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class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK581151_"><span itemprop="name">Antibody testing in epilepsy</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Epilepsies in children, young people and adults</div><p><b>Evidence review D</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 217</i></p><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">National Guideline Alliance (UK)</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2022 Apr</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-4513-9</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2022.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng217er24.s1"><h2 id="_niceng217er24_s1_">Antibody testing in epilepsy</h2><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1"><h3>Review question</h3><p>In people with epilepsy, who should have antibody testing?</p><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.1"><h4>Introduction</h4><p>Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to fight disease, but sometimes the body produces antibodies against itself. In some people presenting acutely with epileptic seizures, and other features of acute encephalopathy, antibodies to brain proteins have been detected. In some cases, these antibodies may be responsible for brain dysfunction and respond to immunosuppressive therapy. In order to determine who might benefit from such treatment, it is necessary to identify the clinical features of patients who should be tested for such antibodies. The aim of this review is to determine in which population of patients antibody testing should be performed.</p></div><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.2"><h4>Summary of the protocol</h4><p>See <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK581151/table/niceng217er24.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er24tab1" rid-ob="figobniceng217er24tab1">Table 1</a> for a summary of the Population, Index, Presence or absence of a prognostic, risk or predictive factor and Outcome (PPO) characteristics of this review.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er24tab1"><a href="/books/NBK581151/table/niceng217er24.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er24tab1" rid-ob="figobniceng217er24tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK581151/table/niceng217er24.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK581151/table/niceng217er24.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. Summary of the protocol (PPO table)." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er24.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK581151/table/niceng217er24.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er24tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of the protocol (PPO table). </p></div></div><p>For further details see the review protocol in <a href="#niceng217er24.appa">appendix A</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.3"><h4>Methods and process</h4><p>This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/introduction" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>. Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in <a href="#niceng217er24.appa">appendix A</a> and the <a href="/books/NBK581151/bin/niceng217er24_bm1.pdf">methods</a> document (supplementary document 1).</p><p>Declarations of interest were recorded according to <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/about/who-we-are/policies-and-procedures" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NICE’s conflicts of interest policy</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.4"><h4>Clinical evidence</h4><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.4.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>Fifteen studies were included in this review, 10 prospective cohort studies (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref1" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref1">Atmaca 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref4" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref4">Errichiello 2009</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref5" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref5">Falip 2012</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref6" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref6">Ganor 2005</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref7" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref7">Gozubatik-Celik 2017</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref8" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref8">Liimatainen 2010</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref10" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref10">Niehusmann 2009</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref11" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref11">Tecellioglu 2018</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref12" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref12">Tekturk 2018</a> and <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref13" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref13">Veri 2013</a>), 3 prospective case control studies (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref2" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref2">Borusiak 2016</a>, <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref3" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref3">Ceyhan Dirican 2016</a> and <a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref14" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref14">Verrotti 2003</a>), 1 retrospective cohort study (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref15" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref15">Wright 2016</a>) and 1 retrospective case control study (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref9" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref9">Majoie 2006</a>). All studies reported data on the proportion of positive antibodies identified through testing.</p><p>The included studies are summarised in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK581151/table/niceng217er24.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er24tab2" rid-ob="figobniceng217er24tab2">Table 2</a>.</p><p>See the literature search strategy in <a href="#niceng217er24.appb">appendix B</a> and study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng217er24.appc">appendix C</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.4.2"><h5>Excluded studies</h5><p>Studies not included in this review are listed, and reasons for their exclusion are provided in <a href="#niceng217er24.appk">appendix K</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.5"><h4>Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><p>Summaries of the studies that were included in this review are presented in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK581151/table/niceng217er24.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er24tab2" rid-ob="figobniceng217er24tab2">Table 2</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er24tab2"><a href="/books/NBK581151/table/niceng217er24.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er24tab2" rid-ob="figobniceng217er24tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK581151/table/niceng217er24.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK581151/table/niceng217er24.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Summary of included studies." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er24.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK581151/table/niceng217er24.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er24tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of included studies. </p></div></div><p>See the full evidence tables in <a href="#niceng217er24.appd">appendix D</a>. No meta-analysis was conducted (and so there are no forest plots in <a href="#niceng217er24.appe">appendix E</a>).</p></div><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.6"><h4>Summary of the evidence</h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Very low quality evidence showed that the overall proportion of positive antibody tests for glutamate/NMDA in people with epilepsy (all seizure types) was 18%. The overall proportion of positive antibody tests for anti-dsDNA Ab’s in people with epilepsy (all seizure types) was 16%.