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id="_NBK578045_"><span itemprop="name">Evidence review for initiating treatment</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management</div><p><b>Evidence review C</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 136</i></p><p class="contrib-group"><h4>Authors</h4><span itemprop="author">National Guideline Centre (UK)</span>.</p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2019 Aug</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-3503-1</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2019.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="ch3.s1"><h2 id="_ch3_s1_">1. Initiating treatment</h2><div id="ch3.s1.1"><h3>1.1. Review question: At what blood pressure and/or cardiovascular disease risk threshold should antihypertensive drug treatment be initiated for adults with hypertension?</h3></div><div id="ch3.s1.2"><h3>1.2. Introduction</h3><p>Blood pressure varies across the population, and there is no natural cut-off point above which ‘hypertension’ definitively exists and below which it is does not. The threshold at which treatment should be initiated is therefore based on a risk or benefit calculation.</p><p>The current UK recommendations for initiating antihypertensive treatment are based on a combination of blood pressure levels and cardiovascular disease risk thresholds. Specifically, in individuals with stage 1 hypertension (clinic blood pressure 140/90 to 159/99 mmHg) antihypertensive treatment is only recommended if an individual’s 10-year risk for cardiovascular events is greater than 20%. This 2-step process for deciding when to initiate treatment has the potential to result in confusion and contrasts to the recently published lipid guideline in which treatment initiation is based on the cardiovascular disease risk threshold. In this chapter, the evidence for initiating treatment based on blood pressure (BP) or cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk thresholds is evaluated.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.3"><h3>1.3. PICO table</h3><p>For full details, see the review protocol in <a href="#ch3.appa">appendix A</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch3tab1"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch3tab1" rid-ob="figobch3tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab1/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab1/?report=previmg" alt="Table 1. PICO characteristics of review question." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch3.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">PICO characteristics of review question. </p></div></div></div><div id="ch3.s1.4"><h3>1.4. Methods and process</h3><p>This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual.<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref134" rid="ch3.ref134"><sup>134</sup></a> Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in <a href="#ch3.appa">appendix A</a>.</p><p>Declarations of interest were recorded according to NICE’s 2018 conflicts of interest policy.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.5"><h3>1.5. Clinical evidence</h3><div id="ch3.s1.5.1"><h4>1.5.1. Included studies</h4><p>One individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis,<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref162" rid="ch3.ref162"><sup>162</sup></a> 1 longitudinal cohort study<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref155" rid="ch3.ref155"><sup>155</sup></a> and 2 systematic reviews were included in the review;<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref41" rid="ch3.ref41"><sup>41</sup></a><sup>,</sup>
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<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref107" rid="ch3.ref107"><sup>107</sup></a> these are summarised below (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch3tab2" rid-ob="figobch3tab2">Table 2</a>). Evidence from these studies is summarised in the clinical evidence summary below (<a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch3tab4" rid-ob="figobch3tab4">Table 4</a>).</p><p>Risk of bias of the studies included in the IPD meta-analysis and systematic reviews had been measured using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, which we incorporated into our GRADE assessment for overall quality assessment per outcome. Where risk of bias assessments were available for some, but not all, studies included within one of the systematic reviews, additional risk of bias assessments were conducted and integrated with the existing assessments per outcome, as per section 2.3.4.1 of the methods chapter. Where risk of bias was not available for the studies included within one of the systematic reviews, the ROBIS checklist was incorporated into the GRADE assessments for overall quality assessment per outcome.</p><p>See also the study selection flow chart in <a href="#ch3.appc">appendix C</a>, study evidence tables in <a href="#ch3.appd">appendix D</a>, forest plots in <a href="#ch3.appe">appendix E</a> and GRADE tables in <a href="#ch3.appf">appendix F</a>.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.5.2"><h4>1.5.2. Summary of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch3tab2"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch3tab2" rid-ob="figobch3tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab2/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab2/?report=previmg" alt="Table 2. Summary of studies included in the evidence review." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch3.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of studies included in the evidence review. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#ch3.appd">appendix D</a> for full evidence tables.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.5.3"><h4>1.5.3. Excluded studies</h4><p>There were 4 systematic reviews using individual patient data (IPD) identified for this review. IPDs would be preferentially included over other systematic reviews if directly relevant to the review protocol, as they use raw data from each participant across all the included trials as opposed to summary data. However, due to substantial deviations from the protocol for this review, 3 of these IPDs were excluded, as were 3 systematic reviews (see table below for detailed exclusion reasons).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch3tab3"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch3tab3" rid-ob="figobch3tab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab3/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab3/?report=previmg" alt="Table 3. Excluded reviews." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch3.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3tab3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Excluded reviews. </p></div></div><p>See the full excluded studies list in <a href="#ch3.appi">appendix I</a>. <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch3appitab2" rid-ob="figobch3appitab2">Table 26</a> outlines the full excluded studies list, and <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch3appitab1" rid-ob="figobch3appitab1">Table 25</a> provides additional detail of studies that were included in the previous guideline iteration (CG127) but excluded from this update.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.5.4"><h4>1.5.4. Quality assessment of clinical studies included in the evidence review</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch3tab4"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 4" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch3tab4" rid-ob="figobch3tab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab4/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab4/?report=previmg" alt="Table 4. Clinical evidence summary: Treatment versus no treatment at systolic blood pressure thresholds (with and without type 2 diabetes)." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch3.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3tab4">Table 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Treatment versus no treatment at systolic blood pressure thresholds (with and without type 2 diabetes). </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch3tab5"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 5" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch3tab5" rid-ob="figobch3tab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab5/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab5/?report=previmg" alt="Table 5. Clinical evidence summary: Treatment versus no treatment at systolic blood pressure thresholds (type 2 diabetes)." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch3.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3tab5">Table 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Treatment versus no treatment at systolic blood pressure thresholds (type 2 diabetes). </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch3tab6"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 6" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch3tab6" rid-ob="figobch3tab6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab6/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab6/?report=previmg" alt="Table 6. Clinical evidence summary: Effects of treatment versus no treatment at diastolic blood pressure thresholds (with and without type 2 diabetes)." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch3.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3tab6">Table 6</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Effects of treatment versus no treatment at diastolic blood pressure thresholds (with and without type 2 diabetes). </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch3tab7"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 7" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch3tab7" rid-ob="figobch3tab7"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab7/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab7/?report=previmg" alt="Table 7. Clinical evidence summary: Treatment versus no treatment at systolic blood pressure threshold of 140–159mmHg at low cardiovascular risk (without type 2 diabetes) – non-randomised evidence." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch3.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3tab7">Table 7</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clinical evidence summary: Treatment versus no treatment at systolic blood pressure threshold of 140–159mmHg at low cardiovascular risk (without type 2 diabetes) – non-randomised evidence. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#ch3.appf">appendix F</a> for full GRADE tables.</p></div></div><div id="ch3.s1.6"><h3>1.6. Economic evidence</h3><div id="ch3.s1.6.1"><h4>1.6.1. Included studies</h4><p>No relevant health economic studies were identified.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.6.2"><h4>1.6.2. Excluded studies</h4><p>Four studies relating to this review question were identified but were excluded due to applicability or methodological limitations.<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref161" rid="ch3.ref161"><sup>161</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref21" rid="ch3.ref21"><sup>21</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref64" rid="ch3.ref64"><sup>64</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref105" rid="ch3.ref105"><sup>105</sup></a> These are listed in <a href="#ch3.appi">appendix I</a>, with reasons for exclusion given.</p><p>See also the health economic study selection flow chart in <a href="#ch3.appg">appendix G</a>.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.6.3"><h4>1.6.3. Health economic modelling</h4><div id="ch3.s1.6.3.1"><h5>Methods</h5><p>The clinical evidence review identified evidence in different blood pressure thresholds, but no evidence was identified relating to cardiovascular risk.</p><p>The committee agreed there was evidence to suggest relative treatment benefit in people with stage 1 hypertension (Systolic BP 140–159 mmHg), in terms of reducing cardiovascular events. But there was uncertainty about cost effectiveness in this population because the same relative treatment benefit would lead to different absolute benefits in people with lower cardiovascular risk compared to people with higher cardiovascular risk.</p><p>The current recommendations for treatment initiation amongst those with stage 1 hypertension incorporate a cardiovascular risk-based component, of 20%, in people without target organ damage, established cardiovascular disease, renal disease, or diabetes. This recommendation was based on consensus. The committee agreed that it was a high modelling priority for this guideline update to evaluate whether only initiating drug treatment in this population with a 10-year cardiovascular risk equivalent to 20% or greater was the most cost effective option.</p><p>Therefore, the aim of the model was to investigate the cardiovascular risk level at which it is cost effective to initiate antihypertensive drug treatment in people with stage 1 hypertension without target organ damage, established cardiovascular disease, renal disease or diabetes.</p><p>A similar evaluation was recently undertaken as part of the NICE Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification (CG181)<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref133" rid="ch3.ref133"><sup>133</sup></a> guideline update, and it was agreed that it would be appropriate to take a similar approach for this guideline.</p><p>The model was a cost–utility analysis with a lifetime horizon comparing antihypertensive treatment with no antihypertensive treatment in a population with stage 1 hypertension with a base-case age of 60. The intervention and comparator were compared in 4 10-year QRISK cardiovascular risk subgroups to assess whether it is cost effective to use antihypertensive drug treatment in each risk group: 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Men and women were also compared separately. Additionally, other age groups were also evaluated: age 40, 50, 70 and 75.</p><p>The model structure was a Markov model with 1 year cycles. People begin in a ‘no cardiovascular event’ state and could transition to 6 non-fatal cardiovascular event health states of stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, transient ischaemic attack, stroke and heart failure, as well as 2 fatal states of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular death. Each event state also had a respective post-event state where people move to in the following cycle after an event. Repeat events were not modelled.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figch3fig1" co-legend-rid="figlgndch3fig1"><a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure 1" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch3fig1" rid-ob="figobch3fig1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3f1.gif" src-large="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3f1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Model structure." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndch3fig1"><h4 id="ch3.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3fig1">Figure 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Model structure. <i>Abbreviations:</i> CVD: cardiovascular disease; HF: heart failure; MI: myocardial infarction; PES: post-event state; SA: stable angina; Str: stroke; TIA: transient ischaemic attack; UA: unstable angina. The death state can include cardiovascular <a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3fig1">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>The cardiovascular risk subgroups were predefined, and the risk of a first event was determined by the distribution of this cardiovascular risk over the cardiovascular events in the model, which varies by age and sex. The distribution of events was taken from the NICE Lipids model. There was also an annual absolute increase in coronary heart disease risk that was applied to the coronary heart disease events of stable angina, unstable angina, and myocardial infarction. The same risk was applied to the other events depending on their frequency relative to the coronary heart disease events. This was assumed to capture that risk increases with age; therefore, that meant that beyond the 10-year period (as QRISK is a 10-year risk), cardiovascular risk would keep increasing linearly. This annual increase in coronary heart disease risk was higher for men than for women.</p><p>Treatment effect in the base case was taken from a meta-analysis (Brunström 2018)<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref41" rid="ch3.ref41"><sup>41</sup></a> included in the clinical review from the stage 1 hypertension population, as that was the population in the model. The same treatment effect was applied to all risk groups (which would lead to different absolute impact), but acknowledging that this was data from mostly intermediate/higher risk people. The risk of adverse events was taken from the targets clinical review for this guideline. The costs considered included; drug treatment and monitoring, adverse events (acute kidney injury [AKI] and falls), and treating cardiovascular events. For full details see appendix 1.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.6.3.2"><h5>Results</h5><p>The results of the model for the base-case age group (age 60) can be seen in <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch3tab9" rid-ob="figobch3tab9">Table 9</a>.</p><p>Treatment was not cost effective at the 5% threshold. The probability of treatment being cost effective at 10% for men and women was around 84–86%.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch3tab8"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 8" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch3tab8" rid-ob="figobch3tab8"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab8/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab8/?report=previmg" alt="Table 8. Base case results (per person, discounted)." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch3.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3tab8">Table 8</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Base case results (per person, discounted). </p></div></div><p>Some work was undertaken to identify the minimum QRISK2 levels for someone aged 60 who is male or female in order to have some clinical context to interpret the risk thresholds predicted by the model (see <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch3tab9" rid-ob="figobch3tab9">Table 9</a>, column labelled 1, for those aged 60). These minimum risk levels were found by using the QRISK2 online calculator – assuming a clinic systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg, a low total to HDL cholesterol ratio of 2.5, and all other variables within the calculator were left blank. The minimum risk levels represent the healthiest version of someone of a particular age and sex with stage 1 hypertension.</p><p>As the minimum QRISK2 risk levels identified for men and women aged 60 with stage 1 hypertension (8.5% for men and 5.3% for women) were higher than the risk levels predicted by the model, above which treatment is cost effective, it would be cost effective to treat all people aged 60 with stage 1 hypertension. The probability of treatment being cost effective at the 5% level was around 50% for both sexes. However, as women tend to have a lower calculated risk, if a woman aged 60 was at very low risk (that is, close to the QRISK2 minimum risk level of 5.3%), then there is likely to be just as much uncertainty on whether treatment would be cost effective for that individual as whether no treatment would not be cost effective.</p><p>Results from the other age subgroups showed that the younger the population (those aged 40 and 50), the lower the risk level at which treatment becomes cost effective, as younger people have more time to benefit from treatment. Comparing the risk thresholds predicted from the model for each age group with the minimum risk levels calculated (see <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch3tab9" rid-ob="figobch3tab9">Table 9</a>) showed that it was cost effective to treat all ages with stage 1 hypertension except women aged 40 and 50, where the model risk thresholds were higher than the minimum risk levels, as risk is very low in younger women.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch3tab9"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 9" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch3tab9" rid-ob="figobch3tab9"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab9/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab9/?report=previmg" alt="Table 9. Summary of risk thresholds for all age groups." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch3.tab9"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3tab9">Table 9</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of risk thresholds for all age groups. </p></div></div><p>It was acknowledged that the base-case analysis was a simplification of the reality in that those who are initially untreated are unlikely to remain untreated their entire lives, as the current recommendation lists various criteria that people with stage 1 hypertension can meet that would make them eligible for treatment, which they may develop in the future as well as potentially progressing to stage 2 hypertension. Because it was considered too complex to capture how these underlying risk factors would change over time in the model, a sensitivity analysis on differential treatment durations was undertaken. This involved testing arbitrary time points at which people in the no treatment arm started treatment, in order to mimic that people wouldn’t stay untreated forever and to see how this would affect results. See <a class="figpopup" href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-figpopup="figch3tab10" rid-ob="figobch3tab10">Table 10</a> for results. For the base-case age group (age 60), the assumptions around differential treatment duration that were tested did not change the results because all risk thresholds identified were similar and were still lower than the minimum risk values from the QRISK2 calculator.</p><p>Testing differential treatment durations and whether that impacted the main conclusions for the other age groups, showed that in men it wasn’t cost effective anymore to treat all men aged 40 and 50 if they were likely to develop other reasons for going onto treatment in shorter durations of time (1–10 years). For women, the conclusions did not change when differential treatment durations were tested.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figch3tab10"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 10" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figch3tab10" rid-ob="figobch3tab10"><img class="small-thumb" src="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab10/?report=thumb" src-large="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab10/?report=previmg" alt="Table 10. Differential treatment duration results for all ages." /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="ch3.tab10"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3tab10">Table 10</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Differential treatment duration results for all ages. </p></div></div><p>Various sensitivity analyses were undertaken. Varying treatment effect to make it more or less favourable was undertaken probabilistically for all age groups. The model was very sensitive to more favourable treatment effect, and treatment became cost effective at the 5% risk level even for those aged 75. Other sensitivity analyses were only undertaken deterministically for the 60 year old group. Inputs that changed the results by making treatment cost effective even at 5% risk included smaller drug costs, higher health state costs, nurses undertaking monitoring, not including adverse events, having higher annual cardiovascular (CV) risk increases for women, and lower utilities. Various inputs that would bias against treatment (like increasing cost) made treatment less cost effective but hardly ever to the extent that the 10% risk subgroup was not cost effective.</p><p>Limitations of the model were that repeat events were not modelled, which made the model more conservative towards treatment. The model was also conservative in other ways such as there are some events the model hasn’t captured that may be avoided by taking antihypertensive treatment. The model used the average long-term mortality ratios that may mean mortality immediately following an event has been underestimated. Some inputs have been taken from previous models and could be considered out of date, but these were checked with the committee who concluded it would be difficult to find more up-to-date data. Additionally, the assumption that people in the no treatment arm would remain on no treatment was a simplification, but this has been addressed through a sensitivity analysis. The variability in risk over time has not been captured due to limited data; thus, a more linear approach to increasing risk over time was taken. Adherence to treatment has also not been included, which would reduce the effectiveness of treatment on a population level if adherence is poor. However, overall, it is generally accepted that antihypertensive treatment is very cost effective. On balance, the model was felt to be conservative towards treatment.</p></div></div><div id="ch3.s1.6.4"><h4>1.6.4. Resource costs</h4><p>Initiating drug treatment to different blood pressure or risk thresholds will involve drug and monitoring costs and may have varying cost offsets in terms of cardiovascular events avoided depending on the severity of the population. These trade-offs were explored in detail in the economic modelling.</p></div></div><div id="ch3.s1.7"><h3>1.7. Evidence statements</h3><div id="ch3.s1.7.1"><h4>1.7.1. Clinical evidence statements</h4><div id="ch3.s1.7.1.1"><h5>1.7.1.1. Treatment versus no treatment as systolic blood pressure thresholds (with and without type 2 diabetes)</h5><div id="ch3.s1.7.1.1.1"><h5>Below 140 mmHg threshold</h5><p>Low quality evidence from 1 study with 62,617–68,816 participants showed no clinically important difference between starting treatment at below 140 mmHg and not starting treatment for all-cause mortality or coronary heart disease at 4 years. Very low quality evidence from 1 study with 60,879 participants showed no clinically important difference for stroke or heart failure at 4 years.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.7.1.1.2"><h5>140–159 mmHg threshold</h5><p>Very low quality evidence from 1 study with 35,254–42,543 participants showed a clinically important benefit of starting treatment at 140–159 mmHg for all-cause mortality, stroke, coronary heart disease and heart failure at 4 years.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.7.1.1.3"><h5>160 mmHg or above threshold</h5><p>Low quality evidence from 1 study with 79,900 participants showed a clinically important benefit of starting treatment at 160 mmHg or above for all-cause mortality and stroke at 4 years. Very low quality evidence from 1 study with 78,617 participants showed a clinically important benefit of starting treatment at this threshold for reducing occurrence of coronary heart disease at 4 years. Low quality evidence from 1 study with 23,395 participants showed a clinically important benefit of starting treatment in terms of reducing occurrence of heart failure at 4 years.</p></div></div><div id="ch3.s1.7.1.2"><h5>1.7.1.2. Treatment versus no treatment as 140–159 mmHg systolic blood pressure thresholds (type 2 diabetes)</h5><p>Moderate quality evidence from 1 study with 5,629–6,334 participants showed a clinically important benefit of starting treatment at 140–159 mmHg in terms of all-cause mortality, stroke and heart failure at 4.4 years.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.7.1.3"><h5>1.7.1.3. Treatment versus no treatment as diastolic blood pressure thresholds (with and without type 2 diabetes)</h5><div id="ch3.s1.7.1.3.1"><h5>Below 80 mmHg threshold</h5><p>Very low quality evidence from 1 study with 42,599 participants showed a clinically important benefit of starting treatment at a diastolic blood pressure of below 80 mmHg in terms of stroke occurrence at 4 years.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.7.1.3.2"><h5>80–84 mmHg threshold</h5><p>Very low quality evidence from 1study with 37,516 participants showed a clinically important benefit of starting treatment at a diastolic blood pressure of 80–84 mmHg in terms of stroke occurrence at 4 years.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.7.1.3.3"><h5>85–89 mmHg threshold</h5><p>Low quality evidence from 1 study with 39,731 participants showed a clinically important benefit of starting treatment at a diastolic blood pressure of 85–89 mmHg in terms of stroke occurrence at 4 years.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.7.1.3.4"><h5>90–94 mmHg threshold</h5><p>Low quality evidence from 1 study with 38,646 participants showed a clinically important benefit of starting treatment at a diastolic blood pressure of 90–94 mmHg in terms of stroke occurrence at 4 years.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.7.1.3.5"><h5>95 mmHg or above threshold</h5><p>Low quality evidence from 1 study with 6,195 participants showed a clinically important benefit of starting treatment at a diastolic blood pressure of 95 mmHg or above in terms of stroke occurrence at 4 years.</p></div></div><div id="ch3.s1.7.1.4"><h5>1.7.1.4. Treatment versus no treatment at 140–159 mmHg systolic blood pressure thresholds (without type 2 diabetes, low cardiovascular risk)</h5><p>Very low quality evidence from 1 study with 38,286 participants showed no clinically important difference for starting treatment at 140–159 mmHg compared to not starting treatment for stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, non-myocardial infarction acute syndrome and acute kidney injury at 5.8 years. Very low to low quality evidence from 1 study with 38,286 participants showed a clinically important harm of starting treatment at this threshold for mortality and hypotension at 5.8 years.</p></div></div><div id="ch3.s1.7.2"><h4>1.7.2. Health economic evidence statements</h4><p>One original cost–utility analysis found that antihypertensive drug treatment was cost effective compared to no antihypertensive drug treatment for treating hypertension in people aged 60 with a 10% 10-year cardiovascular risk (ICER in men: £10,676 per QALY gained; ICER in women: £9,399 per QALY).</p></div></div><div id="ch3.s1.8"><h3>1.8. The committee’s discussion of the evidence</h3><div id="ch3.s1.8.1"><h4>1.8.1. Interpreting the evidence</h4><div id="ch3.s1.8.1.1"><h5>1.8.1.1. The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The committee considered all-cause mortality, quality of life, stroke and myocardial infarction to be critical outcomes for decision-making. Heart failure, vascular procedures, angina and specific adverse events such as reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were also considered important for decision-making.</p><p>Most of the evidence identified covered outcomes of mortality, stroke and heart failure. No adverse event data were identified. Data on occurrence of coronary heart disease were used in the absence of evidence for myocardial infarction.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.8.1.2"><h5>1.8.1.2. The quality of the evidence</h5><p>The quality of the clinical effectiveness evidence was low to very low. Although risk of bias was generally low, serious indirectness and imprecision resulted in lower evidence quality and made the evidence base more difficult to interpret. Most of the RCTs included in this review included some participants who were beyond the scope of this guideline, such as people with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) and people with previous cardiovascular events. This was apparent at treatment initiated at clinic systolic blood pressure thresholds of less than 140 mmHg. The committee agreed that at this threshold, not many trials had been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of antihypertensive medication in those without diabetes, chronic kidney disease or previous cardiovascular events, and as a consequence, the evidence at this threshold was considered indirect. To ensure the evidence identified was applicable to the review question, studies that had an indirect population greater than 20% were excluded.</p><p>There was no evidence available for people with hypertension without type 2 diabetes; instead the evidence included was a mixed population. There was also no evidence available comparing treatment at different cardiovascular risk levels.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.8.1.3"><h5>1.8.1.3. Committee discussion of the evidence</h5><div id="ch3.s1.8.1.3.1"><h5>Mixed populations including people with and without type 2 diabetes</h5><p>The committee discussed the evidence for initiating treatment at different systolic blood pressure thresholds in a mixed population, which included participants with primary hypertension and with or without type 2 diabetes. Data were not available for people without type 2 diabetes and hypertension alone as a distinct population, so the evidence was interpreted for both groups together. The committee noted that it was difficult to interpret evidence for treatment versus no treatment at a clinic blood pressure threshold below 140 mmHg. Because the committee was not aware of data based only on a primary prevention population in this group, it assumed that the data were likely to be based on people who had a previous cardiovascular event or chronic kidney disease. The data was therefore difficult to interpret to inform recommendations for primary prevention of cardiovascular events. The committee considered that people who had previously had a cardiovascular event would be at a higher risk of having further events; therefore, these people could benefit from treatment more, and these data could be overestimating the effect of treatment.</p><p>Regardless of this, there was no clinically important benefit for all-cause mortality when initiating treatment at less than 140 mmHg, and the committee agreed that there was no benefit of treating people at this level. The committee also discussed evidence for occurrence of stroke in people with a blood pressure of less than 140 mmHg, which demonstrated that there were 4 fewer strokes per 1,000 people in the treated group compared to the untreated group. The committee agreed this was not an adequate clinical benefit to justify treating all people with a systolic blood pressure of less than 140 mmHg. In addition, there was no clinically important benefit of treatment at this threshold for reducing coronary heart disease.</p><p>The committee found the data on occurrence of heart failure uninformative. Although there was a clinical benefit of treatment at all blood pressure thresholds, this was based just on the risk ratio without absolute event rates. As a result, the committee could not be as sure of the effect without the actual number of events that occurred. The committee also considered that the population included in the less than 140 mmHg group would have included people that had previous heart failure or coronary artery disease. This meant that the evidence in this group could be overestimating the efficacy of treatment. The committee could not determine the real importance of this treatment without the absolute event rates within each arm. The committee agreed there was no benefit of treating people with a systolic blood pressure less than 140 mmHg, particularly when the proportion of participants with established cardiovascular disease is taken into account.</p><p>The committee agreed that there was a clinically important benefit of treating people with a clinic blood pressure of 140–159 mmHg and greater than 160 mmHg. This was based on evidence for all-cause mortality, stroke and coronary heart disease. This was in a population believed to be of moderate cardiovascular risk given the average age and blood pressure of the study population. It could be argued that any mortality avoided should be considered a benefit; however, what is also important in this review is the relation of the outcomes between different blood pressure groups. Because absolute event rates were not available for all outcomes, the committee found that looking at the relative risks of the different groups simultaneously to infer a pattern was useful, in order to identify if there was a threshold at which there is no (or less of a) treatment benefit. When considering the all-cause mortality evidence in this way, the committee agreed that there was a benefit of treating people with a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg. For the data on stroke and coronary heart disease, the committee agreed that the evidence demonstrated benefit in treating groups with a blood pressure of 140–159 mmHg and greater than 160 mmHg. An observational study found treating people with stage 1 hypertension who were labelled as low risk (based on inclusion criteria not formal assessment) did not provide any benefit in terms of reduction in cardiovascular events but did lead to harms. The committee acknowledged that this was lower quality evidence, but agreed that it did highlight there is uncertainty around the effectiveness (and hence cost effectiveness) of treatment in lower risk groups amongst those with stage 1 hypertension (whereas the previous guideline recommendation focused on treating those at higher risk of cardiovascular events). The committee agreed that this evidence did not answer this question fully, as there was no clinical evidence identified in specific risk groups.</p><p>Taking the body of evidence into account, the committee was not convinced that a change in guidance to treat below stage 1 hypertension was warranted. The committee kept in mind that any change in these recommendations would need to be based on high quality evidence, and it was not convinced that the systematic reviews included in this review answered the review question fully, or that the outcomes were high enough quality, to warrant any change in practice. Regardless of this, the evidence did not contradict current recommendations. However, it did raise the question of whether all people with stage 1 hypertension should be treated.</p><p>For the evidence informing the outcomes for treating at different diastolic blood pressure thresholds, the committee agreed that as there was no clear gradation of risk in the control groups (for example, the control group event rate was lower in the 90–94 mmHg group than it was in the 85–89 mmHg group). This did not lead to confidence in the results, as it is expected that risk would increase as diastolic blood pressure increases. The committee agreed it was difficult to make a decision based on diastolic blood pressure alone, as people with low diastolic blood pressure tend to have the highest systolic blood pressure. It was unclear what the systolic blood pressure level was within each group, and as a result, the data were difficult to interpret. The committee therefore agreed that this evidence would not change the current recommendations on diastolic blood pressure thresholds.