnoses</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.00 [0.00, 0.46]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.96 [0.88, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Specificity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Brain CT</i>. <i>Interictal. No details of measures or threshold available</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref43" rid="niceng217er3.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>EEG plus clinical findings, over prolonged follow up</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy group: those initially suspected of epilepsy but with no differential diagnoses</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.20 [0.01, 0.72]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.79 [0.59, 0.92]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Specificity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) - post-ictal abnormal measure</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref75" rid="niceng217er3.ref75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nuclear medicine specialists</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Video-EEG</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.64 [0.31, 0.89]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.73 [0.39, 0.94]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Specificity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<i>Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) - inter-ictal abnormal measure</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref75" rid="niceng217er3.ref75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nuclear medicine specialists</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Video-EEG</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.36 [0.11, 0.69]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.73 [0.39, 0.94]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Specificity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Hexamethyl propylene amine oxime single photon emission tomography (HMPAO SPECT) brain imaging</i>. <i>Interictal</i>. <i>(positive=hypoperfusion not including equivocal hypoperfusion)</i></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref203" rid="niceng217er3.ref203"><sup>203</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nuclear medicine specialists</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video-EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.80 [0.44, 0.97]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.80 [0.44, 0.97]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Hexamethyl propylene amine oxime single photon emission tomography (HMPAO SPECT) brain imaging</i>. <i>Interictal</i>. <i>(positive=hypoperfusion including equivocal hypoperfusion)</i></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref203" rid="niceng217er3.ref203"><sup>203</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nuclear medicine specialists</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video-EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.69, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.70 [0.35, 0.93]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>HMPAO-SPECT using visual analysis: SPECTS considered positive for status Epilepticus when there was at least one area of Focal Uptake compared to the adjacent or contralateral areas of the brain. ICTAL</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING NCSE</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref100" rid="niceng217er3.ref100"><sup>100</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 experts in nuclear medicine</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>consensus based on all data, inc EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: those initially suspected of epilepsy but with no differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.81 [0.64, 0.92]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.89 [0.67, 0.99]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p><i>HMPAO-SPECT - QtSPECTCOM using quantitative analysis: Results were compared to a normal database and the difference in terms of the Z score was quantified</i>. <i>ICTAL</i></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING NCSE</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref100" rid="niceng217er3.ref100"><sup>100</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 experts in nuclear medicine</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>consensus based on all data, inc EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: those initially suspected of epilepsy but with no differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.83 [0.67, 0.94]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.79 [0.54, 0.94]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p><i>Perfusion computed tomography using hyperperfusion detection</i>. <i>ICTAL</i>.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING STATUS EPILEPTICUS</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref86" rid="niceng217er3.ref86"><sup>86</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Experienced neuroradiologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Ictal EEG and clinical semiology</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: those initially suspected of epilepsy but with no differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.79 [0.54, 0.94]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.90 [0.55, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Brain MRI</i>. <i>Interictal. No details of measures or threshold available</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref43" rid="niceng217er3.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>EEG plus clinical findings, over prolonged follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: those initially suspected of epilepsy but with no differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.20 [0.01, 0.72]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.88 [0.47, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>MRI (IN CHILDREN). No details of measures or threshold available</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref194" rid="niceng217er3.ref194"><sup>194</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NC</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>49 month follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: those initially suspected of epilepsy but with no differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.36<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.74<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p><i>4T MRI</i>: <i>the presence/absence of MTS in TLE was based on hippocampal subfield volumetry. Appears to be interictal</i>.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING TLE with MTS</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref136" rid="niceng217er3.ref136"><sup>136</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: healthy controls and other types of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.84 [0.60, 0.97]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.87 [0.76, 0.94]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p><i>4T MRI: the presence/absence of MTS in TLE was based on hippocampal subfield volumetry. Appears to be interictal</i>.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING TLE without MTS</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref136" rid="niceng217er3.ref136"><sup>136</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: healthy controls and other types of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.73 [0.50, 0.89]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.86 [0.75, 0.94]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p><i>4T MRI. Appears to be interictal</i>.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING FLE</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref136" rid="niceng217er3.ref136"><sup>136</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: healthy controls and other types of epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.64 [0.35, 0.87]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.86 [0.76, 0.94]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p><i>Positron Emission Tomography with 2-deoxy-2[18F] fluro-D-glucose (FDG-PET)</i>. <i>Interictal</i>.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING TLE</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref186" rid="niceng217er3.ref186"><sup>186</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NC</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">board certified neuroradiologists</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: those initially suspected of epilepsy but with no differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.7<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.56<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p><i>Positron Emission Tomography with 2-deoxy-2[18F] fluro-D-glucose (FDG-PET)</i>. <i>Interictal</i>.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING FLE</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref186" rid="niceng217er3.ref186"><sup>186</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NC</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">board certified neuroradiologists</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: those initially suspected of epilepsy but with no differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.57<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.45<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p><i>Positron Emission Tomography with 2-deoxy-2[18F] fluro-D-glucose (FDG-PET)</i>. <i>Interictal</i>.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING parietal – occipital lobe epilepsy</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref186" rid="niceng217er3.ref186"><sup>186</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NC</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">board certified neuroradiologists</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: those initially suspected of epilepsy but with no differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.59<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.6<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab6_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were rated at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies were rated at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab6_2"><p class="no_margin">Indirectness was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist items referring to applicability. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were seriously indirect, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies are very seriously indirect</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab6_3"><p class="no_margin">Imprecision was assessed based on inspection of the confidence region in the diagnostic meta-analysis or, where diagnostic meta-analysis has not been conducted, assessed according to the range of confidence intervals in the individual studies. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed one of the clinical thresholds (0.90 or 0.60), and downgraded by 2 increments when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed both of the clinical thresholds. The upper clinical threshold marked the point above which recommendations would be possible, and the lower clinical threshold marked the point below which the tool would be regarded as of little clinical use.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab6_4"><p class="no_margin">Inconsistency was assessed by visual inspection of the sensitivity/specificity plots, or data (if 2 studies). The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if there was no overlap of 95% confidence intervals. For single studies no evaluation was made and ‘not applicable’ was recorded.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(e)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab6_5"><p class="no_margin">No confidence intervals were presented because there was insufficient information available or there was a mismatch between the raw data and the accuracy results.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab7"><div id="niceng217er3.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 7</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of EEG methods for detection of epilepsy</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column.</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index Test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">n</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interpreter of index test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gold standard used in study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sensitivity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Specificity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GRADE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>
|
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<i>Routine Interictal EEG – abnormal (i.e. epileptiform waveforms)</i>
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</p>
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<p><i>[Most studies detecting epilepsy overall, but van diessen</i><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref200" rid="niceng217er3.ref200"><sup>200</sup></a>
|
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<i>detecting partial epilepsy specifically, and Kimiskidis</i><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref109" rid="niceng217er3.ref109"><sup>109</sup></a>
|
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<i>detecting genetic generalised epilepsy]</i></p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>9<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref43" rid="niceng217er3.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref94" rid="niceng217er3.ref94"><sup>94</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref109" rid="niceng217er3.ref109"><sup>109</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref111" rid="niceng217er3.ref111"><sup>111</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref179" rid="niceng217er3.ref179"><sup>179</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref184" rid="niceng217er3.ref184"><sup>184</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref194" rid="niceng217er3.ref194"><sup>194</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref200" rid="niceng217er3.ref200"><sup>200</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref213" rid="niceng217er3.ref213"><sup>213</sup></a></p>
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<p>Stroink<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref184" rid="niceng217er3.ref184"><sup>184</sup></a> has 2 cohorts (single and multiple seizures) and Watson, 2012<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref213" rid="niceng217er3.ref213"><sup>213</sup></a> has 3 cohorts (ages 16-39, 40-64 and 65 or over). Thus, there are 12 datapoints from 9 studies</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2348</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Neurophysiologist, epileptologists, clinical physiologists and pediatric neurologists</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Detailed clinical findings over prolonged follow up period</p>
|
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<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses [however, for Kimiskidis (2017) non-epilepsy group were healthy controls]</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>0.40 [0.26, 0.56]</p>
|
|
<p>0.80 [0.52, 0.96]</p>
|
|
<p>0.24 [0.09, 0.45]</p>
|
|
<p>0.33 [0.24, 0.44]</p>
|
|
<p>0.40 [0.31, 0.50]</p>
|
|
<p>0.40 [0.30, 0.50]</p>
|
|
<p>0.60 [0.47, 0.72]</p>
|
|
<p>0.40 [0.28, 0.52]</p>
|
|
<p>0.55 [0.43, 0.66]</p>
|
|
<p>0.70 [0.66, 0.75]</p>
|
|
<p>0.56 [0.48, 0.63]</p>
|
|
<p>0.77 [0.60, 0.90]</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Pooled (95% CrI): 0.508(0.393-0.625)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.95 [0.87, 0.98]</p>
|
|
<p>0.80 [0.59, 0.93]</p>
|
|
<p>1.00 [0.72, 1.00]</p>
|
|
<p>0.87 [0.82, 0.91]</p>
|
|
<p>0.95 [0.90, 0.99]</p>
|
|
<p>0.99 [0.96, 1.00]</p>
|
|
<p>0.88 [0.74, 0.96]</p>
|
|
<p>0.99 [0.96, 1.00]</p>
|
|
<p>0.77 [0.70, 0.83]</p>
|
|
<p>0.77 [0.69, 0.84]</p>
|
|
<p>0.78 [0.64, 0.88]</p>
|
|
<p>0.91 [0.77, 0.98]</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Pooled (95% CrI): 0.920(0.846-0.966)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>d</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>d</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Sleep-deprived interictal EEG – abnormal (i.e. epileptiform waveforms)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref81" rid="niceng217er3.ref81"><sup>81</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref84" rid="niceng217er3.ref84"><sup>84</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref159" rid="niceng217er3.ref159"><sup>159</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">499</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Resident/consultant in neurology</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Collegial discussion of detailed clinical findings over prolonged follow up period</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses [for Kimiskidis (2017): healthy controls]</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.25 [0.15, 0.36]</p>
|
|
<p>0.45 [0.27, 0.64]</p>
|
|
<p>0.41 [0.33, 0.50]</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Pooled (95% CrI): 0.362(0123-0.699)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.99 [0.97, 1.00]</p>
|
|
<p>0.90 [0.70, 0.99]</p>
|
|