</div><div class="half_rhythm">The proportion of positive antibody tests recorded by all studies according to antibody found were as follows:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with status epilepticus of unidentified origin: 22.7% with NMDA-R, GLY-R, and/ or GABAAR</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with focal epilepsy with no sign of encephalitis: 4% with GAD65 and/ or VGKC</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with treatment resistant Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLEHS) and mostly easy to treat juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME): 6% with GADA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with focal and generalized epilepsy: 3% with GAD65</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) of known and unknown aetiology: 12% with GADA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with partial epilepsy (generalised epilepsy and infantile spasm): 21% with glutamate/AMPA receptor sub-type 3</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with partial epilepsy (generalised epilepsy and infantile spasm): 18% with glutamate/NMDA receptor subunit 2A</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with focal seizures of unknown cause: 14% with AMPA-R, Anti-CASPR-2, Anti-GABAB-R, Anti-LGI1, GAD, NMDA-R, and/ or VGKC-complex</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with focal epilepsy and idiopathic generalised epilepsy: 6% with GADA, or GADA and TPO</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Female people with epilepsy: 7% with VGKC, or VGKC and GADA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with unexplained new onset epilepsy: 26% with NMDAR</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with drug resistant epilepsy of unknown cause: 22% with VGKC and antinuclear antibodies, VGKC and TPO, TPO, VGKC, GAD, or Intracellular antigens (Yo and MA2/TA)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with epileptic encephalopathy of unknown cause: 14% with NMDAR, GABAAR, CASPR2, GAD, and/ or GLYR</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with newly diagnosed epilepsy: 7% with GAD65</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with controlled and uncontrolled epilepsy: 27% with acL</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with controlled and uncontrolled epilepsy: 30% with ANA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with controlled and uncontrolled epilepsy: 5% with GAD</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with epilepsy with and without encephalitis: 10% with VGKC-complex, NMDAR, CASPR2, and/ or Contactin-2</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Very low quality evidence showed that the proportion of positive antibody tests in people with cognitive impairment/ developmental delay at intake was 21%.</div><div class="half_rhythm">The antibodies found in this subgroup were VGKC, GAD, NMDAR, AMPAR, LGl1, CASPR2, and/ or Contactin-2.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Very low quality evidence showed that the proportion of positive antibody tests for any antibody in people with a history of febrile seizures were as follows:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with a history of febrile seizures and status epilepticus of unidentified origin: 20%</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with a history of febrile seizures and confirmed epilepsy: 8%</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with a history of febrile seizures and epileptic encephalitis: 33%</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Children with a history of febrile seizures: 3%</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Very low quality evidence showed that the proportion of positive antibody tests for any antibody in people with pre-existing neurologic signs/ abnormal examinations was 15%.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Very low quality evidence showed that the proportion of positive antibody tests for any antibody in people with inflammatory/ autoimmune events was 23%.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Very low quality evidence showed that the proportion of positive antibody tests for any antibody in people with psychiatric/ psychological disorders was 25%.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Very low quality evidence showed that the proportion of positive antibody tests for any antibody in people with MRI abnormalities were as follows:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with MRI abnormalities: 27%</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with MRI abnormalities: 20%</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with white matter lesions: 25%</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with hippocampal sclerosis: 0%</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Very low quality evidence showed that the proportion of positive antibody tests for GluR3B Ab’s according to epilepsy/ seizure type were as follows:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with partial epilepsy: 18%</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with generalised epilepsy: 40%</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with infantile spasms: 0%</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Very low quality evidence showed that the proportion of positive antibody tests for Glutamate/NMDA according to epilepsy/ seizure type were as follows:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with partial epilepsy: 27%</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with generalised epilepsy: 5%</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with infantile spasms: 0%</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Very low quality evidence showed that the proportion of positive antibody tests for anti-dsDNA Ab’s according to epilepsy/ seizure type were as follows:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with partial epilepsy: 12%</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with generalised epilepsy: 30%</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with infantile spasms: 10%</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with multifocal focus epilepsy: 12%</div></li></ul></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div class="half_rhythm">Very low quality evidence showed that the proportion of positive antibody tests for any antibody in people with a history of status epilepticus were as follows:
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<ul class="circle"><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with convulsive status epilepticus: 25%</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with non-convulsive status epilepticus: 33%</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with epilepsia partialis continua: 0%</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with a history of status epilepticus: 0%</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People with status epilepticus as a presenting feature: 2%</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.7"><h4>Quality assessment of studies included in the evidence review</h4><p>See the evidence profiles in <a href="#niceng217er24.appf">appendix F</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.8"><h4>Economic evidence</h4><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.8.1"><h5>Included studies</h5><p>A single economic search was undertaken for all topics included in the scope of this guideline but no economic studies were identified which were applicable to this review question. See the literature search strategy in <a href="#niceng217er24.appb">appendix B</a> and economic study selection flow chart in <a href="#niceng217er24.appg">appendix G</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.8.2"><h5>Excluded studies</h5><p>A single economic search was undertaken for all topics included in the scope of this guideline. See <a href="/books/NBK581151/bin/niceng217er24_bm3.pdf">supplementary material 2</a> for details.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.9"><h4>Summary of studies included in the economic evidence review</h4><p>No studies were identified which were applicable to this review question.