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.8.1.3.2"><h5>People without type 2 diabetes</h5><p>The evidence showed a harm of treatment for mortality at a clinical systolic blood pressure of 140–159mmHg, because any difference in mortality was considered clinically important. The evidence also showed clinically important harm of treatment in relation to hypotension, with 6 more hypotension events per 1000 and a HR of 1.69. There was no difference in stroke, MI events, heart failure, acute coronary syndromes or acute kidney injury. The committee found it difficult to interpret this evidence, due to the considerable uncertainty around each effect estimate. The evidence therefore showed that the benefit of treating people with stage 1 hypertension at lower blood pressure and risk thresholds was uncertain. The mean cardiovascular risk score (QRISK2) within the population was approximately 8%, although the methods for calculating actual risk involved some imputation and therefore was limited in its ability to accurately define the population at a particular risk threshold. Furthermore, 41.6% of participants in the non-treatment arm were on antihypertensive treatment at some point in the trial, which could have influenced the effect sizes. Taking all of this into account, the committee agreed that the evidence for treatng people at lower risk with type 2 diabetes and stage 1 hypertension was limited.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.8.1.3.3"><h5>People with type 2 diabetes</h5><p>The committee discussed the evidence for antihypertensive treatment for people with type 2 diabetes and stage 1 hypertension. The evidence for people with type 2 diabetes was very low quality due to indirectness and imprecision, and because the evidence was based on one cohort study. It agreed there was a clear benefit of treatment at a clinic blood pressure of greater than 160/100mmHg for all-cause mortality, stroke and heart failure as patients with type 2 diabetes would be at higher risk than thos with hypertension alone. The evidence for the 140–159mmHg studies showed that the clearest signal of benefit was for all-cause mortality and stroke, with 22 fewer deaths and 19 fewer strokes per 1000 respectively.</p><p>Although no evidence was identified for the treatment of people with a clinic systolic blood pressure of less than 140 mmHg, the committee was aware of a number of RCTs and systematic reviews that reported no benefit of treating this group, even though they included trials that recruited people at higher risk of events than those covered in this guideline, for example by requiring the presence of target organ damage such as albuminuria or additional cardiovascular risk factors; so it would be expected for the treatment benefit to be higher. The committee therefore agreed that there was no evidence to suggest a different threshold for people with hypertension and diabetes than without diabetes. This is a small change from the diabetes guideline; the previous recommendations for people with type 2 diabetes (NG28) suggested initiation of antihypertensive medication if lifestyle interventions alone did not reduce blood pressure to below 140/80 mmHg or 130/80 mmHg in the presence of kidney, cerebrovascular or eye disease. Evidence for lower treatment initiation thresholds in people with type 2 diabetes was limited within this review, with evidence available for treatment initiation above 140/90mmHg only and limited to patients with hypertension. The committee was aware of some evidence to suggest that lower blood pressure thresholds did not reduce the rate of cardiovascular events. The previous recommendations for people with type 2 diabetes (NG28) were based on 2 small studies in people without hypertension. Furthermore, these 2 studies were not designed to measure the benefit of treatment in people who already had target organ damage but rather the studies predominantly assessed the incidence of target organ damage based on a target diastolic blood pressure. The committee therefore felt that there was insufficient evidence to recommend a different blood pressure treatment threshold for this subgroup. Discussion of the appropriate blood pressure target for patients with diabetes and significant albuminuria or other target organ damage was outside the scope of this guideline.</p></div></div></div><div id="ch3.s1.8.2"><h4>1.8.2. Cost effectiveness and resource use</h4><p>No published economic evidence was identified for this question.</p><p>The clinical review identified some evidence comparing treatment versus no treatment in groups with different levels of systolic blood pressure. This showed that treatment was generally clinically effective at reducing cardiovascular events in a mixed primary prevention population with stage 2 hypertension. The committee also concluded that there was insufficient clinical evidence to support initiation of drug treatment below the current definition of stage 1 hypertension and noted that there is a lack of primary prevention studies in people with blood pressure <140 mmHg and the evidence found in this group was likely to contain some secondary prevention populations.</p><p>For those with stage 1 hypertension, the RCT evidence from the review showed that there was some clinical benefit to treating this population, although the committee noted that this is likely to be in intermediate or higher risk individuals based on the average characteristics and the lack of published RCT data on low risk individuals. An observational study that was included in this stage 1 population, specifically in lower risk individuals, suggested that treatment has limited benefit but does have harms. As these studies are in different CV risk populations, it confirmed to the committee that there is uncertainty around treatment effect in different risk groups. The 2011 recommendations for treatment initiation in those with stage 1 hypertension incorporate a cardiovascular risk-based component (of 20%), which was based on consensus. Given this, and also that the clinical evidence showed some benefit to treatment in the stage 1 group (but this was likely to be in people with intermediate or higher risk), the committee agreed that it was a high modelling priority for this guideline update to evaluate at what cardiovascular risk level antihypertensive drug treatment is cost effective in people without target organ damage, established cardiovascular disease, renal disease or diabetes.</p><p>The model was a cost–utility analysis with a lifetime horizon, comparing antihypertensive treatment with no antihypertensive treatment in a population with stage 1 hypertension with a base-case age of 60. The intervention and comparator were compared in 4 QRISK 10-year cardiovascular risk subgroups to assess whether it is cost effective to use antihypertensive drug treatment in each risk group: 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Men and women were also compared separately. Additionally, other age groups were also evaluated: ages 40, 50, 70 and 75. A Markov model was used where people begin in a ‘no cardiovascular event’ state, and can transition to 6 non-fatal cardiovascular event health states of stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, transient ischaemic attack, stroke and heart failure, as well as 2 fatal states of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular death. Repeat events were not modelled. The costs considered included drug treatment and monitoring, adverse events (acute kidney injury [AKI] and falls), and treating cardiovascular events. The model methods are summarised in <a href="#ch3.s1.6.3">section 1.6.3</a>, with full methods reported in Appendix 1.</p><p>The results of the model showed that in the base-case age group (age 60), treatment was cost effective at a 10 year cardiovascular risk threshold of just over 5% for both men and women (5.4% for men and 5.3% for women). The probability of treatment being cost effective at 10% for men and women aged 60 was around 85–88%. Comparison of these thresholds with the minimum QRISK2 levels for men and women aged 60 showed that it would be cost effective to treat all people aged 60 with stage 1 hypertension. The probability of treatment being cost effective at the 5% level was around 50% for both sexes, but uncertainty is likely to be higher in women, as they tend to have lower calculated risk: if a woman aged 60 was at very low risk (that is, close to the QRISK2 minimum risk level of 5.3%), then there would be significant uncertainty as to whether treatment or no treatment was the most cost effective option.</p><p>Results from the other age subgroups showed that in those aged 40 and 50, the lower the risk level that it was cost effective to treat above, as younger people live longer and thus have more time to benefit from treatment. In the age 70 and 75 subgroups, treatment was cost effective either in the 10% or 15% risk groups (depending on age and gender). Comparing the risk thresholds the model predicted for each age group with the minimum risk levels calculated showed that it was cost effective to treat all ages with stage 1 hypertension except women aged 40 and 50, where the model risk thresholds were higher than the minimum risk levels: risk is very low in younger women.</p><p>A sensitivity analysis on differential treatment durations was undertaken to take into account that people may become eligible for treatment in the future for other reasons. This involved testing arbitrary time points at which people in the no treatment arm started treatment, in order to imitate subsequent treatment and to see how this would affect results. For the base-case age group (60), the assumptions around differential treatment duration that were tested did not change the results because all risk thresholds identified were similar and were still lower than the minimum QRISK2 values. Testing differential treatment durations and whether that impacted the main conclusions for the other age groups, showed that in men it wasn’t cost effective anymore to treat all men aged 40 and 50 if they were likely to develop other reasons for going onto treatment in shorter durations of time 1–10 years. For women, the conclusions did not change when differential treatment durations were tested.</p><p>The model was very sensitive to a more favourable treatment effect, as treatment became cost effective at the 5% risk level even for those aged 75. Conversely, no treatment benefit would mean antihypertensive treatment is not cost effective. Other sensitivity analyses were only undertaken deterministically for the 60-year-old group. Inputs that changed the results by making treatment cost effective even at 5% risk included smaller drug costs, higher health state costs, nurses undertaking monitoring, not including adverse events, events, having higher annual cardiovascular (CV) risk increases for women, and lower utilities. Various inputs that would bias against treatment (like increasing cost) made treatment less cost effective but hardly ever to the extent that the 10% risk subgroup was not cost effective.</p><p>The committee’s interpretation of the economic model was that it was overall conservative towards treatment, but they had greater confidence that treating at 10% risk was cost effective compared to 5% risk in the base-case age group results. There was also more uncertainty around people younger than 60 because it was shown not to be cost effective to treat all women aged 40 and 50 with stage 1 hypertension, and the conclusions changed for men aged 40 and 50 in the differential treatment durations. Treating at a younger age also subjects people to more years of treatment, and there were also concerns about over-medicalisation of younger people at low risk of subsequent cardiovascular events. Conversely, there were concerns that lifetime risk in a young hypertensive would be relatively high and that delaying treatment might lead to preventable harm. Additionally, stage 1 hypertension in a younger age group, for example age 40, is more likely to lead to early onset target organ damage, so a greater proportion will subsequently be eligible for treatment. The observational study included in the guideline review, by Sheppard et al, suggested that low-risk individuals (with an average risk of 8%) are unlikely to benefit from treatment. The committee opinion was that this supported the conclusions of the model in terms of there being a higher level of confidence in a more conservative threshold of 10%, because there is uncertainty about treatment effect in lower risk people. Additionally, a recent sub-study of the SPRINT trial looking at the effect of intensive versus standard treatment in cardiovascular risk subgroups showed that in those with lower risk there was more harm than benefit from treatment, whereas those with higher risks had higher benefits, supporting that there is a higher absolute benefit from treatment to those at higher risk.</p><p>Clinicians often find it more helpful to explain the benefits of treatment to people in terms of numbers needed to treat (NNT). The 10-year minimum risk levels calculated from the QRISK2 were converted to 5-year risks (as 5-year NNTs are more typical) and combined with the relative treatment effect used in the model to derive NNTs. The committee agreed that these confirmed their previous thinking that the NNTs for antihypertensive treatment in a stage 1 population were favourable.</p><p>The committee discussed what it would currently do in practice and noted there is variation in how the recommendation from CG127 of treating above a 20% cardiovascular risk threshold has been implemented. Some UK research by Sheppard et al<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref156" rid="ch3.ref156"><sup>156</sup></a> using CPRD data on people with untreated stage 1 hypertension and average age of 52 years showed that around half were already receiving either antihypertensive treatment alone or antihypertensive treatment alongside lifestyle advice. Given the average age of the population in this study, it was likely that the cardiovascular risk for that population was significantly below the current 20% CVD risk threshold forinitiation of drug therapy and likely in the range of 5–15%. Some clinicians who see younger people who might have a low 10 year risk but have sustained stage 1 hypertension would offer treatment to those individuals even in the absence of established target organ damage as their lifetime risk is significant. Some risk factors such as family history of hypertension are not included in the QRISK CVD calculator but have a significant disease-associated effect for hypertension and would disproportionately manifest in younger age groups. Furthermore, some clinicians appear to be of the opinion that the threshold to treat hypertension is 10% because that is the threshold recommended in the Lipids guideline for treatment of risk of atherosclerotic disease as the process of atherosclerosis involves both risk factors and they do not differentiate their importance based on therapy effects. Overall, there is significant heterogeneity as to whether an individual is offered treatment (and whether it is implemented). The committee acknowledged the difficulty in its discussion of being able to suggest a single rule about who should and should not be treated and how this would be done on an individualised basis in clinical practice.</p><p>The committee agreed advice on lifestyle modifications should be offered to all with hypertension and in particular to be the first intervention offered when someone is identified as having stage 1 hypertension. Sheppard et al identified that not everyone that is on treatment has had prior lifestyle advice recorded.</p><p>Overall, the committee discussed the many different factors that would need to be considered in order to reach a recommendation: (1) the results of the model and the confidence in treatment benefit in different risk levels; (2) the variability in how the current risk threshold recommended is applied; (3) individual patient choice; and (4) the resource impact and population that will potentially be affected by lowering the risk threshold.</p><p>The committee agreed that an acceptable compromise was to discuss starting treatment above a risk level of 10%, and to consider treatment below a risk level of 10% in specific populations. A 10% risk threshold would also be in line with the threshold from CG181; therefore, this would translate into practice more easily if treatment for different cardiovascular disease risk factors had a common threshold. The committee noted how the current age that people are generally started on antihypertensive treatment was around age 60 and had evidence from UK practice that many people are started on antihypertensive treatment at a lower age. This is in keeping with a risk threshold of 10% already being the established default in clinical practice because using the minimum risk values that were used for validation in the model: a man or woman would have 10% risk at between the age of 60 and 70. The recommendation on considering treatment in those below 10% defined this population as adults aged under 60. This recommendation was intending to target younger individuals with low risk in whom, as discussed above, there is less certainty about treatment benefit, but lifetime risk may also be underestimated from 10 year risk calculators.</p><p>Additionally, individual preferences and circumstances are likely to have the biggest impact on the treatment decision in yonger people. Age 60 was chosen because this is around the age at which an individual would become 10% risk as mentioned, and also because of the concern that below this age there are larger discrepancies between the 10 year and lifetime risk.<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref92" rid="ch3.ref92"><sup>92</sup></a> In addition, due to age alone someone over 60 is unlikely to have a risk under 10%.</p><p>A ‘consider’ recommendation was also made for people aged over 80 whose blood pressure is over 150/90, who previously did not have a specific recommendation and therefore this was interpreted in practice as they should not be treated. The committee felt there were many factors to consider with regards to starting treatment above the age of 80 such as com-morbidities and again an individualised discussion should be had.</p><p>These recommendations are likely to have a significant cost impact due to the number of people affected and the predictable increase in monitoring visits and drug treatment that will be involved. Although this will somewhat be offset by the cardiovascular events avoided from more people being on treatment. The exact extent of the cost impact is uncertain depending on how closely the current threshold for treatment is being followed in practice. Treating at a lower threshold might also have other benefits aside from reducing cardiovascular events, such as the earlier detection of severe forms of hypertension, as people who are not on drug treatment are less likely to return for regular monitoring.</p></div><div id="ch3.s1.8.3"><h4>1.8.3. 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et al. Predictors of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy and hypertension: A case for albuminuria. Kidney International. 2004; 66:(Suppl 92):S50–S55 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15485418" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15485418</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>8.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref8">Anderson
|
|
RJ, Bahn
|
|
GD, Moritz
|
|
TE, Kaufman
|
|
D, Abraira
|
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C, Duckworth
|
|
W. Blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial. Diabetes Care. 2011; 34(1):34–38 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3005453/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3005453</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21059830" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21059830</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>9.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref9">Anonymous. Treating blood pressure between 140/90 and 160/95 mmHg: No proven benefit. Prescrire International. 2014; 23(148):106 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24860904" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24860904</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>10.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref10">Arima
|
|
H, Chalmers
|
|
J, Woodward
|
|
M, Anderson
|
|
C, Rodgers
|
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A, Davis
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S
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et al. Lower target blood pressures are safe and effective for the prevention of recurrent stroke: The PROGRESS trial. Journal of Hypertension. 2006; 24(6):1201–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16685221" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16685221</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>11.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref11">Arima
|
|
H, Tanizaki
|
|
Y, Yonemoto
|
|
K, Doi
|
|
Y, Ninomiya
|
|
T, Hata
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J
|
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et al. Impact of blood pressure levels on different types of stroke: The Hisayama study. Journal of Hypertension. 2009; 27(12):2437–43 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19657282" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19657282</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>12.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref12">Arnold
|
|
JMO, Yusuf
|
|
S, Young
|
|
J, Mathew
|
|
J, Johnstone
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D, Avezum
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A
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et al. Prevention of heart failure in patients in the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study. Circulation. 2003; 107(9):1284–1290 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12628949" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12628949</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>13.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref13">Asayama
|
|
K. Observational study and participant-level meta-analysis on antihypertensive drug treatment-related cardiovascular risk. Hypertension Research. 2017; 40(10):856–860 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28446803" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28446803</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>14.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref14">Asayama
|
|
K, Ohkubo
|
|
T, Hanazawa
|
|
T, Watabe
|
|
D, Hosaka
|
|
M, Satoh
|
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M
|
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et al. Does antihypertensive drug class affect day-to-day variability of self-measured home blood pressure? The HOMED-BP Study. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2016; 5(3):e002995 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4943272/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4943272</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27009620" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27009620</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>15.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref15">Asayama
|
|
K, Ohkubo
|
|
T, Metoki
|
|
H, Obara
|
|
T, Inoue
|
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R, Kikuya
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M
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et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in the first trial of antihypertensive therapy guided by self-measured home blood pressure. Hypertension Research. 2012; 35(11):1102–1110 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22895063" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22895063</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>16.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref16">Asayama
|
|
K, Ohkubo
|
|
T, Satoh
|
|
A, Tanaka
|
|
S, Higashiyama
|
|
A, Murakami
|
|
Y
|
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et al. Cardiovascular risk and blood pressure lowering treatment among elderly individuals: Evidence for cardiovascular prevention from observational cohorts in Japan. Journal of Hypertension. 2018; 36(2):410–418 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28877077" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28877077</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>17.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref17">Asayama
|
|
K, Ohkubo
|
|
T, Yoshida
|
|
S, Suzuki
|
|
K, Metoki
|
|
H, Harada
|
|
A
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et al. Stroke risk and antihypertensive drug treatment in the general population: The Japan arteriosclerosis longitudinal study. Journal of Hypertension. 2009; 27(2):357–64 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19155790" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19155790</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>18.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref18">Asayama
|
|
K, Satoh
|
|
M, Murakami
|
|
Y, Ohkubo
|
|
T, Nagasawa
|
|
SY, Tsuji
|
|
I
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et al. Cardiovascular risk with and without antihypertensive drug treatment in the Japanese general population: Participant-level meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2014; 63(6):1189–97 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24637661" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24637661</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>19.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref19">Asayama
|
|
K, Thijs
|
|
L, Brguljan-Hitij
|
|
J, Niiranen
|
|
TJ, Hozawa
|
|
A, Boggia
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J
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et al. Risk stratification by self-measured home blood pressure across categories of conventional blood pressure: a participant-level meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine. 2014; 11(1):e1001591 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3897370/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3897370</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24465187" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24465187</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>20.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref20">Assmann
|
|
G, Cullen
|
|
P, Evers
|
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T, Petzinna
|
|
D, Schulte
|
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H. Importance of arterial pulse pressure as a predictor of coronary heart disease risk in PROCAM. European Heart Journal. 2005; 26(20):2120–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16141262" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16141262</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>21.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref21">Athanasakis
|
|
K, Souliotis
|
|
K, Tountas
|
|
Y, Kyriopoulos
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J, Hatzakis
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A. A cost-utility analysis of hypertension treatment in Greece: Assessing the impact of age, sex and smoking status, on outcomes. Journal of Hypertension. 2012; 30(1):227–234 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22157591" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22157591</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>22.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref22">Aydogan
|
|
U, Doganer
|
|
YC, Atik
|
|
ADLDAL, Rohrer
|
|
JE, Engin Gok
|
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D, Cirpan
|
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E
|
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et al. Blood pressure control in patients with hypertension: A retrospective cohort study. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 2015; 21(2):313–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25659424" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25659424</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>23.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref23">Baker
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S, Priest
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P, Jackson
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R. Using thresholds based on risk of cardiovascular disease to target treatment for hypertension: Modelling events averted and number treated. BMJ. 2000; 320(7236):680–685 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC27311/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC27311</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10710577" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10710577</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>24.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref24">Banach
|
|
M, Bromfield
|
|
S, Howard
|
|
G, Howard
|
|
VJ, Zanchetti
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A, Aronow
|
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WS
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et al. Association of systolic blood pressure levels with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality among older adults taking antihypertensive medication. International Journal of Cardiology. 2014; 176(1):219–226 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4144437/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4144437</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25085381" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25085381</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>25.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref25">Barengo
|
|
NC, Hu
|
|
G, Kastarinen
|
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M, Antikainen
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R, Tuomilehto
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J. The effects of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension on future stroke incidence in a community-based population study in Finland. Journal of Hypertension. 2009; 27(7):1459–65 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19365282" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19365282</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>26.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref26">Barengo
|
|
NC, Kastarinen
|
|
M, Antikainen
|
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R, Nissinen
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A, Tuomilehto
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J. The effects of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in a community-based population. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2009; 23(12):808–16 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19369956" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19369956</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>27.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref27">Beckett
|
|
N, Peters
|
|
R, Leonetti
|
|
G, Duggan
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J, Fagard
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R, Thijs
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L
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et al. Subgroup and per-protocol analyses from the hypertension in the very elderly trial. Journal of Hypertension. 2014; 32(7):1478–87; discussion 1487 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24984177" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24984177</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>28.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref28">Benavente
|
|
OR, Coffey
|
|
CS, Conwit
|
|
R, Hart
|
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RG, McClure
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LA, Pearce
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LA
|
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et al. Blood-pressure targets in patients with recent lacunar stroke: The SPS3 randomised trial. The Lancet. 2013; 382(9891):507–15 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3979302/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3979302</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23726159" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23726159</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>29.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref29">Benetos
|
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A, Thomas
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F, Bean
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KE, Guize
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L. Why cardiovascular mortality is higher in treated hypertensives versus subjects of the same age, in the general population. Journal of Hypertension. 2003; 21(9):1635–1640 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12923394" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12923394</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>30.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref30">Blacher
|
|
J, Staessen
|
|
JA, Girerd
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X, Gasowski
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J, Thijs
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L, Liu
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L
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et al. Pulse pressure not mean pressure determines cardiovascular risk in older hypertensive patients. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000; 160(8):1085–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10789600" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10789600</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>31.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref31">Black
|
|
HR, Elliott
|
|
WJ, Grandits
|
|
G, Grambsch
|
|
P, Lucente
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T, White
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WB
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et al. Principal results of the Controlled Onset Verapamil Investigation of Cardiovascular End Points (CONVINCE) trial. JAMA. 2003; 289(16):2073–2082 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12709465" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12709465</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>32.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref32">Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists Collaboration, Turnbull
|
|
F, Neal
|
|
B, Ninomiya
|
|
T, Algert
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C, Arima
|
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H
|
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et al. Effects of different regimens to lower blood pressure on major cardiovascular events in older and younger adults: Meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2008; 336:7653 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2386598/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2386598</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18480116" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18480116</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>33.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref33">Bohm
|
|
M, Robertson
|
|
M, Borer
|
|
J, Ford
|
|
I, Komajda
|
|
M, Mahfoud
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F
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et al. Effect of visit-to-visit variation of heart rate and systolic blood pressure on outcomes in chronic systolic heart failure: Results from the systolic heart failure treatment with the if inhibitor ivabradine trial (SHIFT) trial. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2016; 5:e002160 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4802472/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4802472</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26873681" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26873681</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>34.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref34">Borghi
|
|
C, Dormi
|
|
A, D’Addato
|
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S, Gaddi
|
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A, Ambrosioni
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E. Trends in blood pressure control and antihypertensive treatment in clinical practice: The Brisighella Heart Study. Journal of Hypertension. 2004; 22(9):1707–1716 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15311098" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15311098</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>35.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref35">Borghi
|
|
C, Dormi
|
|
A, L’Italien
|
|
G, Lapuerta
|
|
P, Franklin
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SS, Collatina
|
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S
|
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|
|
F, Gueyffier
|
|
F, Pocock
|
|
S, Fagard
|
|
R, Boissel
|
|
JP. J-shaped relationship between blood pressure and mortality in hypertensive patients: New insights from a meta-analysis of individual-patient data. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002; 136(6):438–48 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11900496" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11900496</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>37.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref37">Brimble
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KS. Targeting blood pressure in people with diabetes mellitus. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej. 2016; 126(6):411–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27362394" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27362394</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>38.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref38">Britton
|
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KA, Gaziano
|
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JM, Djoussé
|
|
L. Normal systolic blood pressure and risk of heart failure in US male physicians. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2009; 11(12):1129–1134 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2779833/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2779833</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19861382" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19861382</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>39.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref39">Brown