<p>0.91 [0.83, 0.96]</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Pooled (95% CrI): 0.962(0.697-0.997)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>24 hour sleep deprivation interictal EEG–abnormal (i.e. epileptiform waveforms)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING FOCAL EPILEPSY</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not included in meta-analysis above as same participants already included in Renzel (2015) ‘overall epilepsy’ cohort</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref159" rid="niceng217er3.ref159"><sup>159</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">226</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interpreted by resident and consultant in neurology and clinical neurophysiology</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Collegial discussion following ILAE guidelines, and EEG evidence</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.17 [0.09, 0.29]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.99 [0.97, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>24 hour sleep deprivation interictal EEG–abnormal (i.e. epileptiform waveforms)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING GENERALISED EPILEPSY</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Not included in meta-analysis above as same participants already included in Renzel (2015) ‘overall epilepsy’ cohort</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref159" rid="niceng217er3.ref159"><sup>159</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">179</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interpreted by resident and consultant in neurology and clinical neurophysiology</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Collegial discussion following ILAE guidelines, and EEG evidence</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.64 [0.31, 0.89]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.99 [0.97, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Ambulatory interictal EEG (16-24 hrs, including sleep) – abnormal (i.e</i>. <i>epileptiform waveforms)</i></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref81" rid="niceng217er3.ref81"><sup>81</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Resident/consultant in neurology</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Clinical record surveyed for clinical, imaging and diagnosis at 1 year data (ILAE)</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses [for Kimiskidis (2017): healthy controls]</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.63 [0.44, 0.79]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.95 [0.75, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Prolonged ambulatory interictal EEG using epileptiform discharges only as definition of a positive test</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref102" rid="niceng217er3.ref102"><sup>102</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Electroenceph alographers</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Summation of retrospective medical records and expert opinion</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.58 [0.43, 0.72]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.95 [0.77, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Prolonged ambulatory interictal EEG using either epileptiform discharges or non-epileptiform abnormalities as definitions of a positive test</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref102" rid="niceng217er3.ref102"><sup>102</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Electroenceph alographers</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Summation of retrospective medical records and expert opinion</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.78 [0.64, 0.88]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.59 [0.36, 0.79]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HIGH</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Routine interictal EEG with provocation with hyperventilation, intermittent phototic stimulation and eye opening/closing, using epileptiform discharges as definition of positive test</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref102" rid="niceng217er3.ref102"><sup>102</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Electroenceph alographers</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Summation of retrospective medical records and expert opinion</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.26 [0.15, 0.40]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.85, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HIGH</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Routine interictal EEG with provocation with hyperventilation, intermittent phototic stimulation and eye opening/closing, using either epileptiform or non-epileptiform abnormalities as definitions of a positive test</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref102" rid="niceng217er3.ref102"><sup>102</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Electroenceph alographers</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Summation of retrospective medical records and expert opinion</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.62 [0.47, 0.75]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.55 [0.32, 0.76]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Early sporadic epileptiform discharges (first 30 minutes of the EEG recordings)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING NCSE</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref114" rid="niceng217er3.ref114"><sup>114</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NC</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">neurophysiology experts</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Critical care continuous EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.214<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.908<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Computational biomarker looking at the synchrony between EEG channels and the normalised power spectrum from a short resting state interictal EEG (does not require epileptiform discharges). Details of the threshold of synchrony not given</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref171" rid="niceng217er3.ref171"><sup>171</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Trained clinical EEG technician</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>EEG monitoring</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Healthy controls</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.57 [0.37, 0.75]</p>
|
|
<p>The above data is based on the fact that at 100% specificity we have 56.7% sensitivity</p>
|
|
<p>The paper also reports (based on the ROC curves) that at 100% sensitivity, 65.8% specificity is attainable</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.91, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Synchronisation likelihood (SL) based on standard EEG after a first seizure. The Theta band SL values were tested for accuracy, but details or specific threshold not given</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref62" rid="niceng217er3.ref62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">161</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Medical chart review with a 1 year follow up (ILAE)</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: unclear</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.61 [0.48, 0.74]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.76 [0.67, 0.84]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p><i>Interictal fast ripple (250-500Hz) events, based on scalp EEG. Single 10-minute epoch per patient. Existence of fast ripples = positive test</i>.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>(INFANTS WITH TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS COMPLEX-ASSOCIATED EPILEPSY)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref28" rid="niceng217er3.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Trained clinicians</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: healthy controls</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.59, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.40, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Functional network approach. Periods of resting-state EEG, free of abnormal slowing or epileptiform activity, were selected to construct functional networks of correlated activity. The statistical interdependencies for each pair of EEG electrode time series are considered as functional connectivity and used to construct a functional network per subject for each of the four epochs and were averaged per subject. Details of thresholds not provided</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING PARTIAL EPILEPSY</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref200" rid="niceng217er3.ref200"><sup>200</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>EEG/clinical and 1 year follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: healthy controls]</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.96 [0.78–1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.95 [0.76–1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Early rhythmic and periodic EEG patterns of ictal-interictal uncertainty (RPPIIU)</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING NCSE</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref114" rid="niceng217er3.ref114"><sup>114</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NC</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">neurophysiology experts</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Critical care continuous EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.643<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.846<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Early sporadic epileptiform discharges OR Early rhythmic and periodic EEG patterns of ‘ictal-interictal uncertainty’</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING NCSE</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref114" rid="niceng217er3.ref114"><sup>114</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NC</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">neurophysiology experts</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Critical care continuous EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.857<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.754<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Resting state 10-15 min high density EEG. The cortical source activity was obtained and whole-brain directed functional connectivity was estimated in the theta, alpha and beta frequency bands. No threshold information available</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref205" rid="niceng217er3.ref205"><sup>205</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>EEG/clinical</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: healthy controls]</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.95 [0.83, 0.99]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.86 [0.70, 0.95]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p><i>Routine EEG using Salzburg criteria. ICTAL for Jaraba</i><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref100" rid="niceng217er3.ref100"><sup>100</sup></a>
|
|
<i>but unclear for other two studies</i></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING NCSE</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>3<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref87" rid="niceng217er3.ref87"><sup>87</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref100" rid="niceng217er3.ref100"><sup>100</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref124" rid="niceng217er3.ref124"><sup>124</sup></a></p>
|
|
<p>Note there are 2 cohorts from Goselink, 2019<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref87" rid="niceng217er3.ref87"><sup>87</sup></a> – patients suspected of NCSE and patients not suspected of NCSE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">366</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nuclear medicine or neurophysiology experts</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>All data including clinical, EEG, imaging, lab tests etc</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.98 [0.88, 1.00]</p>
|
|
<p>0.61 [0.43, 0.77]</p>
|
|
<p>0.67 [0.35, 0.90]</p>
|
|
<p>1.00 [0.03, 1.00]</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Pooled (95%CrIs): 0.838(0.430-0.986)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.90 [0.81, 0.95]</p>
|
|
<p>0.89 [0.67, 0.99]</p>
|
|
<p>0.89 [0.81, 0.95]</p>
|
|
<p>0.89 [0.81, 0.95]</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Pooled (95%CrIs): 0.899(0.782-0.959)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Ictal EEG (without access to video or observation) – abnormal (i.e. epileptiform waveforms)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref39" rid="niceng217er3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">fellowship trained epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Surgical or by long term follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.89 [0.71, 0.98]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.94 [0.70, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Quantitative ICTAL EEG interpreted by PICU clinicians in real time – abnormal waveforms (INFANTS)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref166" rid="niceng217er3.ref166"><sup>166</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">101</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PICU clinicians</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Clinical neurophysiologist retrospective review qEEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.74, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.88 [0.79, 0.94]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Headset-type continuous video EEG monitoring – detection of abnormal patterns, such as periodic discharges, rhythmic delta activity, spikes and wave and continuous slow discharges</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING NCSE</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref68" rid="niceng217er3.ref68"><sup>68</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 neurointensivist and one board certified neurophysiologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.71 [0.44, 0.90]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.97 [0.84, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>No event video EEG (at least 16 hours)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref111" rid="niceng217er3.ref111"><sup>111</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">340</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Full definitive diagnosis based on full medical records and a minimum of 1 clinic visit in 1 year of follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.54 [0.44, 0.64]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.88 [0.83, 0.92]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab7_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab7_1"><p class="no_margin">Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were rated at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies were rated at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab7_2"><p class="no_margin">Indirectness was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist items referring to applicability. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were seriously indirect, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies are very seriously indirect</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab7_3"><p class="no_margin">Imprecision was assessed based on inspection of the confidence region in the diagnostic meta-analysis or, where diagnostic meta-analysis has not been conducted, assessed according to the range of confidence intervals in the individual studies. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed one of the clinical thresholds (0.90 or 0.60), and downgraded by 2 increments when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed both of the clinical thresholds. The upper clinical threshold marked the point above which recommendations would be possible, and the lower clinical threshold marked the point below which the tool would be regarded as of little clinical use.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab7_4"><p class="no_margin">Inconsistency was assessed by visual inspection of the sensitivity/specificity plots, or data (if 2 studies). The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if there was no overlap of 95% confidence intervals. If a meta-analysis had been carried out, sub-grouping was carried out when I<sup>2</sup> was >50%, according to the strategies listed in the protocol. However, in no circumstance did sub-grouping explain the heterogeneity observed, and so sub-grouping was not carried out. For single studies no evaluation was made and ‘not applicable’ was recorded.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(e)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab7_5"><p class="no_margin">No confidence intervals were presented because there was insufficient information available or there was a mismatch between the raw data and the accuracy results.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab8"><div id="niceng217er3.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 8</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different <u>Magnetoencephalography / Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation tests</u> for detection of epilepsy</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column.</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index Test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">n</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interpreter of index test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gold standard used in study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sensitivity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Specificity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GRADE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Magnetoencephalography with simultaneous EEG (MEG-EEG). Interictal. No details of threshold available</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref65" rid="niceng217er3.ref65"><sup>65</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Trained physicians</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>1 year follow up, including all data</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: those initially suspected of epilepsy but with no differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.41 [0.21, 0.64]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.93 [0.78, 0.99]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Paired pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with EEG (TMS-EEG) immediately after hyperventilation. Interictal. No details of threshold available</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref109" rid="niceng217er3.ref109"><sup>109</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>consensus by 2 experienced epileptologists who reached consensus based on clinical and lab data</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: healthy controls</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.86, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.73 [0.39, 0.94]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Paired pulse TMS-EEG during hyperventilation. Interictal. No details of threshold available</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref109" rid="niceng217er3.ref109"><sup>109</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
<p>consensus by 2 experienced epileptologists who reached consensus based on clinical and lab data</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: healthy controls</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.78<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.89<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Paired pulse TMS-EEG at rest. Interictal. No details of threshold available</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref109" rid="niceng217er3.ref109"><sup>109</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