</p></div><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.10"><h4>Economic model</h4><p>No economic modelling was undertaken for this review because the committee agreed that other topics were higher priorities for economic evaluation.</p></div><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.11"><h4>The committee’s discussion of the evidence</h4><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.11.1"><h5>Interpreting the evidence</h5><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.11.1.1"><h5>The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The committee agreed that the risk of testing positive for antibodies and the proportion of those returning a positive result should be included as critical outcomes for this review question. The committee agreed that these two outcomes would help to determine the yield of antibodies in people with epilepsy and enable the committee to make recommendations on who would benefit from antibody testing.</p></div><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.11.1.2"><h5>The quality of the evidence</h5><p>The quality of the evidence was assessed with a modified GRADE approach, using the same principles of GRADE for assessing the quality of the evidence, but a different form of presentation as GRADE is not yet available for single-arm prevalence studies. The evidence was rated as very low, with outcomes downgraded due to low quality rating at the phase of investigation, risk of bias due to study limitations, indirectness of some of the outcomes and risk of publication bias.</p><p>The studies contributing evidence to the outcomes did not report evidence from multivariate regression analysis to determine independent associations between the risk factors and positive antibody testing. The studies were assessed with QUIPS checklist and were rated as low quality. Common issues associated with the qualities of the studies include lack of adjustment for confounders (this is, presence of an underlying autoimmune disease) and uncertainty about the adequacy of the statistical models.</p><p>There was also indirectness in the evidence contributing to cognitive impairment, history of febrile seizure, psychiatric or psychological disorder, neurological abnormalities, seizure types and status epilepticus. The reasons for the indirectness of the outcomes is the inclusion of antinuclear antibody in 1 study (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref11" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref11">Tecellioglu 2018</a>) and antibody to contactin-2 in another study (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref15" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref15">Wright 2016</a>) as part of the reported proportion of those positive for antibody in the evidence from 2 studies. These antibodies were outside of the scope of the protocol for this review. One of the studies (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref6" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref6">Ganor 2005</a>) also reported the identified risk factors among people with epilepsy with a single type of antibody without reporting the risk factors for those with multiple types of antibody.</p></div><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.11.1.3"><h5>Benefits and harms</h5><p>Considering the low quality and limited evidence available the committee decided that antibody testing in epilepsy is an area that requires further research. The committee agreed it would be useful to make a research recommendation to determine the pathophysiological implications of the presence of autoimmune autoantibodies in epilepsy (see <a href="#niceng217er24.appl">appendix L</a>).</p><p>The committee further noted that the heterogeneity in the data presented could have been due to different classification criteria being used across the studies, thereby making the outcomes difficult to interpret. Hence, the committee recommended that further research should consider using standard classification criteria for patients entering into autoantibody studies.</p><p>The committee agreed that the evidence presented was limited, and did not support routine antibody testing in clinical practice for people with epilepsy. The committee acknowledged that at present, the number of normal controls who carry these antibodies is unclear. As such, it is not possible to determine if the antibodies cause epilepsy, or whether subsequent treatment of the antibodies will improve the epilepsy. The committee agreed that conducting routine antibody testing on people with epilepsy based on unclear evidence carried the risk of over-emphasising the potential significance of the presence of certain antibodies.</p><p>However, the committee noted that many people with epilepsy with autoimmune encephalitis might present with either acute seizures or status epilepticus associated with encephalopathy. The committee knew from their knowledge and experience that people with encephalopathy can have better outcomes from immunotherapy than with standard antiseizure medication, and therefore agreed by informal consensus that it could be beneficial to undergo antibody testing in this group.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.11.2"><h5>Cost effectiveness and resource use</h5><p>A systematic review of the economic literature was conducted but no relevant studies were identified which were applicable to this review question.</p><p>Routine antibody testing would have led to a significant resource impact compared to current practice. However, the evidence presented did not support such a recommendation. No recommendations were made in this area that would change current practice and consequently have a resource impact.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er24.s1.1.12"><h4>Recommendations supported by this evidence review</h4><p>This evidence review supports recommendation 1.5.1 and the research recommendation on immunomodulation strategies.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er24.s1.rl.r1"><h3>References</h3><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er24.s1.ref1"><p id="p-198">
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<strong>Atmaca 2017</strong>
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</p>Atmaca, M. M., Tuzun, E., Erdag, E., Bebek, N., Baykan, B., Gurses, C., Investigation of antineuronal antibodies in status epilepticus of unknown etiology: a prospective study, Acta Neurologica Belgica, 117, 841–848, 2017 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28547540" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28547540</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er24.s1.ref2"><p id="p-199">
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<strong>Borusiak 2016</strong>
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</p>Borusiak, P., Bettendorf, U., Wiegand, G., Bast, T., Kluger, G., Philippi, H., Munstermann, D., Bien, C. G., Autoantibodies to neuronal antigens in children with focal epilepsy and no prima facie signs of encephalitis, European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, 20, 573–579, 2016 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27056280" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27056280</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er24.s1.ref3"><p id="p-200">
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<strong>Ceyhan Dirican 2016</strong>
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</p>Ceyhan Dirican, A., Elibirlik, S., Koksal, A., Ozturk, M., Altunkaynak, Y., Baybas, S., Dirican, A., Evaluation of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody levels in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis, Noropsikiyatri Arsivi, 53, 253–256, 2016 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5378216/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5378216</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28373803" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28373803</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er24.s1.ref4"><p id="p-201">
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<strong>Errichiello 2009</strong>