|
|
MJ, Palmer
|
|
CR, Castaigne
|
|
A, Leeuw
|
|
PW, Mancia
|
|
G, Rosenthal
|
|
T
|
|
et al. Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study: intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). The Lancet. 2000; 356(9227):366–372 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10972368" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10972368</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>40.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref40">Brunstrom
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M, Carlberg
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|
B. Effect of antihypertensive treatment at different blood pressure levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: Systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2016; 352:i717 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4770818/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4770818</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26920333" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26920333</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>41.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref41">Brunstrom
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|
M, Carlberg
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B. Association of blood pressure lowering with mortality and cardiovascular disease across blood pressure levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2018; 178(1):28–36 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5833509/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5833509</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29131895" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29131895</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>42.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref42">Bulpitt
|
|
C, Fletcher
|
|
A, Beckett
|
|
N, Coope
|
|
J, Gil-Extremera
|
|
B, Forette
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F
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|
|
CJ, Beevers
|
|
DG, Butler
|
|
A, Coles
|
|
EC, Fletcher
|
|
AE, Hunt
|
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D
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|
et al. Treated blood pressure, rather than pretreatment, predicts survival in hypertensive patients. A report from the DHSS Hypertension Care Computing Project (DHCCP). Journal of Hypertension. 1988; 6(8):627–32 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3183368" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3183368</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>44.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref44">Bundy
|
|
JD, Li
|
|
C, He
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|
J. Impact of intensive systolic blood pressure treatment on cardiovascular disease and mortality in the US population. Circulation. 2017; 135(Suppl. 1):180</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>45.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref45">Bundy
|
|
JD, Li
|
|
C, Stuchlik
|
|
P, Bu
|
|
X, Kelly
|
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TN, Mills
|
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KT
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et al. Systolic blood pressure reduction and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiology. 2017; 2(7):775–781 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5710614/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5710614</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28564682" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28564682</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>46.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref46">Butler
|
|
J, Kalogeropoulos
|
|
AP, Georgiopoulou
|
|
VV, Bibbins-Domingo
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K, Najjar
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SS, Sutton-Tyrrell
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KC
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et al. Systolic blood pressure and incident heart failure in the elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study and the Health, Ageing and Body Composition Study. Heart. 2011; 97(16):1304–11 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3652313/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3652313</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21636845" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21636845</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>47.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref47">Carlsson
|
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AC, Theobald
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H, Hellenius
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ML, Wandell
|
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PE. Cardiovascular and total mortality in men and women with different blood pressure levels: A 26-year follow-up. Blood Pressure. 2009; 18(3):105–10 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19484620" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19484620</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>48.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref48">Collins
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GS, Altman
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DG. An independent external validation and evaluation of QRISK cardiovascular risk prediction: a prospective open cohort study. BMJ. 2009; 339:b2584 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2714681/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2714681</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19584409" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19584409</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>49.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref49">Conen
|
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D, Ridker
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PM, Buring
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JE, Glynn
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RJ. Risk of cardiovascular events among women with high normal blood pressure or blood pressure progression: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2007; 335(7617):432 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1962877/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1962877</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17704543" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17704543</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>50.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref50">Czernichow
|
|
S, Zanchetti
|
|
A, Turnbull
|
|
F, Barzi
|
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F, Ninomiya
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T, Kengne
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AP
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et al. The effects of blood pressure reduction and of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events according to baseline blood pressure: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Journal of Hypertension. 2011; 29(1):4–16 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20881867" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20881867</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>51.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref51">Deckers
|
|
JW, Goedhart
|
|
DM, Boersma
|
|
E, Briggs
|
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A, Bertrand
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M, Ferrari
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R
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et al. Treatment benefit by perindopril in patients with stable coronary artery disease at different levels of risk. European Heart Journal. 2006; 27(7):796–801 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16497685" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16497685</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>52.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref52">Derosa
|
|
G, Bonaventura
|
|
A, Romano
|
|
D, Bianchi
|
|
L, Fogari
|
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E, D’Angelo
|
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A
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et al. Effects of enalapril/lercanidipine combination on some emerging biomarkers in cardiovascular risk stratification in hypertensive patients. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2014; 39(3):277–85 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24635387" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24635387</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>53.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref53">Derosa
|
|
G, Bonaventura
|
|
A, Romano
|
|
D, Bianchi
|
|
L, Fogari
|
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E, D’Angelo
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A
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et al. Enalapril/lercanidipine combination on markers of cardiovascular risk: A randomized study. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2014; 8(6):422–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24836352" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24836352</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>54.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref54">Dregan
|
|
A, Ravindrarajah
|
|
R, Hazra
|
|
N, Hamada
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S, Jackson
|
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SHD, Gulliford
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MC. Longitudinal trends in hypertension management and mortality among octogenarians: Prospective cohort study. Hypertension. 2016; 68(1):97–105 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4900418/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4900418</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27160194" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27160194</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>55.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref55">Emdin
|
|
CA, Rahimi
|
|
K, Neal
|
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B, Callender
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T, Perkovic
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V, Patel
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A. Blood pressure lowering in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015; 313(6):603–15 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25668264" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25668264</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>56.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref56">Estacio
|
|
RO, Coll
|
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JR, Tran
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ZV, Schrier
|
|
RW. Effect of intensive blood pressure control with valsartan on urinary albumin excretion in normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes. American Journal of Hypertension. 2006; 19(12):1241–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17161769" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17161769</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>57.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref57">Ettehad
|
|
D, Emdin
|
|
CA, Kiran
|
|
A, Anderson
|
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SG, Callender
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T, Emberson
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J
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et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2016; 387(10022):957–967 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26724178" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26724178</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>58.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref58">Fagard
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RH, Cornelissen
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VA. Incidence of cardiovascular events in white-coat, masked and sustained hypertension versus true normotension: A meta-analysis. Journal of Hypertension. 2007; 25(11):2193–2198 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17921809" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17921809</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>59.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref59">Fagard
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RH, Staessen
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JA. Treatment of isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: The Syst-Eur trial. Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension. 1999; 21(5–6):491–497 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10423075" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10423075</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>60.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref60">Fagard
|
|
RH, Staessen
|
|
JA, Thijs
|
|
L, Bulpitt
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CJ, Clement
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D, Leeuw
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PW
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|
|
RH, Staessen
|
|
JA, Thijs
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L, Celis
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H, Bulpitt
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CJ, de Leeuw
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PW
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et al. On-treatment diastolic blood pressure and prognosis in systolic hypertension. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2007; 167(17):1884–91 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17893310" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17893310</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>62.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref62">Fang
|
|
XH, Zhang
|
|
XH, Yang
|
|
QD, Dai
|
|
XY, Su
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FZ, Rao
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ML
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et al. Subtype hypertension and risk of stroke in middle-aged and older Chinese: a 10-year follow-up study. Stroke. 2006; 37(1):38–43 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16306467" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16306467</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>63.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref63">Feldstein
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CA. Lowering blood pressure to prevent stroke recurrence: A systematic review of long-term randomized trials. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2014; 8(7):503–13 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25064772" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25064772</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>64.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref64">Ferket
|
|
BS, Hunink
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MG, Khanji
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M, Agarwal
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I, Fleischmann
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KE, Petersen
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SE. Cost-effectiveness of the polypill versus risk assessment for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Heart. 2017; 103(7):483–491 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28077465" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28077465</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>65.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref65">Ferrucci
|
|
L, Furberg
|
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CD, Penninx
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BW, DiBari
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M, Williamson
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JD, Guralnik
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JM
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et al. Treatment of isolated systolic hypertension is most effective in older patients with high-risk profile. Circulation. 2001; 104(16):1923–1926 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11602495" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11602495</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>66.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref66">Filippi
|
|
A, Casula
|
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M, Tragni
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E, Brignoli
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O, Cricelli
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C, Poli
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A
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et al. Blood pressure and antihypertensive therapy according to the global cardiovascular risk level in Italy: The CHECK Study. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. 2010; 17(5):562–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20308908" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20308908</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>67.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref67">Freitag
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MH, Vasan
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|
|
S, Solini
|
|
A, Fioretto
|
|
P, Natali
|
|
A, Zuccala
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A, Cosentino
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F
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|
|
FD, Fuchs
|
|
SC, Moreira
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LB, Gus
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M, Nobrega
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AC, Poli-de-Figueiredo
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CE
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et al. Prevention of hypertension in patients with pre-hypertension: Protocol for the PREVER-prevention trial. Trials. 2011; 12:65 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3059277/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3059277</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21375762" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21375762</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>70.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref70">Fuchs
|
|
SC, Poli-de-Figueiredo
|
|
CE, Figueiredo Neto
|
|
JA, Scala
|
|
LC, Whelton
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PK, Mosele
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F
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|
|
SR, Kolber
|
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MR, Korownyk
|
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CS, McCracken
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RK, Heran
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BS, Allan
|
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GM. Blood pressure targets for hypertension in older adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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TS, Geraci
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SA. What ALLHAT tells us about treating high-risk patients with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2003; 18(5):389–395 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14680343" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14680343</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>73.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref73">Grassi
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G, Quarti-Trevano
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F, Casati
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A, Dell’Oro
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R. Threshold and target for blood pressure lowering in the elderly. Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 2016; 18(12):70 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27771852" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27771852</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>74.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref74">Gueyffier
|
|
F, Boissel
|
|
JP, Pocock
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|
S, Boutitie
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F, Coope
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J, Cutler
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|
|
F, Boutitie
|
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F, Boissel
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JP, Pocock
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S, Coope
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J, Cutler
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PH, Hoegholm
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A, Bang
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LE, Kristensen
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KS. White coat hypertension is a cardiovascular risk factor: a 10-year follow-up study. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2003; 17(12):811–7 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14704724" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14704724</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>77.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref77">Haider
|
|
AW, Larson
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MG, Franklin
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SS, Levy
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D. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure as predictors of risk for congestive heart failure in the Framingham Heart Study. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003; 138(1):10–6 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12513039" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12513039</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>78.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref78">Hansen
|
|
TW, Staessen
|
|
JA, Zhang
|
|
H, Torp-Pedersen
|
|
C, Rasmussen
|
|
S, Thijs
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|
L
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|
|
A, Thijs
|
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L, Asayama
|
|
K, Jacobs
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L, Wang
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JG, Staessen
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JA. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active drugs for effects on risks associated with blood pressure variability in the Systolic Hypertension in Europe trial. PloS One. 2014; 9(8):e103169 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4121168/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4121168</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25090617" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25090617</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>80.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref80">Head
|
|
GA, Mihailidou
|
|
AS, Duggan
|
|
KA, Beilin
|
|
LJ, Berry
|
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N, Brown
|
|
MA
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et al. Definition of ambulatory blood pressure targets for diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in relation to clinic blood pressure: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2010; 340:c1104 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2854890/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2854890</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20392760" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20392760</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>81.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref81">Ho
|
|
CLB, Breslin
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M, Doust
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J, Reid
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CM, Nelson
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MR. Effectiveness of blood pressure-lowering drug treatment by levels of absolute risk: Post hoc analysis of the Australian National Blood Pressure Study. BMJ Open. 2018; 8:e017723 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5875665/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5875665</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29555790" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29555790</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>82.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref82">Hong
|
|
Z, Wu
|
|
T, Zhou
|
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S, Huang
|
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B, Wang
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J, Jin
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D
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et al. Effects of anti-hypertensive treatment on major cardiovascular events in populations within prehypertensive levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2018; 32(2):94–104 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29317741" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29317741</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>83.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref83">Howard
|
|
BV, Roman
|
|
MJ, Devereux
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RB, Fleg
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JL, Galloway
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JM, Henderson
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JA
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et al. Effect of lower targets for blood pressure and LDL cholesterol on atherosclerosis in diabetes: The SANDS randomized trial. JAMA. 2008; 299(14):1678–1689 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4243925/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4243925</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18398080" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18398080</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>84.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref84">Huse
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DM, Roht
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LH, Hartz
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SC. Selective use of calcium channel blockers to treat high-risk hypertensive patients. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2000; 9(1):1–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19025797" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19025797</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>85.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref85">In der Schmitten
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|
J, Wegscheider
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K, Abholz
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HH, Mortsiefer
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A. Risk-adjusted versus overall blood pressure control rate for identifying the need for intensified cardiovascular risk reduction: lessons from a cross-sectional study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2013; 20(6):972–979 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23253744" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23253744</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>86.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref86">Inoue
|
|
R, Ohkubo
|
|
T, Kikuya
|
|
M, Metoki
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H, Asayama
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K, Obara
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T
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et al. Stroke risk in systolic and combined systolic and diastolic hypertension determined using ambulatory blood pressure. The Ohasama study. American Journal of Hypertension. 2007; 20(10):1125–31 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17903698" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17903698</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>87.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref87">Isezuo
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AS, Njoku
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CH. Blood pressure control among hypertensives managed in a specialised health care setting in Nigeria. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2003; 32(1):65–70 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15030069" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15030069</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>88.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref88">Ishikawa
|
|
S, Kario
|
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K, Kayaba
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K, Gotoh
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T, Nago
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N, Nakamura
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Y
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|
|
T, Yagi
|
|
S, Ebihara
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A, Doi
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Y, Domae
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A, Shibata
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A
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JL, Jr. Benefits of antihypertensive drugs when blood pressure is below 140/90 mmHg. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej. 2011; 121(9):303–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21952525" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21952525</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>91.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref91">Jacobs
|
|
L, Efremov
|
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L, Ferreira
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|
JP, Thijs
|
|
L, Yang
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WY, Zhang
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ZY
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|
|
NEM, Blaha
|
|
MJ, Matsushita
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K, van der Schouw
|
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YT, Wareham
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NJ, Khaw
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KT
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et al. Prediction of individualized lifetime benefit from cholesterol lowering, blood pressure lowering, antithrombotic therapy, and smoking cessation in apparently healthy people. European Heart Journal. 2019; [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7229871/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7229871</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31102402" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31102402</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>93.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref93">JATOS Study Group. Principal results of the Japanese trial to assess optimal systolic blood pressure in elderly hypertensive patients (JATOS). Hypertension Research. 2008; 31(12):2115–27 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19139601" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19139601</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>94.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref94">Johnson
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G, Carson
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P, Francis
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GS, Cohn
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JN. Influence of prerandomization (baseline) variables on mortality and on the reduction of mortality by enalapril. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Vasodilator Therapy of Heart Failure (V-HeFT II). V-HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group. Circulation. 1993; 87(Suppl):VI32–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8500237" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8500237</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>95.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref95">Julius
|
|
S, Nesbitt
|
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SD, Egan
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BM, Weber
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MA, Michelson
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EL, Kaciroti
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et al. Feasibility of treating prehypertension with an angiotensin-receptor blocker. New England Journal of Medicine. 2006; 354(16):1685–1697 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16537662" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16537662</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>96.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref96">Kagiyama
|
|
S, Fukuhara
|
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M, Ansai
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T, Matsumura
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K, Soh
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I, Takata
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|
|
DN, Brouwer
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TF, Vehmeijer
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JT, Berger
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WR, Knops
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RE, de Winter
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RJ
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|
|
KN, Persell
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SD, Perel
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P, Lloyd-Jones
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DM, Berendsen
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MA, Huffman
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MD. Risk scoring for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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|
|
AP, Czernichow
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S, Huxley
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R, Grobbee
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D, Woodward
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M, Neal
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B
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|
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JH, Zamorano
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J, Erdine
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S, Pavia
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A, Al-Khadra
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A, Sutradhar
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Y, Kamide
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K, Okamura
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T, Watanabe
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M, Higashiyama
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A, Kawanishi
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K
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S, Kushiro
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T, Hirata
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Y, Hamada
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C, Takahashi
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A, Yoshida
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AV, Carpenter
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M, Bang
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H, Wyatt
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SB, Colindres
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RE. Blood pressure usually considered normal is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Medicine. 2006; 119(2):133–41 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16443415" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16443415</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>104.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref104">Ku
|
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E, Scherzer
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R, Odden
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MC, Shlipak
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M, White
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CL, Field
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TS
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C, Collins
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B, McHale
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P, Bromley
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H, Parvulescu
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P, Capewell
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S
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M, Gourlet
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V, D’Athis
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P, Tzourio
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C, Quantin
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C. Changes in blood pressure in a large cohort of elderly individuals: Study 3C. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases. 2009; 102(2):127–34 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19303580" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19303580</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>107.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref107">Law
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MR, Morris
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JK, Wald
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HH, Subtil
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F, Cerou
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M, Marchant
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I, Al-Gobari
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M, Fall
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M
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M, Saver
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JL, Hong
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KS, Hao
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Q, Ovbiagele
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B. Does achieving an intensive versus usual blood pressure level prevent stroke?