<p>consensus by 2 experienced epileptologists who reached consensus based on clinical and lab data</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: healthy controls</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.85<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.89<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Single pulse TMS-EEG at rest. Interictal. No details of threshold available</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref109" rid="niceng217er3.ref109"><sup>109</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>consensus by 2 experienced epileptologists who reached consensus based on clinical and lab data</p>
|
|
<p>7Non-epilepsy group: healthy controls</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.6<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.82<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab8_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab8_1"><p class="no_margin">Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were rated at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies were rated at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab8_2"><p class="no_margin">Indirectness was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist items referring to applicability. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were seriously indirect, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies are very seriously indirect</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab8_3"><p class="no_margin">Imprecision was assessed based on inspection of the confidence region in the diagnostic meta-analysis or, where diagnostic meta-analysis has not been conducted, assessed according to the range of confidence intervals in the individual studies. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed one of the clinical thresholds (0.90 or 0.60), and downgraded by 2 increments when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed both of the clinical thresholds. The upper clinical threshold marked the point above which recommendations would be possible, and the lower clinical threshold marked the point below which the tool would be regarded as of little clinical use.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab8_4"><p class="no_margin">Inconsistency was assessed by visual inspection of the sensitivity/specificity plots, or data (if 2 studies). The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if there was no overlap of 95% confidence intervals. For single studies no evaluation was made and ‘not applicable’ was recorded.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(e)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab8_5"><p class="no_margin">No confidence intervals were presented because there was insufficient information available or there was a mismatch between the raw data and the accuracy results.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab9"><div id="niceng217er3.tab9" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 9</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different <u>psychological measurements</u> for detection of epilepsy</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column.</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab9_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index Test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">n</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interpreter of index test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gold standard used in study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sensitivity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Specificity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GRADE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>Personality Assessment scale: Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) scale; threshold <1</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref196" rid="niceng217er3.ref196"><sup>196</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">184</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Video EEG</p>
|
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<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.85 [0.77, 0.91]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.59 [0.47, 0.70]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
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|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>Personality Assessment scale: SOM-C (conversion) scale; threshold <70</i>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref196" rid="niceng217er3.ref196"><sup>196</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">184</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Video EEG</p>
|
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<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.83 [0.75, 0.90]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.59 [0.47, 0.70]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Personality Assessment scale: SOM (somatic complaints); threshold <70</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref196" rid="niceng217er3.ref196"><sup>196</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">184</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.73 [0.64, 0.81]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.56 [0.44, 0.67]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Personality Assessment scale: SOM-S (somatisation); threshold <70</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref196" rid="niceng217er3.ref196"><sup>196</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">184</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.82 [0.73, 0.88]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.45 [0.34, 0.57]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Personality Assessment scale: DEP-P (Depression-physiological); threshold <70</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref196" rid="niceng217er3.ref196"><sup>196</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">184</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.86 [0.78, 0.92]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.49 [0.38, 0.61]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Personality Assessment scale: DEP-P (Depression); threshold <60</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref196" rid="niceng217er3.ref196"><sup>196</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">184</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.61 [0.52, 0.71]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.63 [0.51, 0.74]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Personality Assessment scale: ANX-P (Anxiety-Physiological); threshold <60</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref196" rid="niceng217er3.ref196"><sup>196</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">184</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.68 [0.58, 0.77]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.57 [0.45, 0.69]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Wilkus measure of hysteria and hypochondriasis: A patients has pseudoseizures if any of the following are true: a) hysteria or hypochondriasis score >=70 and one of the two highest points in the profile (disregarding the masculinity-femininity and social introversion scales, b) hysteria or hypochondriasis score >=80 and not necessarily among the two highest points, c) hysteria and hypochondriasis both >59 and both 10 points higher than the depression scale. In a sample where ONLY epilepsy and PNES patients are known to exist then this test could be used to show that epilepsy exists if NONE of these conditions exists</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref181" rid="niceng217er3.ref181"><sup>181</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref215" rid="niceng217er3.ref215"><sup>215</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Trained psychometrists</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.74 [0.54, 0.89]</p>
|
|
<p>0.80 [0.44, 0.97]</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.59 [0.36, 0.79]</p>
|
|
<p>0.90 [0.55, 1.00]</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Structured Interview of malingered Symptomatology questionnaire; threshold <14</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref26" rid="niceng217er3.ref26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">120</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.55 [0.36, 0.74]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.76 [0.66, 0.84]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Structured Interview of malingered Symptomatology questionnaire; threshold <16</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref26" rid="niceng217er3.ref26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">120</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.69 [0.49, 0.85]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.71 [0.61, 0.80]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>multivariate model of psychometric testing using 4 measures of cognitive ability – vocabulary, information, Boston naming test and letter fluency (unclear description in article)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref199" rid="niceng217er3.ref199"><sup>199</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">105</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Masters level psychometrist, predocintern or postdoc fellow</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.92 [0.83, 0.97]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.45 [0.28, 0.64]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Number of panic attack symptoms <5</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref92" rid="niceng217er3.ref92"><sup>92</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">354</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.65 [0.57, 0.74]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.70 [0.64, 0.76]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>lifetime axis 1 (no details or score threshold available)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref10" rid="niceng217er3.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Trained psychiatrist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.52 [0.32, 0.71]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.29 [0.08, 0.58]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Current axis 1 (no details or score threshold available)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref10" rid="niceng217er3.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Trained psychiatrist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.30 [0.14, 0.50]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.57 [0.29, 0.82]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Current axis II (no details or score threshold available)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref10" rid="niceng217er3.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Trained psychiatrist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.19 [0.06, 0.38]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.64 [0.35, 0.87]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Any psychological trauma (yes/No)</i>. <i>Criteria not given</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref10" rid="niceng217er3.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Trained psychiatrist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.33 [0.17, 0.54]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.14 [0.02, 0.43]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab9_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab9_1"><p class="no_margin">Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were rated at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies were rated at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab9_2"><p class="no_margin">Indirectness was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist items referring to applicability. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were seriously indirect, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies are very seriously indirect</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab9_3"><p class="no_margin">Imprecision was assessed based on inspection of the confidence region in the diagnostic meta-analysis or, where diagnostic meta-analysis has not been conducted, assessed according to the range of confidence intervals in the individual studies. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed one of the clinical thresholds (0.90 or 0.60), and downgraded by 2 increments when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed both of the clinical thresholds. The upper clinical threshold marked the point above which recommendations would be possible, and the lower clinical threshold marked the point below which the tool would be regarded as of little clinical use.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab9_4"><p class="no_margin">Inconsistency was assessed by visual inspection of the sensitivity/specificity plots, or data (if 2 studies). The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if there was no overlap of 95% confidence intervals. For single studies no evaluation was made and ‘not applicable’ was recorded.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(e)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab9_5"><p class="no_margin">No confidence intervals were presented because there was insufficient information available or there was a mismatch between the raw data and the accuracy results.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab10"><div id="niceng217er3.tab10" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 10</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different <u>linguistic tests</u> for detection of epilepsy</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column.</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab10_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index Test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">n</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interpreter of index test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gold standard used in study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sensitivity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Specificity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GRADE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Linguistic analysis following guidelines from the German EpiLing project (rater 1) – threshold of >4.5</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Unclear if the accuracy data refer to detection of epilepsy or PNES</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref161" rid="niceng217er3.ref161"><sup>161</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Neurologist 1</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG.</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.86 [0.42, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.85 [0.55, 0.98]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>Linguistic analysis following guidelines from the German EpiLing project (rater 2) with threshold of >7.5</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Unclear if the accuracy data refer to detection of epilepsy or PNES</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref161" rid="niceng217er3.ref161"><sup>161</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Neurologist 2</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG.</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.71 [0.29, 0.96]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.92 [0.64, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab10_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab10_1"><p class="no_margin">Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were rated at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies were rated at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab10_2"><p class="no_margin">Indirectness was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist items referring to applicability. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were seriously indirect, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies are very seriously indirect</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab10_3"><p class="no_margin">Imprecision was assessed based on inspection of the confidence region in the diagnostic meta-analysis or, where diagnostic meta-analysis has not been conducted, assessed according to the range of confidence intervals in the individual studies. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed one of the clinical thresholds (0.90 or 0.60), and downgraded by 2 increments when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed both of the clinical thresholds. The upper clinical threshold marked the point above which recommendations would be possible, and the lower clinical threshold marked the point below which the tool would be regarded as of little clinical use.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab10_4"><p class="no_margin">Inconsistency was assessed by visual inspection of the sensitivity/specificity plots, or data (if 2 studies). The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if there was no overlap of 95% confidence intervals. For single studies no evaluation was made and ‘not applicable’ was recorded.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(e)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab10_5"><p class="no_margin">No confidence intervals were presented because there was insufficient information available or there was a mismatch between the raw data and the accuracy results.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab11"><div id="niceng217er3.tab11" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 11</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of <u>EMG tests</u> for detection of epilepsy</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column.</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab11_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index Test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">n</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interpreter of index test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gold standard used in study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sensitivity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Specificity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GRADE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Single channel surface EMG (on biceps muscle belly). ICTAL. Decision based on expert review, but criteria unclear</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref97" rid="niceng217er3.ref97"><sup>97</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Board certified neurologists</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Video EEG.</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.77(0.64-0.86)<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.96(0.89-0.99)<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Specificity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>Single channel surface EMG (on biecps muscle belly). ICTAL. Decision based on automated criteria (score between 0-25 with a score of 8 or above = epilepsy).</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref97" rid="niceng217er3.ref97"><sup>97</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Automated</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Video EEG.</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.87 [0.60, 0.98]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.79 [0.54, 0.94]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Specificity</b>