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</p>Errichiello, L., Perruolo, G., Pascarella, A., Formisano, P., Minetti, C., Striano, S., Zara, F., Striano, P., Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in focal and generalized epilepsy: A study on 233 patients, Journal of Neuroimmunology, 211, 120–123, 2009 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19428124" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19428124</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er24.s1.ref5"><p id="p-202">
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<strong>Falip 2012</strong>
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</p>Falip, M., Carreno, M., Miro, J., Saiz, A., Villanueva, V., Quilez, A., Molins, A., Barcelo, I., Sierra, A., Graus, F., Prevalence and immunological spectrum of temporal lobe epilepsy with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, European Journal of Neurology, 19, 827–33, 2012 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22353320" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22353320</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er24.s1.ref6"><p id="p-203">
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<strong>Ganor 2005</strong>
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</p>Ganor, Y., Goldberg-Stern, H., Lerman-Sagie, T., Teichberg, V. I., Levite, M., Autoimmune epilepsy: Distinct subpopulations of epilepsy patients harbor serum autoantibodies to either glutamate/AMPA receptor GluR3, glutamate/NMDA receptor subunit NR2A or double-stranded DNA, Epilepsy research, 65, 11–22, 2005 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15978777" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15978777</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er24.s1.ref7"><p id="p-204">
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<strong>Gozubatik-Celik 2017</strong>
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</p>Gozubatik-Celik, G., Ozkara, C., Ulusoy, C., Gunduz, A., Delil, S., Yeni, N., Tuzun, E., Anti-Neuronal Autoantibodies in Both Drug Responsive and Resistant Focal Seizures with Unknown Cause, Epilepsy research, 135, 131–136, 2017 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28675819" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28675819</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er24.s1.ref8"><p id="p-205">
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<strong>Liimatainen 2010</strong>
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</p>Liimatainen, S., Peltola, M., Sabater, L., Fallah, M., Kharazmi, E., Haapala, A. M., Dastidar, P., Knip, M., Saiz, A., Peltola, J., Clinical significance of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in patients with epilepsy, Epilepsia, 51, 760–7, 2010 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19817821" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19817821</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er24.s1.ref9"><p id="p-206">
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<strong>Majoie 2006</strong>
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</p>Majoie, H. J. M., de Baets, M., Renier, W., Lang, B., Vincent, A., Antibodies to voltage-gated potassium and calcium channels in epilepsy, Epilepsy Research, 71, 135–141, 2006 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16870397" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16870397</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er24.s1.ref10"><p id="p-207">
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<strong>Niehusmann 2009</strong>
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</p>Niehusmann, P., Dalmau, J., Rudlowski, C., Vincent, A., Elger, C. E., Rossi, J. E., Bien, C. G., Diagnostic value of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in women with new-onset epilepsy, Archives of Neurology, 66, 458–464, 2009 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19364930" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19364930</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er24.s1.ref11"><p id="p-208">
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<strong>Tecellioglu 2018</strong>
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</p>Tecellioglu, M., Kamisli, O., Kamisli, S., Yucel, F. E., Ozcan, C., Neurological autoantibodies in drug-resistant epilepsy of unknown cause, Irish Journal of Medical Science, 187, 1057–1063, 2018 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29524102" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29524102</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er24.s1.ref12"><p id="p-209">
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<strong>Tekturk 2018</strong>
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</p>Tekturk, P., Baykan, B., Erdag, E., Peach, S., Sezgin, M., Yapici, Z., Kucukali, C. I., Vincent, A., Tuzun, E., Investigation of neuronal auto-antibodies in children diagnosed with epileptic encephalopathy of unknown cause, Brain and Development, 40, 909–917, 2018 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29935963" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29935963</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er24.s1.ref13"><p id="p-210">
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<strong>Veri 2013</strong>
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</p>Veri, K., Uibo, O., Talvik, T., Talvik, I., Metskula, K., Napa, A., Vaher, U., Oiglane-Slik, E., Rein, R., Kolk, A., Traat, A., Uibo, R., Newly-diagnosed pediatric epilepsy is associated with elevated autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase but not cardiolipin, Epilepsy research, 105, 86–91, 2013 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23538270" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23538270</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er24.s1.ref14"><p id="p-211">
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<strong>Verrotti 2003</strong>
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</p>Verrotti, A., Greco, R., Altobelli, E., Latini, G., Morgese, G., Chiarelli, F., Anticardiolipin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and antinuclear antibodies in epileptic patients, Clinical & Experimental Medicine, 3, 32–6, 2003 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12748877" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12748877</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng217er24.s1.ref15"><p id="p-212">
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<strong>Wright 2016</strong>
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</p>Wright, S., Geerts, A. T., Jol-Van Der Zijde, C. M., Jacobson, L., Lang, B., Waters, P., Van Tol, M. J. D., Stroink, H., Neuteboom, R. F., Brouwer, O. F., Vincent, A., Neuronal antibodies in pediatric epilepsy: Clinical features and long-term outcomes of a historical cohort not treated with immunotherapy, Epilepsia, 57, 823–831, 2016 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4864754/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4864754</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26996997" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26996997</span></a>]</div></p></li></ul></div></div><div id="appendixesappgroup1"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup1_">Appendices</h2><div id="niceng217er24.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocol</h3><div id="niceng217er24.appa.s1"><h4>Review protocol for review question: In people with epilepsy, who should have antibody testing?</h4><p id="niceng217er24.appa.et1"><a href="/books/NBK581151/bin/niceng217er24-appa-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (219K)</span></p></div></div><div id="niceng217er24.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><div id="niceng217er24.appb.s1"><h4>Literature search strategies for review question: In people with epilepsy, who should have antibody testing?</h4><p id="niceng217er24.appb.et1"><a href="/books/NBK581151/bin/niceng217er24-appb-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (253K)</span></p></div></div><div id="niceng217er24.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Clinical evidence study selection</h3><div id="niceng217er24.appc.s1"><h4>Study selection for: In people with epilepsy, who should have antibody testing?</h4><p id="niceng217er24.appc.et1"><a href="/books/NBK581151/bin/niceng217er24-appc-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (120K)</span></p></div></div><div id="niceng217er24.