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C, Engstrom
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G, Hedblad
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B, Berglund
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G, Janzon
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L. Blood pressure control and risk of stroke: a population-based prospective cohort study. Stroke. 2005; 36(4):725–30 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15746450" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15746450</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>111.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref111">Li
|
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W, Katzmarzyk
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PT, Horswell
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R, Wang
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Y, Johnson
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J, Hu
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G. Blood pressure and all-cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Cardiology. 2016; 206:116–21 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4802857/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4802857</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26788685" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26788685</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>112.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref112">Li
|
|
Y, Wei
|
|
FF, Wang
|
|
S, Cheng
|
|
YB, Wang
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JG. Cardiovascular risks associated with diastolic blood pressure and isolated diastolic hypertension. Current Hypertension Reports. 2014; 16(11):489 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25182161" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25182161</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>113.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref113">Lithell
|
|
H, Hansson
|
|
L, Skoog
|
|
I, Elmfeldt
|
|
D, Hofman
|
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A, Olofsson
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B
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et al. The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): Principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. Journal of Hypertension. 2003; 21(5):875–86 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12714861" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12714861</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>114.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref114">Liu
|
|
K, Colangelo
|
|
LA, Daviglus
|
|
ML, Goff
|
|
DC, Pletcher
|
|
M, Schreiner
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PJ
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et al. Can antihypertensive treatment restore the risk of cardiovascular disease to ideal levels?: The coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study and the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Journal of the American Heart Association. 2015; 4:e002275 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4599509/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4599509</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26391135" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26391135</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>115.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref115">Liu
|
|
L, Wang
|
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Z, Gong
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L, Zhang
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Y, Thijs
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L, Staessen
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JA
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et al. Blood pressure reduction for the secondary prevention of stroke: A Chinese trial and a systematic review of the literature. Hypertension Research. 2009; 32(11):1032–40 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19798097" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19798097</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>116.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref116">Lonn
|
|
E, Bosch
|
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J, Pogue
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J, Avezum
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A, Chazova
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I, Dans
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A
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|
|
EM, Bosch
|
|
J, López-Jaramillo
|
|
P, Zhu
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J, Liu
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L, Pais
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P
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et al. Blood-pressure lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016; 374(21):2009–2020 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27041480" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27041480</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>118.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref118">Lopez-Paz
|
|
JE, Hermida
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A, Pena
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M, Calvo
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G, Romero
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L, Sierra
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et al. Amlodipine and atorvastatin combination in the treatment of the high-risk hypertensive patient. Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 2010; 12:(Suppl 1):A38</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>119.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref119">Luders
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S, Schrader
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J, Berger
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J, Unger
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T, Zidek
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W, Bohm
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M
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L, Holme
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I, Hjermann
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I, Leren
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P. Risk of fatal stroke according to blood pressure level: An 18-year follow-up of the Oslo Study. Journal of Hypertension. 1995; 13(8):909–913 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8557969" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8557969</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>121.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref121">Ma
|
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L, Wang
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W, Zhao
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Y, Zhang
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Y, Deng
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Q, Liu
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et al. Combination of amlodipine plus angiotensin receptor blocker or diuretics in high-risk hypertensive patients: A 96-week efficacy and safety study. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs. 2012; 12(2):137–142 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22329591" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22329591</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>122.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref122">MacMahon
|
|
S, Neal
|
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B, Cutler
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J, Anderson
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C, Chalmers
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J, Ohkubo
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et al. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. The Lancet. 2001; 358(9287):1033–1041 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11589932" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11589932</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>123.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref123">Mancia
|
|
G, Kjeldsen
|
|
SE, Zappe
|
|
DH, Holzhauer
|
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B, Hua
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TA, Zanchetti
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A
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et al. Cardiovascular outcomes at different on-treatment blood pressures in the hypertensive patients of the VALUE trial. European Heart Journal. 2016; 37(12):955–964 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26590384" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26590384</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>124.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref124">Margolis
|
|
KL, O’Connor
|
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PJ, Morgan
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TM, Buse
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JB, Cohen
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RM, Cushman
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WC
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et al. Outcomes of combined cardiovascular risk factor management strategies in type 2 diabetes: The accord randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2014; 37(6):1721–1728 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4030092/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4030092</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24595629" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24595629</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>125.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref125">Mariampillai
|
|
JE, Eskas
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|
PA, Heimark
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|
S, Kjeldsen
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SE, Narkiewicz
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K, Mancia
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G. A case for less intensive blood pressure control: It matters to achieve target blood pressure early and sustained below 140/90mmHg. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2016; 59(3):209–218 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27619341" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27619341</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>126.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref126">Mehlum
|
|
MH, Liestol
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K, Kjeldsen
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|
SE, Julius
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S, Hua
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TA, Rothwell
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PM
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et al. Blood pressure variability and risk of cardiovascular events and death in patients with hypertension and different baseline risks. European Heart Journal. 2018; 39(24):2243–2251 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29365085" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29365085</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>127.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref127">Meredith
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PA, Lloyd
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SM, Ford
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I, Elliott
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HL. Importance of sustained and “tight” blood pressure control in patients with high cardiovascular risk. Blood Pressure. 2016; 25(2):74–82 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26796355" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26796355</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>128.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref128">Meredith
|
|
PA, Ostergren
|
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J, Anand
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I, Puu
|
|
M, Solomon
|
|
SD, Michelson
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EL
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|
|
AAI, Baena
|
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CP, Muka
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T, Bano
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A, Buitrago-Lopez
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A, Zazula
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P, Whelton
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PK. Using predicted cardiovascular disease risk in conjunction with blood pressure to guide antihypertensive medication treatment. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2017; 69(19):2446–2456 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5873607/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5873607</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28494981" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28494981</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>131.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref131">Myers
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MG, Kaczorowski
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J, Dolovich
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L, Tu
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K, Paterson
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JM. Cardiovascular risk in hypertension in relation to achieved blood pressure using automated office blood pressure measurement. Hypertension. 2016; 68(4):866–872 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27528062" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27528062</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>132.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref132">Nakamura
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Y, Yamamoto
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T, Okamura
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T, Kadowaki
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T, Hayakawa
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T, Kita
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et al. Combined cardiovascular risk factors and outcome: NIPPON DATA80, 1980–1994. Circulation Journal. 2006; 70(8):960–4 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16864925" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16864925</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>133.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref133">National Clinical Guideline Centre. Lipid modification: cardiovascular risk assessment and the modification of blood lipids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. NICE clinical guideline 181. London. National Clinical Guideline Centre, 2014. Available from: <a href="http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG181" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://guidance<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org.uk/CG181</a> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25340243" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25340243</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>134.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref134">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Developing NICE guidelines: the manual. London. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2014. Available from: <a href="http://www.nice.org.uk/article/PMG20/chapter/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org.uk<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/article/PMG20/chapter<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview</a> [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26677490" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26677490</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>135.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref135">Nelson
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MR, Chowdhury
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EK, Doust
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J, Reid
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CM, Wing
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LMH. Ten-year legacy effects of baseline blood pressure ‘treatment naivety’ in the Second Australian National Blood Pressure study. Journal of Hypertension. 2015; 33(11):2331–2337 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26335432" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26335432</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>136.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref136">Ninomiya
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|
T, Perkovic
|
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V, Gallagher
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M, Jardine
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M, Cass
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A, Arima
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H
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et al. Lower blood pressure and risk of recurrent stroke in patients with chronic kidney disease: PROGRESS trial. Kidney International. 2008; 73(8):963–70 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18272959" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18272959</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>137.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref137">Nissen
|
|
SE, Tuzcu
|
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EM, Libby
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P, Thompson
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|
PD, Ghali
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M, Garza
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D
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et al. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: The CAMELOT study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004; 292(18):2217–25 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15536108" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15536108</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>138.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref138">Ntaios
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G, Lambrou
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D, Michel
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P. Blood pressure change and outcome in acute ischemic stroke: The impact of baseline values, previous hypertensive disease and previous antihypertensive treatment. Journal of Hypertension. 2011; 29(8):1583–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21720273" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21720273</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>139.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref139">Obara
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F, Saitoh
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S, Takagi
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S, Shimamoto
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K. Influence of hypertension on the incidence of cardiovascular disease in two rural communities in Japan: The Tanno-Sobetsu [corrected] study. Hypertension Research. 2007; 30(8):677–82 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17917314" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17917314</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>140.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref140">Ogihara
|
|
T, Nakao
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K, Fukui
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T, Fukiyama
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|
K, Fujimoto
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A, Ueshima
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K
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|
|
T, Saruta
|
|
T, Rakugi
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|
H, Matsuoka
|
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H, Shimamoto
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K, Shimada
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K
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|
T, Woodward
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M, Jun
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M, Muntner
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P, Hata
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J, Colagiuri
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S
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A, Kadowaki
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T, Okamura
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T, Hayakawa
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T, Ueshima
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H, Group NDR. Age-specific effects of systolic and diastolic blood pressures on mortality due to cardiovascular diseases among Japanese men (NIPPON DATA80). Journal of Hypertension. 2006; 24(3):459–62 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16467648" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16467648</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>144.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref144">Papademetriou
|
|
V, Zaheer
|
|
M, Doumas
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|
M, Lovato
|
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L, Applegate
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WB, Tsioufis
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C
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|
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A, MacMahon
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S, Chalmers
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J, Neal
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B, Woodward
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M, Billot
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L
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|
|
KK, Arnold
|
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SV, Chan
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PS, Tang
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Y, Pokharel
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Y, Jones
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PG
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et al. Personalizing the intensity of blood pressure control: Modeling the heterogeneity of risks and benefits from SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial). Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 2017; 10(4) [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5428922/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5428922</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28373269" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28373269</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>147.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref147">Pocock
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|
SJ, McCormack
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V, Gueyffier
|
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F, Boutitie
|
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F, Fagard
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RH, Boissel
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JP. A score for predicting risk of death from cardiovascular disease in adults with raised blood pressure, based on individual patient data from randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2001; 323(7304):75–81 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC34541/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC34541</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11451781" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11451781</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>148.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref148">Pringle
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E, Phillips
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C, Thijs
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L, Davidson
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C, Staessen
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JA, Leeuw
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PW
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J, Mancia
|
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G, Sleight
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P, Schumacher
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H, Gao
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P, Pogue
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WJ, Deckers
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JW, Fox
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KM, Ferrari
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R, Bertrand
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M, Simoons
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ML. Secondary prevention of coronary disease with ACE inhibition-does blood pressure reduction with perindopril explain the benefits in EUROPA?
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|
|
JL, Roecker
|
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EB, Tendera
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M, Mohacsi
|
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P, Krum
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H, Katus
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HA
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et al. Influence of pretreatment systolic blood pressure on the effect of carvedilol in patients with severe chronic heart failure: The Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2004; 43(8):1423–9 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15093878" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15093878</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>152.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref152">Ruggenenti
|
|
P, Porrini
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E, Motterlini
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N, Perna
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A, Ilieva
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AP, Iliev
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IP
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et al. Measurable urinary albumin predicts cardiovascular risk among normoalbuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2012; 23(10):1717–1724 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3458466/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3458466</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22935482" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22935482</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>153.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref153">Sairenchi
|
|
T, Iso
|
|
H, Irie
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F, Fukasawa
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N, Yamagishi
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K, Kanashiki
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M
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|
|
BP, Ambrosius
|
|
WT, Blackshear
|
|
JL, Cushman
|
|
WC, Whelton
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PK, Oparil
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S
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et al. Impact of intensive versus standard blood pressure management by tertiles of blood pressure in SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial). Hypertension. 2018; 71(6):1064–1074 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5945323/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5945323</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29712745" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29712745</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>155.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref155">Sheppard
|
|
JP, Stevens
|
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S, Stevens
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R, Martin
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U, Mant
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J, Hobbs
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FDR
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et al. Benefits and harms of antihypertensive treatment in low-risk patients with mild hypertension. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2018:E1–E9 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6583613/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6583613</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30383082" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30383082</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>156.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref156">Sheppard
|
|
JP, Stevens
|
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S, Stevens
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RJ, Mant
|
|
J, Martin
|
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U, Hobbs
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FDR
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et al. Association of guideline and policy changes with incidence of lifestyle advice and treatment for uncomplicated mild hypertension in primary care: a longitudinal cohort study in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. BMJ Open. 2018; 8(9):e021827 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6129091/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6129091</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30185571" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30185571</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>157.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref157">Shiraishi
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J, Sawada
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T, Koide
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M, Yamada
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H, Matsubara
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H, Kyoto Heart Study Group. Cardio-cerebrovascular protective effects of valsartan in high-risk hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease (from the Kyoto Heart Study). American Journal of Cardiology. 2012; 109(9):1308–14 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22325086" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22325086</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>158.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref158">Singh
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V. Review: ACE-Is or ARBs reduce adverse CV outcomes regardless of baseline systolic blood pressure. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2012; 157(2):JC2–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22801699" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22801699</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>159.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref159">Sipahi
|
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I, Swaminathan
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A, Natesan
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V, Debanne
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SM, Simon
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DI, Fang
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JC. Effect of antihypertensive therapy on incident stroke in cohorts with prehypertensive blood pressure levels: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke. 2012; 43(2):432–40 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22156683" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22156683</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>160.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref160">Sleight
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P, Redon
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J, Verdecchia
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P, Mancia
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G, Gao
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P, Fagard
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R
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J, O’Prinsen
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AC, Verheggen
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BG, Schuiling-Veninga
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N, Postma
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P. Economic evaluation of primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in mild hypertension: A scenario analysis for the Netherlands. Clinical Therapeutics. 2014; 36(3):368–84.e5 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24534654" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24534654</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>162.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref162">Sundstrom
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J, Arima
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H, Jackson
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R, Turnbull
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F, Rahimi
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K, Chalmers
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et al. Effects of blood pressure reduction in mild hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2015; 162(3):184–91 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25531552" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25531552</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>163.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref163">Sundstrom
|
|
J, Arima
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H, Woodward
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M, Jackson
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R, Karmali
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K, Lloyd-Jones
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|
|
J, Sheikhi
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R, Ostgren
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CJ, Svennblad
|
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B, Bodegard
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J, Nilsson
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PM
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et al. Blood pressure levels and risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in type-2 diabetes: Cohort study of 34 009 primary care patients. Journal of Hypertension. 2013; 31(8):1603–10 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23625112" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23625112</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>165.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref165">Takase
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|
H, Tanaka
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T, Takayama
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S, Nonaka
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|
D, Machii
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M, Sugiura
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T
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et al. Recent changes in blood pressure levels, hypertension prevalence and treatment rates, and the rate of reaching target blood pressure in the elderly. Medicine. 2017; 96(50):e9116 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5815721/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5815721</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29390309" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29390309</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>166.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref166">The ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Rationale and design of the ADVANCE study: A randomised trial of blood pressure lowering and intensive glucose control in high-risk individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: PreterAx and DiamicroN Modified-Release Controlled Evaluation. Journal of Hypertension Supplement. 2001; 19(4):S21–8 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11848259" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11848259</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>167.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref167">Thomopoulos
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C, Parati
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G, Zanchetti
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C, Parati
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C, Parati
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G, Zanchetti
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A. Effects of blood-pressure-lowering treatment on outcome incidence in hypertension: 10 - Should blood pressure management differ in hypertensive patients with and without diabetes mellitus? Overview and meta-analyses of randomized trials. Journal of Hypertension. 2017; 35(5):922–944 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28141660" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28141660</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>170.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref170">Thomopoulos
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C, Parati
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G, Zanchetti
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A. Effects of blood-pressure-lowering treatment on outcome incidence. 12. Effects in individuals with high-normal and normal blood pressure: overview and meta-analyses of randomized trials. Journal of Hypertension. 2017; 35(11):2150–2160 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28858984" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28858984</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>171.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref171">Thomopoulos
|
|
C, Parati
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G, Zanchetti
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A. Effects of blood pressure-lowering treatment on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality: 13 - benefits and adverse events in older and younger patients with hypertension: overview, meta-analyses and meta-regression analyses of randomized trials. Journal of Hypertension. 2018; 36(8):1622–1636 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29847485" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29847485</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>172.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref172">Thompson
|
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AM, Hu
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T, Eshelbrenner
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CL, Reynolds
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K, He
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J, Bazzano
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LA. Antihypertensive treatment and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease events among persons without hypertension: A meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011; 305(9):913–922 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4313888/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4313888</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21364140" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21364140</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>173.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref173">Tiessen
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AH, Smit
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AJ, Broer
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J, Groenier
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KH, Meer
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K. Which patient and treatment factors are related to successful cardiovascular risk score reduction in general practice? Results from a randomized controlled trial. BMC Family Practice. 2013; 14:123 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3765386/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3765386</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23968366" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23968366</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>174.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref174">Tillin
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T, Orchard
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T, Malm
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A, Fuller
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J, Chaturvedi
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|
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F, Neal
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B, Algert
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C, Chalmers
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J, Chapman
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N, Cutler
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|
H, Iimura
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O, Iida
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M, Okayama
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A, Sawai
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K, Minowa
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M. Impact of elevated blood pressure on mortality from all causes, cardiovascular diseases, heart disease and stroke among Japanese: 14 year follow-up of randomly selected population from Japanese - Nippon data 80. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2003; 17(12):851–857 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14704729" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14704729</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>177.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref177">Veloudi
|
|
P, Blizzard
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CL, Head
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GA, Abhayaratna
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WP, Stowasser
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M, Sharman
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JE. Blood pressure variability and prediction of target organ damage in patients with uncomplicated hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension. 2016; 29(9):1046–1054 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27076601" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27076601</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>178.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref178">Verdecchia
|
|
P, Staessen
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JA, Angeli
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F, de Simone
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|
G, Achilli
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A, Ganau
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|
|
JK, Dahlöf
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|
B, Devereux
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|
RB, Ibsen
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H, Kjeldsen
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SE, Lindholm
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LH
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|
|
EYF, Fong
|
|
DYT, Fung
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|
CSC, Yu
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|
EYT, Chin
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WY, Chan
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AKC
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et al. Prediction of five-year all-cause mortality in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus - A population-based retrospective cohort study. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications. 2017; 31(6):939–944 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28238555" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28238555</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>181.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref181">Wan
|
|
EYF, Fung
|
|
CSC, Yu
|
|
EYT, Fong
|
|
DYT, Chen
|
|
JY, Lam
|
|
CLK. Association of visit-to-visit variability of systolic blood pressure with cardiovascular disease and mortality in primary care Chinese patients with Type 2 diabetes: A retrospective population-based cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2017; 40(2):270–279 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27899498" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27899498</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>182.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref182">Wang
|
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JG, Staessen
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JA, Franklin
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SS, Fagard
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R, Gueyffier
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F. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure lowering as determinants of cardiovascular outcome. Hypertension. 2005; 45(5):907–913 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15837826" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15837826</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>183.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref183">Webb
|
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AJ, Fischer
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U, Mehta
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Z, Rothwell
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PM. Effects of antihypertensive-drug class on interindividual variation in blood pressure and risk of stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2010; 375(9718):906–915 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20226989" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20226989</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>184.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref184">Weber
|
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MA, Bakris
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GL, Hester
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A, Weir
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MR, Hua
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TA, Zappe
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D
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et al. Systolic blood pressure and cardiovascular outcomes during treatment of hypertension. American Journal of Medicine. 2013; 126(6):501–508 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23541376" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23541376</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>185.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref185">Weber
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MA, Bakris
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GL, Jamerson
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K, Weir
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M, Kjeldsen
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SE, Devereux
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RB
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et al. Cardiovascular events during differing hypertension therapies in patients with diabetes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2010; 56(1):77–85 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20620720" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20620720</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>186.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref186">Weitzman
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D, Goldbourt
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U. The significance of various blood pressure indices for long-term stroke, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality in men. Stroke. 2005; 37(2):358–363 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16373641" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16373641</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>187.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref187">Wing
|
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LM, Reid
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CM, Ryan
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P, Beilin
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LJ, Brown
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MA, Jennings
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GL
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et al. A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003; 348(7):583–592 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12584366" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12584366</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>188.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref188">Wong
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MC, Tam
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WW, Wang
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HH, Cheung
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CS, Tong
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EL, Sek
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AC
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et al. Predictors of the incidence of all-cause mortality and deaths due to diabetes and renal diseases among patients newly prescribed antihypertensive agents: A cohort study. International Journal of Cardiology. 2013; 168(5):4705–10 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7132417/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7132417</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23931979" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23931979</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>189.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref189">Xie
|
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X, Atkins
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E, Lv
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J, Bennett
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A, Neal
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B, Ninomiya
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T
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et al. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2016; 387(10017):435–443 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26559744" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26559744</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>190.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref190">Yui
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Y, Iimura
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O, Ishii
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M, Saruta
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T, Arakawa
|
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K, Hosoda
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S
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et al. Nifedipine retard was an effective as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in preventing cardiac events in high-risk hypertensive patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease: The Japan Multicenter Investigation for Cardiovascular Diseases-B (JMIC-B) subgroup analysis. Hypertension Research. 2004; 27(7):449–456 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15302980" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 15302980</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>191.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref191">Yusuf
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S, Lonn
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E, Pais
|
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P, Bosch
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J, Lopez-Jaramillo
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P, Zhu
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J
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et al. Blood-pressure and cholesterol lowering in persons without cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016; 374(21):2032–43 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27039945" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27039945</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>192.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref192">Yusuf
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S, Pais
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P, Afzal
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R, Xavier
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D, Teo
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K, Eikelboom
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J
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et al. Effects of a polypill (Polycap) on risk factors in middle-aged individuals without cardiovascular disease (TIPS): A phase II, double-blind, randomised trial. The Lancet. 2009; 373(9672):1341–1351 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19339045" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19339045</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>193.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref193">Yusuf
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S, Pais
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P, Sigamani
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A, Xavier
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D, Afzal
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R, Gao
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P
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et al. Comparison of risk factor reduction and tolerability of a full-dose polypill (with potassium) versus low-dose polypill (polycap) in individuals at high risk of cardiovascular diseases: The Second Indian Polycap Study (TIPS-2) investigators. Circulation Cardiovascular quality and outcomes. 2012; 5(4):463–471 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22787067" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22787067</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>194.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref194">Zamorano
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J, Erdine
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S, Pavia
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A, Kim
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JH, Al-Khadra
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A, Westergaard
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M
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et al. Proactive multiple cardiovascular risk factor management compared with usual care in patients with hypertension and additional risk factors: The CRUCIAL trial. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2011; 27(4):821–833 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21306285" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21306285</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>195.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref195">Zanchetti
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A, Hansson
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L, Clement
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D. Benefits and risks of more intensive blood pressure lowering in hypertensive patients of the HOT study with different risk profiles: Does a J-shaped curve exist in smokers?