|
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab11_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab11_1"><p class="no_margin">Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were rated at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies were rated at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab11_2"><p class="no_margin">Indirectness was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist items referring to applicability. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were seriously indirect, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies are very seriously indirect</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab11_3"><p class="no_margin">Imprecision was assessed based on inspection of the confidence region in the diagnostic meta-analysis or, where diagnostic meta-analysis has not been conducted, assessed according to the range of confidence intervals in the individual studies. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed one of the clinical thresholds (0.90 or 0.60), and downgraded by 2 increments when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed both of the clinical thresholds. The upper clinical threshold marked the point above which recommendations would be possible, and the lower clinical threshold marked the point below which the tool would be regarded as of little clinical use.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab11_4"><p class="no_margin">Inconsistency was assessed by visual inspection of the sensitivity/specificity plots, or data (if 2 studies). The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if there was no overlap of 95% confidence intervals. For single studies no evaluation was made and ‘not applicable’ was recorded.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(e)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab11_5"><p class="no_margin">No confidence intervals were presented because there was insufficient information available or there was a mismatch between the raw data and the accuracy results.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab12"><div id="niceng217er3.tab12" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 12</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of <u>accelerometer tests</u> for detection of epilepsy</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column.</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab12_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index Test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">n</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interpreter of index test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gold standard used in study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sensitivity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Specificity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GRADE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Wrist accelerometer. ICTAL. (Bayly, 2013 used visual review of time-frequency maps by epileptologist, but criteria unclear</i>. <i>Kusmakar, 2018 used review of the Poincare-derived temporal variations by epileptologists but again criteria unclear)</i></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref20" rid="niceng217er3.ref20"><sup>20</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref116" rid="niceng217er3.ref116"><sup>116</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">124</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epileptologists</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Clinical consensus /Video EEG.</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>0.75 [0.35, 0.97]</p>
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<p>0.87 [0.72, 0.96]</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>0.93 [0.80, 0.98]</p>
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<p>0.70 [0.53, 0.84]</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Specificity</b>
|
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Wrist accelerometer</i>. <i>ICTAL</i>. <i>(automated). Bayly, 2013 used the co-efficient of variation of the frequency of movements, using a threshold of 32% [<32% = PNES and >=32% = epilepsy])</i>. <i>Kusmakar, 2018 used an automated classifier built using TI and DDI of Poincare-derived temporal variations, but thresholds not provided. Naganur, 2018 used K-means clustering and support vector machines, but details not available</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref20" rid="niceng217er3.ref20"><sup>20</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref137" rid="niceng217er3.ref137"><sup>137</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref116" rid="niceng217er3.ref116"><sup>116</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">163</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Automated</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Clinical consensus/Video EEG.</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>0.91 [0.59, 1.00]</p>
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<p>0.73 [0.39, 0.94]</p>
|
|
<p>0.95 [0.83, 0.99]</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Pooled (95% CrIs): 0.895(0.558-0.986)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>0.93 [0.82, 0.99]</p>
|
|
<p>1.00 [0.75, 1.00]</p>
|
|
<p>0.95 [0.85, 0.99]</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<b>Pooled (95% CrIs): 0.955(0.805-0.994)</b>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab12_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab12_1"><p class="no_margin">Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were rated at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies were rated at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab12_2"><p class="no_margin">Indirectness was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist items referring to applicability. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were seriously indirect, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies are very seriously indirect</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab12_3"><p class="no_margin">Imprecision was assessed based on inspection of the confidence region in the diagnostic meta-analysis or, where diagnostic meta-analysis has not been conducted, assessed according to the range of confidence intervals in the individual studies. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed one of the clinical thresholds (0.90 or 0.60), and downgraded by 2 increments when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed both of the clinical thresholds. The upper clinical threshold marked the point above which recommendations would be possible, and the lower clinical threshold marked the point below which the tool would be regarded as of little clinical use.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab12_4"><p class="no_margin">Inconsistency was assessed by visual inspection of the sensitivity/specificity plots, or data (if 2 studies). The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if there was no overlap of 95% confidence intervals. For single studies no evaluation was made and ‘not applicable’ was recorded.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(e)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab12_5"><p class="no_margin">No confidence intervals were presented because there was insufficient information available or there was a mismatch between the raw data and the accuracy results</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab13"><div id="niceng217er3.tab13" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 13</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of <u>initial diagnosis at admission</u> for detection of epilepsy</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column.</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab13_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index Test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">n</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interpreter of index test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gold standard used in study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sensitivity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Specificity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GRADE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>ED assessment</i>. <i>Included full blood examination and tests for blood glucose levels, liver function, urea and electrolytes, as well as calcium and magnesium. Drug and ethanol levels were performed on a case-by-case basis. Computed tomography (CT) neuroimaging was usually performed for all patients presenting with first seizures, unless there is a contraindication. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination is performed when meningitis or encephalitis is suspected</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref99" rid="niceng217er3.ref99"><sup>99</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">219</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ED doctors</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Final diagnosis using index test data plus imaging, EEG, longer follow up and consensus</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: range of people without epilepsy initially suspected of epilepsy (not restricted to one differential diagnosis)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.73 [0.66, 0.80]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.32 [0.18, 0.49]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Impression of admitting epileptologist, based on review of history, physical and available diagnostic testing as documented in the medical record prior to vEEG</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref143" rid="niceng217er3.ref143"><sup>143</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">439</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Admitting epileptologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Clinical consensus/Video EEG.</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: range of people without epilepsy initially suspected of epilepsy (not restricted to one differential diagnosis)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.91 [0.82, 0.96]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.86 [0.82, 0.90]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Initial Clinical diagnosis. Attending pediatric neurologist completed an extensive questionnaire on description of events, including postictal signs, possible provoking factors, medical history and family history</i>. <i>(CHILDREN)</i></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref184" rid="niceng217er3.ref184"><sup>184</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">536</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Paediatric neurologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Diagnosis based on 5 year follow up</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: range of people without epilepsy initially suspected of epilepsy (not restricted to one differential diagnosis)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.98 [0.96, 0.99]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.86 [0.79, 0.91]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab13_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab13_1"><p class="no_margin">Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were rated at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies were rated at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab13_2"><p class="no_margin">Indirectness was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist items referring to applicability. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were seriously indirect, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies are very seriously indirect</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab13_3"><p class="no_margin">Imprecision was assessed based on inspection of the confidence region in the diagnostic meta-analysis or, where diagnostic meta-analysis has not been conducted, assessed according to the range of confidence intervals in the individual studies. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed one of the clinical thresholds (0.90 or 0.60), and downgraded by 2 increments when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed both of the clinical thresholds. The upper clinical threshold marked the point above which recommendations would be possible, and the lower clinical threshold marked the point below which the tool would be regarded as of little clinical use.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab13_4"><p class="no_margin">Inconsistency was assessed by visual inspection of the sensitivity/specificity plots, or data (if 2 studies). The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if there was no overlap of 95% confidence intervals. For single studies no evaluation was made and ‘not applicable’ was recorded.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(e)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab13_5"><p class="no_margin">No confidence intervals were presented because there was insufficient information available or there was a mismatch between the raw data and the accuracy results.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab14"><div id="niceng217er3.tab14" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 14</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of other miscellaneous physiological scales for detection of epilepsy</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>Where detection is of a specific type of epilepsy, rather than epilepsy overall, this is stated clearly in the first column.</p></div><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab14_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index Test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">n</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interpreter of index test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gold standard used in study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sensitivity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Specificity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GRADE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Hyperventilation and blood gas recovery</i>. <i>Interictal. If patient <65years, had an additional hyperventilation test (40 breaths per minute for 3 minutes. End tidal CO2 level had to be <2.5% after hyperventilation. Blood gases measured</i>. <i>Hyperventilation test considered negative if end tidal CO2 did not restore to >90% baseline value after 3 minutes recovery</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref94" rid="niceng217er3.ref94"><sup>94</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Neurophysiologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Specific semiology</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.16 [0.06, 0.32]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.43 [0.29, 0.59]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Specificity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<i>Head up tilt test. Interictal. (No details available in paper)</i>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref43" rid="niceng217er3.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>EEG plus clinical findings, over prolonged follow up</p>
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<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.20 [0.01, 0.72]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.09 [0.03, 0.22]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Specificity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Epifinder application (a clinical decision support tool)</i>. <i>Epifinder’s algorithm is a form of artificial intelligence that is based on pattern recognition. It utilises standardised terminology and heuristic algorithms that produce a list of differential diagnoses based on pattern recognition of a cluster of semiology against ILAE-defined epilepsy criteria</i></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref144" rid="niceng217er3.ref144"><sup>144</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">epilepsy trained neurologist</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Video EEG</p>
|
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<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.88 [0.70, 0.98]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.85 [0.66, 0.96]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