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables</h3><div id="niceng217er24.appd.s1"><h4>Evidence tables for review question: In people with epilepsy, who should have antibody testing?</h4><p id="niceng217er24.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK581151/bin/niceng217er24-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (516K)</span></p></div></div><div id="niceng217er24.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Forest plots</h3><div id="niceng217er24.appe.s1"><h4>Forest plots for review question: In people with epilepsy, who should have antibody testing?</h4><p>No meta-analysis was conducted for this review question due to variation in the evidence regarding antibodies tested for. As a result, there are no forest plots.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er24.appf"><h3>Appendix F. Adapted GRADE tables</h3><p id="niceng217er24.appf.et1"><a href="/books/NBK581151/bin/niceng217er24-appf-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 5. Clinical evidence profile for proportion with positive antibody test in all studies</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 267K)</span></p><p id="niceng217er24.appf.et2"><a href="/books/NBK581151/bin/niceng217er24-appf-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 6. Clinical evidence profile for proportion of positive antibody test in patients with cognitive impairment</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 177K)</span></p><p id="niceng217er24.appf.et3"><a href="/books/NBK581151/bin/niceng217er24-appf-et3.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 7. Clinical evidence profile for proportion of positive antibody test in patients with a history of febrile seizures</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 171K)</span></p><p id="niceng217er24.appf.et4"><a href="/books/NBK581151/bin/niceng217er24-appf-et4.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 8. Clinical evidence profile for proportion of positive antibody test according to neurological abnormalities</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 183K)</span></p><p id="niceng217er24.appf.et5"><a href="/books/NBK581151/bin/niceng217er24-appf-et5.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 9. Clinical evidence profile for proportion of positive antibody test in patients with inflammatory/autoimmune events</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 183K)</span></p><p id="niceng217er24.appf.et6"><a href="/books/NBK581151/bin/niceng217er24-appf-et6.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 10. Clinical evidence profile for proportion of positive antibody test in patients with psychiatric or psychological disorders</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 182K)</span></p><p id="niceng217er24.appf.et7"><a href="/books/NBK581151/bin/niceng217er24-appf-et7.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 11. Clinical evidence profile for proportion of positive antibody test in patients with MRI abnormalities</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 194K)</span></p><p id="niceng217er24.appf.et8"><a href="/books/NBK581151/bin/niceng217er24-appf-et8.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 12. Clinical evidence profile for proportion of positive antibody test according to epilepsy/seizure type</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 188K)</span></p><p id="niceng217er24.appf.et9"><a href="/books/NBK581151/bin/niceng217er24-appf-et9.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Table 13. Clinical evidence profile for proportion of positive antibody tests in patients with a history of status epilepticus</a><span class="small"> (PDF, 173K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng217er24.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Economic evidence study selection</h3><div id="niceng217er24.appg.s1"><h4>Economic evidence study selection for review question: In people with epilepsy, who should have antibody testing?</h4><p>A global search of economic evidence was undertaken for all review questions in this guideline. See <a href="/books/NBK581151/bin/niceng217er24_bm3.pdf">Supplement 2</a> for further information.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er24.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Economic evidence tables</h3><div id="niceng217er24.apph.s1"><h4>Economic evidence tables for review question: In people with epilepsy, who should have antibody testing?</h4><p>No evidence was identified which was applicable to this review question.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er24.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Economic evidence profiles</h3><div id="niceng217er24.appi.s1"><h4>Economic evidence profiles for review question: In people with epilepsy, who should have antibody testing?</h4><p>No evidence was identified which was applicable to this review question.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er24.appj"><h3>Appendix J. Economic analysis</h3><div id="niceng217er24.appj.s1"><h4>Economic evidence analysis for review question: In people with epilepsy, who should have antibody testing?</h4><p>No economic analysis was conducted for this review question.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er24.appk"><h3>Appendix K. Excluded studies</h3><div id="niceng217er24.appk.s1"><h4>Excluded studies for review question: In people with epilepsy, who should have antibody testing?</h4></div><div id="niceng217er24.appk.s2"><h4>Clinical studies</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng217er24appktab1"><a href="/books/NBK581151/table/niceng217er24.appk.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 14" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figniceng217er24appktab1" rid-ob="figobniceng217er24appktab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK581151/table/niceng217er24.appk.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK581151/table/niceng217er24.appk.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 14. Excluded studies and reasons for their exclusion." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng217er24.appk.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK581151/table/niceng217er24.appk.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng217er24appktab1">Table 14</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Excluded studies and reasons for their exclusion. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng217er24.appk.s3"><h4>Economic studies</h4><p>A global search of economic evidence was undertaken for all review questions in this guideline. See <a href="/books/NBK581151/bin/niceng217er24_bm3.pdf">Supplement 2</a> for further information.</p></div></div><div id="niceng217er24.appl"><h3>Appendix L. Research recommendations</h3><div id="niceng217er24.appl.s1"><h4>Research recommendations for review question: In people with epilepsy, who should have antibody testing?</h4><p id="niceng217er24.appl.et1"><a href="/books/NBK581151/bin/niceng217er24-appl-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (183K)</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Evidence reviews underpinning recommendation 1.5.1</p><p>These evidence reviews were developed by the National Guideline Alliance which is a part of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2022.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK581151</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35700303" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">35700303</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er24tab1"><div id="niceng217er24.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">Summary of the protocol (PPO table)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK581151/table/niceng217er24.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er24.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er24.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er24.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Children, young people and adults with confirmed epilepsy</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er24.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Presence or absence of a prognostic, risk or predictive factor</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er24.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Behavioural change (sleep disturbance)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cognitive impairment</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>History of febrile seizures</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MRI hippocampal abnormalities</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Neurological abnormalities</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Presence of encephalopathy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Presence of other autoimmune disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychiatric or psychological disorder</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Seizure type</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Status epilepticus</div></li></ul>