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Journal of Hypertension. 2003; 21(4):787–804 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12658027" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 12658027</span></a>]</div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>196.</dt><dd><div class="bk_ref" id="ch3.ref196">Zheng
|
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L, Li
|
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J, Sun
|
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Z, Zhang
|
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X, Hu
|
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D, Sun
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Y. Relationship of blood pressure with mortality and cardiovascular events among hypertensive patients aged >=60 years in rural areas of China: A strobe-compliant study. Medicine. 2015; 94(39):e1551 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4616859/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4616859</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26426621" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26426621</span></a>]</div></dd></dl></dl></div><div id="appendixesappgroup3"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup3_">Appendices</h2><div id="ch3.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p id="ch3.appa.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appatab1" class="figpopup">Table 11. Review protocol: Initiating treatment</a></p><p id="ch3.appa.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appatab2" class="figpopup">Table 12. Health economic review protocol</a></p></div><div id="ch3.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><p>The literature searches for this review are detailed below and complied with the methodology outlined in <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/pmg20/resources/developing-nice-guidelines-the-manual-pdf-72286708700869" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual 2014, updated 2017</a> For more detailed information, please see the Methodology Review.</p><div id="ch3.appb.s1"><h4>B.1. Clinical search literature search strategy</h4><p>Searches were constructed using a PICO framework where population (P) terms were combined with Intervention (I) and in some cases Comparison (C) terms. Outcomes (O) are rarely used in search strategies for interventions as these concepts may not be well described in title, abstract or indexes and therefore difficult to retrieve. Search filters were applied to the search where appropriate.</p><p id="ch3.appb.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appbtab1" class="figpopup">Table 13. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="ch3.appb.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appbtab2" class="figpopup">Table 14. Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch3.appb.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appbtab3" class="figpopup">Table 15. Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch3.appb.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appbtab4" class="figpopup">Table 16. Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</a></p></div><div id="ch3.appb.s2"><h4>B.2. Health Economics literature search strategy</h4><p>Health economic evidence was identified by conducting a broad search relating to hypertension in adults population in NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED – this ceased to be updated after March 2015) and the Health Technology Assessment database (HTA) with no date restrictions. NHS EED and HTA databases are hosted by the Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD). Additional searches were run on Medline and Embase for health economics, economic modelling and quality of life studies.</p><p id="ch3.appb.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appbtab5" class="figpopup">Table 17. Database date parameters and filters used</a></p><p id="ch3.appb.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appbtab6" class="figpopup">Table 18. Medline (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch3.appb.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appbtab7" class="figpopup">Table 19. Embase (Ovid) search terms</a></p><p id="ch3.appb.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appbtab8" class="figpopup">Table 20. NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</a></p></div></div><div id="ch3.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Clinical evidence selection</h3><p id="ch3.appc.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.appc.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appcfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 2. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of initiating treatment in Hypertension</a></p></div><div id="ch3.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Clinical evidence tables</h3><p id="ch3.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (215K)</span></p></div><div id="ch3.appe"><h3>Appendix E. Forest plots</h3><div id="ch3.appe.s1"><h4>E.1. Systolic blood pressure thresholds (mixed diabetic and non-diabetic population)</h4><div id="ch3.appe.s1.1"><h5>1.8.4. All-cause mortality at 4 years</h5><p id="ch3.appe.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.appe.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appefig1" class="figpopup">Figure 3. Treatment versus no treatment in hypertensive and diabetic population</a></p></div><div id="ch3.appe.s1.2"><h5>1.8.5. Stroke at 4 years</h5><p id="ch3.appe.fig2"><a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.appe.fig2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appefig2" class="figpopup">Figure 4. Treatment versus no treatment in hypertensive and diabetic population</a></p></div><div id="ch3.appe.s1.3"><h5>1.8.6. Coronary heart disease at 4 years</h5><p id="ch3.appe.fig3"><a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.appe.fig3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appefig3" class="figpopup">Figure 5. Treatment versus no treatment in hypertensive and diabetic population</a></p></div><div id="ch3.appe.s1.4"><h5>1.8.7. Heart failure at 4 years</h5><p id="ch3.appe.fig4"><a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.appe.fig4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appefig4" class="figpopup">Figure 6. Treatment versus no treatment in hypertensive and diabetic population</a></p></div></div><div id="ch3.appe.s2"><h4>E.2. Systolic blood pressure thresholds (hypertensive and type 2 diabetes strata)</h4><p id="ch3.appe.fig5"><a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.appe.fig5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appefig5" class="figpopup">Figure 7. All-cause mortality at 4.4 years</a></p><p id="ch3.appe.fig6"><a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.appe.fig6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appefig6" class="figpopup">Figure 8. Stroke at 4.4 years</a></p><p id="ch3.appe.fig7"><a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.appe.fig7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appefig7" class="figpopup">Figure 9. Heart failure at 4.4 years</a></p></div><div id="ch3.appe.s3"><h4>E.3. Diastolic blood pressure thresholds (mixed diabetic and non-diabetic population)</h4><div id="ch3.appe.s3.1"><h5>1.8.8. Stroke</h5><p id="ch3.appe.fig8"><a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.appe.fig8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appefig8" class="figpopup">Figure 10. Treatment versus no treatment in hypertensive and diabetic population</a></p></div></div><div id="ch3.appe.s4"><h4>E.4. Systolic blood pressure threshold of 140–159 mmHg: treatment versus no treatment (no type 2 diabetes)</h4><p id="ch3.appe.fig9"><a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.appe.fig9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appefig9" class="figpopup">Figure 11. Mortality at 5.8 years</a></p><p id="ch3.appe.fig10"><a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.appe.fig10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appefig10" class="figpopup">Figure 12. Stroke at 5.8 years</a></p><p id="ch3.appe.fig11"><a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.appe.fig11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appefig11" class="figpopup">Figure 13. Myocardial Infarction at 5.8 years</a></p><p id="ch3.appe.fig12"><a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.appe.fig12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appefig12" class="figpopup">Figure 14. Heart Failure at 5.8 years</a></p><p id="ch3.appe.fig13"><a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.appe.fig13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appefig13" class="figpopup">Figure 15. Non-Myocardial Infarction Acute Coronary Syndrome at 5.8 years</a></p><p id="ch3.appe.fig14"><a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.appe.fig14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appefig14" class="figpopup">Figure 16. Hypotension at 5.8 years</a></p><p id="ch3.appe.fig15"><a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.appe.fig15/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appefig15" class="figpopup">Figure 17. Acute Kidney Injury at 5.8 years</a></p></div></div><div id="ch3.appf"><h3>Appendix F. GRADE tables</h3><p id="ch3.appf.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appftab1" class="figpopup">Table 21. Clinical evidence profile: treatment versus no treatment at systolic blood pressure thresholds (with and without type 2 diabetes)</a></p><p id="ch3.appf.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appftab2" class="figpopup">Table 22. Clinical evidence profile: Treatment versus no treatment at systolic blood pressure thresholds (type 2 diabetes)</a></p><p id="ch3.appf.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appftab3" class="figpopup">Table 23. Clinical evidence profile: Treatment versus no treatment at diastolic blood pressure thresholds (with and without type 2 diabetes)</a></p><p id="ch3.appf.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appftab4" class="figpopup">Table 24. Clinical evidence profile: Treatment versus no treatment at systolic blood pressure threshold of 140–159 mmHg (without type 2 diabetes)</a></p></div><div id="ch3.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Health economic evidence selection</h3><p id="ch3.appg.fig1"><a href="/books/NBK578045/figure/ch3.appg.fig1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appgfig1" class="figpopup">Figure 18. Flow chart of health economic study selection for the guideline</a></p></div><div id="ch3.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Health economic evidence tables</h3><p>None.</p></div><div id="ch3.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Excluded studies</h3><div id="ch3.appi.s1"><h4>I.1. Excluded clinical studies</h4><p id="ch3.appi.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appitab1" class="figpopup">Table 25. Studies excluded from the clinical review that were included in the previous guideline (CG127)</a></p><p id="ch3.appi.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appitab2" class="figpopup">Table 26. Studies excluded from the clinical review</a></p></div><div id="ch3.appi.s2"><h4>I.2. Excluded health economic studies</h4><p id="ch3.appi.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appi.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appitab3" class="figpopup">Table 27. Studies excluded from the health economic review</a></p></div></div><div id="ch3.appj"><h3>Appendix J. Research recommendations</h3><div id="ch3.appj.s1"><h4>J.1. Threshold interventions</h4><p>
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<b>Research question: In adults aged under 40 with hypertension (with or without type 2 diabetes), what are the appropriate risk and blood pressure thresholds for starting treatment?</b>
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</p><p>
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<b>Why this is important:</b>
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</p><p>There is uncertainty about how to assess the impact of blood pressure treatment in people aged under 40 with stage 1 hypertension and no overt target organ damage or cardiovascular disease. Although it is inevitable that those with untreated hypertension will develop premature target organ damage over the many years and decades they are affected, it is unclear at what level of 10-year or lifetime vascular risk pharmacological treatment of hypertension in those aged under 40 will be cost effective. The economic model in this guideline suggests that treating stage 1 hypertension is cost effective at lower levels of 10-year risk in younger people than in older people. The 10-year Q-RISK2 risk at which treatment of 40 year olds with stage 1 hypertension without target organ damage is cost effective at the minimal willingness to pay threshold of £20K per QALY using probabilistic ICERs, is as low as 0.83% (males) and 1.86% (females). This implies that all 40-year-old males with uncomplicated stage 1 hypertension should be offered treatment since their cardiovascular risk is typically greater than this threshold.</p><p>Cost effectiveness of treating those aged under 40 is a key issue for regional specialist hypertension services, the many affected people and the wider NHS. It is recognised that longer than usual follow up will be required to answer this question with hard outcomes including all-cause mortality, heart attack and stroke.</p><p id="ch3.appj.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobch3appjtab1" class="figpopup">Criteria for selecting high-priority research recommendations</a></p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Intervention evidence review underpinning recommendations 1.4.9 to 1.4.14 in the guideline</p><p>This evidence review was developed by the National Guideline Centre</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2019.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK578045</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35188727" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">35188727</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3tab1"><div id="ch3.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">PICO characteristics of review question</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_ch3.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Population</th><td headers="hd_b_ch3.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At what blood pressure and/or cardiovascular disease risk threshold should antihypertensive drug treatment be initiated for adults with hypertension?</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch3.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Intervention(s)</th><td headers="hd_b_ch3.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Treatment initiation at different thresholds</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch3.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Comparison(s)</th><td headers="hd_b_ch3.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Compared against each other (comparing different blood pressure and/or cardiovascular risk thresholds)</p>
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<p>Also within each other</p>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch3.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes</th><td headers="hd_b_ch3.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Assessed at 12 months or more (using final endpoint)</p>
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<p><b>Critical</b>
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<ul id="ch3.l1"><li id="ch3.lt1" class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality</div></li><li id="ch3.lt2" class="half_rhythm"><div>Health-related quality of life</div></li><li id="ch3.lt3" class="half_rhythm"><div>Stroke (ischaemic or haemorrhagic)</div></li><li id="ch3.lt4" class="half_rhythm"><div>Myocardial infarction (MI)</div></li></ul>
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<b>Important</b>
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<ul id="ch3.l2"><li id="ch3.lt5" class="half_rhythm"><div>Heart failure needing hospitalisation</div></li><li id="ch3.lt6" class="half_rhythm"><div>Vascular procedures (including both coronary and carotid artery procedures)</div></li><li id="ch3.lt7" class="half_rhythm"><div>Angina needing hospitalisation</div></li><li id="ch3.lt8" class="half_rhythm"><div>Side effect 1: Acute kidney injury</div></li><li id="ch3.lt9" class="half_rhythm"><div>Side effect 2: New onset diabetes</div></li><li id="ch3.lt10" class="half_rhythm"><div>Side effect 3: Changes in estimated Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or creatinine</div></li><li id="ch3.lt11" class="half_rhythm"><div>Side effect 4: Hypotension (dizziness)</div></li><li id="ch3.lt12" class="half_rhythm"><div>[Combined cardiovascular disease outcomes in the absence of MI and stroke data]</div></li><li id="ch3.lt13" class="half_rhythm"><div>[Coronary heart disease outcome in the absence of MI data]</div></li></ul></p>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch3.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_ch3.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic reviews (SR), randomised control trials (RCT), Non-randomised study (NRS)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3tab2"><div id="ch3.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Summary of studies included in the evidence review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Intervention and comparison</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Brunström 2018<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref41" rid="ch3.ref41"><sup>41</sup></a></p>
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<p>(systematic review of RCTs)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Systolic blood pressure thresholds:</p>
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<p><140 (n=68,966)</p>
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<p>140–159 (n=43,889)</p>
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<p>≥160 mmHg (n=79,940)</p>
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<p>Treatment versus no treatment</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with hypertension, with and without diabetes (n=192,795)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>At 4 years:</p>
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<p>All-cause mortality</p>
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<p>Stroke</p>
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<p>Coronary heart disease</p>
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<p>Heart failure</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study downgraded for very serious indirectness as the population included coronary artery disease (CAD), mixed CVD and post-stroke. Also, the review included studies that pooled low intensity treatment and no treatment arms (16% of study population).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Law 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref107" rid="ch3.ref107"><sup>107</sup></a></p>
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<p>(systematic review of RCTs and non-randomised studies)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Diastolic blood pressure thresholds:</p>
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<p>>80 (n=42,599)</p>
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<p>80–84 (n=37,516)</p>
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<p>85–89 (n=39,731)</p>
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<p>90–94 (n=38,646)</p>
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<p>>95 (n=6,195)</p>
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<p>Treatment versus no treatment.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with hypertension, with and without diabetes (n=464,000; multiple comparisons, actual number of participants included within the diastolic thresholds analysis: n=164,687)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>At 4 years:</p>
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<p>Stroke</p>
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<p>Coronary heart disease</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study downgraded for very serious indirectness as the population included CAD, mixed CVD and post-stroke. Also, review included studies that pooled low intensity treatment and no treatment arms.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Sheppard 2018<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref155" rid="ch3.ref155"><sup>155</sup></a></p>
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<p>(cohort study)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Systolic blood pressure threshold of 140–159 mmHg with a low cardiovascular risk (mean cardiovascular risk threshold of 8%; QRISK2)</p>
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<p>Treatment versus no treatment</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with hypertension, without diabetes (n=38,286)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>At 5.8 years:</p>
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<p>Mortality</p>
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<p>Stroke</p>
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<p>Heart failure</p>
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<p>MI</p>
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<p>Non-MI acute coronary syndrome</p>
|
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<p>Hypotension</p>
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<p>Acute Kidney Injury</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Participants with previous cardiovascular events were excluded from the trial</p>
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<p>7,720 participants (20.2%) included in the main analysis had a previous risk score recorded, and an additional 9,096 (23.8%) had available risk factor information to calculate a QRISK2 score. For the remaining 21,050 (56%), cardiovascular risk was estimated by inserting age- and sex-standardised mean cholesterol values and Townsend scores from the Health Survey for England into the algorithm to replace missing data.</p>
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<p>Downgraded for indirectness because 41.6% of the non-treatment arm were on treatment at some point in the trial. Some QRISK2 inputs were also not available in all participants and were imputed (estimated 56% of the population had some form of imputation). The mean diastolic blood pressure was also 88.5 (standard deviation [SD] 5.2) mmHg, which is less than the diastolic threshold for stage 1 hypertension.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Sundstrom 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref162" rid="ch3.ref162"><sup>162</sup></a></p>
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<p>(IPD)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Systolic blood pressure threshold of 140–159 mmHg Treatment versus no treatment</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults with hypertension and type 2 diabetes (n=6361)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>At 4.4 years:</p>
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<p>All-cause mortality</p>
|
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<p>Stroke</p>
|
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<p>Heart failure</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>RCTs where at least 80% of participants had grade 1 hypertension and had no previous cardiovascular disease were included.</p>
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<p>To note that risk of bias for individual studies included within the review was not available. The ROBIS checklist (assessing the quality of the systematic review itself) was therefore incorporated into the GRADE assessments for overall quality assessment per outcome.</p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3tab3"><div id="ch3.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Excluded reviews</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Systematic review</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Exclusion reasons</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Blood Pressure Lowering Trialists Collaboration IPD 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref163" rid="ch3.ref163"><sup>163</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch3.l3"><li id="ch3.lt14" class="half_rhythm"><div>The study used a customised risk calculator to stratify participants into risk groups. It was unclear how risk was calculated and whether the groups were similar to validated risk tools such as Framingham, QRISK2 or 3. The risk calculator also used previous cardiovascular events, which is not considered a useful measure and is not included in any validated risk tools.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt15" class="half_rhythm"><div>The cardiovascular risk groups compared within each category also differed within each outcome, which made results difficult to interpret.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt16" class="half_rhythm"><div>The population didn’t match this review protocol’s requirements: unclear if participants were already treated or on other treatment (55.9% had previous treatment) and unclear if baseline cardiovascular risk was measured while participants were untreated. 39.1% of the population had diabetes with no detail of whether this was type 1 or type 2 diabetes.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt17" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pooled trial data of ‘less intensive arms’ with placebo, which was an exclusion criterion on the protocol for this review.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt18" class="half_rhythm"><div>No minimum trial duration inclusion criterion, whereas this review had a requirement of trials with a minimum duration of 12 months.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt19" class="half_rhythm"><div>The trialists used meta-regression with the observed 5-year risks to extend all results to 5 years; the average follow up time was not stated.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Blood Pressure Lowering Trialists Collaboration IPD 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref50" rid="ch3.ref50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch3.l4"><li id="ch3.lt20" class="half_rhythm"><div>For the blood pressure categories outlined in the protocol for this review, the only available outcome was major cardiovascular events. This composite outcome was included in the review protocol but was only to be included if individual cardiovascular event outcomes were not available. This is because these outcomes were considered to be more informative.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt21" class="half_rhythm"><div>Individual morbidity and mortality outcomes were given at systolic blood pressure thresholds of above 140 mmHg and below 140 mmHg. Above 140 mmHg was not a threshold listed in the protocol and would not have informed recommendations as this encompasses stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension. The below 140 mmHg comparison was considered for inclusion but 58.9% had other cardiovascular disease and were taking medication for secondary prevention.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt22" class="half_rhythm"><div>Baseline characteristics were not stated, and the IPD included participants that were already treated; it was unclear if baseline blood pressure had been measured while participants were untreated.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asayama 2009 IPD<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref17" rid="ch3.ref17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch3.l5"><li id="ch3.lt23" class="half_rhythm"><div>Study carried out in Japan and considered not to be applicable to the UK population due to the known differences in antihypertensive treatment and prevalence of cardiovascular events, that is, different antihypertensive drugs administered and lower dosages of treatment given than in the UK. The prevalence of stroke and heart failure are higher in Japan, which were the only included outcomes in the IPD. In addition, the incidence of myocardial infarction tends to be lower in Japanese people with hypertension, which is an outcome of interest for this guideline.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt24" class="half_rhythm"><div>The comparisons included were not in line with this review protocol. Rather than comparing treatment versus no treatment at each blood pressure threshold, the IPD compared treatment at each threshold versus no treatment in the ‘optimal’ below 120 mmHg systolic blood pressure category. This would have substantially influenced the results.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt25" class="half_rhythm"><div>Unclear from the IPD whether baseline blood pressure was measured before treatment was initiated.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Brunström 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref40" rid="ch3.ref40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch3.l6"><li id="ch3.lt26" class="half_rhythm"><div>There is an overlap in included studies included in this review with those included in Sundstrom 2015.<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref162" rid="ch3.ref162"><sup>162</sup></a> The IPD (Sundstrom) was therefore preferentially included.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Emdin 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref55" rid="ch3.ref55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch3.l7"><li id="ch3.lt27" class="half_rhythm"><div>There is an overlap in included studies included in this review with those included in Sundstrom 2015.<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref162" rid="ch3.ref162"><sup>162</sup></a> The IPD (Sundstrom) was therefore preferentially included.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt28" class="half_rhythm"><div>Stratified by above 140 mmHg and below 140 mmHg; above 140 mmHg was not a threshold listed in the protocol and would not have informed recommendations as this encompasses stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension. 65% of the population in the below 140 mmHg threshold had other cardiovascular disease and were taking antihypertensive medication for secondary prevention</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ettehad 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref57" rid="ch3.ref57"><sup>57</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch3.l8"><li id="ch3.lt29" class="half_rhythm"><div>Majority of participants had coronary heart disease and 15–40% had heart failure, which were not included in this review.</div></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3tab4"><div id="ch3.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Treatment versus no treatment at systolic blood pressure thresholds (with and without type 2 diabetes)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Control</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Treatment versus no treatment (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality <140 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>68,816</p>
|
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<p>(1 study)</p>
|
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<p>4 years</p>
|
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
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<p>due to indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.98</p>
|
|
<p>(0.9 to 1.07)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[4,897 events in 68,816 people]<sup>5</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality 140–159 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>41,049</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.87</p>
|
|
<p>(0.75 to 1.01)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56 per 1,000<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>7 fewer per 1,000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 14 fewer to 1 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality ≥160 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>79,900</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.93</p>
|
|
<p>(0.87 to 0.99)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">81 per 1,000<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6 fewer per 1,000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 1 fewer to 11 fewer)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stroke <140 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>62,751</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.85</p>
|
|
<p>(0.68 to 1.06)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30 per 1,000<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>4 fewer per 1,000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 10 fewer to 2 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stroke 140–159 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>41,641</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.86</p>
|
|
<p>(0.72 to 1.03)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42 per 1,000<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6 fewer per 1,000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 12 fewer to 1 more)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stroke ≥160 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>79,900</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.69</p>
|
|
<p>(0.6 to 0.79)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62 per 1,000<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>19 fewer per 1,000</p>
|
|
<p>(from 13 fewer to 25 fewer)</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Coronary heart disease <140 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>62,617</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.98</p>
|
|
<p>(0.88 to 1.09)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66 per 1,000<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 fewer per 1,000 (from 8 fewer to 6 more)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Coronary heart disease 140–159 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>42,543</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.86</p>
|
|
<p>(0.76 to 0.97)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34 per 1,000<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5 fewer per 1,000 (from 1 fewer to 8 fewer)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Coronary heart disease ≥160 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>78,617</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.86</p>
|
|
<p>(0.78 to 0.95)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56 per 1,0,00<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 fewer per 1,000 (from 8 fewer to 15 fewer)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Heart failure <140 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>60,879</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.88</p>
|
|
<p>(0.78 to 0.99)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[2,261 events in 60,879 people] <sup>5</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Heart failure 140–159 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>35,254</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.87</p>
|
|
<p>(0.73 to 1.04)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[1,113 events in 35,254 people]<sup>5</sup></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Heart failure ≥160 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>23,395</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.53</p>
|
|
<p>(0.42 to 0.67)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">[520 events in 23,395 people]<sup>5</sup></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch3.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment due to population or outcome indirectness or by 2 increments for both population and outcome indirectness</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch3.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch3.tab4_3"><p class="no_margin">Control group risk not reported; values extrapolated from Bulpitt 1988<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref43" rid="ch3.ref43"><sup>43</sup></a></p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch3.tab4_4"><p class="no_margin">Control group risk not reported; values extrapolated from Law 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref107" rid="ch3.ref107"><sup>107</sup></a></p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="ch3.tab4_5"><p class="no_margin">Control group risk not reported; therefore, absolute risk could not be calculated: no data was available that values could be extrapolated from.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3tab5"><div id="ch3.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Treatment versus no treatment at systolic blood pressure thresholds (type 2 diabetes)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with No treatment (diabetes)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Treatment (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">All-cause mortality 140–159 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6,334</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4.4 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.76</p>
|
|
<p>(0.64 to 0.9)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">90 per 1,000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22 fewer per 1,000 (from 9 fewer to 32 fewer)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stroke 140–159 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>5,897</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4.4 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.8</p>
|
|
<p>(0.68 to 0.95)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">94 per 1,000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19 fewer per 1,000 (from 5 fewer to 30 fewer)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Heart failure 140–159 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>5,629</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4.4 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>MODERATE<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.78</p>
|
|
<p>(0.56 to 1.09)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28 per 1,000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab5_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 fewer per 1,000 (from 12 fewer to 2 more)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch3.tab5_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3tab6"><div id="ch3.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Effects of treatment versus no treatment at diastolic blood pressure thresholds (with and without type 2 diabetes)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with Control</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Treatment versus no treatment (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stroke <80 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>42,599</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.74</p>
|
|
<p>(0.68 to 0.82)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45 per 1,000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 fewer per 1,000 (from 8 fewer to 15 fewer)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stroke 80–84 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>37,516</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness, imprecision</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.76</p>
|
|
<p>(0.67 to 0.87)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28 per 1,000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 fewer per 1,000 (from 4 fewer to 9 fewer)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stroke 85–89 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>39,731</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.68</p>
|
|
<p>(0.62 to 0.75)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45 per 1,000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14 fewer per 1,000 (from 11 fewer to 17 fewer)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stroke 90–94 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>38,646</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.63</p>
|
|
<p>(0.56 to 0.71)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33 per 1,000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 fewer per 1,000 (from 9 fewer to 14 fewer)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stroke >95 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>6,195</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>4 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>LOW<sup>1</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>RR 0.51</p>
|
|
<p>(0.41 to 0.63)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73 per 1,000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab6_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36 fewer per 1,000 (from 27 fewer to 43 fewer)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch3.tab6_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments due to population or outcome indirectness</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch3.tab6_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3tab7"><div id="ch3.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 7</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence summary: Treatment versus no treatment at systolic blood pressure threshold of 140–159mmHg at low cardiovascular risk (without type 2 diabetes) – non-randomised evidence</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Outcomes</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_2" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No of Participants (studies) Follow up</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_3" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality of the evidence (GRADE)</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Relative effect (95% CI)</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_5" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Anticipated absolute effects<sup>3</sup></th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk with No treatment (no diabetes)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_5" id="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Risk difference with Treatment (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mortality 140–159 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>38,286</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>5.8 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>HR 1.02</p>
|
|
<p>(0.88 to 1.18)<sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>41 per 1,000</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 more per 1,000 (from 5 fewer to 7 more)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stroke 140–159 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>38,286</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>5.8 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to, imprecision, indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>HR 0.97</p>
|
|
<p>(0.78 to 1.21)<sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15 per 1,000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1,000 (from 3 fewer to 3 more)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Myocardial Infarction 140–159 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>38,286</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>5.8 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>HR 1.00</p>
|
|
<p>(0.80 to 1.25)<sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15 per 1,000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1,000 (from 3 fewer to 4 more)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Heart failure 140–159 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>38,286</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>5.8 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision, indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>HR 1.34</p>
|
|
<p>(0.96 to 1.87)<sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 per 1,000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2 more per 1,000 (from 0 fewer to 6 more)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-MI acute coronary syndrome 140–159 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>38,286</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>5.8 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision, indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>HR 1.19</p>
|
|
<p>(0.74 to 1.91)<sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 per 1,000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 more per 1,000 (from 1 fewer to 3 more)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypotension 140–159 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>38,286</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>5.8 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>HR 1.69</p>
|
|
<p>(1.30 to 2.20)<sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 per 1,000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6 more per 1,000 (from 3 more to 10 more)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Acute Kidney Injury 140–159 mmHg</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>38,286</p>
|
|
<p>(1 study)</p>
|
|
<p>5.8 years</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>VERY LOW<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup></p>
|
|
<p>due to imprecision, indirectness</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>HR 1.37</p>
|
|