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|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>Hypnosis Induction Profile (HIP) score (threshold of <=9). Interictal</i>.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref107" rid="niceng217er3.ref107"><sup>107</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">physician</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.69 [0.41, 0.89]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.42 [0.22, 0.63]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Not having an event during hypnosis</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref107" rid="niceng217er3.ref107"><sup>107</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">physician</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Population suspected of epilepsy but with no known differential diagnoses</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.88 [0.62, 0.98]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.46 [0.26, 0.67]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Review of systems questionnaire (threshold of <2.5)</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref11" rid="niceng217er3.ref11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">physician</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: PNES</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.90 [0.73, 0.98]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.40 [0.23, 0.59]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p><i>Frontal Lobe Epilepsy and Parasomnias (FLEP) scale. Filled in on basis of reports from partners or relatives</i>. <i>Threshold not provided</i>.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING NOCTURNAL FRONTAL LOBE EPILEPSY</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref58" rid="niceng217er3.ref58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Research Assistant</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-PC epilepsy group: arousal parasomnia and sleep disorder</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.89, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.90 [0.74, 0.98]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p><i>Frontal Lobe Epilepsy and Parasomnias (FLEP) scale. Filled in on basis of reports from partners or relatives. Threshold not provided</i>.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING NOCTURNAL FRONTAL LOBE EPILEPSY</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref58" rid="niceng217er3.ref58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Experienced physician</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-PC epilepsy group: arousal parasomnia and sleep disorder</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.0(0.86-1.00)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.93 (0.79-0.98)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">VERY LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>FLEP scale (excluding those with scores in uncertain range of 1-3). Filled in on basis of reports from partners or relatives</i>. <i>Threshold >3</i></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref131" rid="niceng217er3.ref131"><sup>131</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medical doctor</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Parasomnias and idiopathic RBD</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.50 [0.16, 0.84]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.91, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><i>FLEP scale (including those with scores in uncertain range of 1-3 = NFLE). Filled in on basis of reports from partners or relatives</i>. <i>Threshold >0</i></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref131" rid="niceng217er3.ref131"><sup>131</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medical doctor</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Parasomnias and idiopathic RBD</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.71 [0.42, 0.92]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.72 [0.58, 0.83]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<i>Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (including those with scores in uncertain range of 1-3 = NO NFLE). Filled in on basis of reports from partners or relatives. Threshold>3</i>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref131" rid="niceng217er3.ref131"><sup>131</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medical doctor</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Video EEG</p>
|
|
<p>Non-epilepsy group: Parasomnias and idiopathic RBD</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.29 [0.08, 0.58]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.00 [0.94, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Specificity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab14_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab14_1"><p class="no_margin">Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were rated at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies were rated at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab14_2"><p class="no_margin">Indirectness was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist items referring to applicability. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were seriously indirect, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies are very seriously indirect</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab14_3"><p class="no_margin">Imprecision was assessed based on inspection of the confidence region in the diagnostic meta-analysis or, where diagnostic meta-analysis has not been conducted, assessed according to the range of confidence intervals in the individual studies. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed one of the clinical thresholds (0.90 or 0.60), and downgraded by 2 increments when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed both of the clinical thresholds. The upper clinical threshold marked the point above which recommendations would be possible, and the lower clinical threshold marked the point below which the tool would be regarded as of little clinical use.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab14_4"><p class="no_margin">Inconsistency was assessed by visual inspection of the sensitivity/specificity plots, or data (if 2 studies). The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if there was no overlap of 95% confidence intervals. For single studies no evaluation was made and ‘not applicable’ was recorded.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(e)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab14_5"><p class="no_margin">No confidence intervals were presented because there was insufficient information available or there was a mismatch between the raw data and the accuracy results.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab15"><div id="niceng217er3.tab15" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 15</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different <u>serum measurements</u> for differentiation of people with autoimmune epilepsy from people with other epilepsy sub-types</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab15_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index Test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">n</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interpreter of index test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gold standard used in study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sensitivity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Specificity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GRADE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p><i>Antibody prevalence in Epilepsy (APE) score; threshold >=4. Interictal</i>.</p>
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<p>
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<i>DETECTING AUTOIMMUNE EPILEPSY</i>
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</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref64" rid="niceng217er3.ref64"><sup>64</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">387</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>CNS-specific antibodies</p>
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<p>Non-autoimmune epilepsy group: other epilepsy groups</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.98 [0.88, 1.00]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.78 [0.73, 0.82]</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>c</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">LOW</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Specificity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p><i>Antibody prevalence in Epilepsy2 (APE2) score; threshold not reported</i>. <i>Interictal</i>.</p>
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<p>
|
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<i>DETECTING AUTOIMMUNE EPILEPSY</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref132" rid="niceng217er3.ref132"><sup>132</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">219</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Detection of NSAb</p>
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<p>Non-autoimmune epilepsy group: new onset focal epilepsy</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.435<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.791<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Specificity</b>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab15_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab15_1"><p class="no_margin">Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were rated at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies were rated at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(b)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab15_2"><p class="no_margin">Indirectness was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist items referring to applicability. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were seriously indirect, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies are very seriously indirect</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(c)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab15_3"><p class="no_margin">Imprecision was assessed based on inspection of the confidence region in the diagnostic meta-analysis or, where diagnostic meta-analysis has not been conducted, assessed according to the range of confidence intervals in the individual studies. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed one of the clinical thresholds (0.90 or 0.60), and downgraded by 2 increments when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed both of the clinical thresholds. The upper clinical threshold marked the point above which recommendations would be possible, and the lower clinical threshold marked the point below which the tool would be regarded as of little clinical use.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(d)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab15_4"><p class="no_margin">Inconsistency was assessed by visual inspection of the sensitivity/specificity plots, or data (if 2 studies). The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if there was no overlap of 95% confidence intervals. For single studies no evaluation was made and ‘not applicable’ was recorded.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(e)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab15_5"><p class="no_margin">No confidence intervals were presented because there was insufficient information available or there was a mismatch between the raw data and the accuracy results.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab16"><div id="niceng217er3.tab16" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 16</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: diagnostic test accuracy of different <u>psychological measurements</u> for differentiation of people with autoimmune epilepsy from people with other epilepsy sub-types</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab16/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab16_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Index Test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Number of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">n</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interpreter of index test</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gold standard used in study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sensitivity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Specificity (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Risk of bias</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Indirectness</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inconsistency</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Imprecision</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">GRADE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p><i>Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination (ACE) attention domain (threshold >=0) Interictal</i>.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<i>DETECTING AUTOIMMUNE EPILEPSY</i>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_2" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref132" rid="niceng217er3.ref132"><sup>132</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_3" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">219</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_4" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_5" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>Detection of NSAb</p>
|
|
<p>Non-autoimmune epilepsy group: new onset focal epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_6" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.667<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_7" rowspan="4" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0.849<sup>e</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<b>Sensitivity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_8 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_9 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_10 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_11 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_12" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<b>Specificity</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Serious<sup>a</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none<sup>b</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NA</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab16_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MOD</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(f)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab16_1"><p class="no_margin">Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were rated at high risk of bias, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies were rated at very high risk of bias.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(g)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab16_2"><p class="no_margin">Indirectness was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist items referring to applicability. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if the majority of studies were seriously indirect, and downgraded by 2 increments if the majority of studies are very seriously indirect</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(h)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab16_3"><p class="no_margin">Imprecision was assessed based on inspection of the confidence region in the diagnostic meta-analysis or, where diagnostic meta-analysis has not been conducted, assessed according to the range of confidence intervals in the individual studies. The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed one of the clinical thresholds (0.90 or 0.60), and downgraded by 2 increments when the confidence interval around the point estimate crossed both of the clinical thresholds. The upper clinical threshold marked the point above which recommendations would be possible, and the lower clinical threshold marked the point below which the tool would be regarded as of little clinical use.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(i)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab16_4"><p class="no_margin">Inconsistency was assessed by visual inspection of the sensitivity/specificity plots, or data (if 2 studies). The evidence was downgraded by 1 increment if there was no overlap of 95% confidence intervals. For single studies no evaluation was made and ‘not applicable’ was recorded.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(j)</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab16_5"><p class="no_margin">No confidence intervals were presented because there was insufficient information available or there was a mismatch between the raw data and the accuracy results.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab17"><div id="niceng217er3.tab17" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 17</span><span class="title">Electroencephalogram (EEG) unit costs</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab17/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab17_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conventional EEG, EMG or Nerve conduction Studies</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults (19 years and over)</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Currency code: AA33C</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Activity</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unit Cost</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total Cost</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">190,268</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£199</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£37,938,282</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">125</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,952</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£243,961</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">157</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,993</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£469,837</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,007</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£827</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£832,773</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">808</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£807</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£651,783</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular day or night admissions</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">86</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£993</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£85,361</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient procedures</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">141,294</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£205</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£28,914,172</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Directly accessed diagnostic services</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46,791</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£144</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£11,264,379</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Children (18 years and under)</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Currency code: AA33D</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Activity</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unit Cost</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total Cost</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22,390</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£340</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£7,607,597</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">210</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,186</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£248,995</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,885</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£222,125</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">609</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,422</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£866,025</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2,614</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£651</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,702,333</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular day or night admissions</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,092</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,183</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient procedures</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18,591</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£241</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£4,471,167</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Directly accessed diagnostic