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<i>Univariate studies will only be included if no studies with multivariate analysis are identified</i></td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_niceng217er24.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><td headers="hd_b_niceng217er24.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><b>Critical</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Risk of testing positive for having an antibody (association data, adjusted from regression analyses or similar)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Proportion of those tested with a positive antibody test</div></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er24tab2"><div id="niceng217er24.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of included studies</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK581151/table/niceng217er24.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er24.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Cases</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Controls</th><th id="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Potential risk factors examined</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref1" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref1">Atmaca 2017</a>
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</p>
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<p>Prospective cohort study</p>
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<p>Turkey</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=22 people with status epilepticus of unidentified origin</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>N= 80</p>
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<p>n=30 age and sex matched healthy volunteers</p>
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<p>n=50 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>History of febrile seizure</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychiatric or psychological disorder</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MRI abnormalities</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Status epilepticus</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref2" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref2">Borusiak 2016</a>
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</p>
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<p>Multi-centre prospective case control study</p>
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<p>Germany</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=124 people with focal epilepsy and no signs of encephalitis</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not relevant</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>None reported</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref3" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref3">Ceyhan Dirican 2016</a>
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</p>
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<p>Prospective case-control study</p>
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<p>Turkey</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=26 people with treatment resistant Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLEHS)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=26 healthy volunteers</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>None reported</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref4" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref4">Errichiello 2009</a>
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</p>
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<p>Prospective cohort study</p>
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<p>Italy</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=233 people with focal and generalized epileptic</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not relevant</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Presence of other autoimmune disease</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref5" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref5">Falip 2012</a>
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</p>
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<p>Prospective cohort study</p>
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<p>Spain</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=42 people with temporal lobe epilepsy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not relevant</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>None reported</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref6" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref6">Ganor 2005</a>
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</p>
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<p>Prospective cohort study</p>
|
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<p>Israel</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=82 people with epilepsy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>N=49</p>
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<p>n=22 non-neurological health problems</p>
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<p>n=27 healthy individuals</p>
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>History of febrile convulsions</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Seizure type (acute and intractable seizures)</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref7" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref7">Gozubatik-Celik 2017</a>
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</p>
|
|
<p>Prospective cohort study</p>
|
|
<p>Turkey</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=94 people with focal seizures of unknown cause</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=50 age-and-gender matched healthy individuals.</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>History of febrile convulsion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>History of inflammatory/ autoimmune disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Presence of other autoimmune disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MRI abnormalities</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref8" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref8">Liimatainen 2010</a>
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|
</p>
|
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<p>Prospective cohort study</p>
|
|
<p>Finland</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N= 253 people with focal epilepsy and idiopathic generalised epilepsy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=200 non-diabetic organ donors</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Presence of other autoimmune disease</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref9" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref9">Majoie 2006</a>
|
|
</p>
|
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<p>Retrospective case control study</p>
|
|
<p>Netherlands</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=106 females with epilepsy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N= 150</p>
|
|
<p>n=50 with multiple sclerosis</p>
|
|
<p>n=62 with stroke</p>
|
|
<p>n=19 with other neurological diseases</p>
|
|