<p>(1 to 1.88)<sup>4</sup></p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8 per 1,000</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab7_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3 more per 1,000 (from 0 more to 7 more)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch3.tab7_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch3.tab7_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because the majority of the evidence included an indirect or very indirect population respectively.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch3.tab7_3"><p class="no_margin">Absolute effects calculated by inputting raw event data from median follow up time into GRADE.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch3.tab7_4"><p class="no_margin">Evidence based on one study that reported HRs with raw event data.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch3fig1"><div id="ch3.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%201.%20Model%20structure.&p=BOOKS&id=578045_ch3f1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3f1.jpg" alt="Figure 1. Model structure." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 1</span><span class="title">Model structure</span></h3><div class="caption"><p><i>Abbreviations:</i> CVD: cardiovascular disease; HF: heart failure; MI: myocardial infarction; PES: post-event state; SA: stable angina; Str: stroke; TIA: transient ischaemic attack; UA: unstable angina. The death state can include cardiovascular or non-cardiovascular death.</p></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3tab8"><div id="ch3.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 8</span><span class="title">Base case results (per person, discounted)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Undiscounted life-years</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Total Costs</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Total QALYs</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">ICER (£)</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Prob Tx CE at £20k</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Undiscounted life-years</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Total Costs</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Total QALYs</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">ICER (£)</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Prob Tx CE at £20k</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"></th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_6" id="hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Male</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_7" id="hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"></th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_12" id="hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Female</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_12" id="hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_2_1" colspan="12" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">5% risk</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No Tx</th><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_3_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.66</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_3_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,910</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_3_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.93</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_3_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_3_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_3_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_3_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.16</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_3_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£3,346</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_3_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.17</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_3_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_12 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_3_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49%</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tx</th><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.78</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£4,034</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.99</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#ffc7ce;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£20,524</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.30</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£4,465</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.23</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£19,978</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_12 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51%</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_4_1 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_12" id="hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_5_1" colspan="12" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">10% risk</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No Tx</th><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_6_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.84</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_6_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£4,169</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_6_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.52</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_6_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_6_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_6_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_6_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.24</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_6_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£5,241</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_6_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.73</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_6_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_12 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_6_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12%</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tx</th><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.03</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£5,105</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.61</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£10,017</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">85%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.46</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£6,092</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.83</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£8,635</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_12 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">88%</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_7_1 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_12" id="hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_8_1" colspan="12" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">15% risk</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No Tx</th><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_9_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.09</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_9_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£5,348</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_9_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.14</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_9_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_9_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_9_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_9_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.41</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_9_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£6,991</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_9_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.33</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_9_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_12 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_9_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5%</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tx</th><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.34</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£6,107</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.26</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£5,969</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">94%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.69</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£7,602</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.46</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£4,610</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_12 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">95%</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_10_1 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_12" id="hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_11_1" colspan="12" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">20% risk</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_12_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No Tx</th><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_12_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.41</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_12_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£6,443</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_12_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.78</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_12_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_12_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_12_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_12_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.67</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_12_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£8,621</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_12_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.96</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_12_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_12 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_12_1 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3%</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tx</th><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.70</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£7,062</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.93</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£3,993</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_6 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">97%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_7 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_8 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.99</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_9 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£9,035</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_10 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.12</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_11 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">£2,566</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab8_1_1_1_12 hd_b_ch3.tab8_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">97%</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Note that values shaded red are above the NICE cost effectiveness threshold of £20,000 per QALY</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">Abbreviations: CE = cost effective, 20k = £20,000, ICER = incremental cost effectiveness ratio, No Tx = No treatment, QALYS = quality adjusted life-years, Tx = treatment.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3tab9"><div id="ch3.tab9" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 9</span><span class="title">Summary of risk thresholds for all age groups</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.tab9_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Age</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">1) Minimum risk level from QRISK2</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">2) Risk threshold at which treatment becomes cost effective (from model)</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Decision in clinical practice<sup>(a)</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Male</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1.50%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">0.66%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Treat all</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">4.00%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1.84%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Treat all</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">8.50%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">5.02%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Treat all</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">70</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">16.40%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">9.72%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Treat all</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">75</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">22%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">11.43%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Treat all</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_1" id="hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Female</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_2" id="hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_3" id="hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_4" id="hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">40</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">0.90%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1.66%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Treat above 1.66% risk</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">50</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2.30%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2.82%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Treat above 2.82% risk</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">60</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">5.30%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">4.94%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Treat all</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">70</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">11.70%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">7.53%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Treat all</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">75</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">17.00%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">8.52%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab9_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.tab9_1_1_7_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Treat all</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>(a)</dt><dd><div id="ch3.tab9_1"><p class="no_margin">Note: if the risk levels the model found were cost effective (column labelled 2) are lower than the minimum risk level (column labelled 1), then it is cost effective to treat everyone at that age, regardless of risk; otherwise, the model result is the lowest cost effective risk level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3tab10"><div id="ch3.tab10" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 10</span><span class="title">Differential treatment duration results for all ages</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.tab10_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Years before meeting other criteria for treatment</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2" colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk threshold</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;"></th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Age 40</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Age 50</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Age 60</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Age 70</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Age 75</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_6" id="hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">MALES</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">4.2%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">4.1%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">6.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">10.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">11.8%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">3.5%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">3.5%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">5.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">10.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">11.6%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2.7%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">4.8%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1.9%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>
|
|
<i>Never (base case)</i>
|
|
</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>0.7%</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>1.8%</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>5.0%</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>9.7%</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>11.4%</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>Minimum risk level</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="color:#e36c0a;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>
|
|
<i>1.5%</i>
|
|
</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="color:#e36c0a;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>
|
|
<i>4.0%</i>
|
|
</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="color:#e36c0a;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>
|
|
<i>8.5%</i>
|
|
</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="color:#e36c0a;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>
|
|
<i>16.4%</i>
|
|
</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="color:#e36c0a;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>
|
|
<i>22.3%</i>
|
|
</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_6" id="hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">FEMALES</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2.8%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">4.8%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">7.5%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">8.1%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">5</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">4.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">7.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">8.1%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">10</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2.0%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2.3%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">4.5%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">20</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2.6%</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">-</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>
|
|
<i>Never (base case)</i>
|
|
</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>1.7%</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>2.8%</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>4.9%</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>7.5%</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="background-color:#fbd4b4;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>8.5%</b>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>Minimum risk level</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="color:#e36c0a;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>
|
|
<i>0.9%</i>
|
|
</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="color:#e36c0a;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>
|
|
<i>2.3%</i>
|
|
</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="color:#e36c0a;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>
|
|
<i>5.3%</i>
|
|
</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="color:#e36c0a;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>
|
|
<i>11.7%</i>
|
|
</b>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.tab10_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.tab10_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="color:#e36c0a;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">
|
|
<b>
|
|
<i>17.0%</i>
|
|
</b>
|
|
</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt></dt><dd><div><p class="no_margin">The columns show the risk thresholds for the different age groups. The rows show the differential treatment durations tested, and also the results of the base case analysis for each age group (that is, where a lifetime of treatment was compared to a lifetime of no treatment). Additionally the minimum risk values from the QRISK2 are also presented with orange text. Cells that are orange show where it is cost effective to treat everyone at that age because the risk threshold the model predicted is lower than the minimum risk level.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3appatab1"><div id="ch3.appa.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 11</span><span class="title">Review protocol: Initiating treatment</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appa.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.appa.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Field</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Content</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review question</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At what blood pressure and/or cardiovascular disease risk threshold should antihypertensive drug treatment be initiated for adults with hypertension?</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type of review question</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Intervention review</p>
|
|
<p>A review of health economic evidence related to the same review question was conducted in parallel with this review. For details, see the health economic review protocol for this NICE guideline.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Objective of the review</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To establish which blood pressure or cardiovascular disease risk threshold antihypertensive drug treatment should be initiated at.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – population / disease / condition / issue / domain</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Population: Adults (over 18 years) who are not on current pharmacological treatment for hypertension (minimum wash-out 4 weeks)</p>
|
|
<p>Stratify by:
|
|
<ul id="ch3.l9"><li id="ch3.lt30" class="half_rhythm"><div>Presence or absence of type 2 diabetes</div></li><li id="ch3.lt31" class="half_rhythm"><div>Cardiovascular or blood pressure baseline risk</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – intervention(s) / exposure(s) / prognostic factor(s)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Treatment initiation at different thresholds
|
|
<ul id="ch3.l10"><li id="ch3.lt32" class="half_rhythm"><div>Systolic blood pressure targets:
|
|
<ul id="ch3.l11" class="circle"><li id="ch3.lt33" class="half_rhythm"><div>Below120</div></li><li id="ch3.lt34" class="half_rhythm"><div>120–129</div></li><li id="ch3.lt35" class="half_rhythm"><div>130–139 mmHg</div></li><li id="ch3.lt36" class="half_rhythm"><div>140–59 mmHg</div></li><li id="ch3.lt37" class="half_rhythm"><div>160 mmHg or above</div></li></ul></div></li><li id="ch3.lt38" class="half_rhythm"><div>Diastolic blood pressure targets:
|
|
<ul id="ch3.l12" class="circle"><li id="ch3.lt39" class="half_rhythm"><div><80 mmHg</div></li><li id="ch3.lt40" class="half_rhythm"><div>80–84 mmHg</div></li><li id="ch3.lt41" class="half_rhythm"><div>85–89 mmHg</div></li><li id="ch3.lt42" class="half_rhythm"><div>90–94 mmHg</div></li><li id="ch3.lt43" class="half_rhythm"><div>95 mmHg or above</div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
|
|
Cardiovascular risk thresholds:
|
|
<ol id="ch3.l13"><li id="ch3.lt44" class="half_rhythm"><div>5–9%</div></li><li id="ch3.lt45" class="half_rhythm"><div>10–14%</div></li><li id="ch3.lt46" class="half_rhythm"><div>15–19%</div></li><li id="ch3.lt47" class="half_rhythm"><div>Above 20%</div></li></ol>
|
|
Data will be preferentially extracted if they compare across or within these categories; however, other comparisons will be considered in the absence of this.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – comparator(s) / control or reference (gold) standard</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Compared against each other (comparing different blood pressure and/or cardiovascular risk thresholds)</p>
|
|
<p>Also within each other</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Outcomes and prioritisation</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>All outcomes to be measured at a minimum of 12 months. Where multiple time points are reported within each study, the longest time point only will be extracted.</p>
|
|
<p><b>Critical</b>
|
|
<ul id="ch3.l14"><li id="ch3.lt48" class="half_rhythm"><div>All-cause mortality</div></li><li id="ch3.lt49" class="half_rhythm"><div>Health-related quality of life</div></li><li id="ch3.lt50" class="half_rhythm"><div>Stroke (ischaemic or haemorrhagic)</div></li><li id="ch3.lt51" class="half_rhythm"><div>Myocardial infarction</div></li></ul>
|
|
<b>Important</b>
|
|
<ul id="ch3.l15"><li id="ch3.lt52" class="half_rhythm"><div>Heart failure needing hospitalisation</div></li><li id="ch3.lt53" class="half_rhythm"><div>Vascular procedures (including lower limb, coronary and carotid artery procedures)</div></li><li id="ch3.lt54" class="half_rhythm"><div>Angina needing hospitalisation</div></li><li id="ch3.lt55" class="half_rhythm"><div>Side effect 1: Acute kidney injury</div></li><li id="ch3.lt56" class="half_rhythm"><div>Side effect 2: New onset diabetes</div></li><li id="ch3.lt57" class="half_rhythm"><div>Side effect 3: Treatment related admission</div></li><li id="ch3.lt58" class="half_rhythm"><div>Side effect 4: Hypotension (dizziness)</div></li><li id="ch3.lt59" class="half_rhythm"><div>[Combined cardiovascular disease outcomes in the absence of MI and stroke data]</div></li><li id="ch3.lt60" class="half_rhythm"><div>[Coronary heart disease outcome in the absence of MI data]</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Eligibility criteria – study design</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ol id="ch3.l16"><li id="ch3.lt61" class="half_rhythm"><div>SRs (including IPD analyses) and RCTs that stratify or subgroup by baseline cardiovascular risk or blood pressure</div></li><li id="ch3.lt62" class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-randomised studies that stratify by baseline cardiovascular risk or blood pressure</div></li></ol>
|
|
<ul id="ch3.l17"><li id="ch3.lt63" class="half_rhythm"><div>Confounders that should be adjusted for:
|
|
<ul id="ch3.l18" class="circle"><li id="ch3.lt64" class="half_rhythm"><div>age</div></li><li id="ch3.lt65" class="half_rhythm"><div>prior CV event</div></li><li id="ch3.lt66" class="half_rhythm"><div>smoking</div></li><li id="ch3.lt67" class="half_rhythm"><div>sex</div></li><li id="ch3.lt68" class="half_rhythm"><div>BP (CV risk)</div></li></ul></div></li></ul>
|
|
Note:
|
|
<ul id="ch3.l19"><li id="ch3.lt69" class="half_rhythm"><div>Treatment must be received for a minimum of 1 year in study</div></li><li id="ch3.lt70" class="half_rhythm"><div>Where an IPD meta-analysis is available that matches the protocol, this will be included and data published since will be presented separately. IPD meta-analysis is considered the highest quality evidence, therefore lower quality evidence will only be considered if it was published after the IPD.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other inclusion exclusion criteria</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Exclusions:
|
|
<ul id="ch3.l20"><li id="ch3.lt71" class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-comparative data where all participants start at the same treatment threshold (studies that do not stratify by 2 or more blood pressure or CV risk groups)</div></li><li id="ch3.lt72" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies including participants with type 1 diabetes or chronic kidney disease (A3 [heavy proteinuria]) or A2 or above for participants with type 2 diabetes.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt73" class="half_rhythm"><div>Indirect populations with secondary causes of hypertension such as tumours or structural vascular defects (Conn’s adenoma, phaeochromocytoma, renovascular hypertension).</div></li><li id="ch3.lt74" class="half_rhythm"><div>Pregnant women.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt75" class="half_rhythm"><div>Children (under 18 years).</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Proposed sensitivity / subgroup analysis, or meta-regression</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No subgroups identified. The committee agreed that the stratification and adjustments required by this protocol encompassed the relevant confounding factors.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Selection process – duplicate screening / selection / analysis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Duplicate screening, selection and analysis will be undertaken on this review.</p>
|
|
<p>A senior research fellow will undertake quality assurance prior to completion.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data management (software)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Pairwise meta-analyses were performed using Cochrane Review Manager (RevMan5).</p>
|
|
<p>GRADEpro was used to assess the quality of evidence for each outcome.</p>
|
|
<p>Endnote for bibliography, citations, sifting and reference management.</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Information sources – databases and dates</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library</p>
|
|
<p>Date cut off: 2000 (restrict to papers published after this date)</p>
|
|
<p>Language: Restrict to English only</p>
|
|
<p>Key papers:</p>
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<p>Cochrane review (2017): <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010316.pub2/full" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http:<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​//onlinelibrary<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.CD010316.pub2/full</a></p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Identify if an update</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yes, 2011</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Author contacts</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg127" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">https://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg127</a>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Highlight if amendment to previous protocol</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details, please see section 4.5 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/4-Developing-review-questions-and-planning-the-evidence-review#planning-the-evidence-review" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Search strategy – for 1 database</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details, please see <a href="#ch3.appd">appendix B</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data collection process – forms / duplicate</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A standardised evidence table format will be used, and published as <a href="#ch3.appd">appendix D</a> of the evidence report.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Data items – define all variables to be collected</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details, please see evidence tables in <a href="#ch3.appd">Appendix D</a> (clinical evidence tables) or <a href="#ch3.apph">H</a> (health economic evidence tables).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for assessing bias at outcome / study level</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Standard study checklists were used to appraise individual studies critically. For details, please see section 6.2 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a></p>
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<p>The risk of bias across all available evidence was evaluated for each outcome using an adaptation of the ‘Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) toolbox’ developed by the international GRADE working group <a href="http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">http://www<wbr style="display:inline-block"></wbr>​.gradeworkinggroup.org/</a></p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Criteria for quantitative synthesis</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details, please see section 6.4 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Methods for quantitative analysis – combining studies and exploring (in)consistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details, please see the separate Methods report for this guideline.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-bias assessment – publication bias, selective reporting bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details, please see section 6.2 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/6-Reviewing-research-evidence#assessing-the-quality-of-the-evidence" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Confidence in cumulative evidence</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details, please see sections 6.4 and 9.1 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rationale / context – what is known</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">For details, please see the introduction to the evidence review.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Describe contributions of authors and guarantor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>A <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-ng10054/documents" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">multidisciplinary committee</a> developed the evidence review. The committee was convened by the National Guideline Centre (NGC) and chaired by Anthony Wierzbicki in line with section 3 of <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1%20Introduction%20and%20overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
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<p>Staff from NGC undertook systematic literature searches, appraised the evidence, conducted meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis where appropriate, and drafted the evidence review in collaboration with the committee. For details, please see <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg20/chapter/1-Introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sources of funding / support</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NGC is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Physicians.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Name of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NGC is funded by NICE and hosted by the Royal College of Physicians.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Roles of sponsor</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">NICE funds NGC to develop guidelines for those working in the NHS, public health and social care in England.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PROSPERO registration number</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not registered</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3appatab2"><div id="ch3.appa.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 12</span><span class="title">Health economic review protocol</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appa.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.appa.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Review question</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">All questions – health economic evidence</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Objectives</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">To identify health economic studies relevant to any of the review questions.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Search criteria</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul id="ch3.l21"><li id="ch3.lt76" class="half_rhythm"><div>Populations, interventions and comparators must be as specified in the clinical review protocol above.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt77" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be of a relevant health economic study design (cost–utility analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost–benefit analysis, cost–consequences analysis, comparative cost analysis).</div></li><li id="ch3.lt78" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must not be a letter, editorial or commentary, or a review of health economic evaluations. (Recent reviews will be ordered although not reviewed. The bibliographies will be checked for relevant studies, which will then be ordered.)</div></li><li id="ch3.lt79" class="half_rhythm"><div>Unpublished reports will not be considered unless submitted as part of a call for evidence.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt80" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies must be in English.</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Search strategy</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A health economic study search will be undertaken using population-specific terms and a health economic study filter – see <a href="#ch3.appb">appendix B</a> below. No date cut-off from the previous guideline was used.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Review strategy</b>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appa.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Studies not meeting any of the search criteria above will be excluded. Studies published before 2002, abstract-only studies and studies from non-OECD countries or the US will also be excluded.</p>
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<p>Studies published after 2002 that were included in the previous guideline(s) will be reassessed for inclusion and may be included or selectively excluded based on their relevance to the questions covered in this update and whether more applicable evidence is also identified.</p>
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<p>Each remaining study will be assessed for applicability and methodological limitations using the NICE economic evaluation checklist which can be found in <a href="#ch3.apph">appendix H</a> of Developing NICE guidelines: the manual (2014).<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref134" rid="ch3.ref134"><sup>134</sup></a></p>
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<p><b>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</b>
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<ul id="ch3.l22"><li id="ch3.lt81" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as both ‘Directly applicable’ and with ‘Minor limitations’, then it will be included in the guideline. A health economic evidence table will be completed and it will be included in the health economic evidence profile.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt82" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as either ‘Not applicable’ or with ‘Very serious limitations’, then it will usually be excluded from the guideline. If it is excluded then a health economic evidence table will not be completed and it will not be included in the health economic evidence profile.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt83" class="half_rhythm"><div>If a study is rated as ‘Partially applicable’, with ‘Potentially serious limitations’ or both, then there is discretion over whether it should be included.</div></li></ul>
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<b>Where there is discretion</b></p>
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<p>The health economist will make a decision based on the relative applicability and quality of the available evidence for that question in discussion with the guideline committee if required. The ultimate aim is to include health economic studies that are helpful for decision-making in the context of the guideline and the current NHS setting. If several studies are considered of sufficiently high applicability and methodological quality that they could all be included, then the health economist, in discussion with the committee if required, may decide to include only the most applicable studies and to exclude selectively the remaining studies. All studies excluded based on applicability or methodological limitations will be listed with explanation in the excluded health economic studies appendix below.</p>
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<p>The health economist will be guided by the following hierarchies.</p>
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<p><i>Setting:</i>
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<ul id="ch3.l23"><li id="ch3.lt84" class="half_rhythm"><div>UK NHS (most applicable).</div></li><li id="ch3.lt85" class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly public health insurance systems (for example, France, Germany, Sweden).</div></li><li id="ch3.lt86" class="half_rhythm"><div>OECD countries with predominantly private health insurance systems (for example, Switzerland).</div></li><li id="ch3.lt87" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies set in non-OECD countries or in the US will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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<i>Health economic study type:</i>
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<ul id="ch3.l24"><li id="ch3.lt88" class="half_rhythm"><div>Cost–utility analysis (most applicable).</div></li><li id="ch3.lt89" class="half_rhythm"><div>Other type of full economic evaluation (cost–benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost–consequences analysis).</div></li><li id="ch3.lt90" class="half_rhythm"><div>Comparative cost analysis.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt91" class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-comparative cost analyses including cost-of-illness studies will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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<i>Year of analysis:</i>
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<ul id="ch3.l25"><li id="ch3.lt92" class="half_rhythm"><div>The more recent the study, the more applicable it will be.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt93" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published in 2002 or later (including any such studies included in the previous guideline[s]) but that depend on unit costs and resource data entirely or predominantly before 2002 will be rated as ‘Not applicable’.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt94" class="half_rhythm"><div>Studies published before 2002 (including any such studies included in the previous guideline[s]) will be excluded before being assessed for applicability and methodological limitations.</div></li></ul>
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<i>Quality and relevance of effectiveness data used in the health economic analysis:</i>
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<ul id="ch3.l26"><li id="ch3.lt95" class="half_rhythm"><div>The more closely the clinical effectiveness data used in the health economic analysis match with the outcomes of the studies included in the clinical review, the more useful the analysis will be for decision-making in the guideline.</div></li><li id="ch3.lt96" class="half_rhythm"><div>Generally, economic evaluations based on excludes from the clinical review will be excluded.</div></li></ul></p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3appbtab1"><div id="ch3.appb.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 13</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appb.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.appb.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1946–02 October 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>Systematic review studies</p>
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<p>Observational studies</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase (OVID)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1974–02 October 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Exclusions</p>
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<p>Randomised controlled trials</p>
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<p>Systematic review studies</p>
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<p>Observational studies</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The Cochrane Library (Wiley)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Cochrane Reviews to Issue 8 of 12, August 2018</p>
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<p>CENTRAL to Issue 7 of 12, July 2018</p>
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<p>DARE and NHS EED to Issue 2 of 4, April 2015</p>