services</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">287</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£330</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_13_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£94,768</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complex Long-term EEG monitoring</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Currency code: AA80Z</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Activity</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unit Cost</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total Cost</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4,902</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,067</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£10,133,610</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,808</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,126</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£8,096,765</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">476</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,960</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,409,167</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">257</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,182</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£303,834</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">358</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£901</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£322,713</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular day or night admissions</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£674</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£674</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient procedures</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Directly accessed diagnostic services</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£228</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_23_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£457</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Standard Long-term EEG monitoring</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Currency code: AA81Z</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Activity</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unit Cost</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total Cost</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2,020</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£491</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£991,134</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">395</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£994</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£392,797</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">118</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,106</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£248,475</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£860</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£63,634</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,217</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£12,166</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular day or night admissions</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,809</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£3,619</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient procedures</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,308</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£193</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£252,104</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Directly accessed diagnostic services</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">113</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£162</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab17_1_1_33_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£18,339</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab18"><div id="niceng217er3.tab18" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 18</span><span class="title">Electrocardiogram (ECG) unit costs</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab18/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab18_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ECG monitoring or stress testing</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Currency code: EY51Z</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Activity</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unit Cost</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total Cost</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">565,058</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£102</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£57,831,246</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£643</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£29,599</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£3,575</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£14,300</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£783</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£41,524</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2,700</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£464</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,252,196</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular day or night admissions</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">397</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£457</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£181,594</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient procedures</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">330,956</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£136</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£45,047,653</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Directly accessed diagnostic services</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">230,902</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab18_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£11,264,379</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab19"><div id="niceng217er3.tab19" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 19</span><span class="title">Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) unit costs</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab19/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab19_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Currency code</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Currency description</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Activity</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Unit Cost</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Total Cost</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD01A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of One Area, without Contrast, 19 years and over</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,440,377</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£136</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£196,146,270</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD01B</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of One Area, without Contrast, between 6 and 18 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62,170</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£138</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£8,592,099</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD01C</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of One Area, without Contrast, 5 years and under</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16,609</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£135</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,246,755</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD02A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of One Area, with Post-Contrast Only, 19 years and over</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">239,007</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£151</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£36,014,012</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD02B</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of One Area, with Post-Contrast Only, between 6 and 18 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7,569</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£172</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,301,693</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD02C</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of One Area, with Post-Contrast Only, 5 years and under</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,374</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£141</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£193,099</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD03Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of One Area, with Pre- and Post-Contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45,069</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£215</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£9,703,024</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD04Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of Two or Three Areas, without Contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">117,642</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£142</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£16,648,325</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD05Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of Two or Three Areas, with Contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24,148</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£204</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£4,934,540</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD06Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of more than Three Areas</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45,209</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£194</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£8,771,400</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD07Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan Requiring Extensive Patient Repositioning</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5,477</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£263</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab19_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,442,365</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab20"><div id="niceng217er3.tab20" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 20</span><span class="title">Computerised Tomography (CT) unit costs</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab20/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab20_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Currency code</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Currency description</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Activity</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Unit Cost</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Total Cost</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD20A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of One Area, without Contrast, 19 years and over</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">827,230</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£83</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£68,854,114</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD20B</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of One Area, without Contrast, between 6 and 18 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13,504</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£97</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,308,085</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD20C</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of One Area, without Contrast, 5 years and under</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13,579</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£66</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£894,029</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD21A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of One Area, with Post-Contrast Only, 19 years and over</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">235,143</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£107</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£25,196,786</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD21B</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of One Area, with Post-Contrast Only, between 6 and 18 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,172</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£133</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£155,768</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD21C</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of One Area, with Post-Contrast Only, 5 years and under</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">695</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£172</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£119,719</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD22Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of One Area, with Pre- and Post-Contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24,731</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£105</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,586,066</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD23Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of Two Areas, without Contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55,248</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£93</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£5,123,143</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD24Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of Two Areas, with Contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">230,506</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£104</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£23,883,214</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD25Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of Three Areas, without Contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24,080</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£103</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,475,934</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD26Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of Three Areas, with Contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">358,745</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£115</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£41,322,696</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD27Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of more than Three Areas</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83,205</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£111</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab20_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£9,201,145</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab21"><div id="niceng217er3.tab21" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 21</span><span class="title">Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) unit costs</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab21/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab21_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Currency code</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Currency description</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Activity</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Unit Cost</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Total Cost</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RN07A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PET, 19 years and over</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18,314</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£830</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£15,193,497</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RN07B</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PET, between 6 and 18 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£215</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£10,964</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RN07C</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PET, 5 years and under</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£119</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£595</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RN08A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SPECT, 19 years and over</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16,068</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£319</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£5,125,070</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RN08B</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SPECT, between 6 and 18 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">199</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£332</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£66,144</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RN08C</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SPECT, 5 years and under</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£236</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab21_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£6,145</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab22"><div id="niceng217er3.tab22" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 22</span><span class="title">Neurology appointment costs</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab22/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab22_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Neurology appointments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Consultant led – adults</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, Follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£169</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£220</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, Follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£237</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£245</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_6_1" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-consultant led – adults</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, Follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£115</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£113</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, Follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,019</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£127</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_11_1" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Consultant led – children</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, Follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£305</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£435</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, Follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£284</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£412</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_16_1" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-consultant led – children</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, Follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£240</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£851</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, Follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£311</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab22_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£445</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab23"><div id="niceng217er3.tab23" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 23</span><span class="title">PICO characteristics of review question</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab23/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab23_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab23_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab23_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Inclusion:</p>