<p>n=19 healthy individuals</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cognitive impairment</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Presence of other autoimmune disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Seizure type</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref10" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref10">Niehusmann 2009</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Prospective cohort study</p>
|
|
<p>Germany</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=19 females with unexplained new onset epilepsy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>N=72</p>
|
|
<p>n=61 with cryptogenic epilepsies</p>
|
|
<p>n=11 with surgically treated epilepsy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychiatric or psychological disorder</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Neurological abnormalities</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MRI abnormalities</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref11" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref11">Tecellioglu 2018</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Prospective cohort study</p>
|
|
<p>Turkey</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=77 people with drug resistant epilepsy of unknown cause</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not relevant</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychiatric or psychological disorder</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MRI abnormalities</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Seizure type</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref12" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref12">Tekturk 2018</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Prospective cohort study</p>
|
|
<p>Turkey</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=50 people with epileptic encephalopathy of unknown cause</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=40 age-and-gender matched healthy volunteers</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>History of febrile seizure</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Seizure type</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MRI abnormalities</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Presence of other autoimmune disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Status epilepticus</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref13" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref13">Veri 2013</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Prospective cohort study</p>
|
|
<p>Estonia</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=208 children with newly diagnosed epilepsy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=128 children with functional urinary and gastrointestinal disorders</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Presence of other autoimmune disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>MRI abnormalities</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref14" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref14">Verrotti 2003</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Prospective case control study</p>
|
|
<p>Italy</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=74 children with controlled and uncontrolled epilepsy</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=50 age-and-gender matched healthy children</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>None reported</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng217er24.s1.ref15" rid="niceng217er24.s1.ref15">Wright 2016</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Multi-centre retrospective cohort study</p>
|
|
<p>Netherlands</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=178 children with epilepsy with and without encephalitis</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">N=112 age-and-gender matched sibling donors of bone marrow transplantation</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cognitive impairment</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>History of febrile seizure</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Neurological abnormalities</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Status epilepticus</div></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">CNS: Central Nervous system; GADA: Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies; TLE: Temporal lope epilepsy; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging;</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng217er24appktab1"><div id="niceng217er24.appk.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 14</span><span class="title">Excluded studies and reasons for their exclusion</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK581151/table/niceng217er24.appk.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng217er24.appk.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Excluded studies - Antibody testing</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for Exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Cavus, I., Romanyshyn, J. C., Kennard, J. T., Farooque, P., Williamson, A., Eid, T., Spencer, S. S., Duckrow, R., Dziura, J., Spencer, D. D., Elevated basal glutamate and unchanged glutamine and GABA in refractory epilepsy: Microdialysis study of 79 patients at the yale epilepsy surgery program, Annals of neurology, 80, 35–45, 2016 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27129611" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27129611</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes do not meet inclusion criteria - reported levels of GABA in epileptogenic and nonepiloptegic sites</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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Daif, A., Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 antibody associated epilepsy, Clinical Neurophysiology, 129 (Supplement 1), e68, 2018
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
De Bruijn, M. A. A. M., Thijs, R. D., Majoie, H. J. M., Rouhl, R. P. W., Van Asseldonk, J. A. E., Van Donselaar, C., Leijten, F. S. S., Wirtz, P. W., Bastiaansen, A. E. M., Schreurs, M. W. J., Sillevis Smitt, P. A. E., Titulaer, M. J., Neuronal antibodies in a prospective, multicenter cohort of patients with focal epilepsy of unknown origin, Epilepsia, 59, S4–S5, 2018
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Dubey, D., Alqallaf, A., Hays, R., Freeman, M., Chen, K., Ding, K., Agostini, M., Vernino, S., Neurological Autoantibody prevalence in epilepsy of unknown etiology-ape study, Neurology, 88, 2017 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28166327" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28166327</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Dubey, D., Hays, R., Alqallaf, A., Freeman, M., Chen, K., Ding, K., Agostini, M., Vernino, S., Evaluating the prevalence of neurological autoantibodies among patients with epilepsy of unknown etiology: Ongoing prospective study, Neurology, 86, 2016
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Falip, M., Rodriguez-Bel, L., Castaner, S., Miro, J., Jaraba, S., Mora, J., Bas, J., Carreno, M., Musicogenic reflex seizures in epilepsy with glutamic acid decarbocylase antibodies, Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 137, 272–276, 2018 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28766694" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28766694</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria - case series</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Falip, M., Rodriguez-Bel, L., Castaner, S., Sala-Padro, J., Miro, J., Jaraba, S., Casasnovas, C., Morandeira, F., Berdejo, J., Carreno, M., Hippocampus and insula are targets in epileptic patients with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, Frontiers in Neurology, 10 (JAN) (no pagination), 2019 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6334555/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6334555</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30687213" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30687213</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exposure does not meet inclusion criteria - study included only patients with high GAD antibody</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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Garcia-Tarodo, S., Datta, A. N., Ramelli, G. P., Marechal-Rouiller, F., Bien, C. G., Korff, C. M., Circulating neural antibodies in unselected children with new-onset seizures, European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, 22, 396–403, 2018 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29291919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29291919</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria - reported antibodies in mixed population, but subgroup analysis for epilepsy was not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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|