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<p>HTA to Issue 4 of 4, October 2016</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab1_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3appbtab2"><div id="ch3.appb.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 14</span><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appb.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.appb.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Hypertension/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">hypertens*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(elevat* adj2 blood adj pressur*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(high adj blood adj pressur*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(increase* adj2 blood pressur*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systolic or diastolic or arterial) adj2 pressur*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1–6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp pregnancy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced/ not exp Hypertension/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pre eclampsia or pre-eclampsia or preeclampsia).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Hypertension, Portal/ not exp Hypertension/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Hypertension, Pulmonary/ not exp Hypertension/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Intracranial Hypertension/ not exp Hypertension/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Ocular Hypertension/ not exp Hypertension/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/ not exp Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/8–15</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 not 16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/18–25</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26 not 27</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/28–34</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17 not 35</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(exp child/ or exp pediatrics/ or exp infant/) not (exp adolescent/ or exp adult/ or exp middle age/ or exp aged/)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36 not 37</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 38 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp antihypertensive agents/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(anti-hypertens* or antihypertens* or anti hypertens*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40 or 41</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">risk factors/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">risk assessment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((initiat* or start* or commenc* or begin*) adj4 (treatment* or medicat*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(risk* adj2 (factor* or assess*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(threshold* or level*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/43–47</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39 and 42 and 48</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">controlled clinical trial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomi#ed.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">placebo.ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomly.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical Trials as topic.sh.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">trial.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/50–56</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Meta-Analysis as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/58–67</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Epidemiologic studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Cohort studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cohort adj (study or studies or analys* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((follow up or observational or uncontrolled or non randomi#ed or epidemiologic*) adj (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((longitudinal or retrospective or prospective or cross sectional) and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Controlled Before-After Studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Historically Controlled Study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interrupted Time Series Analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(before adj2 after adj2 (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/69–78</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp case control study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">81.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case control*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">82.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/80–81</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79 or 82</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">84.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross-sectional studies/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">85.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cross sectional and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">86.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/84–85</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">87.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79 or 86</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">88.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79 or 82 or 86</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">89.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49 and (57 or 68 or 88)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3appbtab3"><div id="ch3.appb.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 15</span><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appb.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.appb.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Hypertension/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">hypertens*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(elevat* adj2 blood adj pressur*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(high adj blood adj pressur*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(increase* adj2 blood pressur*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systolic or diastolic or arterial) adj2 pressur*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/1–6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp pregnancy/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Maternal Hypertension/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(pre eclampsia or pre-eclampsia or preeclampsia).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Hypertension, Portal/ not exp Hypertension/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Hypertension, Pulmonary/ not exp Hypertension/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Intracranial Hypertension/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Ocular Hypertension/ not exp Hypertension/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/ not exp Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/8–15</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7 not 16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/18–22</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">23 not 24</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/25–32</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">17 not 33</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(exp child/ or exp pediatrics/) not (exp adult/ or exp adolescent/)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">34 not 35</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">limit 36 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp antihypertensive agent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(anti-hypertens* or antihypertens* or anti hypertens*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">38 or 39</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">risk factor/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">risk assessment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((initiat* or start* or commenc* or begin*) adj4 (treatment* or medicat*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(risk* adj2 (factor* or assess*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(threshold* or level*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/41–45</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">37 and 40 and 46</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">48.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">49.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">factorial*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">50.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(crossover* or cross over*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">51.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((doubl* or singl*) adj blind*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">52.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(assign* or allocat* or volunteer* or placebo*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">crossover procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">54.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">single blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">55.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomized controlled trial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">double blind procedure/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">57.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/48–56</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">58.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">systematic review/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">59.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">meta-analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(meta analy* or metanaly* or metaanaly* or meta regression).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((systematic* or evidence*) adj3 (review* or overview*)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">62.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(reference list* or bibliograph* or hand search* or manual search* or relevant journals).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">63.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search strategy or search criteria or systematic search or study selection or data extraction).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(search* adj4 literature).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">65.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(medline or pubmed or cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">66.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cochrane.jw.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">67.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((multiple treatment* or indirect or mixed) adj2 comparison*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">68.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/58–67</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">69.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Clinical study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">70.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Observational study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">family study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">72.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">longitudinal study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">73.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">retrospective study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">74.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">prospective study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">75.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cohort analysis/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">follow-up/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">77.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cohort*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">78.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">76 and 77</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cohort adj (study or studies or analys* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">80.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((follow up or observational or uncontrolled or non randomi#ed or epidemiologic*) adj (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">81.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">((longitudinal or retrospective or prospective or cross sectional) and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">82.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(before adj2 after adj2 (study or studies or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/69–75,78–82</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">84.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">exp case control study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">85.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">case control*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">86.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/84–85</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">87.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83 or 86</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">88.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">cross-sectional study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">89.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(cross sectional and (study or studies or review or analys* or cohort* or data)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">90.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">or/88–89</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">91.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83 or 90</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">92.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">83 or 86 or 90</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">93.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">47 and (57 or 68 or 92)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3appbtab4"><div id="ch3.appb.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 16</span><span class="title">Cochrane Library (Wiley) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appb.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.appb.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">MeSH descriptor: [Hypertension] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">hypertens*:ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(elevat* near/2 blood next pressur*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(high near/1 blood near/1 pressur*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(increase* near/2 blood pressur*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">((systolic or diastolic or arterial) near/2 pressur*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(or #1–#6)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">MeSH descriptor: [Antihypertensive Agents] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(anti-hypertens* or antihypertens* or anti hypertens*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#8 or #9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">MeSH descriptor: [Risk Factors] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">MeSH descriptor: [Risk Assessment] explode all trees</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">((initiat* or start* or commenc* or begin*) near/4 (treatment* or medicat*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(risk* near/2 (factor* or assess*)):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(threshold* or level*):ti,ab</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#11 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#7 and #10 and #16</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3appbtab5"><div id="ch3.appb.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 17</span><span class="title">Database date parameters and filters used</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appb.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.appb.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Database</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Dates searched</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Search filter used</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Medline</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2014–28 August 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Embase</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2014–28 August 2018</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Exclusions</p>
|
|
<p>Health economics studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Centre for Research and Dissemination (CRD)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>HTA - Inception–28 August 2018</p>
|
|
<p>NHSEED - Inception to March 2015</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appb.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3appbtab6"><div id="ch3.appb.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 18</span><span class="title">Medline (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appb.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.appb.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">exp Hypertension/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">hypertens*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(elevat* adj2 blood adj pressur*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(high adj blood adj pressur*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(increase* adj2 blood pressur*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">((systolic or diastolic or arterial) adj2 pressur*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">or/1–6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">editorial/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">news/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">exp historical article/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Anecdotes as Topic/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">comment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">case report/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">or/8–15</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">16 not 17</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">animals/ not humans/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">exp Animals, Laboratory/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">exp Animal Experimentation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">exp Models, Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">exp Rodentia/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">or/18–24</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">7 not 25</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">limit 26 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Value of life/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">exp “Costs and Cost Analysis”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">exp Economics, Hospital/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">exp Economics, Medical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Economics, Nursing/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Economics, Pharmaceutical/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">exp “Fees and Charges”/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">exp Budgets/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">41.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">42.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">43.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">44.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">or/28–43</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">45.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">27 and 44</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3appbtab7"><div id="ch3.appb.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 19</span><span class="title">Embase (Ovid) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appb.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.appb.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">exp Hypertension/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">hypertens*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(elevat* adj2 blood adj pressur*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(high adj blood adj pressur*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(increase* adj2 blood pressur*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">((systolic or diastolic or arterial) adj2 pressur*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">or/1–6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">8.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">letter.pt. or letter/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">9.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">note.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">10.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">editorial.pt.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">11.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">case report/ or case study/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">12.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(letter or comment*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">13.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">or/8–12</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">14.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">randomized controlled trial/ or random*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">15.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">13 not 14</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">16.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">animal/ not human/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">17.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">nonhuman/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">18.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">exp Animal Experiment/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">19.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">exp Experimental Animal/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">20.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">animal model/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">21.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">exp Rodent/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">22.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(rat or rats or mouse or mice).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">23.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">or/15–22</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">24.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">7 not 23</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">25.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">limit 24 to English language</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">26.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">health economics/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">27.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">exp economic evaluation/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">28.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">exp health care cost/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">29.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">exp fee/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">30.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">budget/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">31.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">funding/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">32.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">budget*.ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">33.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">cost*.ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">34.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(economic* or pharmaco?economic*).ti.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">35.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(price* or pricing*).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">36.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(cost* adj2 (effective* or utilit* or benefit* or minimi* or unit* or estimat* or variable*)).ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">37.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(financ* or fee or fees).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">38.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(value adj2 (money or monetary)).ti,ab.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">39.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">or/26–38</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">40.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">25 and 39</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3appbtab8"><div id="ch3.appb.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 20</span><span class="title">NHS EED and HTA (CRD) search terms</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appb.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.appb.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#1.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">MeSH DESCRIPTOR Hypertension EXPLODE ALL TREES IN NHSEED,HTA</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#2.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(Hypertens*) IN NHSEED, HTA</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#3.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(elevat* adj2 blood adj pressur*) IN NHSEED, HTA</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#4.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(high adj blood adj pressur*) IN NHSEED, HTA</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#5.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">(increase* adj2 blood pressur*) IN NHSEED, HTA</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#6.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">((systolic or diastolic or arterial) adj2 pressur*) IN NHSEED, HTA</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#7.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch3appcfig1"><div id="ch3.appc.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%202.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20clinical%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20review%20of%20initiating%20treatment%20in%20Hypertension.&p=BOOKS&id=578045_ch3appcf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3appcf1.jpg" alt="Figure 2. Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of initiating treatment in Hypertension." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 2</span><span class="title">Flow chart of clinical study selection for the review of initiating treatment in Hypertension</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch3appefig1"><div id="ch3.appe.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%203.%20Treatment%20versus%20no%20treatment%20in%20hypertensive%20and%20diabetic%20population.&p=BOOKS&id=578045_ch3appef1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3appef1.jpg" alt="Figure 3. Treatment versus no treatment in hypertensive and diabetic population." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 3</span><span class="title">Treatment versus no treatment in hypertensive and diabetic population</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch3appefig2"><div id="ch3.appe.fig2" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%204.%20Treatment%20versus%20no%20treatment%20in%20hypertensive%20and%20diabetic%20population.&p=BOOKS&id=578045_ch3appef2.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3appef2.jpg" alt="Figure 4. Treatment versus no treatment in hypertensive and diabetic population." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 4</span><span class="title">Treatment versus no treatment in hypertensive and diabetic population</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch3appefig3"><div id="ch3.appe.fig3" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%205.%20Treatment%20versus%20no%20treatment%20in%20hypertensive%20and%20diabetic%20population.&p=BOOKS&id=578045_ch3appef3.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3appef3.jpg" alt="Figure 5. Treatment versus no treatment in hypertensive and diabetic population." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 5</span><span class="title">Treatment versus no treatment in hypertensive and diabetic population</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch3appefig4"><div id="ch3.appe.fig4" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%206.%20Treatment%20versus%20no%20treatment%20in%20hypertensive%20and%20diabetic%20population.&p=BOOKS&id=578045_ch3appef4.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3appef4.jpg" alt="Figure 6. Treatment versus no treatment in hypertensive and diabetic population." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 6</span><span class="title">Treatment versus no treatment in hypertensive and diabetic population</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch3appefig5"><div id="ch3.appe.fig5" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%207.%20All-cause%20mortality%20at%204.4%20years.&p=BOOKS&id=578045_ch3appef5.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3appef5.jpg" alt="Figure 7. All-cause mortality at 4.4 years." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 7</span><span class="title">All-cause mortality at 4.4 years</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch3appefig6"><div id="ch3.appe.fig6" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%208.%20Stroke%20at%204.4%20years.&p=BOOKS&id=578045_ch3appef6.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3appef6.jpg" alt="Figure 8. Stroke at 4.4 years." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 8</span><span class="title">Stroke at 4.4 years</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch3appefig7"><div id="ch3.appe.fig7" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%209.%20Heart%20failure%20at%204.4%20years.&p=BOOKS&id=578045_ch3appef7.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3appef7.jpg" alt="Figure 9. Heart failure at 4.4 years." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 9</span><span class="title">Heart failure at 4.4 years</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch3appefig8"><div id="ch3.appe.fig8" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2010.%20Treatment%20versus%20no%20treatment%20in%20hypertensive%20and%20diabetic%20population.&p=BOOKS&id=578045_ch3appef8.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3appef8.jpg" alt="Figure 10. Treatment versus no treatment in hypertensive and diabetic population." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 10</span><span class="title">Treatment versus no treatment in hypertensive and diabetic population</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch3appefig9"><div id="ch3.appe.fig9" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2011.%20Mortality%20at%205.8%20years.&p=BOOKS&id=578045_ch3appef9.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3appef9.jpg" alt="Figure 11. Mortality at 5.8 years." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 11</span><span class="title">Mortality at 5.8 years</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch3appefig10"><div id="ch3.appe.fig10" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2012.%20Stroke%20at%205.8%20years.&p=BOOKS&id=578045_ch3appef10.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3appef10.jpg" alt="Figure 12. Stroke at 5.8 years." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 12</span><span class="title">Stroke at 5.8 years</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch3appefig11"><div id="ch3.appe.fig11" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2013.%20Myocardial%20Infarction%20at%205.8%20years.&p=BOOKS&id=578045_ch3appef11.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3appef11.jpg" alt="Figure 13. Myocardial Infarction at 5.8 years." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 13</span><span class="title">Myocardial Infarction at 5.8 years</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch3appefig12"><div id="ch3.appe.fig12" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2014.%20Heart%20Failure%20at%205.8%20years.&p=BOOKS&id=578045_ch3appef12.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3appef12.jpg" alt="Figure 14. Heart Failure at 5.8 years." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 14</span><span class="title">Heart Failure at 5.8 years</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch3appefig13"><div id="ch3.appe.fig13" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2015.%20Non-Myocardial%20Infarction%20Acute%20Coronary%20Syndrome%20at%205.8%20years.&p=BOOKS&id=578045_ch3appef13.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3appef13.jpg" alt="Figure 15. Non-Myocardial Infarction Acute Coronary Syndrome at 5.8 years." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 15</span><span class="title">Non-Myocardial Infarction Acute Coronary Syndrome at 5.8 years</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch3appefig14"><div id="ch3.appe.fig14" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2016.%20Hypotension%20at%205.8%20years.&p=BOOKS&id=578045_ch3appef14.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3appef14.jpg" alt="Figure 16. Hypotension at 5.8 years." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 16</span><span class="title">Hypotension at 5.8 years</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch3appefig15"><div id="ch3.appe.fig15" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2017.%20Acute%20Kidney%20Injury%20at%205.8%20years.&p=BOOKS&id=578045_ch3appef15.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3appef15.jpg" alt="Figure 17. Acute Kidney Injury at 5.8 years." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 17</span><span class="title">Acute Kidney Injury at 5.8 years</span></h3></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3appftab1"><div id="ch3.appf.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 21</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: treatment versus no treatment at systolic blood pressure thresholds (with and without type 2 diabetes)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appf.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.appf.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Treatment versus no treatment</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">All-cause mortality - <140mmHg (follow-up mean 4 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.98 (0.9 to 1.07)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[4,897 events in 68, 16 people]<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">All-cause mortality - 140–159mmHg (follow-up mean 4 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.87 (0.75 to 1.01)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7 fewer per 1000 (from 14 fewer to 1 more)<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">All-cause mortality - ≥160mmHg (follow-up mean 4 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.93 (0.87 to 0.99)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6 fewer per 1000 (from 1 fewer to 11 fewer)<sup>3</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Stroke - <140 (follow-up mean 4 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.85 (0.68 to 1.06)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">4 fewer per 1000 (from 10 fewer to 2 more)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Stroke - 140–159 (follow-up mean 4 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.86 (0.72 to 1.03)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6 fewer per 1000 (from 12 fewer to 1 more)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Stroke - ≥160 (follow-up mean 4 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.69 (0.6 to 0.79)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19 fewer per 1000 (from 13 fewer to 25 fewer)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Coronary heart disease - <140 mmHg (Copy; follow-up mean 4 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.98 (0.88 to 1.09)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1 fewer per 1000 (from 8 fewer to 6 more)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Coronary heart disease - 140–159mmHg (Copy)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no methodology chosen</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.86 (0.76 to 0.97)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">5 fewer per 1000 (from 1 fewer to 8 fewer)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_15_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Coronary heart disease - ≥160mmHg (Copy)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no methodology chosen</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.86 (0.78 to 0.95)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">8 fewer per 1000 (from 3 fewer to 12 fewer)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_17_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Heart failure - <140mmHg (follow-up mean 4 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.88 (0.78 to 0.99)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[2,261 events in 60,879 people]<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_19_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Heart failure - 140–159mmHg (follow-up mean 4 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.87 (0.73 to 1.04)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[1,113 events in 35,254 people]<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
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<p>VERY LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_21_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Heart failure - ≥160mmHg (follow-up mean 4 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">-</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.53 (0.42 to 0.67)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">[520 events in 23,395 people]<sup>5</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
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<p>LOW</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab1_1_1_23_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch3.appf.tab1_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment due to population or outcome indirectness or by 2 increments for both population and outcome indirectness.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch3.appf.tab1_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch3.appf.tab1_3"><p class="no_margin">Control group risk not reported; values extrapolated from Bulpitt 1988<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref38" rid="ch3.ref38"><sup>38</sup></a></p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch3.appf.tab1_4"><p class="no_margin">Control group risk not reported; values extrapolated from Law 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref90" rid="ch3.ref90"><sup>90</sup></a></p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>5</dt><dd><div id="ch3.appf.tab1_5"><p class="no_margin">Control group risk not reported; therefore, absolute risk could not be calculated: no data was available that values could be extrapolated from.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3appftab2"><div id="ch3.appf.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 22</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Treatment versus no treatment at systolic blood pressure thresholds (type 2 diabetes)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appf.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.appf.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Treatment</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No treatment (diabetes)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">All-cause mortality - 140–159mmHg (follow-up mean 4.4 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>230/3355</p>
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<p>(6.9%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>268/2979</p>
|
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<p>(9%)</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.76 (0.64 to 0.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">22 fewer per 1000 (from 9 fewer to 32 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Stroke - 140–159mmHg (follow-up mean 4.4 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>230/3052</p>
|
|
<p>(7.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>267/2845</p>
|
|
<p>(9.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.8 (0.68 to 0.95)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">19 fewer per 1000 (from 5 fewer to 30 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
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<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Heart failure - 140–159mmHg (follow-up mean 4.4 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious indirectness</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>62/2872</p>
|
|
<p>(2.2%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>76/2757</p>
|
|
<p>(2.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.78 (0.56 to 1.09)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6 fewer per 1000 (from 12 fewer to 2 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁⨁⨁◯</p>
|
|
<p>MODERATE</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab2_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch3.appf.tab2_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3appftab3"><div id="ch3.appf.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 23</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Treatment versus no treatment at diastolic blood pressure thresholds (with and without type 2 diabetes)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appf.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.appf.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Treatment versus no treatment</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Control</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Stroke (diastolic) - >80mmHg (follow-up mean 4 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>735/21807</p>
|
|
<p>(3.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>943/20792</p>
|
|
<p>(4.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.74 (0.68 to 0.82)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12 fewer per 1000 (from 8 fewer to 15 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Stroke (diastolic) - 80–84mmHg (follow-up mean 4 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>393/18780</p>
|
|
<p>(2.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>516/18736</p>
|
|
<p>(2.8%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.76 (0.67 to 0.87)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">7 fewer per 1000 (from 4 fewer to 9 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Stroke (diastolic) - 85–89mmHg (follow-up mean 4 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>709/23105</p>
|
|
<p>(3.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>749/16626</p>
|
|
<p>(4.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.68 (0.62 to 0.75)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">14 fewer per 1000 (from 11 fewer to 17 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Stroke (diastolic) - 90–94mmHg (follow-up mean 4 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>399/19368</p>
|
|
<p>(2.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>631/19278</p>
|
|
<p>(3.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.63 (0.56 to 0.71)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">12 fewer per 1000 (from 9 fewer to 14 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Stroke (diastolic) - >95mmHg (follow-up mean 4 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">randomised trials</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>123/3331</p>
|
|
<p>(3.7%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>209/2864</p>
|
|
<p>(7.3%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">RR 0.51 (0.41 to 0.63)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">36 fewer per 1000 (from 27 fewer to 43 fewer)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁⨁◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab3_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch3.appf.tab3_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment due to population or outcome indirectness, or by 2 increments for both population and outcome indirectness.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch3.appf.tab3_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3appftab4"><div id="ch3.appf.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 24</span><span class="title">Clinical evidence profile: Treatment versus no treatment at systolic blood pressure threshold of 140–159 mmHg (without type 2 diabetes)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appf.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.appf.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table class="no_bottom_margin"><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality assessment</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of patients</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Effect</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Quality</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" rowspan="2" colspan="1" headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Importance</th></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No of studies</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Design</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Risk of bias</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Inconsistency</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Indirectness</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Imprecision</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Other considerations</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Treatment</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">No treatment (no diabetes)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Relative (95% CI)</th><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3" id="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Absolute<sup>3</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Mortality - 140–159mmHg (follow-up median 5.8 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>860/19143</p>
|
|
<p>(4.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>781/19143</p>
|
|
<p>(4.1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">HR 1.02 (0.88 to 1.18)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1 more per 1000 (from 5 fewer to 7 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Stroke - 140–159mmHg (follow-up median 5.8 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>292/19143</p>
|
|
<p>(1.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>285/19143</p>
|
|
<p>(1.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">HR 0.97 (0.78 to 1.21)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 3 fewer to 3 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Myocardial Infarction - 140–159mmHg (follow-up median 5.8 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>276/19143</p>
|
|
<p>(1.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>279/19143</p>
|
|
<p>(1.5%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">HR 1 (0.8 to 1.25)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0 fewer per 1000 (from 3 fewer to 4 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">CRITICAL</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Heart failure - 140–159mmHg (follow-up median 5.8 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>169/19143</p>
|
|
<p>(0.88%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>131/19143</p>
|
|
<p>(0.68%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">HR 1.34 (0.96 to 1.87)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2 more per 1000 (from 0 fewer to 6 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Non-MI acute coronary syndrome - 140–159mmHg (follow-up median 5.8 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>61/19143</p>
|
|
<p>(0.32%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>56/19143</p>
|
|
<p>(0.29%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">HR 1.19 (0.74 to 1.91)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1 more per 1000 (from 1 fewer to 3 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Hypotension - 140–159mmHg (follow-up median 5.8 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious imprecision</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>268/19143</p>
|
|
<p>(1.4%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>161/19143</p>
|
|
<p>(0.84%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">HR 1.69 (1.3 to 2.2)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">6 more per 1000 (from 3 more to 10 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr><tr><th headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5" id="hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" colspan="13" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Acute Kidney Injury - 140–159mmHg (follow-up median 5.8 years)</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_1 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_2 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">observational studies</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_3 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious risk of bias</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">no serious inconsistency</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">very serious<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_6 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">serious<sup>2</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_7 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_8 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>194/19143</p>
|
|
<p>(1%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_9 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>144/19143</p>
|
|
<p>(0.75%)</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_10 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">HR 1.37 (1 to 1.88)<sup>4</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_2_11 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3 more per 1000 (from 0 more to 7 more)</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_4 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>⨁◯◯◯</p>
|
|