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<p>Strata:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Children and adults with suspected epilepsy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Children and adults with epilepsy, where uncertainty remains as to the type of epilepsy</div></li></ul>
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Exclusion: New-born babies with acute symptomatic seizures</p>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab23_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab23_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Any comparison of diagnostic strategies used in studies (these do not have to contain EEG or ECG but are likely to do so).</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab23_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab23_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Each other</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab23_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab23_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>mortality</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>seizures (we will collect both binary data and time to event data)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>seizure frequency</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>time to withdrawal of treatment</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>quality of life (any validated scores)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>any adverse events</div></li></ul>
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Follow up: any available but stratify to <1 yr, 1-5 yrs, >5 yrs</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab23_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab23_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RCTs only</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab24"><div id="niceng217er3.tab24" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 24</span><span class="title">Summary of studies included in the evidence review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab24/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab24_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab24_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab24_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Intervention and comparison</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab24_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab24_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab24_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rossetti, 2015<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref165" rid="niceng217er3.ref165"><sup>165</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab24_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Continuous EEG (30-48 hours) versus routine EEG (2 × 30 mins over 48 hours)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab24_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">inpatients from Switzerland in intensive care units with impaired consciousness; mean age 63.75 years. Inclusion: Inpatients >18 years in intensive or intermediate care units having impaired consciousness of any aetiology, defined as GCS of 11 or less or a FOUR score of 12 or less; referred from the treating team for EEG Exclusion: Weekend patients; patients in palliative care; those risking invasive procedures within 48 hours; those with recent (<36 hours) seizures or SE (96 hours)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab24_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Mortality at 6 months</p>
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|
<p>Seizures at 6 months</p>
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|
<p>Adverse events at 6 months</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab24_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zehtabchi, 2014<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er3.ref218" rid="niceng217er3.ref218"><sup>218</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab24_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Micro EEG + routine care versus routine care</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab24_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">149 patients from USA; mean age 65. Inclusion All adult (18 year and older) ED patients with AMS, defined as any alteration in level of responsiveness or alertness or arousability, presenting as lethargy, delirium, confusion, agitation, coma, disinhibition, labile/blunted affects, or unexpected psychosis. Exclusion criteria included patients with immediately correctable causes of AMS (including finger stick or serum glucose less than 60 mg/dL); hypothermia (body temperature below 35.0°C); hyperthermia, heat exhaustion, or heat stroke; opioid overdose responding to naloxone; patients who were unable to undergo EEG recordings (e.g., severe scalp injury); hemodynamically unstable patients (systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg); uncooperative or combative patients; and patients who were discharged, admitted, or transferred before enrolment. Patients who had overt seizures in the ED were only included if they experienced prolonged postictal periods (at the discretion of the ED attending physician).</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab24_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mortality during inpatient period</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab25"><div id="niceng217er3.tab25" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 25</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: continuous EEG vs Routine EEG</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab25/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab25_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
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<p>No of Participants</p>
|
|
<p>(studies)</p>
|
|
<p>Follow up</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Quality of the evidence</p>
|
|
<p>(GRADE)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Relative effect</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Risk difference with intervention</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mortality</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>364</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>6 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>a</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>RR 1.01</p>
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<p>(0.82 to 1.25)</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">484 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>5 more per 1000</p>
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<p>(from 87 fewer to 121 more)</p>
|
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Health Related Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No evidence found</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">seizures</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>368</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>6 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊕⊝</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>a</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 3.59</p>
|
|
<p>(1.68 to 7.63)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>113 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 30 more to 290 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adverse events</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>368</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>6 months</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊕⊕⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>a</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>b</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.83</p>
|
|
<p>(0.60 to 1.15)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>52 fewer per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 122 fewer to 46 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Seizure frequency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No evidence found</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Time to withdrawal of treatment</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab25_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No evidence found</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab25_1"><p class="no_margin">The study had serious risk of bias due to possible selection bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>b</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab25_2"><p class="no_margin">The confidence intervals crossed the lower MID of 0.8</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab26"><div id="niceng217er3.tab26" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 26</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: micro EEG + routine care versus routine care</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab26/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab26_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>No of Participants</p>
|
|
<p>(studies)</p>
|
|
<p>Follow up</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Quality of the evidence</p>
|
|
<p>(GRADE)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Relative effect</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with control</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">
|
|
<p>Risk difference with intervention</p>
|
|
<p>(95% CI)</p>
|
|
</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mortality</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>149</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>unclear follow up</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⊝⊝⊝⊝</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>a</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>b</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to risk of bias, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 1.04</p>
|
|
<p>(0.27 to 4.01)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53 per 1000</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>2 more per 1000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 38 fewer to 158 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Health Related Quality of life</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No evidence found</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">seizures</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No evidence found</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adverse events</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No evidence found</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Seizure frequency</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No evidence found</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Time to withdrawal of treatment</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_4 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_1_5 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_2_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab26_1_1_2_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No evidence found</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>a</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab26_1"><p class="no_margin">The study had serious risk of bias due to possible selection bias</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>b</dt><dd><div id="niceng217er3.tab26_2"><p class="no_margin">The confidence intervals crossed the upper and lower MIDS of 0.8 and 1.25</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab27"><div id="niceng217er3.tab27" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 27</span><span class="title">Electroencephalogram (EEG) unit costs</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab27/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab27_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conventional EEG, EMG or Nerve conduction Studies</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults (19 years and over)</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Currency code: AA33C</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Activity</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unit Cost</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total Cost</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">190,268</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£199</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£37,938,282</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">125</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,952</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£243,961</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">157</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,993</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£469,837</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,007</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£827</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£832,773</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">808</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£807</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£651,783</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular day or night admissions</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">86</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£993</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£85,361</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient procedures</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">141,294</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£205</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£28,914,172</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Directly accessed diagnostic services</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46,791</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£144</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_2_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_3_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£11,264,379</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Children (18 years and under)</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Currency code: AA33D</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Activity</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unit Cost</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total Cost</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22,390</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£340</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£7,607,597</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">210</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,186</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£248,995</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,885</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£222,125</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">609</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,422</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£866,025</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2,614</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£651</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,702,333</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular day or night admissions</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,092</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,183</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient procedures</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18,591</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£241</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£4,471,167</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Directly accessed diagnostic services</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">287</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£330</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_12_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_13_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£94,768</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Complex Long-term EEG monitoring</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Currency code: AA80Z</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Activity</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unit Cost</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total Cost</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4,902</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,067</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£10,133,610</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3,808</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,126</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£8,096,765</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">476</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,960</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,409,167</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">257</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,182</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£303,834</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">358</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£901</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£322,713</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular day or night admissions</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£674</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£674</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient procedures</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Directly accessed diagnostic services</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£228</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_22_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_23_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£457</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Standard Long-term EEG monitoring</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Currency code: AA81Z</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Activity</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unit Cost</th><th headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total Cost</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2,020</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£491</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£991,134</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">395</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£994</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£392,797</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">118</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,106</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£248,475</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£860</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£63,634</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,217</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£12,166</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular day or night admissions</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,809</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£3,619</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient procedures</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,308</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£193</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£252,104</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Directly accessed diagnostic services</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">113</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£162</td><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_32_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab27_1_1_33_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£18,339</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab28"><div id="niceng217er3.tab28" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 28</span><span class="title">Electrocardiogram (ECG) unit costs</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab28/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab28_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ECG monitoring or stress testing</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Currency code: EY51Z</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Activity</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Unit Cost</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total Cost</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">565,058</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£102</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£57,831,246</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Elective</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£643</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£29,599</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective long stay</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£3,575</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£14,300</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-elective short stay</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£783</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£41,524</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Day case</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2,700</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£464</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,252,196</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Regular day or night admissions</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">397</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£457</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£181,594</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outpatient procedures</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">330,956</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£136</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£45,047,653</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Directly accessed diagnostic services</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">230,902</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£49</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er3.tab28_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£11,264,379</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab29"><div id="niceng217er3.tab29" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 29</span><span class="title">Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) unit costs</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab29/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab29_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Currency code</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Currency description</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Activity</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Unit Cost</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Total Cost</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD01A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of One Area, without Contrast, 19 years and over</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,440,377</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£136</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£196,146,270</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD01B</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of One Area, without Contrast, between 6 and 18 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62,170</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£138</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£8,592,099</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD01C</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of One Area, without Contrast, 5 years and under</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16,609</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£135</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,246,755</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD02A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of One Area, with Post-Contrast Only, 19 years and over</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">239,007</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£151</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£36,014,012</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD02B</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of One Area, with Post-Contrast Only, between 6 and 18 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7,569</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£172</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,301,693</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD02C</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of One Area, with Post-Contrast Only, 5 years and under</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,374</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£141</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£193,099</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD03Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of One Area, with Pre- and Post-Contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45,069</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£215</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£9,703,024</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD04Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of Two or Three Areas, without Contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">117,642</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£142</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£16,648,325</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD05Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of Two or Three Areas, with Contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24,148</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£204</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£4,934,540</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD06Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan of more than Three Areas</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45,209</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£194</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£8,771,400</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD07Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MRI Scan Requiring Extensive Patient Repositioning</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5,477</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£263</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab29_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,442,365</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab30"><div id="niceng217er3.tab30" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 30</span><span class="title">Computerised Tomography (CT) unit costs</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab30/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab30_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Currency code</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Currency description</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Activity</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Unit Cost</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Total Cost</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD20A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of One Area, without Contrast, 19 years and over</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">827,230</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£83</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£68,854,114</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD20B</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of One Area, without Contrast, between 6 and 18 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13,504</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£97</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,308,085</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD20C</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of One Area, without Contrast, 5 years and under</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13,579</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£66</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£894,029</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD21A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of One Area, with Post-Contrast Only, 19 years and over</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">235,143</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£107</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£25,196,786</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD21B</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of One Area, with Post-Contrast Only, between 6 and 18 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1,172</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£133</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£155,768</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD21C</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of One Area, with Post-Contrast Only, 5 years and under</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">695</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£172</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£119,719</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD22Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of One Area, with Pre- and Post-Contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24,731</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£105</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,586,066</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD23Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of Two Areas, without Contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55,248</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£93</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£5,123,143</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD24Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of Two Areas, with Contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">230,506</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£104</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£23,883,214</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD25Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of Three Areas, without Contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24,080</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£103</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,475,934</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD26Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of Three Areas, with Contrast</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">358,745</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£115</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£41,322,696</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RD27Z</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">CT Scan of more than Three Areas</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83,205</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£111</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab30_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£9,201,145</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab31"><div id="niceng217er3.tab31" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 31</span><span class="title">Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) unit costs</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab31/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab31_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Currency code</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Currency description</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Activity</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Unit Cost</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Total Cost</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RN07A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PET, 19 years and over</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18,314</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£830</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£15,193,497</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RN07B</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PET, between 6 and 18 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£215</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£10,964</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RN07C</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PET, 5 years and under</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£119</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£595</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RN08A</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SPECT, 19 years and over</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16,068</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£319</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£5,125,070</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RN08B</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SPECT, between 6 and 18 years</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">199</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£332</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£66,144</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RN08C</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">SPECT, 5 years and under</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£236</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab31_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£6,145</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er3tab32"><div id="niceng217er3.tab32" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 32</span><span class="title">Neurology appointment costs</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK586312/table/niceng217er3.tab32/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er3.tab32_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Neurology appointments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Consultant led – adults</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, Follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£169</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£220</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, Follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£237</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£245</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_6_1" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-consultant led – adults</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, Follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£115</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£113</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, Follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£1,019</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£127</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_11_1" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Consultant led – children</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, Follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£305</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£435</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, Follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£284</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£412</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_16_1" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-consultant led – children</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, Follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£240</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£851</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, Follow-up</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£311</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Multiprofessional Non-Admitted Face-to-Face Attendance, First</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_1_1 hd_b_niceng217er3.tab32_1_1_16_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£445</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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