Gupta, S., Jayalakshmi, S., Yada, P. K., Surath, M., Clinical characteristics and outcome in autoimmune epilepsy from a tertiary care centre of South India, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 381, 79–80, 2017
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|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Jehi, L., Searching for autoimmune epilepsy: Why, where, and when?, Epilepsy currents, 17, 363–364, 2017 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5706358/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5706358</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29217980" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29217980</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Commentary</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Karaaslan, Z., Ekizoglu, E., Tekturk, P., Erdag, E., Tuzun, E., Bebek, N., Gurses, C., Baykan, B., Investigation of neuronal auto-antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with epilepsy, Epilepsy Research, 129, 132–137, 2017 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28043063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28043063</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population does not meet inclusion criteria - diagnosis of epilepsy was not confirmed</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Liimatainen, S., Honnorat, J., Pittock, S. J., McKeon, A., Manto, M., Radtke, J. R., Hampe, C. S., GAD65 autoantibody characteristics in patients with co-occurring type 1 diabetes and epilepsy may help identify underlying epilepsy etiologies, Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 13, 55, 2018 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5892043/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5892043</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29636076" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29636076</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria - reported GAD65Ab titer in mixed population, but subgroup analysis for epilepsy was not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Matricardi, S., Pappalardo, I., Freri, E., Ragona, F., Didato, G., Andreetta, F., Franceschetti, S., Nardocci, N., Pastori, C., Villani, F., Granata, T., Autoimmune epilepsy: Key findings to identify a potentially treatable disease, Epilepsia, 58, S24, 2017
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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McKnight, K., Jiang, Y., Hart, Y., Cavey, A., Wroe, S., Blank, M., Shoenfeld, Y., Vincent, A., Palace, J., Lang, B., Serum antibodies in epilepsy and seizure-associated disorders, Neurology, 65, 1730–6, 2005 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16344514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16344514</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet inclusion criteria - reported antibodies in mixed population, but subgroup analysis for epilepsy was not reported</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Ozen Aydin, C., Velioglu, S., Gazioglu, S., Tuzun, E., Neuronal antibodies in epilepsy patients with refractory seizures, Epilepsia, 58 (Supplement 5), S87, 2017
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Ravindar, G., Jayalakhshmi, S., Yada, P. K., Varalakhshmi, E. A., Mohandas, S., Clinical features and outcome of autoimmune epilepsies, Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 19, S92, 2016
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Sokol, D. K., McIntyre, J. A., Wagenknecht, D. R., Dropcho, E. J., Patel, H., Salanova, V., da Costa, G., Antiphospholipid and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in patients with focal epilepsy, Neurology, 62, 517–8, 2004 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14872052" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14872052</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Striano, Pasquale, Perruolo, Giuseppe, Errichiello, Luca, Formisano, Pietro, Beguinot, Francesco, Zara, Federico, Striano, Salvatore, Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in idiopathic generalized epilepsy and type 1 diabetes, Annals of neurology, 63, 127–8, 2008 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17167787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17167787</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design does not meet the inclusion criteria - case series.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Symonds, J., Vincent, A., Ellis, R., Williams, N., Lang, B., McClellan, A., Kirkpatrick, M., Jollands, A., O’Regan, M., Macleod, S., et al.,, A prospective whole scottish population study of genetic and immune causes of epilepsy and complex febrile seizures in children under 3 years of age: the genetic and autoimmune childhood epilepsy (GACE) study, Epilepsia. Conference: 12th european congress on epileptology. Czech republic. Conference start: 20160911. Conference end: 20160915, 57, 30, 2016
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Umemura, Y., Ronan, L., VGKC autoimmunity: Are we missing patients who can benefit from immunotherapy?, Neuro-oncology, 15, 2013
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Vanli-Yavuz, E. N., Tuzun, E., Ulusoy, C., Ekizoglu, E., Baysal Kirac, L., Bebek, N., Gurses, C., Gokyigit, A., Baykan, B., Investigation of neuronal auto-antibodies in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis, Epilepsia, 1), 190–191, 2015
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Wong, M. C. M., Arora, R., Phenotype of children with epilepsy and type 1 diabetes. A case series and study of anti-GAD antibody status, European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, 1), S28, 2015
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Wright, S. K., Jol-Van Der Zijde, C. M., Van Tol, M. J. D., Waters, P., Lang, B., Brouwer, O. F., Vincent, A., Epilepsy and the immune system “ is there antibody there?”, Epilepsy Currents, 1), 348, 2013
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Wright, S., Geerts, A. T., Jol-Van Der Zijde, C. M., Jacobson, L., Lang, B., Waters, P., Van Tol, M. J. D., Stroink, H., Neuteboom, R. F., Brouwer, O. F., Vincent, A., Neuronal antibodies in paediatric epilepsy: Clinical features and long-term outcomes, Epilepsia, 1), 252–253, 2015 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4864754/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4864754</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26996997" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26996997</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Wright, S., Jol-Van Der Zijde, C. M., Van Tol, M. J. D., Waters, P., Lang, B., Brouwer, O. F., Vincent, A., Epilepsy and the immune system “… is there antibody there?, Epilepsia, 5), 228–229, 2012
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Yarraguntla, K., Suchdev, K., Ibrahim, M., Shah, A., Relevance of serial anti-gad titers in relation to seizure frequency in autoimmune epilepsy (AIE): An observational study, Neurology, 90, 2018
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Yeo, T., Chen, Z., Yong, K. P., Wong, P. Y. W., Chai, J. Y. H., Tan, K., Distinction between anti-VGKC-complex seropositive patients with and without anti-LGI1/CASPR2 antibodies, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 391, 64–71, 2018 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30103974" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30103974</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng217er24.appk.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population does not meet the inclusion criteria - no reference to participants with epilepsy.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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