<p>VERY LOW</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_1_5 hd_b_ch3.appf.tab4_1_1_13_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">IMPORTANT</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="tblwrap-foot"><div><dl class="temp-labeled-list small"><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>1</dt><dd><div id="ch3.appf.tab4_1"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 or 2 increments because the majority of the evidence included an indirect or very indirect population respectively.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>2</dt><dd><div id="ch3.appf.tab4_2"><p class="no_margin">Downgraded by 1 increment if the confidence interval crossed 1 MID or by 2 increments if the confidence interval crossed both MIDs.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>3</dt><dd><div id="ch3.appf.tab4_3"><p class="no_margin">Absolute effects calculated by inputting raw event data from median follow up time into GRADE.</p></div></dd></dl><dl class="bkr_refwrap"><dt>4</dt><dd><div id="ch3.appf.tab4_4"><p class="no_margin">Evidence based on one study that reported HRs with raw event data.</p></div></dd></dl></dl></div></div></div></article><article data-type="fig" id="figobch3appgfig1"><div id="ch3.appg.fig1" class="figure bk_fig"><div class="graphic"><a href="/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Figure%2018.%20Flow%20chart%20of%20health%20economic%20study%20selection%20for%20the%20guideline.&p=BOOKS&id=578045_ch3appgf1.jpg" target="tileshopwindow" class="inline_block pmc_inline_block ts_canvas img_link" title="Click on image to zoom"><div class="ts_bar small" title="Click on image to zoom"></div><img data-src="/books/NBK578045/bin/ch3appgf1.jpg" alt="Figure 18. Flow chart of health economic study selection for the guideline." class="tileshop" title="Click on image to zoom" /></a></div><h3><span class="label">Figure 18</span><span class="title">Flow chart of health economic study selection for the guideline</span></h3><div class="caption"><p>* Non-relevant population, intervention, comparison, design or setting; non-English language</p></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3appitab1"><div id="ch3.appi.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 25</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the clinical review that were included in the previous guideline (CG127)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.appi.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Exclusion reason</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Arima 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref10" rid="ch3.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study took place prior to 2000 date cut off</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Arima 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref11" rid="ch3.ref11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (not treated)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asayama 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref17" rid="ch3.ref17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (not hypertension), study design and analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Assmann 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref20" rid="ch3.ref20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes, incorrect comparison. Prognostic study predicting cardiovascular outcomes based on pulse pressure.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Barengo 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref25" rid="ch3.ref25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison, incorrect analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Barengo 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref26" rid="ch3.ref26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design, incorrect population. Population included normotensive people and compared cardiovascular risk between groups.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Benetos 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref29" rid="ch3.ref29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison. Comparing people with hypertension to normotensive people.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Borghi 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref35" rid="ch3.ref35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design, incorrect interventions. Not comparing treatment initiation thresholds. Study comparing link between systolic and diastolic blood pressure with cardiovascular outcomes.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Britton 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref38" rid="ch3.ref38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population; including people with heart failure</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Carlsson 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref47" rid="ch3.ref47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study took place prior to 2000 date cut off</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conen 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref49" rid="ch3.ref49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison. Comparing people with hypertension to normotensive people.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Deckers 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref51" rid="ch3.ref51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fagard 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref61" rid="ch3.ref61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison. Study did not compare initation of treatment at different blood pressure thresholds</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fagard 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref60" rid="ch3.ref60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design. Comparing ambulatory and clinic blood pressure measurements as predictors of cardiovascular events</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fang 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref62" rid="ch3.ref62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison. Comparing risk of stroke in hypertensive and nomotensive people.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gustavsen 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref76" rid="ch3.ref76"><sup>76</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population; white coat hypertension only</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Haider 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref77" rid="ch3.ref77"><sup>77</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design. Prognostic study comparing predictive value of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and pulse pressure for the onset of congestive heart failure.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Head 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref80" rid="ch3.ref80"><sup>80</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison, incorrect study design. Correlations between ambulatory and clinic blood pressure.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inoue 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref86" rid="ch3.ref86"><sup>86</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design. Prognostic study comparing predictive value of systolic blood pressure amd diastolic blood pressure for predicting cardiovascular events</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ishikawa 1997<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref89" rid="ch3.ref89"><sup>89</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kagiyama 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref96" rid="ch3.ref96"><sup>96</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study took place prior to 2000 date cut off</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kokubo 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref101" rid="ch3.ref101"><sup>101</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kono 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref102" rid="ch3.ref102"><sup>102</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison. Class comparison of different drugs, comparing the effect on cardiovascular events (case-control study).</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kshirsagar 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref103" rid="ch3.ref103"><sup>103</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population. Population had a blood pressure below the diagnsotic threshold for hypertension</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Obara 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref139" rid="ch3.ref139"><sup>139</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison. Comparing predictive value of systolic and diastolic blood pressure for cardiovascular outcomes.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Okayama 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref143" rid="ch3.ref143"><sup>143</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study took place prior to 2000 date cut off. Incorrect comparison; comparing predictive value of systolic and diastolic blood pressure for cardiovascular outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sairenchi 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref153" rid="ch3.ref153"><sup>153</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design. Prognostic study comparing predictive value of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure for the onset of mortality</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Weitzman 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref186" rid="ch3.ref186"><sup>186</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison, incorrect population. Comparing people with normotensive blood pressure to people with hypertension</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3appitab2"><div id="ch3.appi.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 26</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the clinical review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.appi.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Exclusion reason</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adamsson Eryd 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref1" rid="ch3.ref1"><sup>1</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design, Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Akanabe 1985<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref2" rid="ch3.ref2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Before 2000; incorrect analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">ALLHAT collaborate research group 2000<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref3" rid="ch3.ref3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ambrosius 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref4" rid="ch3.ref4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anand 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref6" rid="ch3.ref6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (heart failure)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anand 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref5" rid="ch3.ref5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (heart failure)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anavekar 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref7" rid="ch3.ref7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anderson 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref8" rid="ch3.ref8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Anon 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref9" rid="ch3.ref9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Arima 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref10" rid="ch3.ref10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study took place prior to 2000 date cut off</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Arima 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref11" rid="ch3.ref11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (not treated)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Arnold 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref12" rid="ch3.ref12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asayama 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref17" rid="ch3.ref17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population, study design and analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asayama 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref15" rid="ch3.ref15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asayama 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref18" rid="ch3.ref18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population, study design and analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asayama 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref19" rid="ch3.ref19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asayama 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref14" rid="ch3.ref14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asayama 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref13" rid="ch3.ref13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes, Incorrect comparison, incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asayama 2018<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref16" rid="ch3.ref16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Already treated at baseline</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Assmann 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref20" rid="ch3.ref20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes, incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Aydogan 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref22" rid="ch3.ref22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Already treated at baseline</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Baker 2000<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref23" rid="ch3.ref23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Banach 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref24" rid="ch3.ref24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Barengo 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref26" rid="ch3.ref26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design, incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Barengo 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref25" rid="ch3.ref25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison, incorrect analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Beckett 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref27" rid="ch3.ref27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in systematic review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Benavente 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref28" rid="ch3.ref28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect analysis (not adjusted)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Benetos 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref29" rid="ch3.ref29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Blacher 2000<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref30" rid="ch3.ref30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Black 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref31" rid="ch3.ref31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison, no relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref32" rid="ch3.ref32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bohm 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref33" rid="ch3.ref33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Borghi 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref35" rid="ch3.ref35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design, incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Borghi 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref34" rid="ch3.ref34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes, data set before 2000</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Boutitie 2002<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref36" rid="ch3.ref36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Brimble 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref37" rid="ch3.ref37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Not article</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Britton 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref38" rid="ch3.ref38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Brown 2000<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref39" rid="ch3.ref39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population, Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bulpitt 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref42" rid="ch3.ref42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bundy 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref44" rid="ch3.ref44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Bundy 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref45" rid="ch3.ref45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Butler 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref46" rid="ch3.ref46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Carlsson 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref47" rid="ch3.ref47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study took place prior to 2000 date cut off</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conen 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref49" rid="ch3.ref49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Czernichow 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref50" rid="ch3.ref50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population, incorrect comparison, incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Deckers 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref51" rid="ch3.ref51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Derosa 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref52" rid="ch3.ref52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Derosa 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref53" rid="ch3.ref53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Article retracted</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dregan 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref54" rid="ch3.ref54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Estacio 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref56" rid="ch3.ref56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ettehad 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref57" rid="ch3.ref57"><sup>57</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review; references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fagard 1999<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref59" rid="ch3.ref59"><sup>59</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study took place prior to 2000 date cut off</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fagard 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref60" rid="ch3.ref60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fagard 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref61" rid="ch3.ref61"><sup>61</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fagard 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref58" rid="ch3.ref58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fang 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref62" rid="ch3.ref62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Feldstein 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref63" rid="ch3.ref63"><sup>63</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ferrucci 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref65" rid="ch3.ref65"><sup>65</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Filippi 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref66" rid="ch3.ref66"><sup>66</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Freitag 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref67" rid="ch3.ref67"><sup>67</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review, references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Frontoni 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref68" rid="ch3.ref68"><sup>68</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Commentary</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fuchs 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref69" rid="ch3.ref69"><sup>69</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Fuchs 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref70" rid="ch3.ref70"><sup>70</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included in systematic review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Garrison 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref71" rid="ch3.ref71"><sup>71</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Geraci 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref72" rid="ch3.ref72"><sup>72</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Grassi 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref73" rid="ch3.ref73"><sup>73</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Literature review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gueyffier 1997<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref75" rid="ch3.ref75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gueyffier 1999<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref74" rid="ch3.ref74"><sup>74</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study took place prior to 2000 date cut off</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gustavsen 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref76" rid="ch3.ref76"><sup>76</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Haider 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref77" rid="ch3.ref77"><sup>77</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hansen 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref78" rid="ch3.ref78"><sup>78</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study took place prior to 2000 date cut off</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hara 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref79" rid="ch3.ref79"><sup>79</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Head 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref80" rid="ch3.ref80"><sup>80</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison, incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ho 2018<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref81" rid="ch3.ref81"><sup>81</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hong 2018<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref82" rid="ch3.ref82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review, references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Howard 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref83" rid="ch3.ref83"><sup>83</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Huse 2000<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref84" rid="ch3.ref84"><sup>84</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">In der Schmitten 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref85" rid="ch3.ref85"><sup>85</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inoue 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref86" rid="ch3.ref86"><sup>86</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Isezuo 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref87" rid="ch3.ref87"><sup>87</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ishikawa 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref88" rid="ch3.ref88"><sup>88</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Izzo 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref90" rid="ch3.ref90"><sup>90</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Review; references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Jacobs 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref91" rid="ch3.ref91"><sup>91</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">JATOS study group 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref93" rid="ch3.ref93"><sup>93</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Johnson 1993<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref94" rid="ch3.ref94"><sup>94</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Julius 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref95" rid="ch3.ref95"><sup>95</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kagiyama 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref96" rid="ch3.ref96"><sup>96</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study took place prior to 2000 date cut off</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kalkman 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref97" rid="ch3.ref97"><sup>97</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meta-analysis; references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Karmali 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref98" rid="ch3.ref98"><sup>98</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kengne 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref99" rid="ch3.ref99"><sup>99</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kim 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref100" rid="ch3.ref100"><sup>100</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kokubo 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref101" rid="ch3.ref101"><sup>101</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kono 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref102" rid="ch3.ref102"><sup>102</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kshirsagar 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref103" rid="ch3.ref103"><sup>103</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ku 2018<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref104" rid="ch3.ref104"><sup>104</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lachouri 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref106" rid="ch3.ref106"><sup>106</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Le 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref108" rid="ch3.ref108"><sup>108</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lee 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref109" rid="ch3.ref109"><sup>109</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Li 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref110" rid="ch3.ref110"><sup>110</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Li 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref112" rid="ch3.ref112"><sup>112</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Li 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref111" rid="ch3.ref111"><sup>111</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted for treatment</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lithell 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref113" rid="ch3.ref113"><sup>113</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Liu 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref115" rid="ch3.ref115"><sup>115</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Included studies before cut off 2000</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Liu 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref114" rid="ch3.ref114"><sup>114</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lonn 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref117" rid="ch3.ref117"><sup>117</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population, no relevant outcomes, incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lonn 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref116" rid="ch3.ref116"><sup>116</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population, no relevant outcomes, incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lopez-Paz 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref118" rid="ch3.ref118"><sup>118</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Luders 1002<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref119" rid="ch3.ref119"><sup>119</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Lund Haheim 1995<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref120" rid="ch3.ref120"><sup>120</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study took place prior to 2000 date cut off</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ma 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref121" rid="ch3.ref121"><sup>121</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Inappropriate washout period</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">MacMahon 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref122" rid="ch3.ref122"><sup>122</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mancia 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref123" rid="ch3.ref123"><sup>123</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Margolis 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref124" rid="ch3.ref124"><sup>124</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mariampillai 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref125" rid="ch3.ref125"><sup>125</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Commentary</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mehlum 2018<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref126" rid="ch3.ref126"><sup>126</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable data</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meredith 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref128" rid="ch3.ref128"><sup>128</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Meredith 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref127" rid="ch3.ref127"><sup>127</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moraes 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref129" rid="ch3.ref129"><sup>129</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review, references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Muntner 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref130" rid="ch3.ref130"><sup>130</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Myers 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref131" rid="ch3.ref131"><sup>131</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nakamura 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref132" rid="ch3.ref132"><sup>132</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study took place prior to 2000 date cut off</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nelson 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref135" rid="ch3.ref135"><sup>135</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ninomiya 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref136" rid="ch3.ref136"><sup>136</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Nissen 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref137" rid="ch3.ref137"><sup>137</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ntaios 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref138" rid="ch3.ref138"><sup>138</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No useable data</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Obara 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref139" rid="ch3.ref139"><sup>139</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ogihara 2008<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref140" rid="ch3.ref140"><sup>140</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ogihara 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref141" rid="ch3.ref141"><sup>141</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (already treated)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ohkuma 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref142" rid="ch3.ref142"><sup>142</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Okayama 2006<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref143" rid="ch3.ref143"><sup>143</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study took place prior to 2000 date cut off. Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Papademetriou 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref144" rid="ch3.ref144"><sup>144</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Patel 2007<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref145" rid="ch3.ref145"><sup>145</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Patel 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref146" rid="ch3.ref146"><sup>146</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pocock 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref147" rid="ch3.ref147"><sup>147</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study took place prior to 2000 date cut off</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Pringle 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref148" rid="ch3.ref148"><sup>148</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Redon 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref149" rid="ch3.ref149"><sup>149</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Remme 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref150" rid="ch3.ref150"><sup>150</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Rouleau 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref151" rid="ch3.ref151"><sup>151</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ruggenenti 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref152" rid="ch3.ref152"><sup>152</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sairenchi 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref153" rid="ch3.ref153"><sup>153</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shapiro 2018<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref154" rid="ch3.ref154"><sup>154</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Shiraishi 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref157" rid="ch3.ref157"><sup>157</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Singh 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref158" rid="ch3.ref158"><sup>158</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Conference abstract</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sipahi 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref159" rid="ch3.ref159"><sup>159</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review, references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sleight 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref160" rid="ch3.ref160"><sup>160</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Order cancelled</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sundstrom 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref164" rid="ch3.ref164"><sup>164</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Sundstrom 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref163" rid="ch3.ref163"><sup>163</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Takase 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref165" rid="ch3.ref165"><sup>165</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect study design</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The ADVANCE Collaborative Group 2001<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref166" rid="ch3.ref166"><sup>166</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions; incorrect analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thomopoulos 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref167" rid="ch3.ref167"><sup>167</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review, references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thomopoulos 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref169" rid="ch3.ref169"><sup>169</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review, references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thomopoulos 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref168" rid="ch3.ref168"><sup>168</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thomopoulos 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref170" rid="ch3.ref170"><sup>170</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thomopoulos 2018<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref171" rid="ch3.ref171"><sup>171</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review, references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Thompson 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref172" rid="ch3.ref172"><sup>172</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tiessen 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref173" rid="ch3.ref173"><sup>173</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Tillin 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref174" rid="ch3.ref174"><sup>174</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Turnbull 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref175" rid="ch3.ref175"><sup>175</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systematic review, references checked</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ueshima 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref176" rid="ch3.ref176"><sup>176</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study took place prior to 2000 date cut off</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Veloudi 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref177" rid="ch3.ref177"><sup>177</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Verdecchia 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref178" rid="ch3.ref178"><sup>178</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population (already treated)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Vishram 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref179" rid="ch3.ref179"><sup>179</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wan 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref180" rid="ch3.ref180"><sup>180</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">incorrect study design, incorrect study population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wan 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref181" rid="ch3.ref181"><sup>181</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wang 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref182" rid="ch3.ref182"><sup>182</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Webb 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref183" rid="ch3.ref183"><sup>183</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Weber 2010<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref185" rid="ch3.ref185"><sup>185</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Weber 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref184" rid="ch3.ref184"><sup>184</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Weitzman 2005<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref186" rid="ch3.ref186"><sup>186</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wing 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref187" rid="ch3.ref187"><sup>187</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Before cut off of 2000; previously treated</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Wong 2013<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref188" rid="ch3.ref188"><sup>188</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Xie 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref189" rid="ch3.ref189"><sup>189</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population; incorrect analysis</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yui 2004<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref190" rid="ch3.ref190"><sup>190</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yusuf 2009<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref192" rid="ch3.ref192"><sup>192</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yusuf 2012<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref193" rid="ch3.ref193"><sup>193</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Less than minimum duration; Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Yusuf 2016<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref191" rid="ch3.ref191"><sup>191</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect population, no relevant outcomes, incorrect interventions</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zamorano 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref194" rid="ch3.ref194"><sup>194</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">No relevant outcomes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zanchetti 2003<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref195" rid="ch3.ref195"><sup>195</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Zheng 2015<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref196" rid="ch3.ref196"><sup>196</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Incorrect comparison</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3appitab3"><div id="ch3.appi.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 27</span><span class="title">Studies excluded from the health economic review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appi.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.appi.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Reference</th><th id="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Athanasakis 2011<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref21" rid="ch3.ref21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This study was assessed as partially applicable with very serious limitations because although it is comparing treatment versus no treatment in a hypertensive population, the treatment effect is based on observational systolic BPs in a treated and untreated group being put into a risk calculator as above.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ferket 2017<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref64" rid="ch3.ref64"><sup>64</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This study was assessed as not applicable because the intervention that is being compared in different CV risk subgroups is a polypill that also includes a statin.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Kypridemos 2018<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref105" rid="ch3.ref105"><sup>105</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This study was assessed as not applicable because it is comparing different types of implementation of NHS health check, which can lead to identification of many conditions and not just hypertension, so it is not just about antihypertensive treatment.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Stevanovic 2014<a class="bibr" href="#ch3.ref161" rid="ch3.ref161"><sup>161</sup></a></td><td headers="hd_h_ch3.appi.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">This study was assessed as partially applicable with very serious limitations because although it is comparing treatment versus no treatment in a hypertensive population, it uses a different risk calculator to what would be used in the UK. It also uses BP reduction for treatment effect (rather than a relative risk reduction in events) and predicts events through the calculator which should ideally be used only for baseline risks. It also has different treatment steps to UK practice.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobch3appjtab1"><div id="ch3.appj.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="title">Criteria for selecting high-priority research recommendations</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK578045/table/ch3.appj.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__ch3.appj.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">PICO question</th><td headers="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Population: People with hypertension aged under 40 with or without target organ damage (stratified by BP or cardiovascular risk).</p>
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<p>Intervention(s): Lifestyle and pharmacological interventions to lower blood pressure.</p>
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<p>Comparison: Lifestyle intervention with no antihypertensive treatment.</p>
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<p>Outcome(s): All-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke and health related quality of life.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance to patients or the population</th><td headers="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_2_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">An increasing number of people are recognised to have hypertension whose onset occurs at aged under 40. The lifetime cardiovascular risk to people and health cost to the NHS of this phenomenon is currently poorly characterised.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to NICE guidance</th><td headers="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">High quality research in this area may enable future updates of this guidance to make a strong recommendation on the cost utility thresholds at which treatment of people aged under 40 is beneficial.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Relevance to the NHS</th><td headers="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">People with a young onset of hypertension have often more than 50 years of life during which treatment may be effective, and the NHS has more than half a century of health costs to meet per affected individual. It seems likely that cheap effective treatment early on may reduce lifetime healthcare cost to the NHS from vascular events.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">National priorities</th><td headers="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Balancing the health needs of the young is important since most treatments in cardiovascular disease are focused on the elderly.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current evidence base</th><td headers="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Hypertension in adults 2019 NICE guideline update of CG127: no evidence specific to people aged under 40 was identified in the evidence review included in this guideline.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Equality</th><td headers="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study design</th><td headers="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A long-term follow up of an RCT with people randomised to treatment (randomisation to ‘A’ versus ‘C’ drugs) plus lifestyle advice versus lifestyle advice only.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Feasibility</th><td headers="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Realisation from funders that such an important issue requires longer than usual follow up for vascular outcomes and all-cause mortality. Multiple funders may be required to share the risks of a long-term study.</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Other comments</th><td headers="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">None</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Importance</th><td headers="hd_b_ch3.appj.tab1_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">High: the research is essential to inform future updates of key recommendations in the guideline. This issue will affect the UK population indefinitely and so answering it as soon as possible, even if that takes a decades-long study, is a good use of limited resources.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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